Ma Ins: Mains A Day

i n s
M a MAINS A DAY
GS 4
COMPILATION
OF OUR MAD SERIES
Vol. II
WE HAVE TRIED TO GIVE BOTH
STRUCTURES
AS WELL AS
CONTENT
IN THE ANSWERS
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Q.1 Is it ethical for India to deport Rohingyas? Critically examine.
India shouldn’t deport Rohingyas as
• India has had a proud humanitarian record of granting asylum to persecuted groups for over 2,000 years.
• Swami Vivekananda, in his famous address to the World Parliament of Religions in Chicago in 1893, spoke
of his country as a haven for the persecuted, taking pride in Hindus’ acceptance of refugees.
• Not forgetting our values, one cardinal principle of which is ‘atithi devo bhava’, the guest is like God.
• There are only 40,000 Rohingya refugees in India. A country of 1.2 billion people can easily welcome
them.
However, providing shelter to all immigrants will result in pressure on already scarce resources and degrade
overall quality of life. Also, security concerns should be taken care of.
Therefore, as and when the conditions in Myanmar improve and are viable for safe stay of the Rohingyas,
they have to be formally sent back. For this, Myanmar government should be implored and persuaded by
international community to reconcile with the Rohingyas.
Q.2 What’s the difference between attitude and behaviour? Examine

the functions of attitude.
Attitude is the way we think and feel about person, place, object or an event but behaviour is expression of
self in a certain situation which may or may not be in sync with one’s attitude.
Attitudes structure can be described in terms of three components.

• Affective component
✓ this involves a person’s feelings / emotions about the attitude object. For example: “I am scared of
spiders”
• Behavioural (or conative) component
✓ the way the attitude we have influences how we act or behave. For example: “I will avoid spiders and
scream if I see one”.
• Cognitive component
✓ this involves a person’s belief / knowledge about an attitude object. For example: “I believe spiders
are dangerous
✓ There is an assumption that the link between attitudes and behaviour is that of consistency.
✓ This means that we often or usually expect the behaviour of a person to be consistent with the
attitudes that they hold. This is called the principle of consistency.
✓ There is evidence that the cognitive and affective components of behaviour do not always match with
behaviour. This is shown in a study by LaPiere (1934)
Functions of attitude
• Object appraisal : Beneficial object or harmful
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• Social adjustment : To identify oneself socially (adaptive)
• Externalization : defending self against inner conflicts(Ego-Defensive)
• Knowledge function : To organize information, experiences, etc
• Utility : To maximize rewards, minimize cost or punishment
• Value Expression : These show who we are and what we stand for. For an example, One may have a
negative attitude towards homosexuals just because their religion forbid homosexuality
• Individual differences : various objects can be need differently by various people depending upon their
attitude.
They help us in coping up with harsh realities of life. For example, all the reform movements are targeted
towards attitude change. With so much value and importance attached to attitude, they should be carefully
developed and preserved.
Q.3 Define ethics. Where does ethics come from and what is its
use?
Ethics are set of moral principles which help us to distinguish between good and bad, just and unjust, and
reasonable and unreasonable.
Ethics have both Internal and external sources

✓ Internal
✓ Conscience : It is the inner voice of the individual, which guides ones action.
✓ External
✓ Family
✓ School
✓ Religion, social customs and traditions Laws
Use of Ethics
• Satisfying basic human needs
• Helps us to take better decisions in our life
• Provides meaning and purpose of one's life and helps in achieving one's goal
• Creating credibility (by bringing consistency) Uniting people (towards a common goal) Giving leadership
(by creating principles)
• Securing the society (environmental ethics, international ethics, etc.)
• Promoting social harmony, peace and stability in the society
Q.4 Differentiate between aptitude and attitude. Illustrate with

examples why aptitude is important for civil servants.
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Attitude is related to existing abilities and skills with certain perceptions while aptitude is the potential ability
to acquire skills, abilities and knowledge. Aptitudes are our potential to learn skills which we develop and
hone through time. What works, you continue using. What does not, you strive to change.
Attitude deals with character while aptitude deals with competence. Aptitude can be developed easily and
rapidly in many cases than attitude
The reasons for him/her to have an aptitude are

• The need to constantly interact with the public : A district collector will need to have the potential to
engage with the public constantly, and must perfect himself/herself in respect of an aptitude in public
relations.
• It helps in generating innovative and creative ideas : Agriculture, education, health, etc, are some of the
several sectors, where an aptitude in creative work, can help solve complicated problems.
• Good relations with peers and superiors : A civil servant who can exhibit a multitude of skills, is respected
by his/her colleagues, and becomes a sought after person.
• Fast changes, dynamic scenarios, destabilising situations, new emerging problems, quick decision making
pressure situations aptitude helps as a strong value.
To conclude, aptitude is one of the foundational values of civil service. Coupled with honesty, integrity,
transparency, and other requisites, it can help sharpen a civil servant's skill sets. At the same time, it also
helps a civil servant to deal with the demands and claims of the public with ease and comfort.
Q.5 “True character is revealed in adversity“. Discuss the statement

in light of the various challenges that public service throws upon
public servants? How would you respond to them?
Life is about living, loving and learning. Individuals need to make the changes and choices that are truthful,
honest and right for life.Even in those times of adversity where life is not going as have been planned.
But when adversity comes up, an individual is not able to adjust to it properly and deals with it in an
irrational manner either due to frustration or lack of emotional intelligence in handling it.
Discipline is the cornerstone to building character. Only when individual is able to control impulses he/she
can take decisions properly. Discipline helps develop inner strength and the will to make and fulfil
commitments.
Civil servant faces many challenges during the course of career as

• Political interference
• The numbers of civil society institutions are increasing which act as watchdog for the public servants
• Judicial activism
• Media activism
• International pressures
• Blatant use of ‘transfers’, ‘postings’ and ‘extensions’ is increasing work pressure on bureaucrats
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• Public agitation.
Thus civil servant has to be firm and mentally sound to face the pressure in such adverse situations. In such
situations civil servant should be able to take rational, ethical decisions and work for public good. Emotional
intelligence can be a solution for it.
Q.6 What do understand by ‘probity’ in public life? What are the

difficulties in practicing it in the present times? How can these
difficulties be overcome?
Probity is the quality of having strong moral principles; honesty and decency.
Probity in public life means upholding highest standard of behaviour in decision making and administration
so that utilitarian motive of governance along with social and economic justice be served in society. Probity
in public life is display of values of – Integrity, Selflessness, Objectivity, Leadership, Honesty, Accountability
and transparency (Nolan Committee recommendations).
There are many difficulties in practicing them in present times like – temptation of corrupt behaviour due to
discretion and lack of accountability and transparency in the decision making in public life.
Outdated laws and procedures promote ‘red tapism’ hence corruption, inefficiency and sub optimal public
good. In general lack of properly communicated ethical framework guiding expected conduct from public
servants.
Lack of swift prosecution of erring public servants — discourage honest behaviour
These difficulties can be overcome by

