saqarTvelos eTnografiuli memkvidreobis dacvis fondi

seria: qarTveli xalxis tradiciuli kultura

Tamaz gamyreliZe

Zveli qarTuli
asomTavruli
damwerloba

Tbilisi
2011
UDC(uak) 003.334.2
g-198

sa­qarTve­­los eTnografiuli memkvidreobis dacvis fondi agrZe­

lebs mecnierul-popularuli seriis gamocemas: `qarTveli
xalxis tradiciuli kultura~. seriis ga­mo­­cemis mizania
farTo sazo­ga­doebisaTvis qarTuli erovnuli mecnierebis
miRwevebis warmoCena.

proeqtis avtori: Tamila cagareiSvili

prof., ist. mecn. doqt.

seria gamodis saxalxo mxatvar, akad. zurab wereTlis

finansuri mxardaWeriT.

kompiuteruli uzrunvelyofa: paata qorqia

ISSN 1987-9725
ISBN 978-9941-0-3387-2 © saqarTvelos eTnografiuli
memkvidreobis dacvis fondi, 2011
 akademikosi Tamaz gamyreliZe saxelganTqmuli mkvle-
varia. man Sors gaitana erovnuli mecnierebisa da qarTuli
kulturis saxeli. misi Sromebi gamocemulia qarTul da
ucxour enebze da farTod aris cnobili msoflios samec-
niero wreebSi.
Tamaz gamyreliZis fundamenturi naSromi `weris an-
banuri sistema da Zveli qarTuli damwerloba. anbanuri
weris tipologia da warmomavloba~ ak. SaniZis redaqciiTa
da winasityvaobiT, gamoica orjer: 1989 w. da 1990 w. da
imTaviTve miiqcia yuradReba qarTvel da ucxoel special-
istTa wreebSi.
am gamocemebidan sami aTwleulia gasuli da ukve bib-
liografiul iSviaTobad iqca. sazogadoebis interesi ki
qarTuli anbanuri damwerlobis mimarT kvlavac didia.
`Zveli qarTuli asomTavruli damwerloba~ mec-
nierul-popularuli naSromia da pirveli ori gamocemebi-
sagan arsebiTad gansxvavdeba. igi aRniSnuli monografiis
Semoklebuli variantia, gamdidrebuli uaxlesi literatu-
riT, moxsnili aqvs sqolio, bibliografia da ZiriTadad
asaxavs avtoris mravalwliani kvlevis Sedegebs. gamocemas
winasityvaobad erTvis akad. akaki SaniZis werili (ibeWdeba
SemoklebiT), romelic dResac Tanadroulia Tavisi mec-
nieruli mniSvnelobis daskvnebiT.
naSromSi ganxilulia damwerlobis warmomavloba,
misi adgili da erovnuli Rirebuleba uZveles werilobiT
sistemaTa tipologiaSi.
pativad viRebT akad. Tamaz gamyreliZis yuradRebas
da Tanadgomas axladdaarsebuli seriis mimarT, ramac sa-
Sualeba mogvca, kidev erTxel, farTo sazogadoebisaT-
vis migvewodebina mecnierulad dasabuTebuli uZvelesi
qarTuli damwerlobis Seqmnis realuri istoria _ esoden
sanukvari Tema dRes qarTveli xalxisaTvis.

Tamila cagareiSvili
3
 winasityvaoba
qarTvelebs ornairi wera gvaqvs: erTi Zveli, meore
axali. isini imdenad gansxvavdebian erTurTisagan, rom
kacs egoneba, es ori sxvadasxva eris wera ariso. magram
utyuari faqtia, rom axali qarTuli wera Zveli qarTuli
weris ganviTarebis Sedegad aris miRebuli.
pirvelad Seiqmna is Zveli anbani, romelic asomTavru­­
lis saxeliT aris cnobili. misi asoebis naxevarze mets
mrgvali an momrgvalo nawilebi aqvT, da amis gamo mas
mrgvlovani daerqva. am asoebiT aris Sesrulebuli uZvele­si
qarTuli warwerebi: bolnisisa, mcxeTis jvrisa, urbnisisa,
palestinis qarTuli monastrisa (beTlems axlos) da sxv.
amave asoebiT aris dawerili uZvelesi qarTuli xelnawerebi,
romlebic palimfsestebis saxiT aris moRweuli da
egreTwodebul xanmet teqstebs Seicaven...
raki qarTuli anbani Tavdapirvelad im saxiT Seiqmna,
rogorc es uZveles warwerebsa da uZveles xelnawe­reb­Sia
warmodgenili, romelTa asoebi mrgvlovnis anu asomTavru­
lis saxeliT aris cnobili, amitom cxadia, rom roca
qarTuli anbanis warmoSobaze vmsjelobT, mxedvelobaSi
unda gvqondes mxolod es Zveli qarTuli wera, mrgvlovani
asoebiT anu asomTavruliT Sesrulebuli.
swored am sakiTxisadmia miZRvnili Tamaz gamyreliZis
monografia, sadac sakiTxi ganxilulia semituri werisa
da berZnuli anbanis ganviTarebis fonze. Sesadareblad
moxmobilia berZnulisagan damokidebuli sxva Sriftebi
(kopturi, goTuri, slavuri, somxuri), dawvrilebiT
aris ganxiluli qarTuli anbani da miRebulia daskvna,
rom qarTuli anbani, romelic damoukidebeli erovnuli
anbania, dalagebulia berZnuli anbanis mixedviT da
4
ueWvelad atarebs mis gavlenas. avtoris azriT, qarTuli
anbanis Seqmnis dro aris qristianobis gavrcelebisa da
ganmtkicebis xana saqarTveloSi. qarTuli anbani Seiqmna,
rom Targmniliyo axali sarwmunoebisaTvis saWiro wignebi.
marTlac, metad damaxasiaTebelia is garemoeba,
rom saqarTvelos uZveles dedaqalaq mcxeTaSi da mis
midamoebSi aRmoCenilia berZnuli da arameuli warwerebi,
romlebic qristianobis wina xanas ganekuTvnebian, magram
jerjero­biT ar Cans qarTuli warwerebi imave xanisa.
ramdenadme esec mxars uWers im debulebas, rom qarTuli
mwerloba qristianobis xanaSi aris Seqmnili da misi
saWiroebisaTvis...
Zveli qarTuli wera rom berZnulis gavleniT Seiqmna,
pirvelad T.gamyreliZis winamdebare gamokvlevaSia dasabu­
Tebuli vrclad da sistemebr. amasTanave erTad avtori
adgens Zveli qarTuli dawerilobis tipologiur adgils
sxva anbanur dawerilobaTa Soris.
T.gamyreliZis mier warmodgenili debulebani misaRe­
bia da gasaziarebeli. dRes, rodesac sxvadasxva `Teoriebs~
Txzaven qarTuli anbanis Sesaxeb, T. gamyreliZis gamokvleva,
saTanado mecnierul meTodze damyarebuli da farTo Seda­
rebiT _ tipologiuri masaliT ganmtkicebuli, gansakuT­
rebul mniSvnelobasa da mecnierul Rirebulebas iZens.
qarTuli anbanis warmoSobis Sesaxeb bevri dawerila da
kvlavac daiwereba. zogi ramis gamokvleva momavlis saqmea.
amJamad ki T. gamyreliZis kvleva-Ziebis nayofi mniSvnelovani
monapovaria da igi garkveul etaps warmoadgens qarTuli
anbanis warmoSobis kvlevis saqmeSi.

