Chapter V

STEADY NON-UNIFORM FLOW OR VARIED (S≠ SO)FLOW IN OPEN CHANNELS

1 2

v12
2g EGL Slope= S E.G.L hL=SL
.

v22
y1
2g

Channel bed, slope = So

y2
SoL

∆x

Figure 4.6. Non-uniform gradually varied flow

Uniform flow is found only in artificial channels of constant shape, slope, although under these
conditions the flow for some distances may be non-uniform, as shown in Figure 4.1. However, with
natural stream the slope of the bed and the shape and size of the cross-section usually vary to such
an extent that true uniform flow is rare. Hence, the application of Manning equation for uniform
flow can be applied to non-uniform flow with accuracy dependent on the length of reach L taken. In
order to apply these equations at all, the streams must be divided into several reaches within which
the conditions are approximately the same.
From the above figure, energy equation between section 1-2

𝑉12 𝑉22
+ 𝑦 + 𝑆 ∆𝑥 = + 𝑦2 + 𝑆 ∆𝑥
2𝑔 1 𝑜 2𝑔
𝑉22 𝑉12
𝑆𝑜 ∆𝑥 − 𝑆 ∆𝑥 = +𝑦 − +𝑦
2𝑔 2 2𝑔 1

∆𝑥 𝑆𝑜 − 𝑆 = 𝐸2 − 𝐸1

𝐸2 − 𝐸1
∆𝑥 =
𝑆𝑜 − 𝑆
Slope can be determined by Manning’s Equation

𝑛 2 𝑉𝑚2
𝑆= 4
𝑅𝑚
3

where :

𝑉2 + 𝑉1
𝑉𝑚 = (𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 2)
2

𝑅2 + 𝑅1
𝑅𝑚 = (𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑕𝑦𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑢𝑙𝑖𝑐 𝑅𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠)
2

𝐴1
𝑅1 =
𝑃1

𝐴2
𝑅2 =
𝑃2

There are two types of non uniform flow depending upon the change of depth of flow over the
length of the channel. If the depth of flow in a channel changes a gradually over a length of the
channel, the flow is said to be Gradually Varied Flow (GVF). If depth of flow changes abruptly over a
small length of the channel, the flow is said to be a local non-uniform phenomenon or Rapidly
Varied Flow (RVF). Gradually varied flow can occur with either subcritical or supercritical flow, but
the transition from one condition to the other is ordinarily abrupt, as between D and E in Figure 4.1.
Other cases of local non-uniform flow occur at the entrance and exit of a channel, at channel at
changes in cross sections, at bends and at on obstruction such as dams, weirs or bridge piers. See
Figure 4.7 for steady non-uniform flow in a channel.
Depth of flow for non-uniform flow conditions varies with longitudinal distance. It occurs upstream
and downstream control sections.
Rapid varied flow of occurs on the following condition:
1. Occurrence of hydraulic jump
2. Flow entering a steep channel from lake or a reservoir
3. Flow close to a free out fall from a channel
4. Flow in a vicinity of an obstruction such as bridge pier or sluice gate

Gradual varied flow occurs on the following condition:

1. Backwater created by a dam place in a river
2. Drawdown of a water surface as flow approaches a falls
 RVF GVF RVF GVF
GVF
RVF RVF
GVF

Figure 4.7. Steady Non-uniform flow in a channel.

WATER-SURFACE PROFILES IN GRADUALLY VARIED FLOW

Water surface profiles are classified two different ways: according to the slope of the channel (mild,
steep, critical, horizontal, or adverse) and according to the actual depth of flow in relation to the
critical and normal depths (zone 1, 2, or 3). The first letter of the type of slope (M, S, C, H or A) in
combination with 1, 2, or 3 defines the type of surface profile.

If the slope is so small that the normal depth (uniform flow depth) is greater than critical depth for
the given discharge, then the slope of the channel is mild, and the water surface profile is given an
M classification. Similarly, if the channel slope is so steep that a normal depth less than critical is
produced, then the channel is steep, and the water surface profile is given an S designation. If the
slope’s normal depth equals its critical depth, then we have a critical slope, denoted by C.
Horizontal and adverse slopes, denoted by H and A, respectively, are special categories because
normal depth does not exist for them. An adverse slope is characterized by a slope upward in the
flow direction. The 1, 2, and 3 designations of water surface profiles indicate if the actual flow depth
is greater than both normal and critical depths (zone 1), between the normal; and critical depths
(zone 2) or less than both normal and critical depths (zone 3). The basic shape of the various
possible profiles are shown in the Table 4.4.
Table 4.4. Types of Varied Flow
Problem:

1. A rectangular canal is 2.0m wide and carries 2.4m 3/s of water. The bed slope is 0.0009 and
the channel roughness n=0.012. At a certain section the depth is 0.90m and at another
section the depth is 1.20m.
a. Determine which depth is downstream
b. Determine the distance between sections with the given depths using one reach.
c. Determine the distance between the sections with the given depths using three
reaches.

2. Water discharges from under a sluice gate into a horizontal channel at a rate of 1m3/s per
meter of width as shown in the figure. What is the classification of the water surface
profile? Quantitatively evaluate the profile downstream of the gate and determine whether
or not it will extend all the way to the abrupt drop 80m downstream. Make the simplifying
assumption that the resistance factor f is equal to 0.02 and that the hydraulic radius R is
equal to the depth y.