• Institution of relevant citizen charters and grievance redressal mechanism to enable citizens to avail smaller
transaction cost in governance and service delivery
• Institution and communication of ethical framework to all public administration with regular trainings
• Encourage social audit which would be pre- facto audit compared to institutionalized post facto audits
• Swift mechanism of punishing corrupt public servants — institution like lokpal.
Q.7 “Human beings should always be treated as ‘ends’ in themselves

and never as merely ‘means’.” Explain the meaning and significance
of this statement, giving its implications in the modern techno-
economic society.
This statement means that human beings should always be taken as end beneficiary of any intended service
or product and well being of society should be categorical imperative of any of technological, economical or
governance endeavor and they should not be treated as only factors of production or numbers to be factored.
In modern techno-economic society this holds special significance as modern electronic gadgets have
reduced human transactions, monetized relations and has displaced thousands of jobs.
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Its effect on personal, social and professional life is pervasive, intrusive and unhealthy in many regards.
However its impact on professional life where automation of factory jobs and routine work threatens to
eliminate millions of jobs and disrupt life of societies is most critical.
Elimination of jobs through automation for sake of greater profits for organizations reduces humans as
number to be manipulated; this increases alienation in society and drives down general well being of society.
Hence there is need of proper humanistic approach to deal with disruptive de-humanizing technologies while
promoting both growth and general well being of society.
Q.8 Use of force by the State or Law Enforcement identifies key

conflicts of ethical interest. Comment.
Even in model democratic countries, State or Law Enforcement may sometimes use force upon its citizens.
Whether to use of force on its citizen and up to what degree involves many ethical conflicts
• Individual rights vs. law and order in society  

In order to ensure the stability and tranquility in society state uses the force which may curb the individuals
rights as seen in imposing curfews and prohibition orders in disturbed areas.
• Larger citizens right vs. sentiments of community 

The verdict of Supreme court against the Triple Talaq case shows that rational interpretations of community
practices and enforcing their correct versions may hurt the community even though it is a right.
• Private interest vs. public interest  

Sometimes for greater goods of people and society state has to use force against private entities like in case
of generic medicines which creates dilemma for the rights, freedom of private people
Aristotle argues that "Man at his best, man is the noblest of all animals; separated from law and justice he is
the worst”. Hence there is a need for state's control but degree of it must be carefully considered.
But use of force by state or law enforcing agencies must be the last course of action. However good may be
the intensions it creates dilemma for the sufferers.
Better implementations of laws, constitutional provisions, efficient service delivery by people will help in
state taking this course frequently.
Q.9 What do you understand by public sector ethics? Differentiate it

with government ethics.
The ethics in public sector centres upon the duties of public servant towards public. It is nothing but moral
justifications and considerations made while performing the duties and decision making.
Ethics are an accountability standard by which the public will scrutinize the work being conducted by the
members of these organizations.
The question of ethics emerges in the public sector on account of its subordinate character. On other hand
Government ethics constitutes the application of ethical rules to government.
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It is that part of practical jurisprudence, or the philosophy of law, that governs the operation of government
and its relationship with the people that it governs.
It covers issues of honesty and transparency in government, dealing with matters such as bribery, political
corruption, police corruption, legislative ethics, regulatory ethics, conflict of interest, avoiding the appearance
of impropriety, open government, and legal ethics.
Public sector ethics Vs governmental Ethics

Government ethics are much broader while public sector ethics can be a branch of government ethics.
Ex governments decisions not only in domestic boundaries but also in international domain will come under
government ethics and public sector will deal with only ethical relation of sector with public
Public sector ethics can be more about how the public is being served and affected means focus is on
individuals while governmental ethics deals with how decisions impact society, polity, economy at large.
While public sector ethics overlaps in part with government ethics, it can be considered a separate branch in
that government ethics is only focused on moral issues relating to governments, including bribery and
corruption, whilst public sector ethics also encompasses any position included in the public administration
Q.10 Discuss some of the important recommendations made by the

second ARC on reforming legal framework for fighting corruption in
India.
ARC have suggested a plethora of reforms to remove the menace of corruption.
Few of them can be enlisted as below

• Offences under the Prevention of Corruption Act should be modified as : wilful violation of oath of office,
Abuse of authority, unduly favoring or harming someone, Obstruction of justice, Squandering public
money.
• Prevention of Corruption Act needs to be amended to provide for a special offence of ‘collusive bribery
• Prior sanction should not be necessary for prosecuting a public servant who has been caught red-handed
• Public servants should be liable for damage caused to govt & citizens
• Limiting time limit for resolving trials under PCA
• Corrupt Public Servants (Forfeiture of Property) Bill as suggested by the Law Commission should be enacted
without further delay.
• Whistleblower protections should be taken care properly
• Immunity enjoyed by Members of Parliament does not cover corrupt acts committed by them
Recent reforms such as real estate bill, SIT on black money, demonetization, Benami bill, electroal reforms
such as funding , electoral bonds are steps in right direction & should be supplemented with these
recommendations which will ultimately end with cleansing of politics & accountability & transparency in
governance will thrive.
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Q.11 The more remotely power is exercised from the people, the
greater is the distance between authority and accountability.
Discuss.
Accountability is fundamental to functioning of democracy. It holds that government officials are responsible
to citizenry for their decisions and actions. Accountability in democracy makes the exercise of power
responsible and makes citizens the drivers of public policy.
Without accountability, a functioning democracy can’t be envisaged. However, large number of functionaries
between the citizen and final decision-makers renders accountability diffused and the temptation to abuse
authority strong.
Also, accountability becomes ineffective and meaningless when there is over-centralisation in the
governance. Such highly centralised structure restricts the participation of people in decision-making.
The flow of information to people and transparency is hindered and the culture of secrecy is developed
within the governance system.
Such a system reduces the ability of people to scrutinise policies and actions of authorities.This gives way to
corruption by officials, crony-capitalism, poor service delivery, and erosion of democratic values in society.
Thus, it is important that citizen-centric and citizen-oriented governance should be developed where citizens
are empowered to hold those in authority to account.
In recent years, the government has envisaged minimum government and maximum governance; however,
this has only been followed in letter and not in spirit.
Many steps have been taken to make decision makers more accountable. For example:
Panchayati Raj institutions were created for democratic decentralization in India. It ensures people
participation in governance system.
Social Audits are a powerful tool for citizens for ensuring checks and balance in the system. It is being used in
MGNREGA scheme. The need of the hour is to use them in other social sector initiatives too.
Since accountability requires transparency and the accessibility to information, Right to Information Act 2005
was legislated. Citizen Charters have been envisioned to improve service delivery.
An enabling environment, which involves legislative measures, use of technology for transparency and
capacity building of the citizens for a strong and vibrant civil society, is a sine-qua-non for making citizens
active participants in governance.
Q.12 Impartiality is as important as integrity in the civil services.