ix. Tamaz gamyreliZe, weris anbanuri sistema da Zveli qarTuli damwer-

loba. anbanuri weris tipologia da warmomavloba. akaki SaniZis redaqcii-
Ta da winasityvaobiT (iv. javaxiSvilis sax. Tbilisis universitetis
gamomcemloba, Tbilisi, 1990 [meore gamocema] ). (ibeWdeba mniSvnelovani
SemoklebebiT _ T.c.).
5
 Sesavali

Zveli qarTuli asomTavruli damwerlobis Se­

qmna udidesi mniSvnelobis movlena iyo qarTvelTa
kulturul da sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi. am damwer­
lobis saxiT warmoiSva erovnuli qarTuli weriTi
sistema, romlis saSualebiTac SesaZlebeli gaxda
qarTuli enis zusti werilobiTi fiqsireba da erovnul
enaze mwerlobis Seqmna.

weriTi sistema sazogadod warmoadgens grafikul

ni­­SanTa garkveuli azriT mowesrigebul, dalagebul
sim­ravles da es `mowesrigeba~, `dalageba~ gamoixateba
sis­temaSi niSanTa garkveuli TanmimdevrobiT, garkve­
uli ri­giT warmodgenaSi. weriT sistemaSi amgvar `rigs~
Sesa­Zlebelia niSanTa (anu sistemis) p a r a d i g m a t i k a
ewodos. werilobiTi sistemis paradigmatikis Seswavla
gulisxmobs grafikul simboloTa urTierTmimarTebis
ganxilvas mi­mdev­robaSi, werilobiT niSanTa Tanmimdev­
robis Seswavlas sistemaSi; amisagan gansxvavebiT,
weri­lobiTi sistemis s i n t a g m a t i k a gulisxmobs
niSanTa SeerTebis wesebs sityvebSi, weriT simboloTa
urTierTmimarTebebs si­tyvis farglebSi da sazo­ga­
dod weris mimarTulebasTan dakavSirebul ka­non­zo­
mierebebs. sityvis p a r a d i g m a t u l i da s i n t a ­
g m a t u r i planis eqsplicituri gamijvna, rac enaT­
mecnierebaSi f. d e s o s i u r m a Semoitana, un­da
gaxdes aucilebeli principi weriTi sistemis ana­
lizisa `damwerlobaTmcodneobaSic~, anu damwerlobis
6
zo­­gad TeoriaSi, romelsac Tanamedrove mecnierebaSi
«g r a m a t o l o g i a s » uwodeben.
am TvalsazrisiT tra­diciuli p a l e o g r a f i a ganixileba ro­gorc
`damwer­lobiTmcodneobis~ anu `gramatologiis~ kerZo dargi, ro­melsac
saqme aqvs weriTi sistemis mxolod grafikul simboloTa gamo­xatulebasTan
da Seiswavlis maT grafikul cvlilebebs drosa da sivrceSi.

weriTi sistema SeiZleba ganvixiloT rogorc stru­

qtu­ra, romelsac ori mxare, ori plani aqvs: `g a ­
m o x a t u l e b i s p l a n i ~ da ~S i n a a r s i s p l a n i ~.
weriTi sistemis gamoxatulebis plania niSan-simboloTa
grafikuli mxare anu moxazuloba, maTi grafikuli
forma. sistemis gamoxatulebis plania agreTve grafi­
kul simboloTa specifikuri saxelwodebebi. weriTi
sistemis gamoxatulebis planis analizi, amdenad, gu­
lisxmobs niSan-simboloTa grafikul analizs, maT
urTierT Sedareba-Sepirispirebas da saTanado saxel­
wodebaTa struqturisa da warmomavlobis garkvevas.
weriTi sistemis g a m o x a t u l e b i s p l a n s ganeku­
Tv­neba sistemis paradigmatuli struqtura, anu niSan­
Ta Tanmimdevroba, sistemaSi niSanTa `dalagebis~
prin­cipi. sistemis gamoxatulebis plania agreTve
weris ise­Ti sintagmaturi maxasiaTebeli, rogoricaa
weris mi­m arTuleba, razedac xSirad damokidebulia
n i S a n T a e s a Tu is grafikuli forma da mTeli
rigi grafikuli Taviseburebani (niSanTa grafikul
cvlilebaTa tendencia da sxv.).
weriTi sistemis S i n a a r s i s p l a n i a s i s t e m i s n i ­
S a n - s i m b o l o T a f o n e t i k u r i , erTi mxriT, da
ricxvi­Ti mniSvnelobebi. meore mxriT. sistemis Sina­
arsis planis analizi gulisxmobs niSanTa fonetikur
mniSvnelobaTa xasiaTis garkvavas, rac arsebiTad mTeli
sistemis struqturasa da bunebas gansazRvravs.
7
 weriTi sistemis amgvari gageba safuZvels gvaZlevs CavTvaloT igi
semiotikur sistemad da Sesabamisad ganvixiloT damwerlobaTmcodneoba,
anu gramatologia, rogorc semiotikuri disciplina. damwerlobis
analogiuri gageba rogorc semiotikuri sistemisa mocemuli hqonda
ukve f e r d i n a n d d e s o s i u r s .

