Professional Documents
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Topic 1
Terrestrial Observations
• Arc measurements (historic)
◦ • Triangulation, Trilateration, Traversing
• Leveling
• Zenith or vertical angles
• Gravity
CONT…
Applications of Geodesy
• Surveying and mapping
• Defense
• Geophysical explorations
• Space explorations
• Communication, Navigation, etc.
1.1.1 Explain the gravity field of the earth.
✓ Gravimetric or physical geodesy is the science that studies geophysical and
geodynamic properties of earth, and includes earth gravity field and attractions
of sun, moon and planets .
✓ Bumi tidak berbentuk bulat (sfera) tetapi mirip kepada bentuk elips.
✓ Nilai graviti berubah daripada 978 gal di garis khatulistiwa ke nilai 983 gal di
titik kutub.
✓ Rumus graviti antara bangsa digunakan untuk mengira nilai graviti bumi di
mana-mana titik di atas permukaan bumi.
✓ Tarikan graviti bumi ini adalah disebabkan oleh tarikan inti bumi. Hanya 0.3 %
tarikan berasal daripada kerak bumi dan 15 % daripadanya disebabkan oleh
bahan-bahan bumi pada kedalaman diantara 0 - 5 km iaitu 0.01 % daripada
keseluruhan daya tarikan graviti bumi.
Perbezaan graviti adalah disebabkan oleh:
Masa direkodkan.
Principle of Pendulum Method:
Principle of Absolute Gravity
Measurement
Equipment:
27 feet long
including its 13 foot
boom, 5 feet wide,
and 2.5 feet high
Weighs 1,151 lbs
GRACE
Joint satellite mission between the National Aeronautics and Space
Administration (NASA) and the Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und
Raumfahrt (DLR) (German Center for Air and Space Travel).
Successor of the CHAMP mission.
Mission: to provide, with unprecedented accuracy, estimates of the
global high-resolution models of the Earth's gravity field for a
period of up to five years.
Uses two satellites on the same orbital track, separated by about 200
kilometers.
Satellites are interconnected by a K-band microwave link that will
measure the separation distance and its rate of change to an accuracy
of 1 μm/s .
GRACE