Comment.
"Integrity" means honesty & understanding one's responsibility, "Impartiality" means to be fair, just & unbiased
in thinking, action & behaviour.
Importance of impartiality
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• It helps a civil servant(CS) to uphold the constitutional values in any adverse situation. e.g. In case a leader
puts pressure on a civil servant to favor somebody, impartiality will help her to take action which is ethical.
• If a CS is impartial & takes decision in an objective & fair way, then she gets respect by her subordinates as
well as the public.
• In case of riots, communal violence or such complex situation, a CS is able to take right action when she is
free from any type of religious, political or social prejudices & upholds impartiality.
• In appraisal of subordinates, evaluation & review of schemes, programmes & action taken report,
impartiality helps CS to present true picture which is ultimately helpful for the welfare of the public
• Impartiality helps to uphold Equality, Liberty, Fraternity & thinking about the marginalized section as much
as about the rich ones.
• Creation of positive & conducive work culture
• Keeping oneself free from nepotism, political-corporate nexus & corruption.
So both integrity & impartiality are vital for good & ethical governance.
Q.13 “The measure of a man is what he does with power.” Do you

agree with Plato’s view? Comment.
It means a man's personal self worth is measured by what he does with authority given to him. According to
it Power itself is neither good nor evil.
Hence a man who gain power must be careful while exercising his/her power.
Any person character is measured based on some parameters like integrity objectivity selflessness honesty
and people centric nature. 
When a person is not in power he might say many things, criticize politicians but tru nature comes out once
they have power and money at their disposal.
Power to be exercised to attain utilitarianism for the benefit of the society in terms of social, political,
economic advancement of the nation and its people.
A man with power should have attributes of altruism,patriotism,humbleness, integrity,probity etc
Contrary to it despotic use of power leads to authoritarian regime,sufferings,crimes,tragedies,crisis of

credibility etc
For example Mahatma Gandhi freed country by using attributes of ahimsa whereas Hitler used methods like
banning his rivals, holocaust etc.
With great powers comes great responsibilities and might turn man into a hero or villain.
Hence a man should use his power cautiously, using emotional intelligence, efficiently etc for a peaceful
world and society.
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Q.14 What is the difference between accountability and
responsibility? According to you, which between the two is a higher
ethical value?
In ethics and governance, accountability is answerability, blameworthiness, liability, and the expectation of
account-giving and Responsibility may refer to being in charge, being the owner of a task or event.
The main difference between responsibility and accountability is that responsibility can be shared while
accountability cannot.
Being accountable not only means being responsible for something but also ultimately being answerable for
your actions.
Also, accountability is something you hold a person to only after a task is done or not done. Responsibility
can be before and/or after a task.
Both are equally important & interlinked as without designating responsibilities how could anyone know
whom to hold accountable by redressal mechanism
Responsibility also helps to know on what basis will a person be judged.
Responsibility depends more on personal values & ethics while accountability on external & specific
standards but both have each others’ elements intermixed and mutually reinforce each other.
Q.15 Emotional Intelligence more important than IQ, especially for

civil servants? Critically comment.
Emotional intelligence is ability to manage and control one’s own emotions and emotion of people
surrounding us to arrive at mature decisions. Emotional intelligence makes a public servant more effective,
efficient and sensitive leader.
Since a public servant needs to deal and engage with large number of people on daily basis, emotional
intelligence is necessary for every public servant.
The EI help in coordinating and collaborating with others. It helps in resolving disputes and differences. 
Civil Servants often faces high volatile situations like Communal riots, public protests etc. It will help Civil
servants to maintain peace and calmness and think objectively and act rationally.
Public nature of Civil service, put considerable strains on personal life and relationship. It helps in
maintaining healthy balance between public life and private life.
It helps in ensuring optimal output from team members (government machinery) and maintaining harmony
amongst them
It helps in handling the issues in sensitive and considered manner without getting provoked by public anger
and protests
But at the same time, IQ will help in

• Identification of problem
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• Various innovative methods to solve a problem 
• Utilization of limited resources in efficient manner.
Hence, both are equally important, providing the complexity of nature of the administration. A civil servant
should have both, high emotional as well as Intelligence quotient.
Q.16 Is the campaign of naming and shaming of sexual offenders an

ethical and appropriate way to bring justice to victims? Discuss the
ethical issues involved in such campaigns.
Naming and shaming publicly sexual offenders, though anonymously involves ethical issues
• Against due process of law
• Can lead to permanent damage to reputation
• Possibility for misuse as a tool of revenge
But at the same time

• Mere act of public naming is neither a formal complaint nor a verdict of law, hence, there are no
institutional consequences.
• One can easily identify the alleged perpetrator, while continuing to study or work in their presence.
• Can be seen as a voice of the weak.
• Protects the identity of the victim.
For ages, we have given primacy to the legal principle of innocent until proven guilty. But to hold that
principle as a sword over the heads of survivors, who our systems have often failed, is tantamount to saying
that we care about the appearance of justice more than the actual experience of injustice.
Q.17 Why is a teacher held in high regards in Indian society? In

your opinion, what should be the ideal role of teacher in children’s
development? Discuss.
Teacher is kept in high regard as
• Teacher in Indian society has been given equivalent position as God in Indian society.
• Teacher being regarded as second guardian of children
• Teacher has been placed at very high status because of very crucial role performed by them in forming the
very foundation of human being. Initially, a teacher is a part of SO, not GO.
• Not only knowledge but they are also the source of moral, ethical, social and rational values of person.
Dronacharya Awards for best coach.
Ideal role of the teacher should be of

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✓ Educator
✓ Facilitator
✓ Evaluator
✓ Motivator
✓ Value builder
✓ Promote experience based learning

And not as a means to earn only money, seeing students as products, etc. Thus, teachers play an important
role in children development and guides them to live a better life.
Q.18 What do you understand by social influence? Write a note on

three forms of social influence.
Social influence is described as the change in person’s behavior, thoughts, feelings and attitudes that results
from interaction with another individual in society.
Social influence is the change in behavior that one person causes in another, intentionally or unintentionally,
as a result of the way the changed person perceives themselves in relationship to the influencer, other people
and society in general.
Three areas of social influence are conformity, compliance and obedience.
The three forms of social influence are

• Compliance : It is the act of agreeing to what someone asks to do. Though a person on personal grounds
might not like to comply with what's asked but the fear of punishment and lure of reward, might lead him
(her) to compliance. Compliance brings a temporary change in behavior but not in attitude. Example - Boss
asks employee to finish off a report in a day. The employee complies by agreeing to it.
• Conformity : It is acting according to certain accepted standards. It is the changes in behavior and values
that a person brings in order to be like others. Example - A person who was always honest as a child grows
up to become a thief and liar as he sees his friends doing the same.
• Obedience : It is the act of dutiful and submissive behavior usually to an authority figure. In this, a person is
left with no personal choices, but to obey that figure. Example - An obedient soldier would follow the
command of his military heads even it would result in to an end to his life In the battleground.
Q.19 Define ‘weaker sections’ in the Indian context? In your

opinion, what do weaker sections need most from the public
servants? Justify.
Indian society is known for its unity in diversity. But one thing, it is infamous for social inequality which has
given birth to weaker section of society which is as diverse as Indian society itself,
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Women, Scheduled caste, scheduled tribes, children, poor, landless farmers etc. who have faced socio-
economic and political discrimination in hands of dominating section since antiquity.
Responsibility of civil servants towards weaker sections includes