sistemis simboloTa ricxviTi mniSvnelobebi da­mo­

kide­bulia sistemis p a r a d i g m a t i k a z e , niSanTa
rigze an Tan­mimdevrobaze, romelic damaxasiaTebelia
konkretuli weriTi sistemisaTvis. weriTi sistemis es
arsebiTi ma­xa­siaTebeli iqmneba originalur sistemebSi
sxvadasxva faqtorebis zegavleniT.
istoriulad pirvel nimuSs Tanmimdevruli anbanuri dam­
werlobisas, sadac konsonanturi da funqciurad tol­
fasi vokaluri niSnebi erTian avtonomiur sistemas qmnian,
warmoadgens Zveli berZnuli weriTi sistema, romelic
Zvel semitur weriT sistemas emyareba da Zve­li finikiuri
damwerlobisagan momdinareobs. am Tval­sazrisiT berZnu­
li damwerloba semiturisagan Tvi­seb­rivad gansxvavebul
we­riT sistemas warmoadgens, warmoqmnils semituri siste­
mis modificirebiT xmovan fo­nemaTaTvis specialuri
niSne­bis Camoyalibebis Sedegad.
berZnuli anbanuri damwerlobis saxeliT cnobili
we­riTi sistema, romelic safuZvlad daedo mraval
ganStoebas, maT Soris laTinur damwerlobas, da
amiT dasabami misca msoflioSi amJamad yvelaze gavr­
celebul weriT sistemebs, ar warmoadgens berZnu­li
enis grafikuli fiqsaciis uZve­les nimuSs. qrono­
logiurad berZnul anbanur damwerlobas win uswrebs
silaburi xasiaTis kretuli (mikenuri) damwerlo­ba (e.w.
B-xazovani damwerloba), romliTac Sesrulebulia Zv.
welTaRricxvis meore aTaswleulis Sua saukuneebis
mTeli rigi mikenuri berZnuli war­werebi.
8
berZnuli anbanuri damwerlobis uZvelesi nimuSebi Ta­
riR­deba Zv. welTaRricxvis VIII-VII saukuneebiT. magram
sxvadasxva paleografiuli mosazrebis safuZvelze
SesaZlebelia berZnuli anbanuri damwerlobis war­
mo­Soba pirveli aTaswleulis dasawyisisaTvis vivara­
udoT.

antikuri tradicias berZnuli damwerloba Zveli se­mi­­

turi, ufro zustad Zveli finikiuri, werisagan war­
mo­mdgarad miaCnia. mTeli berZnuli weriTi siste­misa­
Tvis ukve Zveli welTaRricxvis III saukunidan ixma­
re­ba gamoTqma ‡lfa kaì b¤ta da tÙ …lf„bhton, an kidev
×, ¡ ‚lf„bhtoc. arqauli berZnuli anbanuri damwerlobis
anu `alfabetis~ warmoSoba Zveli finikiuri (resp. Zve­
li semituri) damwerlobisagan amJamad yvelaze gavr­
ce­lebuli da dasabuTebuli Tvalsazrisia berZnu­li
weriTi sistemis warmomavlobis Sesaxeb. Zvelis berZ­nuli
damwerlobis Zveli finikiuridan (resp. Zve­­li semituridan)
momdinareobas mowmobs Semdegi monacemebi:
1. arqauli berZnuli damwerlobis niSnebi grafi­
kulad emTxveva Zveli semituri weris Sesabamis gra­
fikul simboloebs;
2. berZnuli sistemis paradigmatika anu niSanT­
mimde­vroba arsebiTad igivea, rac Zvel semitur
siste­maSi. amas­Tanaa dakavSirebuli berZnul niSanTa
ricxviTi mni­Svnelobebi;
3. arqauli berZnuli weris mimarTuleba marjvnidan
marcxniv igivea, rac semitur sistemaSi.
4. berZnul asoTa saxelebi warmoadgens saTanado
Zveli semituri niSnebis saxelwodebaTa modifikacias.
berZnuli niSansaxelebi mxolod umniSvnelod gansxvav­
deba im saxelwodebebisagan, romlebic saTanado asoTa
uZveles semitur saxelebadaa miCneuli.

9
 a nbanur damwerlobaTa Seqmnis tipologia

rogorc aRiniSna, Zveli berZnuli anbanuri damwerloba

gaxda wyaro mravali sxva weriTi sistemisaTvis, romle­
bic aRmo­savleTsa da dasavleTSi gavrcelda; berZnuli
dam­wer­lobisagan momdinare yvela sistemis ZiriTadi
struqturuli maxasiaTebelia maTi a n b a n u r o b a ,
e.i. sistemaSi rogorc konstanturi, ise vokaluri
niS­nebis arseboba, romlebic erTian paradigmatikas
qmnian. sxvadasxva sistemis anbanur damwerlobaTa Seda­
rebiTi Seswavla aRgvidgens anbanis Seqmnis process
nimuSad aRebuli sawyisi weriTi sistemis mixedviT,
warmogvidgens damwerlobis w a r m o q m n i s t i ­p o ­
logias.

pirveli ZiriTadi etapi am procesisa aris enis dana­

wevreba calkeul bgeriT erTeulebad, romlebic unda
gamoisaxos damwerlobaSi grafikuli simboloebiT; es
aris arsebiTad enis bgeriTi, fonemuri analizi, raSic
vlindeba damwerlobis Semqmnelis lingvisturi alRo
da intuicia: igi winaswar anawevrebs enas umcires
bge­riT erTeulebad, romelTa erToblioba enis bge­
riT sistemas qmnis. amdenad, yoveli weriTi sistema
da gansakuTrebiT anbanuri damwerloba gulisxmobs
implitciturad Catarebul sakmaod maRali donis
fonemur analizs, da Sesabamisad yoveli damwerloba
warmoadgens saTanado enis l i n g v i s t u r i k v l e v i s
pirvel nimuSs.
SesaZlebelia saerTod vamtkicoT, rom mecnierebis dasabami sazogadod
(da, kerZod, enaT­mecnieruli kvlevisa) ama Tu im xalxis kulturul
isto­riaSi modis saTanado enisaTvis damwerlobis Seqmnis periodze;

10
damwerlobis Seqmna sazogadod mecnieruli kvlevis dasawyiss unda
gulisxmobdes.