3. A rectangular concrete channel 4.50m wide is carrying water. At an upstream point, the
depth of water is 1.50m and a downstream point 300m away, the depth of flow is 1.17m. If
the channel bed slope is 0.0010, find the theoretical flow rate. Use n=0.013.
1. A rectangular canal is 2.0m wide and carries 2.4 m 3/s of water. The bed slope is 0.0009 and the
channel roughness n=0.012. At a certain section the depth is 0.90m and at another section the
depth is 1.20m.
a. Determine which depth is downstream.
b. Determine the distance between sections with the given depths using one reach.
c. Determine the distance between the sections with the given depths using three reaches.

GIVEN: Q = 2.4 m3/s; So = 0.0009; n = 0.012

0.82 0.90
yc= 0.523 1.20

2m
SOLUTION:
a.)
@ Critical flow
Q 2.4
q   1.2m 3 /s per meter width of channel
b 2
q 2 3 1.2 2
Yc  3   0.528m
g 9.81

Vc  9.810.528  2.276m / s
Ac  bYc  20.528  1.056m 2
Pc  b  2Yc  2  20.528  3.056m
1.056
Rc  Ac
Pc   0.346m
3.056
n 2Vc2 0.012 2.276
2 2
Sc  4 / 3   0.003071  So  0.0009
Rc 0.3464/3

Flow is subcritical. Actual slope is mild.

@ Uniform flow
Ao  bYo  2Yo
Po  b  2Yo  2  2Yo
2Yo
Ro  Ao
 
Po
2  2Yo
1
Q Ao Ro2 / 3 S 1 / 2
n
2/3
 
2.4 
1
2Yo  2Yo  0.00091 / 2
0.012  2  2Yo 
Yo5 / 3
0.48 
1  Yo 2 / 3
Yo5 / 3
Let M 
1  Yo 2 / 3
By Trial & error:
Assume Yo M
1.0 0.630
0.82 0.482
Yo =0.82m < 0.90m

Since Y > Yo > Yc and the slope is mild, the depth 1.20m is downstream of depth 0.90m. Type of
profile is M 1 .
b.) using one reach
@ Section 1:
0.90
Y1  0.90m
1.20
A1  bY1  20.90  1.80m 2
P1  b  2Y1  2  20.90  3.80m
1.80
R1  A1
P1   0.474m
3.80 Δx
Q 2.4
V1    1.333m / s
A1 1.80

Then E1  0.90 
1.333
2
 0.991m
2g
@ Section 2:
Y2  1.20m
A2  bY2  21.20  2.40m 2
P2  b  2Y21  2  21.20  4.40m
2.40
R2  A2
P2   0.545m
4.40
Q 2.4
V2    1m / s
A2 2.40
 Then E 2  1.20 
1.0
2
 1.251m
2g
Mean Velocity
V  V2   1.333  1  1.167m / s
Vm  1
2 2
Mean Hydraulic Radius
R  R2   0.474  0.545  0.5095m
Rm  1
2 2
Slope
n 2Vm2 0.012 1.167
2 2
S  4/3   0.0004813
Rm 0.50954/3

Therefore,
0.991  1.251
x   620.96m
0.000481  0.0009
c.) using three reaches
@ Section 3:
Y3  1.0m 0.90

A3  bY3  21.0  2.0m 2

1.0 1.10 1.20

P3  b  2Y3  2  21.0  4.0m

2.0
R3  A3
P3 
 0.50m Δx1 Δx2 Δx2
4.0
Q 2.4 Δx
V3    1.20m / s
A3 2.0

Then E3  1.0 
1.20
2
 1.073m
2g
@ Section 4:
Y4  1.10m
A4  bY4  21.10  2.20m 2
P4  b  2Y4  2  21.10  4.20m
2.20
R4  A4
P4  0.524m
4.20
Q 2.4
V4    1.091m / s
A4 2.20
Then E4  1.1 
1.0912  1.161m
2g
Mean Velocity
V  V 
Vm1  1 3  1.267m / s
2
Vm 2  3
V  V4   1.145m / s
2
V  V2   1.045m / s
Vm 3  4
2
Mean Hydraulic Radius

Rm1  1
R  R3   0.487m
2
Rm 2  3
R  R4   0.512m
2
R  R2   0.534m
Rm 3  4
2
Slope
n 2Vm21 0.012 1.267 
2 2
S1    0.000603
Rm41/ 3 0.4874 / 3
n 2V 2
S 2  4 /m32 
0.012 1.145  0.00046
2 2

Rm 2 0.5124 / 3
n 2Vm23 0.012 1.045
2 2
S3  4 / 3   0.000363
Rm 3 0.5344 / 3
Thus,
E1  E3
x1   276.09m
S1  S o
E3  E4
x2   197.73m
S1  So
E4  E2
x3   168.52m
S1  So
Therefore,
x  276.09  197.73  168.52