• Ensuring the justice is met to them without discrimination
• Having Compassion and empathy towards the issues of weaker sections and taking prompt action to
resolve them.
• Standing for their rights and ensuring that they enjoy their rights despite pressure from other dominant
communities
• They can play at role in curbing the corruption in the schemes and programs which are meant for weaker
section and ensuring that it reaches to them.
Q.20 Good people do not need laws to tell them to act responsibly,
while bad people will find a way around the laws. Comment.
A good understands his responsibility for himself, his parents, relatives & the society as a whole & so his
adherence to the morals comes naturally, no matter laws exist or not.
He understands the significance of good values.
On the other hand, a bad person follows the laws only when they exist and may sometimes try to violate
them as well.
We as a society should promote principles like 'Equality before the law‘ and try to make the laws just and fair
for the society as a whole to promote the moral and ethical fiber of society.
A society which promotes honest, truthful and law abiding people and does not promote immoral ways is
always a good and peaceful society for humans to thrive.
While people filled with selfish motives may try to find ways around the law, but such people are few and
thus one should not lose hope or trust in law of the land and must strive to comply with it at all times.
Q.21 Bias is natural to human behaviour. What do you understand

by impartiality? How can we ensure impartiality in professional and
personal life?
Bias is an inclination or prejudice for or against one person or group, especially in a way considered to be
unfair.
Our views are shaped by both internal and external factors like own values, understanding, choices and
culture, society etc.
Hence being biased is considered natural as in one form or other we generate opinions, express our
inclinations.
Impartiality is a principle of justice holding that decisions should be based on objective criteria, rather than
on the basis of bias, prejudice, or preferring the benefit to one person over another for improper reasons.
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We can ensure impartiality in professional and personal life by
• Recognizing all the prejudices – Gender, religion, caste, etc and acting on merit only.
• Adhering to ones own rational, balanced approach and scrutinising the set opinions before adopting and
inculcating them in ourselves.
• Following the official rules, regulations, code of ethics, code of conduct in professional life so that the rule
of law is maintained.
• Maintaining integrity, honesty, public spirit, welfare attitude also help in making a person impartial.
Learning from others, following ideal personalities example for impartial behavior and keep on improving
ourselves for being balanced is the way out.
Q.22 Biological and chemical warfare, as advanced as it may be,

points on some genuine ethical concerns. Comment.
Chemical and biological warfare refers to the practice of use of chemical components or biological agents to
hurt your enemy in order to gain some advantage in a warfare.
The pictures of children suffering from chemical attack in Syria captured World's attention.
Before that there was use of Napalm during Vietnam War.
Ethical Concerns involved in the use of such weapons

• Loss of humanity
• Loss of lives
• Pain and Suffering: Though effective in killing the enemy, victim takes long time and suffers a lot before
dying.
• Psychological Effect: Can a long term peace between two enemies is possible after the use of such weapons
on one side. Use of such leaves a psychological scar on the people left alive.
• Collateral Damage: Though considered effective in finishing a war, they cause loss of civilians lives. These
weapons are not very precise
• It also creates threats to sustainability and survivability of planet earth in long term. Use of these weapons
has disastrous impacts on forests, water sources, land etc.
• There is a lack of accountability and responsibility in such attacks.
• Their repeated and large scale occurrence shows failure of international ethical standards to restrict nations,
state and non states actors from their use.
• The peace and security of world along with respect and concern for human lives must be at the centre
stage of international communities, nation and people. Shunning use of these weapons, regulating the
hazardous chemical, biological agents, implementing international laws and convention like Geneva
protocol etc. need to be implemented in true spirit.
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Q.23 In your opinion, what’s justice and just society? What is
Ambedkar’s view on just society? Examine.
The definition of justice is the use of power as appointed by law, honour or standards to support fair treatment
and due reward. Just Society is one in which decision makers attended to the "common good" and all other
citizens worked collectively to build communities and programs that would contribute to the good of others.
One can extract five basic principles, from writings and speeches of Ambedkar, through which justice can be
dispensed in the society. These are:
✓ Establishing a society where individual becomes the means of all social purposes
✓ Establishment of society based on equality, liberty and fraternity
✓ Establishing democracy- political, economic and social.
✓ Establishing democracy through constitutional measures and
✓ Establishing democracy by breaking monopoly of upper strata on political power

He not only provided a ruthless criticism of the existing social order but also came up with an alternative
vision and alternative model of social order based on justice liberty, equality, fraternity and annihilation of
caste.
He also believed that treating others without any prejudice and being compassionate to others is eligible to
be called as a Just Society.
Ambedkar’s vision of Just society is engraved in the Constitution of India and this living document has given
voice to millions of downtrodden of the Nation and it still continues to do so by taking our country to a
society that guarantees Justice to all its citizens.
Justice is the process of giving each person his due according to his action. It helps in protection of
Fundamental Rights of individuals and in nation development according to spirit of constitution. Just society
provides equal treatment and opportunity to each individual (barring special treatment to vulnerable section)
along with giving requisite dignity without depending on religion, race, caste, gender etc.
Ex-Reservation done by state to protect the vulnerable section is Just in this sense, similarly concept of
secularism to treat each religion equal is also justified.
Ambedkar’s VIews
• According to him , a society where the difference between the reverence on a person to that of contempt to
another person is narrowed and becomes nil is qualified to be called as a Just Society
• He believed excessive admiration of a person and also looking disrespectfully at another person due to
their identity arising out of caste , ethnicity, religion among others cannot be qualified as a Just society .
Similarly , treating others without any prejudice and being compassionate to others is eligible to be called
as a Just Society.
• Ambedkar’s vision of Just society is engraved in the Constitution of India and this living document has given
voice to millions of downtrodden of the Nation and it still continues to do so by taking our country to a
society that guarantees Justice to all its citizens.
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Q.24 Discuss the importance of “probity” in public life.
Probity in governance is an essential and vital requirement for an efficient and effective system of governance
and for socio-economic development.
Importance of Probity is that it ensures

• Accountability
• Transparency
• Responsibility
It helps civil servant in his decision making but adding values like evidence based decision, rational
approach, integrity, etc. 
Moreover Probity builds an Institution block by block and generates the greater social capital as other young
generation get inspired by such ethos.
It takes country forward in development processes.
Probity eliminates all kinds of ambiguity, doubt, subjectivity and helps the public servants in taking right
decisions in all kind of adverse situation like communal riots, etc.
Q.25 At the international level, bilateral relations between most

nations are governed on the policy of promoting one’s own national
interest without any regard for the interest of other nations. This
lead to conflicts and tension between the nations. How can ethical
consideration help resolve such tensions? Discuss with specific
examples.
The conflicts and tensions between nations can be resolved by ethical considerations in the foreign policy. It
can help in the following manner
Principle of Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam

