Solution Manual for B.P. Lathi LINEAR SYSTEMS AND SIGNALSChapter 1 ee 1.4-1 From Newton's law web [some 43.2.2 If /(t) and y(t) ave the inpat and output, rxpectively, of an ideal integrator, then i= 00) and seers [ rove= yo) + [noe 112-1 Only (b) and (f) ase lincas. All the remaining are aonlinens, This can be verifed by asing the procedue discussed in Example 2. 1.2:1 The loop equation for the citcut in an) + Dutt) =F) oF (D+3)n(9 = 10) o Alo Dult) = nl) =n) = ZnO) @ Substitution of (2) in (0) yields Prd yess) ce (D42nl)= DMO) o 13-2 The currents in the resistor, eapacitor and inductor are 2y:(t), Dyo(t) and (2/D)ra(t, respectively. Therefore (o424 Bint) = 10) (0420+ 2)n(t) = DIC) w Alea nl = Dw) or w(t) = 5ml) @ Sswbatitatng of (2) in (1) yields DP+2D+2, Patra ve) (P+2D+2)n(6) = D4) i 113-8 The fecbody dingram for the mass M is shown in Fig. S1.-3. From this diagram it follows that Mj = BU - 9) + K(e—9) (MD? + BD + K)y(t) = (BD + K)=(8) 1Bue Kor”? Fig. S133 (a(t) -ao(g}ar= aan ‘ ig) = Flas) ~ wl) But eo(0) = RAW) Difleeatiation of (2) yields (= RO = ad R (03) (D+aett= ant ad alt= subetitating this in (2) yields ae) 15 The loop equation forthe ld cil it me me (hy + Rid = 0) ICT) isthe torque generated, then Ti) = K,i,(t) = (0? + BD) svbtiatng (1) i (2) vind pita M0 = 0? + BOM) (00? + BD\ DL, + RM) = KK) 14-1 ‘The loop equation forthe network in Fig. Piet are (5+ §) nto-snt = 10 SHB -2 [nto] _ 70) veavoimaee 7 Ee oeelloal“[* ‘Application ofthe Cramer's rule yields w nid) = Ps) and wl) = epee (S0" 48D 46)n(1)=DD+3)F() and (SD? 8D + O)ne¢) = D400) 2 aw @ e w a a a142 asa Ler “The loop equations for this network are @ They are expressed in mats form as sg Lee -¥ Gri+pllaol” | o ‘Apnlcation ofthe Cramer's ral yields 3420436 w= sora) 4 n= pe (D+ 40+ 40)n(0) = YD? +2D436 71 and (DEAD + 40)n(0) = FO) (D43)n(2)= (D410 = 1) “(D+ 1)nl) + (D424 Fyn =0 D+s D4 | [ney]. [10 -biey wre) [me] [0 Cramer's ue yells (D 4204) = HOAs NM) aad (WP 420-4 1IM(H) = FLO? + DO. ‘The capacitor curtent Cis = fis is #1 ~ #2. Therefore 1 = 22 ‘The two loop equations are dite tea feted e west bites ete betes tte e ‘Equations (1), (2) and (8) are the state equations For the 29 resistor: carcent in #1, voltage it 21 For the 1H inductor: curren in 21, voltage ia £1 = f(t) ~ 221 —#3- For the capacitor: current is #3 ~ P2, voltage ists For the PH inductor, cerzent is 2, voltage is bin = —2a +, For the 19 resistor: curreat is z2 and voltage is #3 A treiastant {21 25,321, 29 =2and f = 10, Subetituting these values in the above results yields ‘2 resiator: carrent SA, voltage JOA. 43H capacitor: current SA, voltage 10 ~ 10 —2 = -2V. ‘The capacitor. current 5—1= 4A, woltage 2V. ‘The 4H inductor: current 1A, voltage -1 +2 = 1V. ‘The 10 resistor: carrent 1A, voltage 1V.Chapter 2 ear 22-1 The characteristic polynomial i 47 +54++6. The characteristic equation is 1? +5A+6 = 0, Also X* +54+6 (15 2)0°43), Theres the characte oot are My = ~2 and 2a = ~3, Th chraceritie mods ae € tnd e™, Therefore w(t) =e Heae™ and inl) = tae = Sexe" Setting ¢ = 0, and substituting intial conditions yo(0) = 2, o(0) = 1 ia this equation yields atee?y_, ass wta = 3692-1 ° Therefore s(t) = 807% =e 2.2-2 The characteristic polynomial is 1? 4444 4. The characteristic equation is 4? 444-44 = 0, Also A? +414 ao that the characteristic roote are ~2 and ~7 (repeated twice). The characteristic modes ars e“™" and ‘Therefore salt) = ere" ente oll) = Bese — Bate tere Setsing t= 0 and aubstitating initial conditions yields aaa ae 42 tate, oat Therefore welt) = (042) 22:8. The characteristic polynomial is (+1) = 2°-+2. The characteristic equation is A(A+1) = 0, The chasscteristic roots ate O and =I. The characteristic modes are 1 and e'. Therefore wit) sa tee and inl) = ae Setting 1 = 0, and subestatng initial conditions yields leate ae? iT}. oth ‘Therefore w(t) =2- 2.24 ‘The characterntc polynomial is +9, The characteristic equation is? 49 = 0 oF (2 +33)(A~ 33) =0. The characteristic roots are 33. The characteristic modes are e" and e~?™*, Therefore w(t) = coonlat +8) and in(t) = ~Senin(at +8) Selting ¢ = 0, and substitting initial condition yields once? \_. ‘ x/2 ‘Thesefore228 226 227 21 232 w(t) = 2eoe(at ~ Z) = Daina ‘The characteristic polynomial is X74 4A-+13. The characteritic equation is 1? +4413 2-453) = 0. The characteristic roots are ~2 33. The characteristic modes are ¢1¢ “Therefore oF (A +2-23)0+ 2 aad cael elt) = ce" eon 3+ 8) and Slt) = Dee cant +6) ~ See nin(at +0) Setting t= 0, and substituting intial conditions yields contes | _, onio J ictab o ‘Theretore n(t) = 1067 coe( se 9) i “The characteristic polynomial i 27+ 1) of A842. The characteratic equation e X14 1) = 0, The horacteratie rots are 6, and ~1 (Oi repeated twice). Therefore Ea w(t) Sa batt ae” inl!) =e int) = ee" Setting ¢ = 0, and substituting initial conditions yields “Therefore s(t) = 54 2t— ‘The characteristic polynomial is (A-+1)(2? +54+ 6). The characteriatic equation i (A+ 1)(3? +52 +8) (0b 1) 2)0.4 3) 50. The characteraic roots ate —1, ~2 and 3. The characteristic modes are ¢ and e~*. Therefore oor w(t) sae tae t+ ee and = tone — dese" tee +800 elt) = 