∆𝒙 = 𝟔𝟒𝟐. 𝟑𝟒 𝒎
2. Water discharges from under a sluice gate into a horizontal channel at a rate of 1m 3/s per meter of
width as shown in the figure. What is the classification of the water surface profile? Quantities
evaluate the profile downstream of the gate and determine whether or not it will extend all the way
to the abrupt drop 80m downstream. Make the simplifying assumption that the resistance factor f is
equal to 0.02 and that the hydraulic radius R is equal to the depth y.
GIVEN:
q=1m3/s per meter width
f=0.02
So=0
R=y
Ys=0.10m (depth of the flow from sluice gate) 10cm
SOLUTION:
Critical depth 80 m

q 2 3 12
Yc  3 
g 9.81
Yc  0.467m  Ys  0.10m
(With horizontal bed slope, the water surface profile is classified as type H 3, see table 4.4)
Using direct step method
E1  E 2
x 
S f  So
 n 2Vm2
Where: S f  (Manning Equation English Unit)
2.22 Rm4 / 3
fVm2
Sf  (Darcy-Weisbach Equation)
8 gRm

Vm 
V1  V2 
2

Rm 
R1  R2 
2

V12
E1  y1 
2g
Sample Computation:

Velocity, @ y=0.10m

q 1
V   10m / s
y 0.10
Using change in depth y  o.o4m
y  o.o4m
q 1
V   7.14m / s
y 0.14
0.1  0.14  100  51
2g
x 
0.156  0
x  15.752m

Mean Mean ∆𝑥 =
Velocity @ (𝑉1 2 −𝑉2 2 )
Distance
Section Depth, Velocity 2 Hydraulics 𝑓𝑉𝑚 2 𝑦1 − 𝑦2 +
section, V V1 𝑆𝑓 = 8𝑔𝑅 2𝑔 from gate
No. y (m) in reach, Radius, 𝑚
(m/s) 𝑆𝑓 − 𝑆𝑜 (m)
Vm 𝑅𝑚
1 0.1 10 100 0
8.57 73.4 0.12 0.156 15.7
2 0.14 7.14 51 15.7
6.35 40.3 0.16 0.064 15.3
3 0.18 5.56 30.9 31.0
5.05 25.5 0.2 0.032 15.1
4 0.22 4.54 20.6 46.1
4.195 17.6 0.24 0.019 13.4
5 0.26 3.85 14.8 59.5
3.59 12.9 0.28 0.012 12.4
6 0.3 3.33 11.1 71.9
3.135 9.8 0.32 0.008 10.9
7 0.34 2.94 8.6 82.8
60
y (cm)
50

40

30

20

10

0
0 20 40 60 80
x (m)
100 120

∴ 𝑡𝑕𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑓𝑖𝑙𝑒 𝑒𝑥𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑠 𝑡𝑜 𝑡𝑕𝑒 𝑎𝑏𝑟𝑢𝑝𝑡 𝑑𝑟𝑜𝑝 80 𝑚 𝑑𝑜𝑤𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚

 3. A rectangular concrete channel 4.50m wide is carrying water. At an upstream point, the
depth of water is 1.50m downstream point 300m away, the depth of flow is 1.17m. if
the channel bed slope is 0.0010, find the theoretical flow rate. Use n=0.013.

y1 = 1.5 m
2 y
y2 = 1.17 m
4.50m

L
Solution:
𝑉22 𝑉 12
+𝑦2 − +𝑦1
2𝑔 2𝑔
𝐿=
𝑆𝑜 − 𝑆
𝑉2 2 𝑉1 2
+ 𝑦2 − + 𝑦1 = 𝑆𝑜 𝐿 − 𝑆𝐿
2𝑔 2𝑔
𝑉2 2 𝑉1 2
− + 𝑆𝐿 = 𝑦1 − 𝑦2 + 𝑆𝑜 𝐿 ..Eq.1
2𝑔 2𝑔

@section 1
𝐴1 = 4.5 𝑥 1.5 = 6.75 𝑚2
𝑅1 = 𝐴1 𝑃1 = 6.75 4.5 + (2𝑥1.5) = 0.90𝑚
𝑉1 = 𝑄 𝐴1 = 𝑄/6.75 = 0.148𝑄
𝑉1 2
= 0.00112𝑄 2
2𝑔
@section 2
𝐴2 = 4.5 𝑥 1.17 = 5.265 𝑚2
𝑅2 = 𝐴2 𝑃2 = 5.265 4.5 + (2𝑥1.17) = 0.77𝑚
𝑉2 = 𝑄 𝐴2 = 𝑄/6.75 = 0.19𝑄
𝑉2 2
= 0.0018𝑄 2
2𝑔

𝑅1 +𝑅2 0.9+0.77
𝑅𝑚 = = = 0.835 𝑚
2 2
𝑉1 +𝑉2 0.148𝑄+0.19𝑄
𝑉𝑚 = = = 0.169𝑄
2 2
𝑛𝑉 2 0.013𝑥0.169𝑄 2
𝑆= 𝑚
= = 0.00000614𝑄 2
𝑅𝑚 2 3 0.835 2 3

From Eq.1
0.0018𝑄 2 − 0.00112𝑄 2 + 0.00000614𝑄 2 𝑥300 = 1.5 − 1.17 + 0.001(300)

∴ 𝑸 = 𝟏𝟓. 𝟖𝟏 𝒎𝟑 /𝒔
 HYDRAULIC JUMP

A hydraulic jump is a transition flow from supercritical to subcritical flow.

y2>yc
V1
y1 < yc

Hydraulic jump is one means of reducing the velocity of flow. It may also be used to separate lighter
solids from heavier ones.
HYDRAULIC JUMP IN A RECTANGULAR CHANNEL

