CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background

We have interest in discussing youth and leisure for all societies in Britain

because we want to know the differences and also the advantages in their free

times or it can be their free times can make disadvatages too for the societies. Due

to that problems we want to make it clear so we can know the influence of their

leisure to their daily life.

United Kingdom is a great country with an ancient architecture. It means

that UK has a lot of culture and it didn’t same with the other country in Europe.

And what kinds of leisure or free times that popular in Britain. So we will discuss

it in this paper.

Leisure is importance for all the societies to fulfill of their time activities

in the psychological, cognitive, civic, vocational and physical development of

young people. Every young people need their leisure time to develop their

knowledge and make their mind refresh by an entertaiment , art, culture and sport.

It’s a good oppurtinities for them to has a good recreation.

But how the young people used or spending their leisure time corectly and

safely ? The parents must know and take a part of their children leisure time. It is

not simply time that is used by young people in any kind of way but a space in

which young people can develop roles and identities for themselves.

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 Leisure time, therefore, is not just an opportunity for play, relaxation and

recreation; but also for selfexpression and self-control: a part of young people’s

lives in which significant amounts of learning and development occur. Leisure

time can also afford young people the opportunity of contributing to society and

facilitate social change and development.

Ideally, young people should have some control to choose to do things that

interest them with individuals or organisations. Leisure time is discretionary: it

facilitates potential for enhanced individual growth and community benefit.

1.2 Problem Limitation

Based on the writer's observation, the writer limits the issues to be discussed,

namely:

1. What is various youth culture ?

2. How the youth culture time line in britain and what types of leisure ?

1.3 Purpose

The purpose of this paper are:

1. To know the various youth culture.

2. To know the youth culture time line in britain and types of leisure.

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1.4 Method of Collecting Data

Searching on the internet to get more data and from ebook.

1.5 Systematic of Writing

The writer divided this paper into 3 chapters, namely introducing

chapter, that contains the background, problem limitation, methods of

collecting data, the purpose of writing, and systematic writing.

Content chapter, the Definition Leisure and Youth, Various Youth Culture

, British Youth Culture Timeline and Types of Leisure.

Closing chapter, contain conclusion.

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 CHAPTER II

CONTENT

2.1 Definition Leisure and Youth

Leisure is a state of mind which ordinarily is characterised by un-obligated

time and willing optimism. It can involve extensive activity or no activity. The

key ingredient is an attitude which fosters a peaceful and productive co-existence

with the elements in one's environment.

Youth is best understood as a period of transition from the dependence of

childhood to adulthood’s independence. That’s why, as a category, youth is more

fluid than other fixed age-groups.

Leisure - free time during which somebody has no obligations or work

responsibilities, and therefore is free to engage in enjoyable activities. Most of

Britain’s population enjoys sport and leisure activities in one way or another, and

whether as a participant or a spectator there are a whole host of activities to enjoy.

In recent years the encouragement toward a more healthy lifestyle has led to more

people taking up physical activity, whether to get fit or to keep fit. These activities

can be found indoors at leisure, sporting and recreation centres and outdoors, at

the many free publicly available playing fields and also at clubs and associations

which are open to members or paying visitors. In any event there are plenty to

choose from whatever your level of physical fitness.

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 As with most countries many of the leisure activities in the UK are much

more sedate. Whether as an individual or a team, a child, adult or family, most

towns and cities have something for everyone.

Pubs are an important part of British social life more than restaurant and

more money is spent on drinking than on any other form of leisure activity

Major UK National Holidays

New Year Holiday January 1st

Good Friday March/April

Easter Monday March/April

May Day Holiday May

Spring Holiday May

Summer Holiday August

Christmas Holiday December 25th

Boxing Day December 26th

2.2 Various Youth Culture

Youth culture is the way adolescents live, and the norms, values, and

practices they share. Culture is the shared symbolic systems, and processes of

maintaining and transforming those systems. Youth culture differs from the

culture of older generations.

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 Elements of youth culture in United Kingdom include beliefs, behaviors,

styles, and interests. An emphasis on clothes, popular music, sports, vocabulary,

and dating set adolescents apart from other age groups, giving them what many

believe is a distinct culture of their own. Within youth culture, there are many

distinct and constantly changing youth subcultures. These subcultures’ norms,

values, behaviors, and styles vary widely, and may differ from the general youth

culture.

Economic and social changes, such as increasing numbers of young people

with growing financial means, played a big part in favourably influencing this

emerging trend and pushing the various youth groups into mainstream culture.

As youth culture gradually entered the mainstream, the sociological study

of youth shifted to the examination of young people's subjective experiences in

contemporary society, as well as to the use of these accounts to inform changes in

social life.

Data on youth culture studies using subject terms such as:

 childhood  identity

 cultural life  role models

 family life  social behaviour

 health  youth culture

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2.3 British Youth Culture Timeline

2.3.1 1960

2.3.1.1 Rockers (Teddy Boys)

The rocker hairstyle : kept in place with Brylcreem, was usually a tame or

exaggerated pompadour hairstyle as a popular with some 1950s rock and roll

musicians.