0 felt) =e Setting t = 0, and substitting inital conditions yields leatate | 8 alena—2a-ta p= a Sacto +90 aes ‘Therefore pelt) = Gert = Te + 30 Using the fact that (2)6(2) = f(0)(=), we have (a) 0 (b) $64) Ce) $8(H) (4) —H6CE~2) (0) sAp hl +9) He) (wee Lt Hopital ole) In thete problema remembcr that impulse 6() ie leated at «= 0, Thus, as impulse 6(¢~r) is ocated at r= and #0 08 (G) The impulse is located at r= t and f(r) abr = tis f(t) Therefore [Cree nara so (0) The impute) eat 7 O and f(t) a r= Oia f(D. Therefore 5aad 238 236 231 [aore-ne=s0 Using silar arguments, we obtain 1 @o (ee (CS I) M-F Changing the variable to —2, we obtain L [Ceosna= [7 xon-ne= oo dtcantayde =f” H-aisle)ee = 40) [Ceon-ne= ‘Thin shows that ‘Therefore 50) = 6-8) Letsing at we obtain (for a > 0) J owenern [7 a8 Similarly for «<0, we ahow that thin integral in ~4(0)- Therefore (ote 240) £ ‘H(8)8(a8) dt = eo * i o(t)(t) at Therefore Han) = ee) @ [boa oe [sone [aonas 4) ‘The characteristic equation it A? 44X43 = (24 1)(A+3) = 0. The characterinic modes are e~' and e-* ‘Therefore wo(t) =e in(t) = ene = tae Setting ¢ = 0, and substituting ¥(0) = 0, i(0) = 1, we obtain 1 orate asa ale 2 2 ‘Taerefore wl) = Het) A(e) = [P(DywotI}o(t) = [(D + S)v( 8) (6) = fot) + Seo }a() = (26 — YH) ‘The characteristic equation a 0? + 5A46= (A +42)(A43)=0. and welt) =e te elt) = 2e1e-* = Bee Setting t= 0, and subtitating 9(0) = 0, (0) =1, we obtain228 230 2310 I= 2a -34, ‘Therefore w(t) and [PCD) ve )}e(0 = bil) + Tho t) + Lav tI}a(t) = (M+ CO Hence (A) = bad) + [P(D)as( u(t) = 6(0) + (6 + elt) ‘The characteratic equation is +1 =0 and w(t) = ee" In this case the inital condition is x2~(0) = yo(0) = 1. Setting # = 0, and using yo(0) = 1, we obssin c= 1 and wi P(D)ye( 8) = (~do(®) + vl t)]a(t) = 2e*a(t) Heace ‘(t) = buble) + [PCD}vn(t}a(e) = ~6(t) + 260) (a) The characteristic equation is 3? 45246 = (0+2)(A+43) = 0. Therefore Therefore in(O) = 207" 430% aad a) = [P(D)po (elo) = Lilt) + 290(D() = a(t) (b) The characteristic equation is A+3= 0. Therefore w(t) = Setting t= 0, and substiteting jo(0) = 1 [see Ba. (242), we obtain © = 1, and (a) = [PD)vo( at) = welale) = (8) ‘The characteristic equation is 2? 4 6A 4.9 = (A+ 3)? =0. Therefore w(t) = (6 Feat" alt) = Sl tat) +a) Setting t= 0, and substituting yo(0) = 1, io(0) = 1, we obtain ay cheyatene ss a w(t) = te 1Hence Ae) = [P(D)wti}o(t) = (aint) + 9p0(0D] ule) = (2-4 3800) ‘sit The characteristic equation ip 37410434 = (A+ 5— j2)(A +543) = 0. Therefore a(t) = ce" con(3t +8) felt) = —Soe“" con(at +4) —See™*xin(3¢+ 8) ‘Setting ¢ = 0, and substitating (0) = 0, o(0) = 1, we obtain iDeeecicael cs ‘Therefore w(t)= and a= oy) = + Ae = cnt + fainage ae) = Serene e838) 2-12 The characteratc equation i (A-+1)(A-+2)(A 4) = 0. Therefore eet at Sexe 480 ‘Setting €= 0, and substituting yo(0) = fo(0) = 0, fo(0) = 2, we obtain veatata Onn 2ada pee ant lee ttes $800 ‘Therefore 242 (i) yesna [seme-nirs [[arai[ ne wuze we ree Peta u(t) o a(t) = tu)(Gi) Becanae both functions aze causal etal) eet) and a(t) 4 eal) = teat) (Git) Because both functions are causal u(t) 0(0) = [ yale ar ‘The cange of integration in 0 Sr $ . Therefore 7 > 0 and r—t> 0-0 that u(r) = e(r—4) = 1 aed wien [ref ae ta(t) outs) = HP00 aamneann (f'sereinae-nes) s(t) = 1 (see explanation in solotion 2.42) satatpeut)= (['anrar) a9 = 0 -enot (i) Similarly sateen (fomrts) ey eaet 244 In this problem, we ase Table 2.1 to find the desired convolution. (a) vt) = A(t) # $0) = eMC) 9 4(8) = (= Ia) {b) v6) = Me) #2) = efa(t) «eal t) = tea) fe) we) =e =e alt) (2) ¥(¢) = sin Bia(0) hat) ‘Here we use pair 12 (Table 2.1) with a = 0, 8 =3, @-=—00° and A=—t. This yields oot ana sindtu(t)ee tal = “= 8.486¢~* — con 3+ (eet IE a 245 (3) a(t) = (26-2 =e )ut) out) = 2e*alt) elt) — fa(n— en) _ da e™™ = pa-Ee] ie 3) a0)@ a(t) ae) | (0) (0) = 26 Malt) eat) — Ef i ( = (eu) © Ho) = 2 eal we Mal) 2 Mo) PHL — MID LD bs eS ie | a) alee 20 nae 1 = 28)e-u(t w(t) = eat) w(t) ~ 2te ale) # HCO) = | a(t) = teMu(t) DAT (a) For y(t) = Ae-™ coustult)s w(t), We ue pair 12 with o-= 2, #3, #0, 2= 0, Therefore bese [3] = sear voms[™ 56.31") — e483] uy = loses et anor estar a0 (b) For y(t) = 40 con tule) « e“fu(t), we ase pair 12 with o = 2, 8= 2 0,and A= -1. Therefore pane [3] = rae aa ons [eneuseae =z uy = sg latte cater 6) Spas wafer= yet anaes x0 BAS (0) vt) = ee) eal = (t= a egy eat, and a) =e [eat 4M] =ACet —eMHLO (eyelet) = e-4e-¥Dt-3) Now from the rnin pat (a ad the hilt propery ofthe ceaolton (Ea. (2.83) a(t) set [eM ale) — CA] oft) (2) f(d)= s(t) ut 1), Now y(t) the system rexponse to w@) i given by alt) =e) om = 0-0) “The system response to w(t —1) it y(t) becanse of timeinvariance property. Therefore the reepoase y(t) to §{8) = u(t) — w(t—1) a given by v(t) = nl) nlt=1) = 0 10‘The response is shown in Fig $2.48. 