V2 y2 y2
y1 V1 Q y1

Consider a freebody of water containing hydraulic jump

W

F2
F1

P1 = γ y1 N P2 = γ y2
Considering the Impulse-Momentum Equation
𝛴𝐹 = (𝜌𝑄𝑉)𝑜𝑢𝑡 − (𝜌𝑄𝑉)𝑖𝑛
𝛴𝐹𝑥 = (𝜌𝑄𝑉𝑥 )𝑜𝑢𝑡 − (𝜌𝑄𝑉𝑥 )𝑖𝑛
𝐹1 − 𝐹2 − 𝐹𝑓 = 𝜌𝑄2 𝑉2 − 𝜌𝑄1 𝑉1
where: Ef = neglected (if distance between sections is relatively small)
1 1 1
𝐹1 = 𝑃𝑦 𝑏 = γ𝑦1 𝑦1 𝑏 = γ𝑦1 2 𝑏
2 1 1 2 2
1 1 1
𝐹2 = 𝑃𝑦 𝑏 = γ𝑦2 𝑦2 𝑏 = γ𝑦2 2 𝑏
2 2 2 2 2
1 1 γ γ
Then, γ𝑦1 2 𝑏 − γ𝑦2 2 𝑏 − 0 = 𝐴2 𝑉2 𝑉2 − 𝐴1 𝑉1 𝑉1
2 2 𝑔 𝑔
1
𝑔𝑏 𝑦1 2 − 𝑦2 2 = 𝐴2 𝑉2 2 − 𝐴1 𝑉1 2
2
1
𝑔𝑏 𝑦1 2 − 𝑦2 2 = ( 𝑏𝑦2 )𝑉2 2 − ( 𝑏𝑦1 )𝑉1 2
2
1
𝑔 𝑦1 2 − 𝑦2 2 = 𝑦2 𝑉2 2 − 𝑦1 𝑉1 2
2
From continuity equation
𝑄1 = 𝑄2
𝐴1 𝑉1 = 𝐴1 𝑉1
𝑏𝑦1 𝑉1 = 𝑏𝑦2 𝑉2
𝒚 𝟏 𝑽𝟏
𝑽𝟐 =
𝒚𝟐

Substitute values
1 𝑦1 2 𝑉1 2
2
𝑔 𝑦1 − 𝑦2 2
= 𝑦2 2 − 𝑦1 𝑉1 2
2 𝑦2
1 𝑦1
𝑔 𝑦1 2 − 𝑦2 2 = 𝑉1 2 𝑦1 −1
2 𝑦2

1 𝑉1 2 𝑦1
𝑔 𝑦1 2 − 𝑦2 2 = 𝑦1 − 𝑦2
2 𝑦2

1 𝑉1 2 𝑦1
𝑔 𝑦1 − 𝑦2 𝑦1 + 𝑦2 = 𝑦1 − 𝑦2
2 𝑦2

1 𝑉1 2 𝑦1
𝑔 𝑦1 + 𝑦2 =
2 𝑦2
𝟏 𝒚𝟐
𝑽𝟏 𝟐 = 𝒈 𝒚𝟏 + 𝒚𝟐
𝟐 𝒚𝟏
But
𝑄 𝑏𝑞 𝑞
𝑉1 = = =
𝐴 𝑏𝑦1 𝑦1

𝑞2 1 𝑦2
= 𝑔 𝑦1 + 𝑦2
𝑦1 2 2 𝑦1
𝟏
𝒒𝟐 = 𝒈𝒚𝟏 𝒚𝟐 𝒚𝟏 + 𝒚𝟐
𝟐
ENERGY LOST AND POWER LOST IN A JUMP

Energy Equation 1 – 2
𝑃1 𝑉1 2 𝑃2 𝑉2 2
+ 𝑧1 + = + 𝑧2 + + 𝑕𝐿
𝛾 2𝑔 𝛾 2𝑔
𝑉1 2 𝑉2 2
𝑦1 + = 𝑦2 + + 𝑕𝐿
2𝑔 2𝑔
𝐸1 = 𝐸2 + 𝑕𝐿
𝒉𝑳 = 𝑬𝟏 − 𝑬𝟐 energy head lost

Power Lost: 𝑷 = 𝜸𝑸𝒉𝑳

Depth of Hydraulic Jump

Solve for y2: consider the equation:

1
𝑞2 = 𝑔𝑦1 𝑦2 𝑦1 + 𝑦2
2
2𝑞 2
𝑦2 𝑦1 + 𝑦2 =
𝑔𝑦1
2𝑞 2
𝑦2 2 + 𝑦1 𝑦2 =
𝑔𝑦1
1 2 2𝑞 2 1 2
𝑦2 2 + 𝑦1 𝑦2 + 𝑦1 = + 𝑦1
2 𝑔𝑦1 2
1 2 2𝑞 2 1 2
𝑦2 + 𝑦1 = + 𝑦1
2 𝑔𝑦1 4
1 2 1 2 8𝑞 2
𝑦2 + 𝑦1 = 𝑦1 +1
2 4 𝑔𝑦1 3
Extract the square root:
1 1 8𝑞 2
𝑦2 + 𝑦 = 𝑦 +1
2 1 2 1 𝑔𝑦1 3