romelime B enisaTvis damwerlobis Seqmnisas am enis

bgeriT erTeulebs upirispireben nimuSad aRebuli A
enis bgeriT sistemas, romelic warmodgenilia anbanSi
gar­kveuli TanmimdevrobiT gawyobili da Sesabamisi
gra­fi­kuli simboloebiT gamoxatuli bgerebis saxiT.
nimuSad aRebuli A enis a n b a n i s mixedviT ganlagdeba B
enis fo­netikurad msgavsi bgerebi, romlebic saTanado
grafikul gamosaxulebas iZenen. sxva sityvebiT rom
vTqvaT, xdeba S e s a b a m i s o b i s dadgena fonetikuri
msgavsebis safuZvelze B enis bgerebsa da nimuSad
aRebuli A enis bgerebs Soris, romlebic garkveuli
Tan­mimdevrobiT warmodgenilia anbanTrigSi. amgvarad,
Sesadarebeli A enis prototipuli damwerlobis para­
digmatika `gadaisaxeba~ B enis axlad Seqmnili damwer­
lobis paradigmatikaze: es ukanaskneli g a n i ­s a z ­
R v r e b a sanimuSod aRebuli A enis weriTi sistemis
paradigmatikiT. Tu B enaSi, romlisTvisac iqmneba
damwerloba, aRmoCnda ufro didi raodenoba bgeriTi
erTeulebisa, vidre Sesadarebel A enaSia, B enis damwer­
lobisaTvis saWiro iqneba m e t i grafikuli simbolos
Seqmna saTanado damatebiTi bgerebis gamosaxatavad.
aseTi danarTi grafikuli niSnebi, gamomxatveli Sesada­
rebeli enis TvalsazrisiT `damatebiTi~ bgerebisa,
e m a t e b a simboloTa Z i r i T a d nawils, romelic
nimu­Sad aRebuli enis anbanTrigis Sesabamisad aris
gawyobili, an CarTulia ZiriTad nawilSi, riTac
arse­­biTad irRveva nimuSad aRebuli A enis anbanis aq
asaxuli paradigmatika.
11
piruku viTarebis SemTxvevaSi, e.i. Tu nimuSad aRe­buli
A enis bgeraTa raodenoba a R e m a t e b a B enis bgeraT­
raodenobas, romlisTvisac iqmneba anbani, prototi­pul
damwerlobaSi rCeba mTeli rigi `W a r b i ~ simbolo­ebi,
romlebic aq B enis TvalsazrisiT `zedmet~ bgeriT
erTeulebs gamoxataven. magram praqtikulad iSviaTia
SemTxveva, rodesac enis bgeriTi simravle m T l i a n a d
faravs meore enis bgeriT simravles, e.i. rodesac
erT-erTi enis bgerebi mTlianad emTxveva meore
enis bgerebs. Cveulebriv, Sesadarebel enebSi, garda
fonetikurad msgavsi bgerebisa, arsebobs bgeraTa
raRac jgufi, romelic `specifikuria~ TiToeuli
enisaTvis. aseT SemTxvevaSi sawyisi, nimuSad aRebuli
anbanis paradigmatikaSi xdeba saTanado niSnebis
bgeraTmniSvnelobaTa Senacvleba moce­muli enisaTvis
specifikuri mniSvnelobebiT, rogorc wesi, im adgilebis
SenarCunebiT, romlebic saTanado niSnebs prototipul
anbanSi hqondaT. fonetikur mniSvnelobaTa amgvari
Senacvlebebi sawyisi sistemis garkveul simbo­loebTan
(da ara simboloTa amoReba sistemidan) nakarna­xevia
midrekilebiT prototipuli sistemis paradigmatikis
maqsimaluri SenarCunebisadmi axlad Seqmnil anbanT­
sistemaSi, razedac arsebiTad damokidebulia sistemis
ricxviT mniSvnelobaTa adekvaturoba sawyisi sistemis
ricxviTi mniSvnelobebisadmi.

mxolod gamonaklis SemTxvevaSi Tu xdeba sistemaSi

fonetikurad araadekvaturi niSnis amogdeba da anbanis
erTgvari `SemWidroeba~ sawyis sistemasTan SedarebiT,
rac axali sistemis ricxviT mniSvnelobaTa erTgvar
modifikacias iwvevs. nimuSad aRebuli A enis weriTi
sistemis mixedviT mocemuli B enis bgeriT erTeulTa

12
gawyoba gulisxmobs amave dros am bgeraTaTvis
specialuri grafikuli simboloebis d a d g e n a -
S e T x z v a s , romelTa saSualebiT es bgerebi unda
gamoixatos. es o r i p r o c e s i _ mocemul B enaSi
nimuSad aRebuli A enis mixedviT bgeriTi erTeulebis
gamoyofa-dalageba da maTi gamomxatveli grafikuli
simboloebis Seqmna _ erTmaneTTan dakavSirebul
pro­ceduras asaxavs da erTmaneTs gulisxmobs;
damwerlobis rogorc Sinaarsis, ise gamoxatulebis
planis Seqmna originaluri Semoqmedebis erTian
process warmoadgens.
yoveli damwerlobis saTaveSi, iqneba es Zveli semituri, arqauli
berZnuli, kopturi, goTuri Tu romelime sxva, dgas konkretuli
pirovneba an, SesaZlebelia pirovnebaTa jgufi, am damwerlobis
Semqmneli, romelic erTiani gegmis mixedviT adgens axal weriT sistemas
garkveuli werilobiTi prototipis safuZvelze. nimuSad aRebuli am
prototipis Tanaxmad gamoiyofa bgeriTi erTeulebi sakuTar enaSi,
gamoixateba saTanado grafikuli simboloebiT da gaiwyoba garkveuli
wesis mixedviT axlad Seqmnil weriT sistemaSi.
amave dros, axali damwerlobis Seqmna konkretuli werilobiTi proto-
tipis mixedviT e r T d r o u l S e m o q m e d e b i T a q t s warmoadgens;
iqmneba axali damwerlobis mTliani sistema, romlis droTa viTarebaSi
mxolod erTgvari modificireba da srulyofa Tu SeiZleba, rac garkveu-
li niSnebis mimatebasa, gamoklebasa Tu gardaqmnaSi gamoixateba.
Cven ar unda warmovidginoT saqmis viTareba ise, TiTqos Tavdapirvelad
iqmneba ramdenime niSani, romlebsac Semdgom kidev ramdenime emateba;
amas kidev raRac raodenoba erTvis da a.S., sanam xangrZlivi evoluciis
procesSi ar miiReba sakmaod sruli sistema, romlis saSualebiTac xe-
rxdeba ama Tu im enaze teqstis Cawera. werilobiTi sistema, ramdenadac
igi damwerlobas warmoadgens, imTaviTve sruli sistemis saxiT yalib-
deba, romelic Seicavs ama Tu im enis adekvaturi werilobiTi gamosaxvi-
saTvis saWiro da aucilebeli ZiriTadi grafikuli simboloebis raode-
nobas, da am azriT aris swored werilobiTi sistemis Seqmna `erTdrou-
li aqti~, ganxorcielebuli konkretuli pirovnebis Tu pirovnebaTa
jgufis erTiani Semoqmedebis Sedegad.

13
am TvalsazrisiT nebismieri werilobiTi sistemis mimarT unda
daisvas kiTxva ara imis Sesaxeb, aris Tu ara igi e r T d r o u l a d
SemoqmedebiTi aqtis p r o d u q t i (damwerlobis konkretuli Semqmneli
yovelis istoriulad arsebuli werilobiTi sistemis SemTxvevaSi
unda vivaraudoT); kiTxva SeiZleba daisvas imis Taobaze, aris Tu ara
garkveuli weriTi sistema CvenTvis cnobili im saxiT, ra saxiTac igi
gamovida misi Semqmnelis xelidan, Tu Cvenamde moRweuli damwerloba
warmoadgens pirvandeli sistemis evoluciisa da ganviTarebis Sedegad
grafikulad Secvlil da Sedgenilobis TvalsazrisiT modificirebul
variants.