248 H(0) = [-8(0) + 26e(0] veal) 2410 aren Fig 52410 shows hy ad) (he et ol he conrltin) he * — ars a t= T cued ew Fee) ol t ts 24-11 Fort < 2x (see Fig. 82-411) o(t) = 110) a(t For # 2, the ares of one cycle is sero and unFig S241 fe og(=0 122e and <0 2ae12 For 0S ¢S 2x (eee Fig. 824124) Noeut)= [enrtrmt—ont— ostsie For 2r <1 < 4x (Fig: 824126) sinrdrmcet-1 0 2eStS4r For t> 4x (also for <0), f(t)s () = 0. Figure $2.4-12¢ shows c(t). J) 96) t72T 4 att e ant ©) pig sane aes (@) eee ae dom fan ostsos aye favre aza-9 ossegn d= [" apirn amiss) -0sstse dino 121 or t<-08 » don [anim anny osesi dye [ apern Best) -18¢80 imo tor 2a © j= [aes on a asf dretee -12t2-4 2Ie rset” Yh De 2 * C2 @ £ \ t= rn a) or ra ead YY (4) 7 ty tzo | “Qe e ~ Fig. $2413 13dyno 1st @ coe [renee nose 120 2 [rear eraser 2a ages @) am fo" pigeons est com fU gpeemet| 27 2 wo doe [ota ostsa Taree et 428 a= no tg0 (q) This probiess is mote conveniently selved by inverting f(t) rather than fs(4) a= [“e-oed ze a= duo fer t20 Niece) = rade iF) ODI @) A= Om don fi temtare a= | ei [\ frereie a= ff owe ay=0 ts. 2-14 An cement of length Be at point aZir has a charge {(ndir)Ar (Fig. $24-14). The elecsic feld due to thie aout abe sacar “Te oa ld it the charge long he aie gto Be Be, Attar # [pots “ are fete] ests oy oRtR A xen) 1212-2TOTaTATR TPR TATA ATA] SABEEEReOO Mig 92.51 24-18 The aysiem response to w(t) ia g(t) and the response to step a(t 1) is s(t~ 1). The inpat {(#) ia made up of step componeats, The step component at r has a height Af which can be expressed as ap= Share fener ‘The step component at mAr has a height /(wAr)&r and it can be expromed as [f(adr)Orja(t— nr). Ite response y(t) is x(t) = i(narydrig(t-n0r) ‘The total reaponse due to all component in 16) fim, 3 Madrist-aanar = [tern nerm toner ‘2A-16 Indicating the yat and corresponding response graphically by an arrow, we have 4) — vt) Kt—T)—alt-T) (by Tnnniarsiance) 1 - 10-T)— O-Ht=T) (by Himeasity) ‘Therefore BH - 16-7) — fy FH -- ‘The let haad side ia f(t) andthe ight-hand sein). Therefore fo Next we recone that ; noeuge [ remenerm f sorer o “Tia lows from the fac that a(t r) = 1 becuse 0.5 7S Now the rngons to ff f(r) be (0+ (0) Mt) = LH = Me} 0) = 9 60) Bat a shown in Ea (1) x(0) +0) in ff v(r) dr. Therefore the respomoe to input {5 f(r) dria J, ule) 2.5: The figne shows jsf] and fs{—m] tapes. To had gf], we maltply the sample rae a the ajuceat los, ad Slthe prodoctn and aahiply it by 7. This yn yoiet (Jasesns+ tas) =ersasr a ccmsasSicy wad ft] (be pour ot 1) we hea, in| ar roe de and pms ‘procedure oa ilar (Jas saans Las) osnsr moses ‘To obtain gfe], wv Hightahif fm] tape by ¥ slots and repeat the procedure. For negative 1, the tape is letvebiied by r dots, Using this procedare, we obtain g(i] = @ for b < ~6 and h > 1, which corresponds to (rg 0.6 and ¢2 11, Similny, we Sad gt] = SABT = 0-5AB foe km 1, 2, 3, and 4, rfl] = OATSAB for k= 0 And 6, Yl] = O025AB for ba 6 and 10(C = ~048, and 1). Figure 52.51 shows the responce v(t). 25:2 We follow the peocedare ia Prob. 25-1. We obtain g{0] = 9SABT = 0.9648, and iti] = 9ABT = 0.948 (corvepoading tot = 20.1), ai) = O2SABT m 0.625AB (corrnponding to ¢ = 1). Similarly We obtain Sfej= 0 for [> 11 which corrrponds to [i 1.1. Figure $2.52 shows the plot of]. Me 252 ob Using the procedure in Prob. 25-1, we fad g(0] © 307 = 3. Figure $2.5: shows the plot of y(t], Obeerve that id] = 0 for tS Al which corrpponds to 1 $ —4.1. -20 -10 ° 10 20 a + we Fig. 9253 201 @) Pease asaase ' Both roots are in LHP. The system ia aeymptotically stable. (b) AQ? + 3.42) = 41)042) Roots are asin and nome in REP. The system ia marginally stable. ©) 20842) 20+ iV ‘Roots are 0 (repented twice) and 3/2. Mablple roous on imaginary aia. The eywtem ia unstable. (2) 40'- 048) =A400-1A-3) Roots are —1, 1 and §. Two nts in REP. The aytem is uaetable, 202 @) Q4)Q742045? @Q4nAs1- 7041427 Roota =I, —1-4j2 (ropoated tien) azv al ia LHP. The eyetem in arrmptoticaly table () G40" +9) 2 04004s90- 3) Roots are —1, 3. Tio (eimpla) root on imaginary axis, nome in REP. The ayotem ia marginally stable © O+G +02 OFA +O aP Rota are =I asd trie. Malkipla root sie, The stam is unstable, (a) O24 1908 + a +9) = 4 19 — FI + 52K = 3290+ JHA = 32) ‘Tie roota are jl, 432 and 432 All mou are imple and om imaginary axis. None in REP. The system is marginally stable, 263 (a) Bocaase o(t) = ol), the charactaitic root fo Taree the imaginary azi, and the ayotem is marginally stable. 16264 2a 272 2 ‘The system ia BIBO unstable, . (4) The integral of 6() ia w(. The aystem response to 5(t) i w(t). Clearly, the system is an idea! integrator. ‘Avsume that a system exists that violates Eq, (2.8) and yet produces a bounded outpet for every bounded input. The expanse at ¢ = nay= [Moree nar Consider « bounded input f(t) such that at some instant t1 1 tae) >0 mona-{l anoee In this case Moga =7)= OO) ae w09= [mene nee ‘i te the samo ® ‘The mate of pulse communication < ye (ey Testun tthe uaa ‘time-constant (rise-time) of the system is T, = 10°*. 0" pulecr/oec, The channel cannot transmit million pulses/second. =10Hs ‘The chansel can transmit andio signal of bandwidth 16 Aifs readily. 