1 1 8𝑞 2
𝑦2 = − 𝑦 + 𝑦 +1
2 1 2 1 𝑔𝑦1 3

1 8𝑞 2
𝑦2 = 𝑦 −1 + +1
2 1 𝑔𝑦1 3
 𝑄2 𝐴2𝑉2 𝑏 2 𝑦 1 2𝑉 1 2
𝑞2 𝑏2 𝑏2 𝑏2 𝑉1 2
But 3 = 3 = = = = 𝑁𝐹 2
𝑔𝑦1 𝑔𝑦1 𝑔𝑦1 3 𝑔𝑦1 3 𝑔𝑦1

𝟏
Hence, 𝒚𝟐 = 𝒚𝟏 −𝟏 + 𝟖𝑵𝑭𝟏 𝟐 + 𝟏 𝑁𝐹1 > 1
𝟐

Likewise,
𝟏
𝒚𝟏 = 𝒚 −𝟏 + 𝟖𝑵𝑭𝟐 𝟐 + 𝟏 𝑁𝐹2 < 1
𝟐 𝟐
HYDRAULIC JUMP IN A NON-RECTANGULAR SECTION

1
y2
y1

yc2
y2
yc1
y1

section thru 1 - 1 section thru 2 - 2

Impulse-Momentum Equation:
𝛴𝐹𝑥 = (𝑝𝑄𝑉)𝑜𝑢𝑡 − (𝑝𝑄𝑉)𝑖𝑛
𝐹1 − 𝐹2 − 𝐸𝑓 = 𝜌𝑄2 𝑉2 − 𝜌𝑄1 𝑉1
𝛾
𝛾𝐴1 𝑦𝑐1 − 𝛾𝐴2 𝑦𝑐2 − 0 = 𝐴2 𝑉2 𝑉2 − 𝐴1 𝑉1 𝑉1
𝑔

𝑔 𝐴1 𝑦𝑐1 − 𝐴2 𝑦𝑐2 = 𝐴2 𝑉2 2 − 𝐴1 𝑉1 2
Continuity Equation:
𝑄1 = 𝑄2
𝐴1 𝑉1 = 𝐴1 𝑉1
𝐴1 𝑉1
𝑉2 =
𝐴2

𝐴1 2 𝑉1 2
𝑔 𝐴1 𝑦𝑐1 − 𝐴2 𝑦𝑐2 = 𝐴2 − 𝐴1 𝑉1 2
𝐴2 2
𝐴1
𝑔 𝐴1 𝑦𝑐1 − 𝐴2 𝑦𝑐2 = 𝐴1 𝑉1 2 −1
𝐴2
𝐴1 −𝐴2
𝑔 𝐴1 𝑦𝑐1 − 𝐴2 𝑦𝑐2 = 𝐴1 𝑉1 2
𝐴2

𝒈𝑨𝟐 𝑨𝟏 𝒚𝒄𝟏 −𝑨𝟐 𝒚𝒄𝟐 𝒈𝑨𝟐 𝑨𝟐 𝒚𝒄𝟐 −𝑨𝟏 𝒚𝒄𝟏

𝑽𝟏 𝟐 = or 𝑽𝟏 𝟐 =
𝑨𝟏 𝑨𝟏 − 𝑨𝟐 𝑨𝟏 𝑨𝟐 − 𝑨𝟏
*Another solution
𝛴𝐹𝑥 = (𝜌𝑄𝑉𝑥 )𝑜𝑢𝑡 − (𝜌𝑄𝑉𝑥 )𝑖𝑛
𝐹1 − 𝐹2 − 𝐸𝑓 = 𝜌𝑄2 𝑉2 − 𝜌𝑄1 𝑉1
γ
γ𝐴1 𝑦𝑐1 − γ𝐴2 𝑦𝑐2 = 𝐴2 𝑉2 2 − 𝐴1 𝑉1 2
𝑔

1 𝑄2 𝑄2
𝐴1 𝑦𝑐1 − 𝐴2 𝑦𝑐2 = 𝐴2 2 − 𝐴1
𝑔 𝐴2 𝐴1 2

𝑄2 1 1
𝐴1 𝑦𝑐1 − 𝐴2 𝑦𝑐2 = −
𝑔 𝐴2 𝐴1

𝑸𝟐 𝑨𝟏 𝒚𝒄𝟏−𝑨𝟐 𝒚𝒄𝟐
= 𝟏 𝟏
𝒈 −
𝑨𝟐 𝑨𝟏
1. Water flows in a rectangular channel with a width of 4.0 m at a uniform depth of 1.2 m. Adjustment is
made downstream to raise water level to 2.0 m. consequently causing hydraulic jump.
a. Calculate the discharge in the canal.
b. Determine the power lost in a jump.