The rockers were motorcyclists, wearing clothes such as black leather

jackets. Rockers generally favoured 1950s rock and roll, mostly by artists like

Elvis Presley, Eddie Cochran and Gene Vincent.

2.3.1.2 Mods

The Mods were scooter riders, wearing suits and cleancut outfits. Mods

listened to 1960s ska music, soul and R&B, as well as British bands such as The

Who, The Small Faces and Kinks.

A notable part of the mod subcultural was recreational amphetamine use,

which was used to fuel all-night dances at clubs like Mancester’s Twisted Wheel.

Loathing dead-end lives and norm-living for the Mod way of life.

The Mods and Rockers were two conflicting British youth subcultures of

the early-mid 1960s. Mods and rockers fighting in 1964 sparked a moral panic

about British youth, and the two groups were seen as folk devils.

By the late 1960s, the two subcultures had faded from public view and

media attention turned to two new emerging youth subcultures- the hippies and

the skinheads.

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2.3.1.3 Hippies

The hippie subculture was originally a youth movement that arose in the

United States during the mid-1960s and spead to other countries around the world.

The early hippes inherited the countercultural values of the Beat

Generation, creaated their own communities, listened to psychedelic rock,

embraced the sexual revolution, and used drugs such as cannabis,LSD and magic

mushrooms to explore altered states of conciousness.

2.3.2 1970

2.3.2.1 Punks

Early punk had abudance of atecedents and influences, and Jon Savage has

describe the subculture as a “bricolage” of almost every previous youth culture

that existed in the West since the Second World War “stuck together with safety

pins”. Various philosophical, political, and artistic movements influenced the

subculture, punk drew inspiration from several strains of modern art. Various

writers, books, and literary movements were important to the formation of the

punk aesthetic. Punk rockhas a variety of musical origims, both within the rock

and roll genre and beyond.

The punk subculture includes a diverse array of ideologies, and forms of

expression, including fashion, visual art, dance, literature, and film, which grew

out of the punk rock.

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2.3.3 1980

2.3.3.1 Skinheads

A skinhead is a member of a subculture that originated among working

class youths in the United Kingdom in the 1960s, and then spead to other parts of

the world. Named for their close-cropped or shaven heads, the first skonheads

were greatly influenced by West Indian (specifically Jamaican) rude boys and

British mods, in terms of fashion, music, and lifestyle.

Originally the skinhead subculture was primarily based on those elements,

not politics or race. Since then, however attitudes toward race and politics have

become factors by which some skinhead align themeselves. The political

spectrum within the skinhead scene ranges from the far right to the far left,

although many skinheads are apolitica. Fashion-wise, skinheads range from a

clean-cut 1960s mod-influenced style to less-strict punk and hadcore-influenced

styles.

2.3.3.2. Yuppies

Yuppie (short of ‘young urban profesional’ or ‘young upwardly mobile

profesoanl’) is a term that refers to a member of the upper middle class or upper

calss in their 20s or 30s. It first came into use in the early-1980s and largely faded

from American popular culture in the late-1980s due to the 1987 stock market

crash and the early 1990s recession.

Yuppies greatly influenced both the Democratica and Republican parties,

they usually register with a political party en masse when it is considered in style

to affiliate with a certain political party and whichever president is successful in

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instituing economic policies, like Ronald Reagan in the 1980s and Bill Clinton in

the 1990s, that benefited the yuppie and upper-middle class.

2.3.3.3 New Romantics

New Romanticism (also referred to as blitz kids and by a wide variety of

other names), was a youth fashion and music movement in the United Kingdom

that flourished roughly between the years 1979 and 1984 – peaking around 1981.

Developing in London nightclubs such as Billy’s and The Blitz and spreading to

other major cities in the UK, it was associated with bands including

Ultravox,Visage, Duran Duran, Spandau Ballet, ABC and Culture Club.

New Romanticism can be seen as reaction to punk, and a revival of the

glam rock of the early 1970s. In terms of style it rejected the austerity and anti-

fashion stance of punk. Both sexes often dressed in counter-sexual or

androgynous clothing and wore cosmetics such as eyeliner and lipstick, partly

derived from earlier punk fashions. This “gender bending” was particularly

evident in figures such as Boy George of Culture Club and Marilyn ( Peter

Robinson).

2.3.4 1990

2.3.4.1 Rave

Rave, rave dance, and rave party are parties that originated mostly from

acid house parties, which featured fast-paced electronic music and light shows. At

these parties people dance and socialize to dance music played by disc jockeys

and occasionally live performers. The genres of electronic dance music played

include house, trance, psytrance, electro house, drum and bass, breakbeat,

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dubstep, hardstyle and many others with the accompaiment of laser light shows,

projected images and artifical fog.