1 Rego ‘The received palae width = (0.5-+0.3) = 0.6 ms. Each pulse tales up 0.6 ms interval. The maximam pul rate (o avoid interference between succeaive pales) ia 1 SER TES = 100 pac ee 4TH DS A+A+H) ‘The natural response is alt) = Hae + Kee (Por f= (yee w(t) = Kye + Kae +} 50) = 3 = Ake Setting ¢ = 0 and enbetituting initial conditions, we obtain orkemett Ket LB = 4K, Ke asd oe -tote &) 1) =e, v= A = EYE 120 (0) = Kio + Kae + Fe Ht) = 3K Ae = bet WwSetting t = 0, and substiteting inital conditions yids ormetat da De -3K — 4K b aad w= pet pete 120 © u(t), volt) = A(-2) = 0 w(t) = Rie + Kae it) = aK — Ge Setting # = 0, and subatitating iniil conditions yields oeKth Yi mat La 3K = 485, Keo wma RO 2d 460425 = (A+ —JH)(A +34 54) charactrintic root are —3 34 galt) = Ke conltt +) For f(0) = al, yolt) = H(0)™ fy v0 that w{t) = Ke“ cont +0) + HO) = -aKer* cal tt +8) — ARE conltt +8) K=oat = -1063 ad Hl) = 04Te™ coat 1063") 43 120 ‘28-3. Charuclerintic polypomba a 314404 4 (A42)?, The rots are ~2 repented twice. alt) = (Ki + Kathe (a) Por ft) eat), ol) = H(-3) = 20 vt) = (Ma + Kathe™™ = 26% it) = —2(Ks + Kathe + Kae +6" Seting¢ = 0, and enbtiatng inal conditions yields pemi-2 Kat wormed ot wd wi) = (+ Baye — 2 420 (b) fl) emule), volt) = H(-t)ert 0 10 = (K+ Ket (0) = ~2(K + Kat) Setting ¢ = 0, and substituting initial conditions yields 1824 268 tek } a Bet S= 2K. + Ks Kae wa wO=e Hoe" 120 Because (A?+2A) = (A+), the characteristic roots are 0 and —2. a(t) = Ki + Kae In thin cane f(t) = lt). The inpat ite aw characteritic mode. Therefore volt) = Bt Bat go(t) eatiaed the system equation (DP Dynal) = (D+ AWD) = Hol0) + PHU) = 14 IO Subetitating J(0) = wt) and volt) Bt, we obtain osnmo41 me fat w= Ket Kae +t i) = 2k +b Setting ¢ = 0, and substituting initial conditions yields Dek tks K a2 +h Ke and mata jemage 120 the antaral response y(t) is fond in Prob. 2.61 (= Ke + Kee ‘The inpat f(t) = 67" ia a characerintc mode, Therefore w(t) = pe ‘so welt) sien the system equation: (0414 sl = (D420) ) + Toll) + Naot) = HO) +240) Sabesnstng f(0) =e and got) = Ble i thin equation yiede (9pt— 6B)e7** + 16-284 + Ber + 128te me —3e* + 26 Beene me fed ‘Therefore a0) = Rie + Kae te (0) = eM Ket te Selting ¢ = 0, and substituting initial conditions yields Kat Kyat #20 #20 0Chapter 3 aat ‘Therefore wii] alt - 1) = 18) Realiaation of this equation is shown in Fig. 2.1-1 $LeI ¥CRI YLR1d Fig. $3.11 3.1.2. The net gromth rate of the native population is 23— 1.3 = 2% per year. Assuming the immigrants enter at 2 uniform rate th the year, ther birth and death rate willbe (3.3/2)% and (.3/2)%, respectively of the immigraats at the end of the year, The popalation p(t) at the begianing of the hth year is p(k ~ 1) plus the fet increase in the native population plus sé ~ 1], the immigrants entering daring (& — 1)st year plus the net increane in the immigrant population for the year (k~ 1) UR] = of — 1) + iggpia — 1) + ate — 1) + GRATE — a = 1.079fk 114+ Long = 3] He) = L0n9fe = 1} = Lowe - 1) e+] Lage = 10048) aaa ib) = afk + 79M = 1) Seen TEUS__ Tike BERTH sete TELRT Fly yley FER THOR ‘ cy MOT Ow Sept pat eal Digit Tategoniee eal gition ee Piernate realigition using « single deygrk-2} ytkt3S yred + 4 4 ss RA R Figure S14 S.i-4 At the instant k, money which is for 2 or more years is y{4— 2) Money which is for 1 year is »{ —1]—s1#-2} Hee sf8) = 0nty(h—2} +0228 — = aka += 1+ 8 a) = 22[e 3} - 0.06yfk ~2} = 118) “This cam be alternatively expromed a alt +2) Laayle + 1]- 0.069} = 08 +2) aa8 a8) = HUH) + fe = 1) + fle ah + se - a) + fe - ) ‘The realisation in shown in Fig. $3.15. Fig. S35 ‘3.46 ‘The node equation at the bth node is in +in-+is = 0, oF f= 1] ofl) of ta) olt] B z Therefore (elk — 114 oft +1)- 18D — Wil = 0 sth t)— a+ Delt + t= 11 =0 hatin fk +3] — (2+ L)olk +1] + ft] = 0 [er- (+5) 243) m= o,anasio (£-0.5)(E - 2)of4] = 0 321 vik +1] = 0.594] a Setting E = —1 and snbetitating o[-1] = 10, yields yo) = 0500) =5 Setting k= 0, and substituting 0} = 5, yi wt) = 0515) =25 Setting f= 1 in (1), and eubatitating y[l] = 25, yields 2322 324 328 vf) = 05(25) =125 we) e+ 3] = 20) + b+ @ Setting k = -1, and subutituting gf-1] = 0, f(0]= 1, vilda wolno+ier Setting k= 0, and subutivating y(0}= 2, f(t) = 2, yields gli) =-20) + b= 24 b= 1.652 Setting F = 1 in (1), and substituting fl) = ~2+ 4, fl0l = 3 viele ws -2(-24 + badd dee dae il] = 06y(k~ 1] +0.36(8 - 2) Setting # = 0, and subtiteting o(-1]= ~28,s[-2] = 0, villa 0] = 06(~25) + 0.16(0) = -15 Sesing b= 1, and vubetituting 9{-1] = 0, of0]= ~15, yekds it] = 06-18) +0.16(-28) = 12 Setting b= 2, and eubtiating y(t] = —12, g[0) = —15,yélda if] = 6(-13) +0.16(-18) = 102 “This equation ca be expresed a2 e+ 2) lk) deol + sk) Setting # = ~2, and eabutitcing g{-1} = sf=2] = 0, £0] = 100, yields af0] = ~E(0) ~ (0) + 100 = 200 2-1, and sabeitating {+1 =O, 0} = 100 #1] = 100, yk als} = (100) ~ #(0) + 100 = 15, Setting b = 0, and substituting y[0] = 100, y(1]= 75, ff2]= 100, viekds 2} = = E(18) ~ dy(200) + 100 = 75, tk +2) = —tofk-+1)— ante) + 8 +2) 49908 + 11+ 3714) Setting F = 2, and enbaisting 1} = 3, o{-2] =2, =] = 1-2] = 0, 0] =1, yields 40) = ~¥8) —2(2) +1-4+3(0) +30) = 12 Setting k= -1, and aubettating [0] = —12,x{=1] = 3, f1-11= 0, 10} = 1, £10] = 3, vide atl = -2(-12) - 28) +3430) +200) = 36 Procenting alg same lines, we obtain a2} = =3(88) ~ 26-12) +94 33) +301) = 63 aft) = =29(k — 1) - ok —2] +2918] ~ f08~ 1) Setting b= 0, and substtating