2.0 m
1.2 m 1.2 m
Solution:
1
a.) 𝑞 2 = 𝑔𝑦1 𝑦2 𝑦1 + 𝑦2
2

1
𝑞2 = (9.81)(1.2)(2) 1.2 + 2
2

𝑞 = 6.138 𝑚3 𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡𝑕 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑕𝑒 𝑐𝑎𝑛𝑎𝑙

𝑄 = 𝑞𝑏 = 6.138 4

𝑸 = 𝟐𝟒. 𝟓𝟓 𝒎𝟑 𝒔

b.) Power Lost,

𝑃 = 𝛾𝑄𝑕𝐿

𝑕𝐿 = 𝐸1 − 𝐸2
24.55 2
𝑉1 2 1.2 (4)
where 𝐸1 = 𝑦1 + = 1.2 + = 2.533 𝑚
2𝑔 2𝑔

24 .55 2
𝑉2 2
2 (4)
𝐸2 = 𝑦2 + =2+ = 2.480 𝑚
2𝑔 2𝑔

𝑕𝐿 = 2.533 − 2.480 = 0.053 𝑚

Thus, 𝑃 = 𝛾𝑄𝑕𝐿 = (9.81)(24.55)(0.053)

𝑷 = 𝟏𝟐. 𝟕𝟔𝟒 𝒌𝑾
2. A hydraulic jump occurs in a 5 m wide rectangular canal carrying 6 m 3/s on a slope of 0.005. the depth
after the jump is 1.4m.
a.) Calculate the depth before the jump.
b.) Calculate the power lost in a jump.

y2 = 1.4 m
y1 =?
Given: b= 5 m S= 0.005
3
Q= 6 m /s yafter= 1.4 m
Solution:
a.) 𝐴2 = 𝑏𝑦2 = 5 1.4 = 7 𝑚2
𝑄 6
𝑉2 = = = 0.857 𝑚/𝑠
𝐴2 7
𝑉2 0.857
𝑁𝐹2 = = = 0.23 < 1
𝑔 𝑦2 9.81 x 1.4

There is a hydraulic jump that occurs. And the depth before the jump is
1 1
𝑦1 = 𝑦 −1 + 8𝑁𝐹2 2 + 1 = (1.4) −1 + 8(0.23)2 + 1
2 2 2

∴ 𝒚𝟏 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟑𝟔 𝒎

𝑄 𝑄 6
b.) 𝑉1 = = = = 8.82 𝑚/𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝐴1 𝑏𝑦1 5 x 0.136
𝑉1 2 8.82 2
𝐸1 = 𝑦1 + = 0.136 + = 4.1 𝑚
2𝑔 2𝑔
𝑉2 2 0.857 2
𝐸2 = 𝑦2 + = 1.4 + = 1.44 𝑚
2𝑔 2𝑔

Therefore,
𝑕𝐿 = 𝐸1 − 𝐸2
𝑕𝐿 = 4.1 − 1.44 = 2.66 𝑚

Thus,
𝑃 = 𝛾𝑄𝑕𝐿
𝑃 = 9.81(6)(2.66)

𝑷 = 𝟏𝟓𝟔. 𝟓𝟕 𝒌𝑾
3. A rectangular canal has a width of 4.0m and carries water at the rate of 12m 3/s. its bed slope is
0.0003 and roughness is 0.02. To control the flow, a sluice gate is provided at the entrance to
the canal.
a. Determine whether a hydraulic jump would occur when the sluice gate is adjusted so
that minimum depth after the gate is 0.40 m.
b. If a hydraulic jump would occur in letter (a), how far from the sluice gate will it occur?

yo
y1=depth req. to
ys=0.4
cause a jump
0m

∆𝑥
Given: Q = 2m3/s; b = 4m; n = 0.02 ; So = 0.0003

Solution:
𝑄 12
𝑞 = = = 3 𝑚3 𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑚 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡𝑕
𝑏 4
@critical flow
1 3 1 3
𝑞2 32
𝑦𝑐 = = = 0.972 𝑚
𝑔 9.81
𝐴𝑐 = 𝑏𝑦𝑐 = 4 0.972 = 3.887 𝑚2
𝑃𝑐 = 𝑏 + 2𝑦𝑐 = 4 + 2 0.972 = 5.944 𝑚
𝐴
𝑅𝑐 = 𝑐 = 0.654 𝑚
𝑃𝑐
𝑄
𝑉𝑐 = 𝑜𝑟 𝑉𝑐 = 𝑔𝑦𝑐 = 3.087 𝑚 𝑠
𝐴𝑐
𝑛 2 𝑉𝑐 2 0.002 2 3.087 2
𝑆𝑐 = = = 0.006715 > So = 0.0003 ∴ 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑑.
𝑅𝑐 4 3 0.654 4 3

@Normal depth
𝐴𝑜 = 𝑏𝑦𝑜 = 4𝑦𝑜
𝑃𝑜 = 𝑏 + 2𝑦𝑜 = 4 + 2𝑦𝑜 = 2(2 + 𝑦𝑜 )
𝐴 4𝑦𝑜 2𝑦𝑜
𝑅𝑜 = 𝑜 = =
𝑃𝑜 2(2+𝑦𝑜 ) (2+𝑦𝑜 )
2 1
1
𝑄𝑜 = 𝐴𝑜 𝑅𝑜 𝑆𝑜 3 2
𝑛
2
1
1 2𝑦𝑜 3
12 = 4𝑦𝑜 0.00032
0.02 (2+𝑦𝑜 )
𝑦𝑜 5 3 𝑦𝑜 5 3
2.812 = let 𝑀 =
(2+𝑦𝑜 )2 3 (2+𝑦𝑜 )2 3
Trial and error: Assume y M
1.0 0.481
3.053 2.182
∴ 𝑦𝑜 = 3.053 𝑚
Depth required to cause a jump:
1
𝑦1 = 𝑦𝑜 −1 + 8𝑁𝐹𝑜 2 + 1
2
𝑄 12 12
where 𝑉𝑜 = = = = 0.983 𝑚/𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝐴𝑜 𝑏𝑦 𝑜 4(3.053 )
𝑉𝑜 2 0.983 2
𝑁𝐹𝑜 2 = = = 0.032
𝑔𝑦 𝑜 9.81 𝑥 3.053
1 3 2
𝑦1 = −1 + 8 0.032 + 1 = 0.184 𝑚 < 𝑦𝑠 = 0.40𝑚
2 053