In the US the mainstream media and law enforcement agencies have

branded the subculture as a purely drug-centric culture, usually drugs such as

cannabis, ecstasy, LSD, cocaine and ketamine, similar to the hippie movement of

the 1960s.

2.3.4.2 Grunge

Grunge (sometimes referred to as the Seattle sound) is a subgenre of

alternative rock that emerged during the mid-1980s in the American state of

Washington, particularly in the Seattle area. Inspired by hardcore punk, heavy

metal and indie rock grunge is generally characterized by heavily distorted electric

guitars, contrasing song dynamics, and apathetic or angst-filled lyrics.The grunge

aesthetic is stripped-down compared to other forms of rock music and many

grunge musicians were noted for their unkempt appereances and rejection of

theatrics.

2.3.4.3 Goth

Gothic fashion is a clothing style worn by members of the Goth

subculture: a dark, sometimes morbid eroticized fashion and style of dress.

Typical Gothic fashion includes dyed black hair, black lips and black clothes.

Both male and female goths wear dark eyeliner and dark fingernails. Styles are

often borrowed from the Punks, Victorians and Elizabethans.

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2.3.5 2000

2.3.5.1 Emo

Emo has been associated with a stereotype thet includes being particularly

emotional, sensitive, shy, introverted, or angst-ridden. It has also been associated

with depression, self-injury, and suicide.

In the early 2000s, emo fashion wa associated with a clean cut look, but as

the style spread to younger teenagers, the style has become darker, with long

bnags and emphasis on the color black replacing sweater vests.

2.4 Types of Leisure

2.4.1 Leisure at Home

The most common leisure activities among people in the United Kingdom

are home-based, or social, such as entertaining or visiting relatives and friends

Watching television is by far the most popular leisure pastime; Britain's

regular weekly dramas or 'soap operas' such as 'Easterners' and 'Coronation Street'

have more viewers than any other program.

Other regular pastimes include listening to the radio and to recorded

music, reading books, gardening, do-it-yourself home improvements and doing

puzzle.

Pop and rock albums are the most common type of music bought, and pop

is by far the most popular form of musical expression in Britain.

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 And also we can lists the popular leisure activities for all societies in

United Kingdom such as :

puzzle, from newspaper crosswords

British Soap Opera

Newspaper Readership

2.4.2 Leisure outside the Home

Greater gender & class differences in patterns choose leisure activities

outside the home.

The Pub – public bar & lounge bar, dartboards, snookers, bar billiards,

skittles, dominoes, electronic games, juke boxes, TV, live music entertainment,

local jazz group or rock ’n’ roll band.

More money spends on drink in pubs, restaurants or wine bars than on any

other form of leisure activity.

Pubs are finding new role, filling social vacuum, central to British life.

Gambling, since the first game on Saturday 19th November 1994 more

than 90% of the UK population have played the National Lottery games at some

time, with around 65% of the population playing on a regular basis. The total

amount of £12 billion has been given to the 'good causes'.

The good causes have already helped deprived groups, saved buildings and

national treasures, enabled more people to enjoy sports and the arts.

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 Betting shop : -Bets placed at Bookies

-Popular forms of gambling in Britain

- Football pools

-Betting on horse racing practiced by working rather than

middle class

Sports

Of all sporting activities, walking is by far the most popular for men and

for women of all ages. Whilst men tend to dominate golf and cue sports such as

snooker and billiards, women generally prefer swimming, keep-fit classes and

yoga.

Sport, when compared with other leisure activities, has secured a more

central place in the national culture of contemporary Britain.

Precisely because it has become such a part and parcel of British culture

and society, sport is, not unexpectedly, problematic.

Sport has nowadays been related to the question of drugs; it is no longer a

leisure activity; it’s a business!’ It is a potentially political issue’.

There also exists in the field a variation of social-class membership with

regard to active participation in sports. It is noted that the better the class, the

greater the rate of the participation.

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 CHAPTER III

CLOSING

3.1 Conclusion

Leisure is importance for all the societies to fulfill of their time

activities in the psychological, cognitive, civic, vocational and physical

development of young people. Every young people need their leisure time to

develop their knowledge and make their mind refresh by an entertaiment , art,

culture and sport. It’s a good oppurtinities for them to has a good recreation.

All the various way that the British do in their leisure it shows the culture

and the life style that they have.

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 REFERENCE
Australian Council for Health, Physical Education and Recreation/Royal

Australian Institute of Parks and Recreation (1980) Recreation Working Paper,

Adelaide: ACHPER Publications, p 3.

Fasick, Frank A. (1984). Parents, Peers, Youth Culture and Autonomy in

Adolescence., Adolescence, 19(73) p.143-157

Feldman, Christine (2009). "We Are The Mods:" A Transnational History of a

Youth Subculture. New York: Peter Lang Publishing Inc. p. 25.

Feldman, Christine (2009). "We Are The Mods:" A Transnational History of a

Youth Subculture. New York: Peter Lang Publishing Inc. p. 20.

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