g{-1) = 2, x{-2]= 3, f10}= 1, ff-t}= 0, yields 2at 332 a3 a4 a0) = 2(2) = 34201) -0 = -8 5st] = 2, f10] = 1, fU8) = 4 viele at) = -2(-8) ~ (2) +2) -1 = 1867 Setting # = 2, and subatisting y(t} = 7.867, of] = ~8, 0] = 4, 2} = $s vile i) = -27.867)- (-8) 420) - b= Setting E and substituting 9] as (E+sE 42th =o ‘The characteristic equation ia 7? +3742 (1-417 +2) = 0. Therefore ae) =a(-1)" +ex(-2)" Setting k= 1 and ~2 and substituting inital conditions yields souls i a= 2-1-9" B20 (£2 +264 1pik =0 ‘The characteristic equation in 7? +2741 = (741)? = 0. vit] = (a+ et)(-10" ‘Setting E = —1 and 2 and substituting intial conditions yields Im-atal, ant lea-te as ali] = ~(8-4 28-1)" (2-26-42) <0 ‘The characteriatic equation is 7? = 274+2-= (7-1~ 317 ~ 1451) =O “The roots are 14 j1 = Vie#""" a] = dV) cal Setting E = 1 and =2 and enbatitatng inital conditions yields +0) 1m Speml—$40)= Slee ene) Om fon $40) = fein Solution of these two simaltaneous equations yields me ali] = 20/9)" conl $4) CChaructesintic equation in 7? 427-42 (1+41~J1N(1+ 1451) = 0. The root ae =1 £31 = We42*1¢ afk = e( VI)" coo AE + 8) Setting b = 0, 1, and subetitating initial conditions yields a338 336 om cco en? 2m Vacca + ont Ak] = 26/9)" coo AE $) = 2(V3)" ain ER) ale +2} 4 4y(t] = 0 (+4918 =0 “The charactesintc equation a7? +4 = (14 52)(7~ 52) = 0. The roots ae 2 = 204i"? atl fa) con gt +8) Setting f= 0, 1, and subetitatng initial conditions yields = ccond }= ccd 2m Reconl§ +0) = ~2enind, enn ft] = Vi(ay* com Ee ~ #) o(k-+2)— 250k +1) + (4) = 0 ‘The auxiliary conditions are o(0) = 100, (M) = 0. (2-258 +)lt] <0 ‘The characteristic equation is 7? ~ 287 +1 = (7 ~0.5)(7- 2) = 0. (A) = (0.58)" + 2)" Setting k= 0 and N, and substitating (0) = 100, o(N) = 0, yields Weate [eis ae ox ai(0sy” ter(2)™ a= gee AR) = stay 20.5)" 0.8)" B= OL (E4908 = JH “The characteristic equation in 742 = 0. The characteristic rt ip 2. Ala ao 2, bo = 1. Therefore MA] = HUA] + (-2)" o ‘We need one value of Ak o determine c. This is determined by iterative solution of (+210) = 64) e+ 1] +2808) = 68) Setting k= —1, and snbutituing Mi] = é{-1] = 0, vilde Mo} =0 Setting k= 0 in Eq. (1) and using Af] = 0 yelde oab+e = cant ‘Therefore Me) = UE (2) ™342 344 “The characteratic root is ~2, bo = 0, ao = 2. Therefore aay = 2)" We need one value of h(E] to determine c. This ia done by solving iteratively Me +1) + 268] = ote +1) Setting k= —1, and aubatitating M=1] = 0, 60} = 1, yielde ao) =1 Setting f= 0 in Eq. (1) and using A[0} = 0 yields ime and a = (2) (Characteristic equation ia 7? — 6749 (73)? = 0, Also ap = 9, by = 0. Therefore Mb] = (os + hs] We need two values of Al] to determine e, and oy. This is found from iterative solution of (6 68+ 9M] = 2H) Mk +2) 6nfh +1] + 988} = ote +1) ‘Also A{=1) = A[-2] = é{=1] = 0 and 60] = 1. Setting & = ~2 in (2) yields fo} ~ 60) + o = Apso Setting k= —1 in (2) gilda a] 60) +9(0)—=1 => y= betting NO] = 0, Aft] = yields iMatwl Sct Setting k= 0 and 1 in Eq. (2) an aad fe) = $409)" (6° 68+ 28)pf4] = (22? ~ 4) f18) ‘The characteratic roots are S424, by w 0. Therefore AB) = 8) con(.9238 + Malt) We need two values of Ml] to determine ¢ and ¢. This is done by solving iteratively ‘ge =e — a) +2508 ~ 2} = 29) — as - 1] Setting hm 0 yields fo} — 6(0) + 26(0) = 20)- 4(0) =e A Setting b= 1 in (2) yilda ‘r}~ 6(2)+25(0) = 3(0)-4 => A) =8 Setting f = 0, Lin (2) and aubutteting Mo} = 2, A] = 8 yields decent 8 = Secon(0.928-+ 6) = 2.017econd — 3.967? 2% a a @ a) ®a1 362 353 34 335 Solution of these two equations yields econ =? = 2061 ion -aen} $2 “ataat and ‘Ae] = 2.061(8)"con(.9734 ~ 0.2448) o ENE = (OnE + ban EE 4 ITE) att] = ba fH] + bana fk A) +--+ bof 9) ‘When f(t} = (8), a] = Af]. Therefore A] = bad) + Banff — a) 4 so bt) (b) Here «= 2, by = 3, y= 5, by = 0, bo = 2. Therefore ‘eh = ae) ~ sete — 1] 26-3] a ah (2) oh = (BIW) (2) sw OE a) fe“ (-2)™ ld) [e}» (46TH) - (-2)" sf} yuk] » 4(~2)*s fA ah] Slee) = {fe ~ aatinte Or - Cate} snlk] = (3)**? ofa] » (2)* + 3(-8)" 618) = 9{(3)* wft] « (2)* of) + 363)" aft) + (-8)* fA = (eae 4 sere = tip (ay? — (ay = HTL ate] = (2)"taf]o 2802) = ())of] 92) = 3 2aplG)* ~ 2) + EO = HIG)" - @) +540)" sib] = ("conf - 05)ofh] 28) Rem [(9)? + (2) - 200)(2,0.8)" = VT om tans! [203] = 120100 6387 388 fh] = Syl (9)h* cole +1) ~ 2.261] - 2)" con.261)) 018) = Syl (ayh* col ge + 2) 2.301] + 0.637(2)"*"} oR) the characteriatic root ia ~2. Therefore ll] = 2)" Setting f= -1 and substituting ol-1] = 10, yields We-f me cn-20 ‘Theleore wll] = -20(-2)" kD For this ystems hf, the unit impulse response is found in Prob. 3.4-2 to be Ma] = (-2)*ot8) ‘The serosate response is 40) eae) (=P) “This ia found in Prob. 25-1 to be wtel= paler — (2) = scbr(Ee)™ + (-2)" 0] = [sro + sitet") 8) ‘otal Response = wlt]+ sb] = f-20(=2)8 + paer(o)"* + sty (-2)" lt) = seer (8 + 20)(~2)" +(e) "old ® sit] = ate = (05) = Ep ty = Gat - (0.8) ole] ” fie) = 20a) = 27 = foal From the serlt in pat (a), i follows that vit] = BRIO — (05)'*fe] = flat —(0.5)° 6A) © fit) = ole (4° afk — 2]) Note that 2°-? gk — 2] in the same as the imput 2*s{t] in part (a) delayed by 2 units. Therefore from the shift watery ofthe convaeticn, ss