Our principle of Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam, i.e. World is a global village, can help in establishing peace and
harmony in the world. It gives us the message that we need to look beyond these man-made boundaries, for
the larger good of humanity.
Principle of peaceful co-existence (Panchseel)

Instead of mutual antagonism, our foreign policy should be driven by idea of peaceful co-existence.
Countries can prosper only in peaceful global order.
Principle of Utilitarianism
Maximum Good to Maximum number of People which will Include both the parties of Bilateral Relation and
benefit both of them.
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Policy of Non-alignment movement
Shared responsibility
If we want to save this world for our future generations, we need to take the responsibility collectively. We
must ensure conservation and sustainable use of available environmental resources.
Q.26 Anger is a harmful negative emotion. It is injurious to both

personal life and work life.
(a)Discuss how it leads to negative emotions and undesirable
behaviours.
(b) How can it be managed and controlled?
Anger is "an emotional state that varies in intensity from mild irritation to intense fury and rage.
The instinctive, natural way to express anger is to respond aggressively and it is a natural outflow of emotions.
Anger is a completely normal, usually healthy, human emotion. But when it gets out of control and turns
destructive, it can lead to problems— problems at work, in your personal relationships, and in the overall
quality of one’s life.
But the anger can be converted or redirected. This happens when person hold in anger, stop thinking about it,
and focus on something positive.
Hence for managing anger following steps are needed

• By practicing self restraint.
• Disciplining one self.
• Angry people need to become aware of their demanding nature and translate their expectations into
desires.
• Angry people tend to jump to - and act on - conclusions, and some of those conclusions can be very
inaccurate.
• Hence, listen carefully to what the other person is saying and take time before answering
• Listen to what is underlying the anger.
• Going for meditation, yoga, spiritual classes, religious place or any place, etc.
• Finding healthier ways to express one’s anger.
Q.27 Discuss relationship between ethics and human actions.

Ethics deals with voluntary actions
It can be distinguished between human actions and actions of human: human actions are those actions that
are done by human consciously, deliberately and in view of an end.
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Actions of human may not be wilfully, voluntarily, consciously and deliberately done but all the same they
are done by human. It is the intention which makes the difference between human action and action of
human. In ethics, human actions are more important.
The various perspectives showing relationship between them are as follow

• Utilitarian perspective : According to this view, an ethical action would be that which ensures maximum
good, for the maximum number of people. Example: An enactment of a law to ensure universal access to
health care.
• Deontological perspective : For this view, rigid boundaries of right and wrong are set down. Example: The
killing of an animal might be prohibited, but killing for consumption of meat might be ethically acceptable.
• Teleological perspective : This perspective is based on the judgement of an action, depending on its
consequences for a particular situation. Example: Stealing by rich man from a helpless poor might be
wrong, but for the reverse case, the action might be ethically acceptable.
• Freedom of choice : It is based on the choice of a human being, based on his/her interests and preferences.
Example:Making of a choice between spending money on a burger for one's own consumption, or for
feeding a poor, hungry child.
Human actions are guided by a careful mix between the compulsions of the environment, and the variety of
ethical choices and scenarios that one might be exposed to.
Q.28 Discuss the concept of distributive justice. What does

utilitarianism have to say about distributive justice?
The ‘Distributive Justice’ phenomenon is based upon two important points: firstly, equal distribution, not only
of, resources and materials, but rights, duties and liabilities also and secondly, Justice is a phenomenon, not
only for people, who govern, but also for who are governed.
Distributive justice is the base of all other justices. Economic justice, whether in participation or distribution
of wealth, would remain unreachable without Distributive justice, because Distributive justice provides for
adequate distribution of wealth, which gives an opportunity to develop and participate economically in the
society.
Legal justice will be meaningless without access to it; as distributive justice can create a social condition
where everyone will be able to receive Legal justice.
Utilitarianism is a theory that takes as its primary aim the attainment of maximum possible happiness of a
society as a whole. This goal is to be achieved in such a way that one first checks what makes every particular
individual in a society happy, then sums up all these various wants and preferences, and finally finds out how
to satisfy the greatest number of them. A policy which makes happy the greatest number of persons, or the
one which frustrates satisfaction of desires of the least number of them, is the only one which is right to
chose.
Utilitarianism shows interest in distribution of goods only if this has some impact on maximisation of overall
happiness. Authors that defend this line of thinking generally claim that approximately equal distribution of
resources has the best effect. This is so, they believe, because a certain good is of less value to someone who
already has a lot of it, than to someone who possesses a very short supply of the good (e.g. one extra dollar
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means much less to a millionaire than to a beggar). If this is so, it follows that the loss of happiness of the rich
is much smaller than the gain of happiness of the poor, if some reasonable amount of goods is taken from the
former and given to the latter. Therefore, a redistribution of resources increases general happiness of a society.
However, utilitarians do not advocate strict equality because it would have an adverse influence on the
working motivation of the able individuals, and thereby on the overall wealth of the society. The main task is
to find a balance between factors that point towards equality and those ones that go against it.
Q.29 What do you understand by legal philosophy? Why is its study

important today?
Legal philosophy refers to the branch of philosophy that is concerned with law and the principles leading
courts to make decisions. Legal philosophy is also concerned with the evaluative theories of law.
It provides a general philosophical analysis of law and legal institutions existence in society.
Need of legal philosophy today

• Legal philosophy is important today to co-relate the ideals of law, justice and other concepts of human This
is important to provide a wide angle view to the judgments.
• Today, the perceptions of morality, humanism, freedom and honour are being questioned by media and
there is utmost need to bring back the legal philosophers in picture.
• Law making should not be used as tool for abuse of authority, hence philosophy in law plays an important
role.
• It helps in more analytical judgment.
• Philosophy of law is based on providing every person his due, as Aristotle put it, and providing a society
where such a system exist.
Q.30 Differentiate between climate justice and climate ethics.

Discuss their significance.
Climate Justice
Climate justice is a term used for framing global warming as an ethical and political issue, rather than one
that is purely environmental or physical in nature.
This is done by relating the effects of climate change to concepts of justice, particularly environmental justice
and social justice and by examining issues such as equality, human rights, collective rights, and the historical
responsibilities for climate change. A fundamental proposition of climate justice is that those who are least
responsible for climate change suffer its gravest consequences.
Occasionally, the term is also used to mean actual legal action on climate change issues. Climate justice for
India is the same as receiving finance from developed countries Though it required fine-tuning and parties
must aim to clearly define climate justice in the implementation guidelines.
Climate ethics
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• It is an area of research that focuses on the ethical dimensions of climate change (also known as global
warming), and concepts such as climate justice.
Human-induced climate change raises many profound ethical questions, yet many believe that these ethical
issues have not been addressed adequately in climate change policy debates or in the scientific and
economic literature on climate change; and that, consequently, ethical questions are being overlooked or
obscured in climate negotiations, policies and discussions.
It has been pointed out that those most responsible for climate change are not the same people as those most
vulnerable to its effects.
Significance
• Mandates for technology transfer and aids and finance from developed to developing world.
• Justifies "common but differentiated responsibilities based on respective capabilities" (CBDR-RC) principle.
• In all, the two terms have given credence to equity in climate talks - no matter what the size of economy or
weight of country is - as well as have strengthened the environmental governance.
Q.31 “Innovation distinguishes between a leader and a follower.”

