2.

1 Linear Motion
• Displacement

rx r  r2 – r1

ry
r1
r = rxi– ryj
r2

• Velocity
• Average velocity is defined as the change in displacement over the time, t
r
v
t

• Instantaneous velocity is called the limit of x/t as approaches zero or the

derivative for x with respect to time, t
r dr
v  lim 
 t  0 t dt

 Direction of v is a tangent to the path at that point in the direction of motion

 Magnitude of v is the speed

tangen
• Acceleration
• Average acceleration define as the ratio of the change in the velocity V=V2-V1
to the time interval t=t2-t1
v
a
• t
Instantaneous acceleration limit of V/t as approaches zero or the derivative
for x with respect to time, t

v dv
a  lim 
t  0 t dt

• Magnitude change of v only - 1D motion

• Direction change of v only - circular motion

• Uniform motion
r

Gradient = v = uniform

t
v
t a=0

v
Area = vt = r
t
2.2 Motion with Constant a
A constant acceleration means that the acceleration does not depend on time:

Integrating this equation, the velocity of the object can be obtained

where v0 is the velocity of the object at time t = 0.

From the velocity, the position of the object as

function of time can be calculated:

where x0 is the position of the object at time t = 0

Graph of velocity vs time with a constant

t
v

vo v

t
Displacement = graph area
1 
S  (vo  v)t  vt
2
graph gradient = acceleration
v  vo
a
t
velocity at any later time t,
v  vo  at
Displacement s, at any later time t,

1 2
s  vot  at
2
And

v 2  v 2 o  2as
2.3 Free falling motion
What you understand about freely falling bodies ?
Free Fall Equation
The Equation of Motion for the 1-D motion of an object in free fall near the Earth’s
surface are obtained from equations
v  vo  at
1 2
s  vot  at
2

x y
a g

v 2  vo 2  2as
If we use the coordinate system shown,then,when substituting into equation
a = g = -9.8 ms-2
Since g points down

+y
g

y= 0

-y

 This is a nice example of constant acceleration (gravity):

 In this case, acceleration is caused by the force of gravity:
 Usually pick y-axis “upward”
 Acceleration of gravity is “down”:

Problem 2.1.1
• Stone was thrown straight upward at t=0 with +20.0m/s initial velocity on the roof
of a 50.0m high building,
– Find the time the stone reaches at maximum height (v=0)
– Find the maximum height
– Find the time the stone reaches its original height
– Find the velocity of the stone when it reaches its original height
– Find the velocity and position of the stone at t=5.00s

1. v f  vyi  ayt  20.0  9.80t  0.00

20.0
t  2.04 s
9.80

2. 1
yf  yi  vyit  ayt 2
2
1
 50.0  20  2.04   ( 9.80)  ( 2.04) 2
2
 50.0  20.4  70.4(m)

3. t  2.04  2  4.08s

4. vyf  vyi  ayt  20.0  ( 9.80)  4.08  20.0(m / s )

5-Velocity vyf  vyi  ayt

 20.0  (9.80)  5.00
 29.0(m / s)

1
5-Position yf  yi  vyit  ayt 2
2
1
 50.0  20.0  5.00   (9.80)  (5.00) 2  27.5(m)
2
 1000 m

Problem 2.1.2
• The pilot of a hovering helicopter drops a lead brick from a height of 1000 m.
How long does it take to reach the ground and how fast is it moving when it gets
there? (neglect air resistance)
Solution:

1000 m

y=0

• First choose coordinate system.

– Origin and y-direction.

• Next write down position equation:

1 2
– y  y 0  v 0y t gt
2

• Realize that v0y = 0.

1 2
y  y0  gt
2
 1 2
y  y0 - gt
2

1000 m

y=0
• Solve for time t when y = 0 given that y0 = 1000 m.
2 y0 2 1000m
– t   14.3s
g 9.81 m s 2

• Recall:
v22  v12  2a ( x2  x1 )
1
vav  (v1  v2 )
2

• Solve for vy:

 v y   2 gy0
 140 m / s

Projectile Motion
• A 2-dim motion of an object under the gravitational acceleration with the
assumptions
– Free fall acceleration, -g, is constant over the range of the motion
– Air resistance and other effects are negligible
–

vx = ux + axt
vy = uy + ayt
X = xo + vx t + (1/2)ax t2
Y = yo + vy t + (1/2)ay t2

• A motion under constant acceleration!!!! è Superposition of two motions

Horizontal motion with constant velocity and Vertical motion under constant
acceleration
Show that a projectile motion is a parabola!!!

a  ax i  a y j   g j
v xi  vi cos  , v yi  vi sin  i
x f  v xi t  vi cos  i t
1
y f  v yi t    g t 2
2
1
 vi sin  i t  gt 2
2

xf
t
vi cos i
2
 xf  1  xf 
y f  vi sin  i    g  
 vi cos i  2  vi cos i 
 g  2
 x f tan  i   x f

 i2 v
2
cos 2
 i 

Example 4.1
A ball is thrown with an initial velocity v=(20i+40j)m/s. Estimate the time of flight and
the distance the ball is from the original position when landed.
Which component determines the flight time and the distance?

1
Flight time is determined by y y f  40t 
2
  g  t 2  0m
component, because the ball t  80  gt   0
stops moving when it is on the  t  0 or t 
80
 8 sec
ground after the flight. g

Distance is determined by x
component in 2-dim, because the
ball is at y=0 position when it x f  v xi t

completed it’s flight.  20  8  160 m 

Horizontal Range and Max Height

• Based on what we have learned previously, one can analyze a projectile motion in
more detail
– Maximum height an object can reach
– Maximum range
 vi
h


At the maximum height the object’s vertical motion stops

to turn around!!

v yf  v yi  a y t  vi sin   gt A  0 1
y f  h  v yi t    g t 2
vi sin  2
t A  2
g  v sin  i  1  vi sin  i 
 vi sin  i  i   g  
 g  2  g 
 v sin 2  i 
2
  i 

 2 g 

R  v xi 2t A 
Since no  v sin  i 
2vi cos  i  i 
acceleration in x, it  g 
still flies at vy=0  v sin 2 i 
2
  i 

 g 
 Maximum Range and Height
• What are the conditions that give maximum height and range in a projectile
motion?

This formula tells us that the

 v sin  i 
h   i
2 2

maximum hieght can be achieved

 2 g  when i=90o!!!

 v 2 sin 2 i 
R   i 

 g 

This formula tells us that the

maximum hieght can be
achieved when 2i=90o, i.e.,
 v 2 sin 2 i 
i=45o!!!
R   i 

 g 

Example 4.2
• A stone was thrown upward from the top of a building at an angle of 30o to
horizontal with initial speed of 20.0m/s. If the height of the building is 45.0m,
how long is it before the stone hits the ground?

v xi  vi cos   20.0  cos 30  17.3m / s

v yi  vi sin  i  20.0  sin 30  10.0m / s
1 2
y f  45.0  v yi t  gt
2
gt 2  20.0t  90.0  9.80t 2  20.0t  90.0  0
20.0    20  2  4  9.80  (90)
t
2  9.80
t  2.18s or t  4.22 s
 t  4.22 s

What is the speed of the stone just before it hits the ground?
v xf  vxi  vi cos   20.0  cos 30  17.3m / s
v yf  v yi  gt  vi sin  i  gt  10.0  9.80  4.22  31.4m / s

 17.32    31.4   35.9m / s

2 2 2
v  v xf  v yf