yvelaze martivi gza damwerlobis gamoxatulebis

planis gaformebisa da enis bgeriTi erTeulebisaTvis
grafikuli simboloebis Seqmnisa iqneboda, bunebrivia,
Sesaqmnel anbanSi sanimuSod aRebuli damwerlobidan
im niSnebis grafikuli formis gadmoReba, romlebic
sawyis enaSi fonetikurad msgavs bgerebs gamoxataven,
da Seqmnil sistemaSi maTi saTanado, sawyisi siste­
misadmi Sesabamisi, ganlageba. damatebiTi niSnebi,
gamo­mxatveli mocemuli enisaTvis specifikuri bgere­
bisa, SesaZlebelia warmoiqmnas sawyisi sistemidan
gadmoRebuli niSnebis g r a f i k u l i m o d i f i k a c i i T
an sxva werilobiTi wyaroebidan s e s x e b i s gziT,
sadac SesaZlebelia aRmoCndes mocemuli enisaTvis
damaxasiaTebel damatebiT bgeraTa fonetikurad
analogiuri bgerebis gamomxatveli niSnebi.

damwerlobis Seqmnis aRwerili procesis amsaxvelia

swored a r q a u l i b e r Z n u l i anbani, romelic arse­
biTad imeorebs Zveli Crdilo-semituri damwerlobis
niSanTa moxazulobas, xolo danarTi niSnebi iqmneba
ZiriTad niSanTa grafikuli modifikaciiT an romelime
sxva werilobiTi wyaroebidan sesxebis gziT.

14
Zveli berZnuli damwerloba

15
analogiuri xasiaTisaa sistemis gamoxatulebis planis
TvalsazrisiT k o p t u r i da g o T u r i anbanebi da
slavuri `k i r i l i c a ~, romlebic berZnuli weriT
sistemas emyarebian ara marto Sinagani struqturis
TvalsazrisiT, aramed Sesabamis werilobiT niSanTa
grafikuli moxazulobiTac, rac berZnuli uncialuri
damwerlobis mrgvlovan duqtuss asaxavs. damatebiT
niSnebi am sistemebSi iqmneba arsebul ZiriTad niSanTa
grafikuli modifikaciiT an calkeul niSanTa sxva
wyaroebidan sesxebiT (zog SemTxvevaSi amave enebze
arsebul ufro adrindeli weriTi sistemidan, Sdr.
d e m o t u r i niSnebi k o p t u r damwerlobaSi, r u n u l i
niSnebi g o T u r S i , g l a g o l i c u r i niSnebi slavur
`k i r i l i c a S i ~ (ix. qvemoT saTanado tabulebi).

damwerlobis `gamoxatulebis planis~ Seqmnis aRweri­

lisagan arsebiTad gansxvavebul gzas warmoadgens
SemTxve­va, rodesac sawyisi, nimuSad aRebuli dam­
wer­lobis niSnebi, romlebic msesxebeli enis saTa­
nado fonetikurad msgavs bgerebs gamoxataven,
gad­mo­dian axal damwerlobaSi ara grafikulad
ucvleli saxiT, aramed garkveuli grafikuli, Sesa­
Zlebelia S e g n e b u l a d ganxorcielebuli, modifi­
kaciebiT, rac mniSvnelovnad cvlis saTanado niSne­
bis grafikul formas prototipuli sistemis
simboloebTan SedarebiT, ise rom iCrdileba saTanado
simboloTa erTma­neTTan formaluri kavSiri (Sdr.
slavuri `g l a g o l i c a ~ sapirispirod berZnuli
m i n u s k u l u r i damwerlobisa).
sawyisi sistemebis amgvari grafikuli modifikaciebi
SeiZleba ganxorcielebuliyo mocemuli damwerlo­
bisaTvis nimuSad aRebul weriT sistemebTan k a v S i r i s

16
d a f a r v i s mizniT, rasac SesaZlebelia garkveuli
politikur-ideologiuri safuZvlebi hqonoda.

am tendenciis ukidures gamovlenas warmogvidgens

Z v e ­l i s o m x u r i damwerloba, romelic aseve berZ­
nul werilobiT sistemas emyareba, magram ro­mel­
sac arsebiTad gardaqmnili aqvs sistemis `gamoxa­
tulebis plani~. berZnul bgeriT sistemasTan Se­
far­debiT dadgenili da ganlagebuli somxuri bge­
riTi erTeulebi gamoixata ara Sesabamis berZnul
simboloebze damyarebuli niSnebiT, aramed mTlianad
berZnuli grafikisagan damoukideblad SeiTxza, Sesa­
Zlebelia, originalur niadagze an sxvadasxva gra­
fikuli nimuSebis gamoyenebiT. am TvalsazrisiT Zve­
li somxuri damwerloba berZnul weriT sistemaze
damyarebul damwerlobaTa Soris metad Tavisebur
sistemas warmoadgens, romelic upirispirdeba am mxriv
berZnuli sistemis gamoxatulebis planis amsaxvel
damwerlobebs: k o p t u r s , g o T u r s , slavur `k i ­
r i ­l i c a s ~ da sxv. es weriTi sistemebi berZnuli
damwerlobisagan warmomdgar anbanur damwerlobaTa
tipologiaSi ukidures polusebs qmnian. amaT Soris
moTavsdeba tipologiurad slavuri `g l a g o l i c a ~,
romelic ar wyvets mTlianad grafikul kavSirs pro­
totipuli damwerlobis gamoxatulebasTan, mag­ram
warmogvidgens berZnuli sistemis grafikul sim­
bloebs uaRresad modificirebuli da grafikulad
stilizebuli werilobiTi niSnebis saxiT.

amave jgufSi unda moTavsdes tipologiurad kidev

erTi weriTi sistema, romelic berZnul damwerlobas
emyareba. es aris Zveli qarTuli `a s o m T a v r u l i
d a m w e r l o b a ~.
17
qarTuli anbanis berZnuli prototipis mixedviT Seqmna,
berZnuli weriTi nimuSisagan momdinareoba vlindeba
Zveli qarTuli damwerlobis mTeli rigi Sinagani
struqturuli monacemebis safuZvelze, qarTuli weriTi
sistemis S i n a g a n i w y o b i s a da p a r a d i g m a t i k i s
mixedviT:
qarTuli asomTavruli damwerloba