respone wil be the sane nein pazt (a) delayed by 2 unite, The input here i {2D fk — 2)). Therefore ate) = 4 — (05a — 2) = He ‘The equation deacribing this situation i oce Bq (2.2)] — (08)""}oft - 2] (E-oal= Ef] ye ltr= 101 ‘The initial condition y[-1] = 0. Hence there is only sero-state component. The input is 500w/t] ~ 15006(4) ‘because at f= 4, instead of depositing the arual $500, she withdraws £1000. ‘To find MH), we solve iteratively ”(E-1MA] = EST ‘Mk + 3] — AEE] = 61+ 1) Setting F = 1 and substituting Af-1] = 0,60] 1, yields ao)=a ‘Avo, the characteristic root ia and by = 0. Therefore Aft) = orf) Setting f= 0 and subatitating MO] = 1 yielde ime ‘Therefore ‘e] = (7) = 2.01)" ‘The (sero-eate) response is afk] = (1.01)" oft] » 08] = (4.01) » {S000} - 15005(4 - 4) = 500(1.01)* ft] « aft} - 1800(1.02)"*uft ~ 4) = sHpl(1.01)"** - s}o[k] - 1800(2.01)'* fk ~ = so000(1.01)"*? ~ eft] - 1800(1.01)"~*eft ~ 4] “This problem is identical to the asvings account problem with negative initial deposit (loan), If M isthe inital Joan, then y(0] = —M. If yt] ia the loan balance, then [eee Eq. (3.26)] alk +1}- all) = sik+ 1] ratte (£- alt = £708) “The impulae response for tha system ia found in Prob. 358 to be Me = ate) ‘The seroinput rexponse it ett = ert] Setting k= 0, and sabatitating 0) = ~M, yields em —M aad lt] = M7) ‘The sarostate response sf] is 8) = A M14) Let P be the monthly payment. The fist payment is made one moath afler receiving the loan (at E = 1). ‘Therefore the inpat fa Sit) = Patt 1) waa wih] = Ala] « Pelt — 3) = Pred] out - 1] ere we tse shit property of convolution, Bacanse att) = Paleo oft] = PL] ‘Doe shift property yields BPytelt at —1) = afk = 1] = PLSSP IE 1] ‘The total Balance in w(Al +o] pelt] + afk] = -Atytels] + PERSE - 1) For E> 1, aft] = ft = 1] =1. Therefore Loan balance = —M + PI ‘Also y= 1-41 and y— 1 7 where rin the interest rate per dollar per month. At k= NV, the loan balance is ero, Therefore nay 4 Ppt =o Pa Bee 35:10 We ae the rtalt in Prob 29. In this problem r = L018, y= L018, P= 500, M = 30000, Therefore 00 = 10000! (1.015)" = 142087 ‘a(.018) = In(2.42887) Wm Sat = 25.986 Hence N = 73 paymente are uended. The residual balance (remainder) at the 23rd payment in sfas] = ~s0000(1.018)" + s00(0S3yi7=) = 4712 Rr 0. fre és al gros at faTz [2] Je] ~~~ vee TaleT a] Tel] yrite2 c@) (» Fig. $35115.811 (a) The two stripe corresponding to w[t} and wf] (after inversion) are shown in the figure $2.5-118 for no shift (k m0) and for one abit (K-= 1)- We ose that if e[t] = ut] « w(t] then eOl=1, a2, das, deed, ila, B)a6.-. diet Hence ft) ofA) = (b+ Dale] {b) The appropriate atripe for the two functions fk] — w{k ~ mm] and oft] are shown in Fig. $2.5-11b. The Soper stip corresponding to w[é] w(t] has frst m slots with value 1 and all the remaining dots have value 0 eTke lower (Inverted) stip corresponding to [k] has all lot values of 1. From this figure it faows at, a2, = 3-sclm— tem dm) = dent] Hence et] = (E+ Ipoh] - (km 1)alk ~ m] 3.8:12 From Fig. $3.5-12 we obverve that . ° 1 a 3 ‘ 5 6 we OF1+24 3444515 we]=0 bee 142434445215 2434445—14 vias ko a44gse1 pert) 5 a reo PEERY ca Ca yceysi5 1. DEERE Peter Pee: aoe YL2I5 4 k=l [ol TaTs TAT] 72 eae 34567 aon Oooo R> St-iJot5 Fig. 83512 ‘3.818 From Fig. $2.13, we observe the fllowing values for x(t: ae) ett) 0 SxS45x5=50 AU 0x0+5x4=20 a $4408 0 42 0x045x3—15 B20 $x340m 5 413 0x048x2—10 a BM Ox045x1 5 rv 18 0x040x0=0 $5 Sx0+0=0 aie 0 a ato oxo4oxo~mo ais 0 #10 OxO4Sx1=5. (Observe that giao Ss [eso and WaZ15 0Tote) “4 ° 4 ¥ Torte TT tr Tre fo] efor Trt tT fr fofo) fo T PTT Topope: k=! lofopepree el sae Por Ep foby= ke-! Fphtooope weds 6 THe Fig 53514 3.5:14 (a) From Fig. $2.5-13, we observe the following values of vt]: PEPSI EDEDEO EE Oeui es fab epee ay al () The anew inden oa fa) Thin becuse when we lay the tapas fan sh] together, he Snes cael ve tha saas. =A) 12= Ml} +o] me Apt] = 12-0 = 4 14= Aa} + A} + Ao) = 2] = 2 15 fa} + Aa} + An}-+ fo] =e fa) = 2 155= Me) + AB) +A(2}+ A] + Mo] = Ale] = 08 15.75 = MS] + b+ fa} + A) + AL} + Af] =o Als) = 0.25 Hee eH -2 1] Lass. 19. AEIe The appropriate. array and he reeuling Ope 3 are shaun i Ag. 53546 31 (@ (O} fo y= P+ 0871.6 (7-0.2)(7 +08) ‘Roots are 0.2 and 0.8. Both are inside the uat circle. The system is asymptotically table aatke O12 34 5678 91361015515 I5 <—clkt A A {2345 000 Fig $3516 Oy CPA DG? 474 (rs FI EPO EY Roots are jt, —} + fF m= et, ‘All the roots are simple and on unit circle. The system is marginally stable. © G-orb Roots are 1 (repeated twice) and =0.5. Repeated root on unit circe. The system is unstable (a) P4214 096— (74 0.8)(7412) Roots are =0.8 and =1.2. One root (1.2) is outside the the nit circle. The system is unstable, © GF - NG? #3) = (7+ NT rt I -D Roots are £1, #1. All the roots are simple and on unit circle, The aystem is marginally stable. 