Discuss.
Innovation is a critical part of leadership.
Innovation may not be required for all leadership situations, but it is an important decision which a leader
should be able to make, irrespective of its necessity.
Without proper leadership, many new and innovative products have died while on the road to success.
So, finding the proper leader to lead an innovation is one important key factor to realize the success that an
innovation deserves.
Trying innovative approaches to implement the government schemes will show the strength of leadership by
an administrator.
A leader has to set example for the followers as he has the responsibility to get work done. Moreover, if
leaders are not willing to look for innovative solutions, they may simply be left behind.
If people follow in another company’s footsteps, you will never make any noticeable impact.
Not all leadership situations may require innovation, but leaders must at least be able to decide if innovation
is necessary. Timing is an important part of leadership.
The leader must assess the needs in a given situation and then act at the appropriate moment and be
successful.
Q.32 We are witnessing increasing instances of sexual violence

against women in the country. Despite existing legal provisions
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against it, the number of such incidences is on the rise. Suggest
some innovative measures to tackle this menace.
Increasing number of incidences of sexual violence is due to inbuilt patriarchal attitude of society and this
attitude has also manifested itself in the urban areas in seeing working women as of lower moral character
and hence, objectifying them.
Some measures which can tackle this rising menace are

• Strict implementation of Vishakha guidelines by SC for countering sexual harassment at workplaces.
• Violence against women also manifests due to unhelpful attitude towards women complaints which can be
countered by a women cop in each police station and establishment of one complete women police station
in each city and districts.
• Fast track courts to deal exclusively for crime against women. Speedy justice should be ensured.
• Each girl child should be given compulsory training in fighting skills at school level.
• Use of technology like Cctv's at public places can also act as a deterrent for such crimes.
• Social policing can be an effective measure to bring down such crimes.
• Awareness through seminars and advertisement campaigns for bringing gender equality in society and
changing the patriarchal mindset.
• Focus on steps to minimize structural violence against females such as less care for female infants leading
to increased mortality and steps to increase female literacy rate. 
Hence, to tackle this menace completely, a comprehensive strategy involving both traditional and
innovative measures should be adopted.
Q.33 Tackling corruption is rewarding, but the job comes with its
fair share of challenges. Discuss.
Corruption according to Transparency International refers to the misuse of entrusted power for personal gains.
India like many counterparts is also facing the menace of corruption in all walks of public life.
In this light, there is a renewed push given to reduce corruption by the government by improving
Transparency in public services and put in place strict anti-corruption regulations.
Reducing corruption albeit a necessity and is progressive, it throws out various challenges like-
Though GST and Demonetisation is progressive but it has made a huge dent on the Informal economy, where
technology inertia is high and cash transactions predominate. Many informal sectors like Agriculture, MSMEs,
small vendors, etc were badly hit.
Steps like open bidding or auction though are imperative to make optimum utilization of public resources,
eliminate rent-seeking but as found in coal and spectrum cases, auctions may have led to a winners’ curse,
whereby firms overbid for assets, leading to adverse consequences in each of the sectors-high NPAs, losses,
etc to firms.
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Legislations like PCA,1988 though are imperative to tackle corruption and reduce bureaucratic prerogatives
but there are concerns regarding its inability to differentiate between genuine errors/mistakes from acts of
corruption.
Having said that, in spite of these challenges, there is no justification to maintain status quo, especially if it
breeds inequality and divide in the society.
It is aptly said that change is the only constant and thus replacement of closed, opaque and vague systems by
open and transparent systems is certainly justified.Though these measures pose few challenges and
disruptions in the short-term but their medium and long term gains are well known.
The need is to realize that there is no substitute to transparency as public scrutiny is the best disinfectant.
Q.34 Discipline generally implies following the order and

subordination. However, it may be counter-productive for the
organisation. Discuss.
Discipline generally implies following the order and subordination.
It is productive as
• Promotes Appropriate Behavior Efficiency
• Efficiency is tied to a disciplined organization. Staff members must discipline themselves in working in a
timely manner to produce quality output.
• A disciplined facility encourages a pleasant environment that promotes good management and employee
relations.
• Discipline helps to produce an honest environment in which everyone is treated fairly.
• Ensures Safety
But at the same time, it can be counter productive as

• Discipline might give rise to strict hierarchies that might give rise to red-tape and unnecessary hurdles.
• Extreme discipline can lead to following of unjust orders compromising welfare, resulting in corruption,
etc.
• Failure to question the status quo, adversely affecting new learning, stifling creativity, etc.
• Leads to non friendly attitude, lack of cooperation among employees.
• Encourages top down approach
• While discipline is key to success and achieving goals, it is equally important to constantly innovate and be
open to new ideas. There ought to be a balance between the two.
Q.35 Is the Union budget losing its importance? What are the pros
and cons of such a development?
Clinical trials — experiments to gauge the effectiveness and safety of drugs — face a transparency crisis
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Issues
• As drug makers often don’t share all trial data, their claims cannot be re- examined by neutral outsiders.
• There is troubling trend of financially needy people serially volunteering for trials to supplement their
income even if they are not physically fit for the trial risking their lives.
• In bioequivalence studies, due to financial benefits, there is an incentive to lie about one’s medical history
or enrol in multiple trials to maximise one’s income.
• Indian CROs were found by European drug regulators and the World Health Organisation to be fudging
bioequivalence data.
• Unsafe drugs can make their way into the market as a result, or safe drugs can get rejected.
• Under the Indian Drugs and Cosmetics Act, an independent body of doctors and laypersons, known as an
ethics committee, must oversee a trial to make sure the rights of such groups are safeguarded. This aspect is
overlooked in most cases.
• Selectiveness in recruiting subjects for clinical trials leads not only to human rights violations but also to
bad science.
Way Forward
A national registry of trial volunteers, which will alert a CRO when someone signs up for two studies
simultaneously. But this will need work, because volunteer privacy cannot be compromised. So regulators
need to create a system that anonymises each participant’s data.
Pay volunteers less, taking away the financial incentive to fudge their participation history. But this measure,
in isolation, would reduce trial participation dramatically: an unacceptable side-effect because clinical trials
are essential to drug research.
A third, more sustainable solution is to encourage a wider cross-section of society to participate in research
on human subjects.
Q.36 Discuss the importance of in-house mechanisms for a clean

judiciary.
Importance of in-house mechanisms for a clean judiciary
• The process of removing a judge is too elaborate and somewhat cumbersome.
• No judge has been impeached until now. In-house findings may help hasten the process.
• Also, the chances of process being misused for partisan ends is reduced.
• It will help to maintain institutional integrity.
• Expecting the judiciary to correct its own shortcomings should be seen as welcome step.
Q.37 How can fake encounters and custodial deaths be prevented?