18
 Z veli qarTuli asomTavruli anbanis
SesaZlebeli weriTi prototipebi

rogorc aRiniSna, yoveli damwerlobis da gansa­kuT­

rebiT a n b a n u r i weriTi sistemis Seqmnis p i r v e l
da a u c i l e b e l etaps warmoadgens enis bgeriTi
sistemis w i n a s w a r i s e g m e n t i r e b a calkeul
bge­riT erTeulebad, romlebic unda gamoisaxos
gra­­fikuli simboloebis saSuale­biT; ama Tu im eni­
saTvis anbanuri damwerlobis Seqmna gu­lisxmobs
imavdroulad am enis bgeriT erTeulTa sakmaod sruli
da amomwuravi sistemis winaswar mocemulobas; enis
bgeriTi sistemis am winaswar analizzea arsebiTad
damokidebuli mis Sesabamisad Seqmnili damwerlobis
xasia­Ti da funqciuri srulyofilebis xarisxi:
rac ufro Tanmimdevruli, sruli da enis bgeriTi
Sedgenilobisadmi adekvaturia anbanis Semdgenlis
mier Catarebuli amgvari w i n a s w a r i f o n e m u r -
f o n e t i k u r i a n a l i z i , miT ufro srulyofilia
enis bgeriTi Sedgenilobis amsaxveli damwerloba,
miT ufro Seesabameba igi enis grafikuli fiqsirebis
miznebs.
irkveva, rom q a r T u l i a n b a n i s Semqmnels zedmi­
wev­niT sisruliT aqvs warmodgenili Tanadrouli
qarTuli enis bgeriTi sistema: igi srulad da
amomwuravad iTva­liswinebs qarTuli enis bgeraTa
(`fonemaTa~) inventars, romelTa grafikuli gamoxatva
aucilebelia qarTuli enis adekvaturi werilobiTi
gadmocemebisaTvis. qarTuli enis bgeriTi inventari
imdenad srulad da Tanmimdevrulad aris asaxuli
Zvel qarTul asomTavrul damwerlobaSi, rom

19
mas am TvalsazrisiT (e.i. niSanTa Semadgenlobisa
da maT fonetikur mniSvnelobaTa mxriv) Semdgom
arsebiTi cvlilebebi arc ki ganucdia. Tanamedrove
qarTuli damwerloba Tavisi Sinagani struqturuli
maxasiaTeblebis mixedviT asaxavs ZiriTadad Zvel
qarTul weriT sistemas (ramdenime niSnis amoRebiT: À,
Á da Ã, romelnic gamoxatavdnen Zvel sistemaSi axali
saliteraturo qarTulisaTvis arasaWiro bgerebs).
magram romeli weriTi sistema aqvs aRebuli qarTuli
anbanis Semqmnels nimuSad, werilobiT `prototipad~,
romel damwerlobas ufardebs igi qarTul bgeraTa
inventars, qarTuli enis bgeraTa simravles, raTa
moaxdinos sistemaSi mocemul bgeraTa garkveuli wesiT
dalageba da gamoxatos isini Sesabamisi grafikuli
simboloebiT? sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, nimuSad
aRebuli r o m e l i d a m w e r l o b i s m i x e d v i T unda
yofiliyo gawyobili axlad Seqmnili qarTuli anbani,
romeli weriTi sistema u d e v s mas s a f u Z v l a d ?

es aris arsebiTad p r o b l e m a Zveli qarTuli dam­wer­

lobis warmoSobisa, dayvanili sruliad konkretul
amocanaze, saxeldobr imis garkvevaze, Tu romel w e ­
r i l o b i T s i s t e m a s e m y a r e b a qarTuli damwer­
loba rogorc nimuSs, rogorc `prototipul models~,
romelic gansazRvravs mis wyobasa da paradigmatikas.
am TvalsazrisiT Zveli qarTuli anbanis SesaZlebel
prototipebad warmo­gvidgeba pirvel rigSi Z v e l i
s e m i t u r i d a m w e r l o b a (an misgan warmomdgari
romelime sxva, magaliTad, b e r Z n u ­l i w e r i T i
s i s t e m a ).

yvela SemTxvevaSi (e.i. qarTuli damwerlobis semitu­

ri Tu berZnuli weriTi sistemisagan warmomavlobis
20
daSvebiT) erTi ram winaswar cxadia: rogorc semitur,
ise berZnul sistemasTan SedarebiT qarTuli bgeriTi
siste­ma xasiaTdeba bgeraTa (kerZod, Tanxmovan fone­
maTa) ufro di­di raodenobiT. maSasadame, orive am
sistemasTan Sefardebisas qarTulSi darCeba erTi
jgufi Tanxmovnebisa, romlebic ver poveben fonetikur
ekvivalentebs Sesadarebel sistemebSi. es qarTuli
Tanxmovnebi am TvalsazrisiT `d a n a r T ~, `d a ­m a ­
t e b i T ~ bgerebad SeiZleba CaiTvalos Sesadarebel sis­
te­mebTan SefardebiT; es `damatebiTi~ Tanxmovnebi qar­
TulisaTvis `specifikuri~ Tanxmovnebia Sesadarebel
sistemaTa TvalsazrisiT.

amgvarad, qarTuli damwerlobis Seqmnis procesSi

nimu­­Sad aRebul sistemebTan qarTul bgeraTa Se­far­
debis damya­rebisas, mTeli simravle qarTuli bge­
riTi erTeulebisa or jgufad unda gayofiliyo,
romelTagan p i r v e l i da Z i r i T a d i jgufi ga­ni­
sa­zRvreboda Sesadarebeli sis­temis bgeriTi erTeu­
lebiT da am ukanasknelis anbanT­rigis mixedviT gai­
wyoboda, xolo m e o r e j g u f i bgere­bisa iqneboda
qarTulisaTvis Sesadarebeli sistemis Tval­saz­risiT
`s p e c i f i k u r i ~ da am azriT igi damatebiT bgeraTa
simravles Seqmnida, romelic anbanSi `d a n a r T b g e ­
r a T a ~ saxiT daemateboda garkveuli wesis mixedviT
gawyobil ZiriTad bgerebs.

amdenad, Zveli qarTuli damwerlobis warmoSobis

prob­lema o r i ZiriTadi aspeqtiT xasiaTdeba: es aris,
uwinares yovlisa, garkveva im w e r i l o b i T i p r o ­
t o t i p i s a , rom­lis mixedviTac unda gawyobiliyo
qarTuli anbanis `Z i r i T a d i n a w i l i ~ da meore:

21
gamo­vlena im weriTi wyaroebisa (Tu ki aseTi arsebobs)
da principebisa, romelTa mixedviT anbanis `d a n a r T i
n a w i l i ~ unda Seqmniliyo da dahmateboda ZiriTad
na­wils e r T i a n i q a r T u l i a n b a n T s i s t e m i s sa­
war­moeblad.

maSasadame, Cveni amocana _ `Zveli qarTuli damwerlobis~

warmomavlobis garkveva _ kidev ufro konkretul
saxes iZens da daiyvaneba imis garkvevaze, Tu romeli
werilobiTi nimuSis mixedviT iqna gawyobili qarTuli
anbanis ZiriTadi nawili, an ufro zustad rom vTqvaT,
romeli weriTi prototipi _ semituri Tu berZnuli _
gansazRvravs qarTuli anbanis ZiriTadi da damatebiTi
nawilebis Sinagan struqturasa da Sedgenilobas.
gasagebia, rom sxvadasxva damwerlobaTa sawyis ni­
mu­Sad, `prototipad~ an `weriT modelad~ aRe­
ba sxvadasxvagvarad gansazRvravs axlad Seqmnili
damwerlobis `Z i r i T a d ~ da `d a n a r T ~ nawi­lebs;
sxvadasxva weriTi prototipis mixedviT sxvada­
sxva­gvarad ganawildeba bgeriTi erTeulebi da
maTi gamomxatveli simboloebi anbanis `ZiriTad~ da
`damatebiT~ nawilSi.