36-2 Assume that a system exists that violates (9.72), and yet produces bounded output for every bounded input. ‘The aystem response at k = is = Do Melt - =) wt Consider « bounded input f(t] auch that 1 if Amp>e mommin{t) i Metce In this case ‘fa ~ m= I ad alts) = J fr = 20 ‘This violates the asramption. ‘3.63 For a marginally stable aystem A{E) doesnot decay. Fo large bit is ether constant or cvciltes with constant amplitade. Clealy Swit = 0 ‘The aystem ia BIBO unstable.34 302 (E4218) = £18) "The characteristic equation is 7-+2 = 0, and the characteristic root ia ~2. Therefore s(t) = B(-2)" For fk] = e~*e[t] =e? with eet ‘Setting k-= 0, and substituting yf0] = 1 yields IsBtae = Baath and wil shakey tet) RO el + Deft — Y= tk — 1) o We solve this equation iteratively to obtain 0), Setting k= 0, and subetitating pf—1] = 0, f[-1] = 0, we get 210}+2(0)=0 = aio} =0 ‘The system equation can be expressed (E+ 2x1] = M14) ‘The characteristic root i 2. Therefore volt] = B(-2)" For f{t) = e*a[t] = Pha] with r= m4, voll = Hier" = He" ooh Therefore vill = B(-2)" + shre* B20 Sevting b= 0 and eattuting [0] = 0 yaks Ont sty me Besctr ad wil= rhea) be (29-498 + ait) = (2 438 +018) “The chaactesite equation a 7? +3742 (7+ 1)(74+2) = 0. Therefore sald] = 21(-0) + Ba(-2)* For fit) =3* volt) = to" = RSaRESY = vit) = Bi(-1)* + Ba(-2)* + (BY FEO (a) Setting b= 0, 1, and onbaitting 0] = 1 fl] 9, vide ‘The total response384 tet hte }=- 2 3a B-24+ 8. mat al} = -4-1)' + -ayh + BO)" kBO (0) Westone quton rtf fad yf and alt). We are given y{—1) = 9-2] = 1. System equation alk +2] + an + 1) 20k] = fk +2] + 371k +114 3714] Setting # = —2, we obtain 901-4901) + 20) = (8)? +3(0) +30) palo) = 4 1, we obtain Wi) + 36-4] +201) = (9) +90) +300) w= 8 Setting £ Ate ft] = Bi(-1)" + Ba(-2)" + BO)" BO ‘Setting & = 1, 2, and substituting y[0) = ~4, y{I] = 16, yields 4a Bt th } Bek 16=—B,-28 +. ma-¥ aH = (yt Bat BO" BRO Perea (tyr ao “The roote are ~1 repented twice vol] = (Bs + Baky(—1)* ‘Alo the system equation is (E* +28 + 1)yl] = (28° ~ £)/{H), and f(H] = (})*. Therefore voll HIS = HOI EO ‘The total response ikl = (B+ Ba)(-2)"- ORO Setting k = 0, 1, and substituting »(0] = 2, oft] =~, yields 2=B-% bat pltatea-at™ Bat vik] = (H+ HY OREO P= 74016 = (7-027 -08) ‘The rots are 02 and 08 salt] = B:(0.2)* + B2(0.8)" Because the input i 4 mode elt) = e029" Bat got] sateen the aster equation, cht i, solk +2} — yolk +1) + 0.168) = 18-41) u306 ad efk+.2)(0.2)"#? ~ e(k-+ 1900.2)" + 0.26e(0.2)" = (0.2)**? ‘Thin yields 0.12402)" = 02002)" ‘Therefore + and nal] = $100.2)" v= (0.2) + 8,(03)- $H(02)" E20 Setting f= 0, 1, and enbtiating initial conditions {0} = 1, ft] = 2, yells i= Bit Bs }+ ane 20.28, + 0.88) ~ f. Bane sf8] = -B(02)* + Fos" — Hort BO vik +2)~ nk + 1140.68) = f1k+ 3) We slve tia equation iteratively fr ft] = ca +), a{-2] = x-2] = 0, to ind yf] and ft} Remember do that fis] =O fork <0 Seting Eo ~2 in the equation yielda y0)-040.16(02)=0 =» y{o]=0 Setting k = =1 inthe equation yields I-04 016(0) cog = 05 me afi] =05 ‘Therefore yf] = 0 and w[t]= 08. For the input fl] = con 3¥ + §).- welt] = coon + +9) But yolk] sain the ayatem equation, that i, elk +2] volt + 11+ 0.6yele] = sk +1) cont §(k +2) + F +6] — cool #(A-+1) + § +414 Oxsccon Gh + F +4) = col f(A +04 #1 con} + $ +4) + enim SE + § + 6) + 0.1 econ H + F+ 4) = cool FE + + F) 1206ccou Mf + §+4-2.27) = con + $+ 8) 1a0tce1 =e cw 0.T6s b-2a ef me ba 2nd ‘Therefore oll] = 0708 conl + §-244) = 0.165 coo 3 ~ 1.399) a8] = 24(02)* + Ba(0.8)* + 0.768 con( Ht — 1.293) Setting k = 0, 1, and exbetituting vf0] = 0, x(t} = 0.5, yields 0m Bi +B, +013 =020 0.5 = 0.28; +088, +0.753, Bye 0377 {8} = 0.241(0.2)" — 0.277(0.8)* + 0.768 cou 1.393) 8Chapter 4 LT 41.1 (@) Hi) = 0()- att) Not tat he ea ald forall value of s; hance the region of convarguace ia the entire plane. The abecises ‘convergence it 29 = 00. ) Se =te*—(9) Foye [wtetaen [ome Speer 1 “air 0 or Re (0-41) > 0. Hence the abecasa of convergence is Re (#) > —1 or 0 > ~1 f(8) = teosunt ft) teoeunte* at a1 [Cwm sucontona} ' ; =t[ptortarier] BOre or 7 10) =" -20-Jalt) Fe) [or-menere «floras [vera = [Perma [ come 1 2. +i432 ‘We get the frat term only if Re « > 2, and we get the second term only if Re (s) > ~1. Both conditions will be salied if Re (4) > 2 0r 2¢ > 2. Hence: FO 2 te w> mr ae 3 7 1 1 S10) = conentemunta(e = [J eoes +on)t+ Zecolen ~ ont] w(t) soe} [ener enna} caer _ ti lesctrar+sseicor] ne o 10) = conblatn() Rea> lel ® HO) = sablatu(s) ae [ona Rea> lel o HO) =e conlSt + 8)(t) a Efemeaiin 4 gant wetting Lom anne gee tyo(_41_) tem (_2 Bence F(e)= 91 sha) ie" Ga ‘This ie valid if Re (+) > ~2 for both term; hence yw et cond Sind Fe) Rare ® >© © >) uss PO" Tear Bere A= 3,8 =5,6=2,¢=13, b= VIS—0 v= ae 1) = 30186 conf 3-4 6.34")0(0) ‘Thin ia an improper fraction with by = by = 1. Therefore aun) © «@ Foe Fer ‘To find k eet «= 1 on both sides to obtain Pebeast hh me be n13s wa roe eB Sit) = 1.28(-1 + 28+ 0 ult) © ns <1, Ase Foe Giger saesa) ~ T+ Fy e43 Multiply both sin by o and let oo, Thi gilda OnnitA me Ant Setting 4 = 0 on both sides yikta pa-t4$ me Bat a4 rat at Fo=-In the second fraction, Ast 1, B= 3,a=1,¢=: be vi=i=1. raft e ve oman (F) + Vier" conlt = 624°)}0(0) eat 18) =[-€ o e422, k 1 Fe) apie at 41 G4) ‘To compate b, multiply both sides by » and let ¢—» oo. This yields on2+h+o =e ke? wa 24 P= a a41 GFF S(t) = B= (2+te“() () Fos oe ee ee Taner ay rat att OFF FP OFF