Comment.
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Extrajudicial Killings has become a common phenomenon in the country's criminal justice system.
The Union government has informed the Supreme Court that it is seriously considering the 273rd Report of
the Law Commission, which has recommended that India ratify the United Nations Convention against
Torture and pass a law to prevent torture and punish its perpetrators.
Though India had signed the U.N. Convention Against Torture in 1997, it is yet to ratify it.
Efforts to bring a standalone law against torture had lapsed. The National Human Rights Commission (NHRC)
has been strongly urging the government to recognise torture as a separate crime and codify the punishment
in a separate penal law
Q.38 Discuss the ethical issues involved with the privatization of

Public enterprises.
Privatization, which is used to mean the transfer of both ownership and control of the firm from the public
sector to the private sector, has been viewed as a possible remedy to overcome the malaise of the public
sector.
Pros Of Privatization
• End of monopoly
• Better management
• Competitive prices
• Better efficiency
• Best Practices
Ethical Issues involved

• Profit motive : Companies are generally derived by profit motive. They have no obligation to care for the
marginalized, deprived and poor people.
• Privatization transforms public space into private space, shifts burdens on users, and enriches private
companies, often foreign multinationals.
• Also, the use of the competitive market model in privatization would increase efficiency of both execution
and cost.
This could also help ethically because it increases equity among partners of the privatization. But, at the same
time, it must not translate into benefits of all in the country. It is the de-bureaucratisation of the public sector,
instead of privatisation. Public sector industries in India are plagued with inefficiencies due to excessive
bureaucratisation. Instead of removing the ills of the public sector industries, the Government went for
privatisation.
Q.39 Discuss the various measures that can be taken by the various
employers to end sexual harassment at work place.
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The Act mandates that employers must constitute a four-member internal complaints committee (ICC) in any
branch or office that employs more than 10 people of any gender. The ICC must include a member of a non-
governmental organization working for women’s causes.
In 1997, the Supreme Court gave a landmark judgment, which came to be known as the Vishakha
Guidelines, which have been superseded by the above judgment.
• Establishment of SHe-box recently to register online complaints of harassment.
• Generating awareness
• Sensitizing employees to sexual harassment issues, and creating awareness of redressal mechanisms Media
Compaigns
• Coordinating with international initiatives like CEDAW of UN and HeForShe campaigns.
Concerns
• The small and mid-sized companies have been slower to embrace it.
• Budgetary compliance
• Lack of awareness and sensitization
• Majority of women don’t lodge complaints
• Threatening by those higher in hierarchy
• Women are exploited by the superior in the matter of promotion, emoluments and better prospects in job.
• Lack of ICC formation according to provisions of POSH act.
• The Act’s provision that complainants dissatisfied with the ICC’s recommendations can approach the courts,
for instance, is of little practical use in light of the sclerotic nature of the judicial process and the
harassment women continue to face at the hands of the police in filing such complaints.
• Lastly, cases of false complaints by women for their vested interest is also a concern.
Tackling workplace sexual harassment is an ethical imperative; such harassment infringes on an individual’s
right to freedom of profession and occupation and undercuts the ideals of a modern democracy. And it is an
economic imperative; getting and retaining more women, who are disproportionately targets of harassment,
in the workforce has the potential to be a major growth driver.
Q.40 Majority of Indians are honest and are ready to embrace a

rules-based regime. Do you agree? Discuss.
Majority of Indians are honest and are ready to embrace a rules-based regime as 
Anti corruption movements Legislations like RTI Act, Lokpal Act, etc
But at the same time corruption, bribery are very much prevalent as in a survey released by Transparency
International, among 16 countries of the Asia-Pacific region, India has the highest bribery rate of 69%.
The reasons could be
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• Colonial setup : It’s percolated into bureaucracy and offices right from beginning of modern India and need
time to deal.
• Time lag : Corruption as major problem has not been prioritized in nation except for last decade which let
it flourish
• Mindset : It’s become such a customary practice that society doesn't discourage corrupt and find it as
extension of perks
Way Forward
• Creating greater awareness among citizens about the issue of corruption
• Demand for greater institutional reforms
• Enactment of Lokpal by the Parliament, changes in the PoCA, greater protection for the whistle blowers, etc
• People expressed their opinion with the franchise in the Loksabha elections and elections in various states.
Q.41 Do you think findings of ASER report points towards the fact
that an overhaul in education system in India is needed? Comment.
School education in India suffers from serious systemic lacunae. While enrollment rates in schools have gone
up significantly, learning outcomes appear to have stagnated.
In short, for a large section of secondary and higher secondary students in this country, it hardly matters
whether they are in school or not.
Reasons could be attributed to

• Quality and quantity of teachers is poor (Teacher absenteeism, abysmal quality of teacher training)
• Outdated curriculum
• Lack of funds
• Infrastructure is poor
• Lack of use of technology
• Politicization of educational matters - Re-writing textbooks to incorporate the reigning political flavor of the
day
• No detention policy
But education right can solve an array of seemingly intractable problems such as the battle over caste
reservations, gender inequality and lack of opportunity for youth. It is fundamental for national cohesion.
It is important to note that if India wants to reap the so-called demographic dividend, then the school is
where it must focus. Education is important for all round development, for acquiring skills, etc.
Hence, we need an overhaul in the education system.
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Q.42 Analyze the impact of childhood violence on individuals,
families, communities and societies, and recommend strategies to
prevent and end violence in childhood.
Context
Findings by Know Violence in Childhood : an inter-disciplinary global learning initiative
Published a report : “Ending Violence In Childhood: Global Report 2017”.
Common types of violence on Children

Physical : abusive violence, corporal punishment, rape, even murder.
Emotional : Bullying, neglect, demeaning, etc.
Many women are physically abused during pregnancy. This can damage the foetus.
Toddlers are vulnerable to violence from caregivers
Children face dangers from peers. Girls suffer physical abuse from classmates.
In modern times - adolescent boys and girls become vulnerable to online bullying and sexual assault.
Major Problems associated with violence on Children