am TvalsazrisiT semituri da berZnuli damwerlobis

Sefardeba Zvel qarTul anbanur damwerlobasTan
gamoricxavs am ukanasknelis momdinareobas s e m i t u r i
weriTi sistemisagan da avlens mis genetikur kavSirs
b e r Z n u l damwerlobasTan.

qarTuli anbanis warmomavloba semiturisagan nakle­

bad savaraudoa ukve imis gamo, rom Zveli semituri
weriTi sistema (da misgan warmomdgari sxva semituri
damwerlobani) narevi `konsonantur-silaburi~ tipis
22
damwerlobaa, ma­Sin rodesac qarTul damwerlobaSi
mkacrad da Tan­mimdevruladaa gatarebuli weris
`anbanuri principi~, rac pirvelad damwerlobaTa
istoriaSi swored berZnul weriT sistemaSi gan­xor­
cielda, Zveli semituri sistemis saTanado struq­
turuli gardaqmnebis Sedegad.

amave dros, qarTuli anbanis Seqmnisas weriT nimuSad

semituri sistemis aRebis SemTxvevaSi, qarTul anbans
sul sxva wyoba da struqtura eqneboda, anbanis
`ZiriTadi~ da `damatebiTi~ nawilebi sul sxvagvari
Sedgenilobisa iqneboda, vidre es Zvel qarTul
damwerlobaSia dadasturebuli. qarTuli anbanis
Seqmnisas swored berZnuli (da ara semituri) weriTi
sistema unda yofiliyo gamoyenebuli rogorc
weriTi nimuSi, rogorc p r o t o t i p i , romlis mi­
xed­viTac gamoiyo bgeriTi erTeulebi qarTulSi,
gaiwyo anbani da ganisazRvra misi `ZiriTadi~ da
`danarTi~ nawilebis Sedgeniloba da struqtura.
Zveli qarTuli anbanis SeqmnisaTvis sayrden nimuSad
berZnuli damwerlobis miCneva savsebiT gasagebs xdis
qarTuli sistemis struqturisa da paradigmatikas,
misi `ZiriTadi~ da `damatebiTi~ nawilebis xasiaTsa
da bgeriT Sedgenilobas. amasTanave sagulisxmoa, rom
yvela is Tavisebureba berZnuli damwerlobisa, riTac
es ukanaskneli gansxvavdeba Zveli semiturisagan,
yvela is specifikuri, sakuTriv berZnulisaTvis
damaxasiaTebeli struqturuli niSani, warmoqmnili
berZnul anbanSi misi Seqmnisas semi­turisagan da
agreTve misi Semdgomi ganviTarebis procesSi, asaxulia
srulad qarTul anbanSi, rac naTlad mowmobs Zveli
qarTuli damwerlobis b e r Z n u l i (da ara uSualod

23
 qarTuli anbanis paradigmatika semiturTan
da berZnulTan SepirispirebiT

24
s e m i t u r i ) sistemisagan warmomavlobas. Zveli
qar­Tu­li damwerlobis mTeli rigi struqturuli
Taviseburebani aixsneba berZnuli damwerlobis
saSualebiT; isini berZnuli damwerlobis struqturul
maxasiaTeblebs imeoreben.

amgvarad, Zveli qarTuli anbanis Sepirispireba Zvel

semitur sistemasa da berZnul damwerlobasTan avlens
qarTuli sistemis semiturisagan gansxvavebul wyobas
da qarTuli bgerebis anbanTrigSi ganawilebas swored
fonetikurad msgavsi berZnuli bgerebis anbanuri
wyobis mixedviT.

25
 a somTavruli damwerlobis grafikul
simboloTa warmomavloba

Zveli qarTuli asomTavruli damwerlobis aso-niSanTa

SedarebiTi grafemuli analizi semituri da berZnuli
wris damwerlobebTan avlens qarTuli damwerlobis
o r i ­g i n a l o b a s , mis erTgvar d a m o u k i d e b l o b a s
isto­riulad cnobil damwerlobaTa grafikisagan.
Zveli qarTu­li asomTavruli damwerlobis grafika ver
daiyvaneba mTlianad romelime konkretul istoriulad
cnobil grafikul sistemaze.

qarTuli asomTavruli damwerlobis grafemebis Se­

da­rebiTma Seswavlam cxadyo is metad mniSvnelovani
garemoeba Zveli qarTuli damwerlobis warmoSobisa da
istoriis TvalsazrisiT, rom es niSnebi ver CaiTvleba
erTi romelime weriTi sistemis (b e r Z n u l i s an
s e m i t u r i s ) bunebriv grafikul ganviTarebad (ra
azriTac, magaliTad, arqauli berZnuli grafika Z v e l i
s e m i t u r i grafikis amsaxvelia, an mcire aziis Zveli
damwerlobani da etrus­kuli _ b e r Z n u l i s a , aseve
kopturi da goTuri uncialuri _ b e r Z n u l i s a da
sxv.). da Tumca calkeul qarTul asomTavrul niSnebs
SeiZleba daeZebnos sxvadasxva xasiaTis grafikuli
analogebi sxvadasxva weriT sistemebSi (rogoricaa,
magaliTad, f i n i k i u r - b e r Z n u l i , a r a ­m e u l i ,
f a l a u r i , p a l m i r u l i da sxv. grafikuli sis­te­
mebi), es arafers metyvelebs qarTuli damwerlobis
grafikuli prototipis Sesaxeb, Tu romeli konkretuli
weriTi sistemis grafikul niSanTa mixedviT unda Se­
qmniliyo Zveli qarTuli mrgvlovani damwerlobis aso-
niSanTa moxazuloba, miT umetes ver avlens imas, Tu
romeli sistemis g r a f i k u l g a g r Z e l e b a s , e v o ­
26
l u c i a s Se­iZ­ ­leba warmoadgendes uZvelesi qarTuli
aso­mTavruli niS­nebi (Tu isini saerTod romelime
calkeuli sistemis amgvari grafikuli evoluciis
produqtad SeiZleba iqnes miCneuli).
Zveli qarTuli asomTavruli damwerlobis niSanTa
grafika ufro x e l o v n u r a d S e q m n i l i grafemebis
STa­beWdi­le­bas tovebs, romlebic iwarmova sxvadasxva
tipis swori xazebisa da wrexazis grafikuli kombi­
naciiT. am gziT iqmneba grafikuli TvalsazrisiT me­
tad ekonomikuri sis­tema grafemebisa, romlebic
formalurad gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisagan (resp. upi­
rispirdebian grafikul sistemaSi erTmaneTs) mini­
maluri raodenobis damatebiTi xazebis saSualebiT.
SedarebiT iSviaTia grafikul sistemaSi Se­mTxveviTi
niSnebi amgvari damatebiTi xazebis ufunqcio gamoye­
nebisa. bunebrivia amasTanave vivaraudoT, rom Zve­
li qarTuli damwerlobis grafikul niSanTa Sedgena-
SeTxzvisas romelime sxva grafikuli sistema yofiliyo
safuZvlad aRebuli, qarTuli damwerlobis niSanTa gra­
fi­kuli modelireba momxdariyo romelime sxva weriTi
sistemis (an sistemebis) grafikuli nimuSebis mixedviT
rogorc es, magaliTad, Zveli somxuri damwerlobis Seqmnisas aris
savaraudebeli, sadac berZnuli sistemis mixedviT Sedgenili anbanis
niSanTa garkveuli nawilis grafikuli gaformebisas, rogorc Cans,
e T i o p i u r i grafikuli niSnebi da principebi iqna gamoyenebuli.