Maltiplying both sides by « and let» ~ oo. This yields th = he i wr 1 Taner ‘and —3 on both sides yields Ra1-}+R4R oe me thatthe cpecptith-b-1 me hobo Solving these two equations simultaneously yields by = ky = ~1. Therefore aoa 1 1 “Fa a GP gant Sony FO 10) = Comment: ‘This problem could be tackled in many ways. We could have used Eq. (B.64b), or after determining, fiat «we coefScients by Heeviside method, we could have cleared fractions. Also instead of letting » = 0 and war we could have selecied any otber et of values. However, in this cave these values appear mont ouitable for umerical work. a) 41 a0), k , OA), Ate FO ape rasy et aet Utay Peat Multiplying both edes by # and let» — oo yields Ong thtA =e beak Selting # = 1 and ~1 yields ane Om tk+ E+ Meh me 20h-10A+108 Solving these three equations in b, A and B yields k= -}, As band B= ~}. Therefore 39an rye UO Me OR saat Gaap 36 or the lat faction in parenthesis on the righthand side A= 1, B= 1,402, ¢—05, b= VE=T=1 en Re set (p= nse (0) = bp — 20 — 2) + Fer Moaelt + 71.56")}0(0) @ Pom paneemay "a THF Hea Maipty both ide by » and lt o — co to obtain rebta Setting = 0 end 1 vile Omb- +h me 2hHad=s Babee St me as aasaped -b ‘Solving these three equations in b, A and B yinlde km $, Am f am yet MA yan t0 Fo a+i) G+) a Frets) For the lant faction in preatbes, A= 1, Bo -10, 1, e580 VIET =? om (EE as59 peta) = Tot ‘Thereore HAS) = Bet + Mpc as + 70°60) (R04 1.3915 co(at +70") CO) = M0) = a8)- =) Fle) = Liao) alt=) (e) © @ Ji) = tale 2) Teale) Observe that eO-"a(t — 7) ia e~*u(t) delaped by 7. Therefore© IQ) = teat 7) 2 (t= Pe TTL 1) met [la alte) + rele FI] Therefore af eng ee ee bee sey] Coe Lt re ee o $8) = snu(t~ Ault - 7) [Note that thie is sin yt ahifted by 1; hence ro (ga) ° 4{0) = sinun(t— ra) = in untae ~ consnteinwarle() y= ems stn CO) §(0) = inugtalt 1) = inl + ret =) 12 conn inl t= rat = 7) + diner coven (t— F)o(t—7) Therefore Fo= [=r(s%a) sane) |” 422 @) $(0) = le) — (t= 1) = t0(8)— = 2Ye(e— 1) ~ alt= 2) roas » J(0) = aint ot) +sn(t— 2) 0(¢— 2) Fonsgatey © M6) = Halt) — (t= MY) +e —1) tal) = (4 = Halt = 1) = wt) eee) ‘Therefore 423 @) 7) = SESE 0 Bee™ Tei clear that f(0) = J(¢—-2)- a@) where © where ‘Therefore @ Moreover Pon gttthge Det ay Fae se re” Geers) 481 45 He) = (0 oul) H(t) = H(t 2) = [AE + Malt — 2) = Ale + Fs) aatenzbet tan HC) = aft Ait) = Viet enle 4) BOs spiel hl) =2¢ f(t) = filt-3)+ A) Ve cult 3+ E)ult = 3) 4 20a tt) (oe 3 Ml= Boao * ames aia seen Brass * Faas = Re +) 1 1 AQ)=aopay MM A=} AW=z $0) = f(t) + A) = foo Pan 2{t— 1yele—1) + folate) +1 pe 4 Sere TH+ Mazza ate =e eS Fa) a (et ee" + FCO) He) = He-D9Fe-2) 410, alt) fe ee MN = 4 fer = MMe 2) 4 (07 a424 ars 4a @) and at) = F(t) + £(¢— To) + f(t - 270) + ~~ Ge) = Fla) + Fajen" + Fle + me Fs) +e eo HO wee WM ctor Reade >) wd Fo)= la Pair? won faerie tore! Pair 3 - (r)dr me wef Pair 4: Use succeasive integration of tu({) Pair 5: From frequency-shifing (423), we have weet ad eines Pas De nyee dat etn ap Pair 7: Apply the same argument to u(t), u(t), ..., and 20 on Pair Ba: catrnn= Hem erm oe (54 tg) = ate air 8b: Same way as the pair 88. Pair 9a: Application of the frequency-hift property (4.28) to pair 62 coebtu(t) «=> arfoy yields pe, tte Meena) ome Pair 9b: Similar tothe pair 98. Paley 108 and 10b: Recognise that re con (+8 re-*fooe Bon [Now se reralts in paizs 9a and 9b to obtain pair 108. Pair 10b is equivalent to pair 108, oo ¢ =H) -H-2) arya r= tae) w $aas-2- 0-9)@) $= ws) m0(t-2)+ 20(¢-3) 1 arate ade yore Ley ser 4 Fi)= Aas 42%) 431 @) a @+ssnxnedd © 1)+46Y()-2) +700 (P44 ove) aaetie aad da+10_ 204102 YO) = yaad” aap a4T H(t) = (2+ 61a) © (PY) 9-667) —)4287(0) (2 46042597 (0) 04304 Bo Lt and Pyrgs0 2, _-040 Weer) st Peer Ht) = (2+ 5886e™* con(at— 99.867] 9(0) 443-2 (a) Allinial conditions are sero. The sero‘npat response ia sero, The entire reponse found in Prob, 4.328 is serostate response, that is Yu)= alt) 2 (8 Yul) wa(t) =O (b) The Laplace transform of the differential equation is (PY (0) — 20-1) + 4GY() 2947) = (040; (44+ OY()- Qatar @+ur ore = BSS ty +9 1 Yo)= tt 45 Seuss Frere 2, 1 mar oR w= 4s + aw ese “(o) The tapas tearm the onion i (eve) e-n surname aoe (WP eessv(ye ett +2542 447 so YO)= Fy eegte* 4 e435) ore 4?) (2, natid =(sfaen Gt ese) [Vie con(at — $)]+ [2 + 5.1846-* coa(at — 112:83°)] ae colt — H+ Bt 18a cell HY x) 4.3-3 (a) Laplace transform of the two equations yields (ran)-mneo=2 =2% (0) +204 OFA) = 0 Using Cramer’s rae, we obtain 142 142 18 4 yt Soy aera era 1 1 ys, ya WFas) tO” +1 aed and nt) = (P= bet = eo malt) = (= deo + DNL) If Hy(o) and Ha(s) are the transfer functions relating v(t) and y(t), respectively to the input f(0, thus a4? 1 Frege = Tee (b) The Laplace transform ofthe equations are A= (o4 2)¥ (0) — (24 5G) =O +H () 4 44 DH) =O ‘Application of Cramer's rule yields Kee ttn a4 orm EET 7 Her ORI LO) ~ #3 OST a4? 1.394 BO)= ptt @ eres rag = 2- sos a) WPssy) ~ eT OMNeF IAs T4032 547618 41 BO* Ty 3eT 42 aa BO) aT nit) = (10-7247 — 0.276e° 4 )a(0) aft) = (2~ 1.494e-* 9 — 0.105679" )u(0) 43-4 Att = 0, the inductor current 90) and the capacitor voltage is 16 volts, After t = 0, the loop equations 4s