∴ "𝑻𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆′𝒔 𝒏𝒐 𝒉𝒚𝒅𝒓𝒂𝒖𝒍𝒊𝒄 𝒋𝒖𝒎𝒑 𝒐𝒄𝒄𝒖𝒓𝒔"

yo 𝑦𝑜 > 𝑦𝑐 > 𝑦 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤

yc
4. A rectangular channel has a width of 5m, so=0.0009 and n=0.012. its uniform flow depth is
1.60m. if a sluice gate is adjusted such that a min. depth immediately downstream of the gate is
0.50m.
a. Determine whether a hydraulic jump would occur, and if it occurs
b. how far downstream will it occur
c. type of profile

yo=1.60
ys=0.50m y1 m

Δx
Solution:
a.) @ normal depth, yo=1.60 m
𝐴𝑜 = 𝑏𝑦𝑜 = 5 1.60 = 8 𝑚2
𝑃𝑜 = 𝑏 + 2𝑦𝑜 = 4 + 2 1.60 = 8.20𝑚
𝐴 8
𝑅𝑜 = 𝑜 = = 0.976 𝑚
𝑃𝑜 8.20
1 1
𝑉𝑜 = 𝑅𝑜 2 3 𝑆 1 2 = (0.976)2 3 (0.0009)1 2 = 2.46 𝑚/𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝑛 0.012
2 𝑉𝑜 2 2.46 2
𝑁𝐹𝑜 = = = 0.385
𝑔𝑦 𝑜 9.81 𝑥 1.60

Depth required to cause a jump

1 1
𝑦1 = 𝑦𝑜 −1 + 8𝑁𝐹𝑜 2 + 1 = 1.60 −1 + 8 0.385 2 + 1 = 0.816 𝑚
2 2
𝑦1 = 0.816 𝑚 > 𝑦𝑠 = 0.5 ∴ 𝒋𝒖𝒎𝒑 𝒘𝒊𝒍𝒍 𝒐𝒄𝒄𝒖𝒓
@ critical flow
𝑄 = 8 2.46 = 19.68 𝑚3 /𝑠
𝑞 = 19.68 5 = 3.936 𝑚3 /𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑚 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡𝑕
1 3 1 3
𝑞2 3.936 2
𝑦𝑐 = = = 1.16 𝑚 < 𝑦𝑜 = 1.60 𝑚 ∴ 𝒔𝒍𝒐𝒑𝒆 𝒊𝒔 𝒎𝒊𝒍𝒅
𝑔 9.81
b.) distance between ys=0.50 m to y1=0.816 m using one reach
𝐸 −𝐸
∆𝑥 = 𝑠 1
𝑆−𝑆𝑜
𝑄 19.68
Mean velocities: 𝑉𝑠 = = = 7.872 𝑚/𝑠
𝐴𝑠 5(0.5)
𝑄 19.68
𝑉1 = = = 4.824 𝑚/𝑠
𝐴1 5(0.816)
1
𝑉𝑠 = 𝑉𝑠 + 𝑉1 = 6.348 𝑚/𝑠
2
𝐴 5(0.5)
Mean hydraulic radius: 𝑅𝑠 = 𝑠 = = 0.417 𝑚
𝑃𝑠 5+2(0.5)
𝐴 5(0.816)
𝑅1 = 1 = = 0.615 𝑚
𝑃1 5+2(0.816)
1
𝑅𝑚 = 𝑅𝑠 + 𝑅1 = 0.516 𝑚
2
𝑛 2 𝑉𝑚 2 (0.012)2 (6.348)2
Then, 𝑆 = = = 0.014
𝑅𝑚 4 3 (0.516)4 3
𝑉𝑠 2 (7.872)2
𝐸𝑠 = 𝑦𝑠 + = 0.5 + = 3.658 𝑚
2𝑔 2𝑔
𝑉1 2 (4.824)2
𝐸1 = 𝑦1 + = 0.816 + = 2.002 𝑚
2𝑔 2𝑔
𝑬𝒔 −𝑬𝟏 𝟑.𝟔𝟓𝟖−𝟐.𝟎𝟎𝟐
Thus, ∆𝒙 = = = 𝟏𝟐𝟔. 𝟒𝟏𝟐 𝒎
𝑺−𝑺𝒐 𝟎.𝟎𝟏𝟒−𝟎.𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟗

c.) Type of profile

Since 𝑦𝑁 > 𝑦𝑐 > 𝑦 ,
∴ 𝑻𝒉𝒆 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒇𝒊𝒍𝒆 𝒊𝒔 𝑴𝟑
5. Examine the flow conditions in a very long 10ft wide open rectangular channel of rubble
masonry with n=0.017 when the flow rate is 400cfs. The channel slope is 0.020 and an ogee weir
5ft high with Cw=3.80 are located at the downstream end of the channel.

yn
Solutions:
Normal depth of flow in the channel,
1.48
𝑄= 𝐴𝑅 2/3 𝑆 1/2
𝑛
2
1
1.49 10𝑦𝑛 3
400 = x10𝑦𝑛 (0.020) 2
0.017 10+2𝑦𝑛 yn
By trial and error:
𝑦𝑛 = 2.36 𝑓𝑡.