• Irregular statistics
• Lack of social acceptance of victims
• Children’s fear and stigma of reporting abuse
• Widespread underreporting
• Many vulnerable children pretend abuse isn’t happening
• Children often end-up blaming themselves
• Children feeling unable to seek help in the face of a powerful abuser
It is leading to
• Not enjoying carefree, happy childhoods
• Enduring brutal, fast-track transitions to adulthood.
• Children who experience violence are more likely to suffer depression when they grow up
• It leads to children turning to drugs
• Many children end up taking their own lives
• Children who are bullied or beaten at school avoid attending schools. It harms their education and future
prospects.
Way out of childhood violence
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• Recognizing that violence is not a private affair – the state has a duty to protect and this includes a child’s
right to live free from fear.
• Building individual capacities. Ensuring children are given life-skills and sex education.
• Empowering parents and caregivers to create safe, supporting, and stimulating spaces for care giving.
• States should accord greater priority to human rights and human development - It is lower in countries that
are committed to a human development agenda.
• Prioritize child health and education, particularly of girls.
• Schools must become violence-free
• End corporal punishment
• Crack down on bullying
• Health professionals as first responders need to know how and when to report suspected abuse.
• Governments need to find ways to avoid sending children into institutional care, where the chance of them
being abused exists.
• Perhaps the most immediate task is to break the silence.
The most important and sustainable thing - To tackle the root causes of violence, that is, gender inequality
and social norms that legitimize violence. Taboos need to be shattered. This requires individual courage,
better national monitoring and reporting systems.
Q.43 How far can education help in reducing the class and caste
divide in our country? Discuss.
Education can play a great deal of role in reducing the class and caste divide in our country as
• Promise and practice of education illuminates the inequalities of broader Indian society: caste, class,
religion, gender, sex and even the hierarchies of language.
• Education helps in garnering access to various principles, practices, principles, etc which inculcate the
virtues of equality.
• Sociological and anthropological analyses helps to understand their problems and create solutions for
enhancing their mobility into the mainstream
• Better interpretation of the historical texts which are against these divides.
• Present society is achievement based so education can help to break the shackles of caste.
• RTE ‘s provision of EWS helps to break the class decide which is so prevalent in the society
But at the same time

• English and vernaculars are reproduced in educational institutions of the country, thus marginalising,
excluding, and objectifying Dalit women and men.
• Quality education accessible to only High classes.
• Biases against lower castes exist in the educational institutions itself.

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• Caste discrimination, exclusion, humiliation, resentment and indifference exist even in the premier
institutes of education in India.
• Lower castes have fought two battles: access to education and obtaining an education on equal terms to
that of the upper castes, to gain opportunities, and to use their qualifications to their best advantage.
• Hence, in today’s achievement based society, education which was suppose to break the caste and class
divide is reinforcing it.
Seven decades to independence and still class divide, rural urban divide, etc still exist in the country.
Education can provide for dignity, empowerment, self-help, emancipation and community uplift.
Hence, the importance of education can not be underscored but at the same time, there is need to revamp it
so that its full potential can be utilized to reduce class and caste inequalities.
Q.44 What is meant by heckler's veto? Discuss the role of state in

enabling free expression in context to controversy regarding the
movie Padmaavat.
A heckler's veto occurs when the speaker's right is curtailed or restricted by the government in order to
prevent a reacting party's behaviour.
The common example is the termination of a speech or demonstration in the interest of maintaining the
public peace based on the anticipated negative reaction of someone opposed to that speech or
demonstration. The term was coined by University of Chicago professor of law Harry Kalven.
State has a very important role in enabling free expression.
In context of the recent controversy surrounding the film Padmaavat, it can be seen that state should not give
in to the demand of some groups asking for its ban as it can have a a dangerous effect on the society and the
state is seen as giving in to populist tendencies and not standing up for the principle at large.
Moreover, it stifles creative expression and artistic expression, again harmful for the democracy.
Moreover, movies should not be treated as public speeches/public policies. We cannot demand that movies
should be factually, historically correct. They are for entertainment and should be treated like that only.
Every movie has the tendency to hurt the sentiments of some section or group of people.
So because of that the government shouldn’t ban them curbing the freedom of expression. It might as well
reduce the morale of other film makers towards creativity.
But at the same the state should make sure that wrong presentation of sacred personalities and wrong
precedent of distortion of historical facts is avoided.
Hence, the creative artists should be allowed to work with creativity and people should be taught to be
tolerant. Also any type of violence should be condemned but at the same time sentiments of any community
shouldn’t be hurt.
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i n s

Q.2 What’s the difference between attitude and behaviour? Examine

Attitudes structure can be described in terms of three components.

• Behavioural (or conative) component

• Externalization : defending self against inner conflicts(Ego-Defensive)

• Knowledge function : To organize information, experiences, etc

• Utility : To maximize rewards, minimize cost or punishment

Ethics have both Internal and external sources

✓ Religion, social customs and traditions Laws

• Helps us to take better decisions in our life

• Securing the society (environmental ethics, international ethics, etc.)

• Promoting social harmony, peace and stability in the society

Q.4 Differentiate between aptitude and attitude. Illustrate with

The reasons for him/her to have an aptitude are

Q.5 “True character is revealed in adversity“. Discuss the statement

Civil servant faces many challenges during the course of career as

Q.6 What do understand by ‘probity’ in public life? What are the

Lack of swift prosecution of erring public servants — discourage honest behaviour

These difficulties can be overcome by

• Swift mechanism of punishing corrupt public servants — institution like lokpal.

Q.7 “Human beings should always be treated as ‘ends’ in themselves

Q.8 Use of force by the State or Law Enforcement identifies key

• Individual rights vs. law and order in society

• Larger citizens right vs. sentiments of community

• Private interest vs. public interest

Q.9 What do you understand by public sector ethics? Differentiate it

Public sector ethics Vs governmental Ethics

Q.10 Discuss some of the important recommendations made by the

Few of them can be enlisted as below

• Limiting time limit for resolving trials under PCA

• Whistleblower protections should be taken care properly

Q.12 Impartiality is as important as integrity in the civil services.

• Creation of positive & conducive work culture

• Keeping oneself free from nepotism, political-corporate nexus & corruption.

Q.13 “The measure of a man is what he does with power.” Do you

A man with power should have attributes of altruism,patriotism,humbleness, integrity,probity etc

Contrary to it despotic use of power leads to authoritarian regime,sufferings,crimes,tragedies,crisis of

Responsibility also helps to know on what basis will a person be judged.

Q.15 Emotional Intelligence more important than IQ, especially for

But at the same time, IQ will help in

• Utilization of limited resources in efficient manner.

Q.16 Is the campaign of naming and shaming of sexual offenders an

• Can lead to permanent damage to reputation

• Possibility for misuse as a tool of revenge

But at the same time

• Can be seen as a voice of the weak.

• Protects the identity of the victim.

Q.17 Why is a teacher held in high regards in Indian society? In

• Teacher being regarded as second guardian of children

Ideal role of the teacher should be of

✓ Promote experience based learning

Q.18 What do you understand by social influence? Write a note on

Three areas of social influence are conformity, compliance and obedience.

The three forms of social influence are

Q.19 Define ‘weaker sections’ in the Indian context? In your

Responsibility of civil servants towards weaker sections includes

He understands the significance of good values.

Q.21 Bias is natural to human behaviour. What do you understand

Q.22 Biological and chemical warfare, as advanced as it may be,

Before that there was use of Napalm during Vietnam War.

Ethical Concerns involved in the use of such weapons

• There is a lack of accountability and responsibility in such attacks.

• Individual rights vs. law and order in society  

• Larger citizens right vs. sentiments of community 

• Private interest vs. public interest  