La superconductividad y los premios Nobel

Fernando Sols

Universidad Complutense de Madrid

Premios Nobel relacionados con la superconductividad

• 1913. Heike Kamerlingh Onnes "for his investigations on the properties of matter at low
temperatures which led, inter alia, to the production of liquid helium".

• 1972. John Bardeen, Leon Neil Cooper and John Robert Schrieffer "for their jointly
developed theory of superconductivity, usually called the BCS-theory".

• 1973. Leo Esaki and Ivar Giaever "for their experimental discoveries regarding tunneling
phenomena in semiconductors and superconductors, respectively" and the other half to
Brian David Josephson "for his theoretical predictions of the properties of a supercurrent
through a tunnel barrier, in particular those phenomena which are generally known as the
Josephson effects".

• 1987. J. Georg Bednorz and K. Alexander Müller "for their important break-through in the
discovery of superconductivity in ceramic materials“

• 2003. Alexei A. Abrikosov, Vitaly L. Ginzburg and Anthony J. Leggett "for pioneering
contributions to the theory of superconductors and superfluids".

• 2008. Yoichiro Nambu "for the discovery of the mechanism of spontaneous broken
symmetry in subatomic physics", the other half jointly to Makoto Kobayashi and Toshihide
Maskawa "for the discovery of the origin of the broken symmetry which predicts the
existence of at least three families of quarks in nature".
Premios Nobel relacionados con la superfluidez

• 1962. Lev Landau "for his pioneering theories for condensed matter, especially liquid
helium".

• 1978. one half awarded to Pyotr Leonidovich Kapitsa "for his basic inventions and
discoveries in the area of low-temperature physics", the other half jointly to Arno Allan
Penzias and Robert Woodrow Wilson "for their discovery of cosmic microwave background
radiation".

• 1996. David M. Lee, Douglas D. Osheroff and Robert C. Richardson "for their discovery of
superfluidity in helium-3".

• 2001. Eric A. Cornell, Wolfgang Ketterle and Carl E. Wieman "for the achievement of
Bose-Einstein condensation in dilute gases of alkali atoms, and for early fundamental
studies of the properties of the condensates".

• 2003. Alexei A. Abrikosov, Vitaly L. Ginzburg and Anthony J. Leggett "for pioneering
contributions to the theory of superconductors and superfluids".
 Descubrimiento de la superconductividad (1911)

Heike Kammerlingh Onnes

(1853-1926)
Premio Nobel Física 1913
 Descubrimiento de la superconductividad (1911)

Heike Kammerlingh Onnes

(1853-1926)
Premio Nobel Física 1913

Paul Ehrenfest, Hendrik Lorentz, Niels Bohr y

Heike Kamerlingh Onnes en 1919 en el
Laboratorio Criogénico de Leiden
 Teoría fenomenológica de Ginzburg-Landau

Lev D. Landau (1908-1968) Fritz London (1900-1954)

Vitaly L. Ginzburg (1916-2009)
 Efecto Meissner-Ochsenfeld

Fritz Walther Meissner Robert Ochsenfeld

Fritz London (1900-1954)
(1882-1974) (1901-1993)

Lev Shubnikov
(1901-1937)
 Superconductores tipo II. Red de Abrikosov

Alexei A. Abrikosov
(n. 1928)

W. Ketterle et al.
(2001)

NbSe2 Na BEC

H. F. Hess et al.
(1989)
 “I got into particle physics only when I came back to Tokyo after the war. In
hindsight, though, I must say that my early exposure to condensed matter
physics has been quite beneficial to me.”

“How can one then trust the BCS theory for discussing the electromagnetic
properties like the Meissner effect? It actually took two years for me to resolve
the problem to my satisfaction. There were a number of people who also
addressed the same problem, but I wanted to understand it in my own way.”

Y. Nambu (1921-)
The third relation shows the massless NG
boson turning into a massive “plasmon,” a
process corresponding to Eq. 4. This was
The BCS theory also accounts successfully applied to weak gauge field in
for the generation of the London the Weinberg-Salam (WS) theory (Weinberg,
mass for the electromagnetic 1967; Salam, 1968) of electroweak
field. This problem is made unification. The fermion masses are also
simple in terms of the Higgs generated and break chiral invariance. These
scalar field (Anderson, 1963; so-called current masses for the up and
Englert and Brout, 1964; Higgs, down quarks play the role of the bare mass in
1964.) the Nambu–Jona-Lasinio model.
 Efecto túnel

Ivar Giaever (1929-)

Obervó el efecto Josephson dc

pero pensó que era una fuga (!)
Rev. Mod. Phys. (1974)
Brian Josephson (1940-)

  / t     2eV /  I  I1 sin   
 Tunneling supercurrent

no calcularon la supercorriente (túnel de pares de Cooper)

Brian J. Pippard:
(T )   (T )  1
I1  tanh   I1 
2eRn  2kT  Rn 2
Ambegaokar-Baratoff formula (1963)
 1963

J. M. Rowell (1963)
 KJ = 483 597.891(12)×109 Hz/V

  1019

( Efect Hall cuántico: h/e2 )

 Conclusiones sobre superconductividad

• frontera de las bajas temperaturas (está ahí)

• nuevo estado de la materia (correlaciones sutiles)

• gran interés fundamental (estado sólido, física de partículas)

• gran interés tecnológico (patrón de voltaje)

• continúa ofreciendo retos científicos y tecnológicos