1 1
𝑄2 3 400 2 3
Critical depth: 𝑦𝑐 = = = 3.67 𝑓𝑡
𝐵2 𝑔 10 2 32.2
Since yn < yc , the flow is supercritical. The head required on the weir to discharge:
3
𝑄 = 𝐶𝑤 𝐿𝐻 2
3
400 2 2
5+𝑕 x10
400 = 3.80x10 𝑕 +
64.4

By trial and error, 𝑕 = 4.53 𝑓𝑡 depth of water upstream weir is 9.53 which is greater than yc.
The flow @ this point is subcritical & hydraulic jump must occur upstream. The depth y2 after
the jump is:
400 2
1/2
2.36 2.36 2 2 23.6 x2.36
𝑦2 = − + + = 5.42 𝑓𝑡
2 4 32.2
The distance from the weir to the jump
𝑦𝐴 = 5.42 𝑓𝑡 𝑉𝐴 = 400/54 = 7.39𝑓𝑡/𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑉𝐴 2 2𝑔 = 0.85𝑓𝑡
𝑦𝐵 = 9.53 𝑓𝑡 𝑉𝐵 = 400/97.4 = 4.20𝑓𝑡/𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑉𝐵 2 2𝑔 = 0.27𝑓𝑡
𝑉𝑎𝑣𝑒 = (VA + VB )/2 = 5.74 ft/sec
𝑅𝑎𝑣𝑒 = 2.95 ft
𝑆 = 0.017x5.79 2 (1.486x2.490)4 3 = 0.00104
5.42+0.85−9.53−0.27
𝑥= = 186.18 ft
0.00104 −0.02

𝑉2
= 0.85 𝑓𝑡 𝑉2
2𝑔 = 0.26 𝑓𝑡
𝑉2 2𝑔
= 4.45 𝑓𝑡 EGL
2𝑔

4.53 ft
5.40 ft
2.36 ft

5 ft

186.18 ft
6. A hydraulic jump occurs in a trapezoidal section with bottom width of 4m and side slope of 1:2. The
depth before the jump is 1.20m and after the jump is 1.80m.
a.) Calculate the flow rate in the canal.
b.) Calculate the power lost.

1
y2 = 1.80m
y1 = 1.20m

𝐴2 2 𝐴2 3
𝐴1 3
𝐴1 2

𝐴2 1
1.80

1.20
𝐴1 1

4m 4m
Solution:
𝐴1 = 𝐴𝑛 + 2𝐴1 2 1
𝐴2 𝑦𝑐2 = 4 1.8𝑥 0.90 + 2 𝑥0.90𝑥1.80 𝑥0.60)
2
𝑥 1
= 𝐴2 𝑦𝑐2 = 7.452 𝑚2
𝑦 2
1
𝑥1 = 𝑦1 = 0.60 𝑚
2
9.81(8.82) 7.452 −3.168
𝐴1 = 4 1.20 + 2(
1
× 0.60 + 1.20) 𝑉1 2 = = 20.349
5.52 8.82−5.52
2

𝐴1 = 5.52 𝑚2 𝑉1 = 4.511 𝑚/𝑠

𝐴2 = 𝐴21 + 2𝐴22 a.) Flow rate in canal

𝑥 1 𝑄1 = 𝐴1 𝑉1 = 5.52 4.511
=
𝑦 2
𝑸𝟏 = 𝟐𝟒. 𝟗𝒎𝟑 /𝒔
1
𝑥2 = 𝑦2 = 0.90 𝑚
2
1
𝐴2 = 4 1.80 + 2( × 0.90 × 1.80) b.) Power Lost, 𝑃 = 𝛾𝑄𝑕𝐿
2

𝐴2 = 8.82 𝑚2 𝑕𝐿 = 𝐸1 − 𝐸2
𝑉1 2 4.5112
where 𝐸1 = 𝑦1 + = 1.2 + = 2.237𝑚
2𝑔 2𝑔
𝐴1 𝑦𝑐1 = 𝐴1 1 𝑦𝑐 1 1 + 2𝐴1 2 𝑦𝑐 1 2 𝑉2 2 2.823 2
𝐸2 = 𝑦2 + = 1.8 + = 2.206𝑚
𝐴1 𝑦𝑐1 = 1.20𝑥4 0.60 + 2𝑔 2𝑔

1 Then, 𝑕𝐿 = 2.237 − 2.206 = 0.031𝑚

2( 𝑥 0.60 𝑥 1.2)(0.40)
2
Therefore,
𝐴1 𝑦𝑐1 = 2.88 + 0.288
𝑃 = 𝛾𝑄𝑕𝐿
𝐴1 𝑦𝑐1 = 3.168 𝑚2
𝑃 = 9.81(24.9)(0.031)
𝑷 = 𝟕. 𝟓𝟕𝟐 𝒌𝑾
𝐴2 𝑦𝑐2 = 𝐴2 1 𝑦𝑐 2 1 + 2𝐴2 2 𝑦𝑐 2 2