Zveli qarTuli werilobiTi sistemis warmomavloba

berZnuli damwerlobisagan, an, ufro zustad, Zveli
qarTul­i anbanis Seqmnisas werilobiT nimuSad da
modelad berZnuli anbanis gamoyeneba gvavaraudebinebs
qarTul gra­fikul niSanTa Sedgena-SeTxzvisas pirvel
rigSi b e r Z ­n u l i g r a f i k u l i s i s t e m i s aRebas,
qarTul aso-niSanTa grafikul safuZvlad Sesabamis
b e r Z n u l niSanTa moxazulobis gamoyenebas.
27
qarTuli anbanis Sinagani struqturuli maxasiaTeblebi, magaliTad,
semitur weriT sistemas rom ukavSirdebodes (rogori kavSiric berZnul
sistemasTan vlindeba), maSin bunebrivi iqneboda qarTul grafikul
niSanTa Sesadareblad semituri niSnebi mogvexmo, romelime semitur
sistemasTan dagvenaxa qarTul aso-niSanTa grafikuli msgavseba.
arsebiTad, g r a f i k u l i m s g a v s e b a erTi sistemisa Sesa­Zlebelia
mraval sxva sistemasTan aRmoCndes. bunebrivia aseT viTarebaSi
S e s a d a r e b l a d swored is grafikuli sistema dav­saxoT, romelTanac
mocemuli weriTi sistema mWidro Si­nagan struqturul kavSirs avlens.
aseT sistemad Zveli qarTu­li asomTavruli anbanis SemTxvevaSi Z v e l i
b e r Z n u l i damwerloba gvevlineba, da swored b e r Z n u l i g r a f i k a
unda vivaraudoT pirvel rigSi qarTuli grafikis sayrdenad).

qarTuli werilobiTi sistema imeorebs berZnul

sistemas, upirveles yovlisa, gamoxatulebis planis
erT-erT ZiriTad maxasiaTebelSi _ weris mimarTulebaSi
m a r c x n i d a n m a r j v n i v (sapirispirod semitur
siste­maTa m a r c x n i v mimarTuli werisa). am saerTo
monumenturi stilisa da niSanTa geometriuli xasiaTis
garda, nimuSad aRebuli berZnuli werilobiTi sistemis
gavlena qarTul aso­mTav­rul grafikaze Tavs iCens
agreT­ve mTeli rigi aso­mTavruli niSnebis konkretul
moxazulobaSi, romelTa grafikuli forma msgavsia
saTanado berZnuli grafemebis formisa. aseTi grafikuli
msgavseba berZnulTan vlindeba gansakuTrebiT qarTuli
asomTavruli damwerlobis `Zi­riTad~, berZnulisadmi
Sesabamis nawilSi. am nawilis ni­SanTa umravlesobis moxa­
zuloba SesaZlebelia ganxilul iqnes rogorc saTa­
nado berZnul niSanTa grafikaze dam­yarebuli for­
mebi; am niSanTa grafikuli formebi unda asa­xavdes
saTanado berZnuli asoebis moxazulobas, ga­rTulebuls
qarTul sistemaSi damatebiTi xazebiT an gra­fikulad
gamartivebuls garkveuli xazebis mocilebiT. Zveli
qarTuli asomTavruli damwerlobis `ZiriTadi~,
berZnulisadmi Sesabamisi nawilis es grafemebi
SesaZlebelia berZnuli damwerlobis Sesabamis erTeulTa
grafikuli modifikaciis Sedegad yofiliyo miRebuli.
28
 q arTuli asomTavruli damwerloba SedarebiT
kopturTan, goTurTan, somxurTan da
slavurTan

Zveli qarTuli asomTavruli anbanis gansazRvra

rogorc berZnuli weriTi sistemis safuZvelze
Seqmnili qristianuli xanis damwerlobisa bunebrivad
ayenebs tipologiurad am ukanasknels berZnulze
damyarebul sxva qristianul damwerlobaTa rigSi:
k o p t u r , g o T u r , s o m x u r da Z v e l s l a v u r
damwerlobebTan.
k o p t u r T a n da g o T u r T a n qarTul asomTavrul
damwer­lobas aerTianebs prototipuli berZnuli anba­
ni­sadmi paradigmatuli damokidebulebis principi; am
Tval­sazrisiT Zveli qarTuli damwerloba eTanxmeba
k o p t u r s a da g o T u r s da upirispirdeba s o m ­
xurs.
Zvel qarTul damwerlobaSi, iseve rogorc koptursa
da goTurSi, asaxulia uklebliv da srulad mTeli
prototipuli berZnuli paradigmatika; yvela 9 ×
3 = 27 niSani berZnuli anbanisa, romlebic rogorc
fonetikuri, ise ricxviTi mniSvnelobebiT _ ˜ stëgma,
ð kØppa da ô s„mpi niSanTa SemTxvevaSi _ gadatanilia
am anbanebSi imave TanmimdevrobiT da saTanado
fonetikuri da ricxviTi mniSvnelobebiT.
berZnuli e p i s e m o n e b i (mxolod ricxviTi mniSvne­
lo­­bis mqone grafikuli simboloebi) gadmodis aq
amave funqciiT (e.i. mxolod saTanado ricxviT mni­
SvnelobaTa gamomxatvel simboloebad, Sdr. kopturi
ricxv-niSnebi `6~ da `900~, goTuri ricxv-niSnebi `90~
29
da `900~), an isini iZenen axal sistemebSi saTanado
enaTaTvis damaxasiaTebel `specifikur~ fonetikur
mniSvnelobebs (Sdr. ¶ fāj niSa­ni kopturSi _ fonetikuri
mniSvneloba [f], ricxviTi mniSvne­loba `90~; niSani
goTurSi _ fonetikuri mniSvneloba [q ], ricxviTi
w

mniSvneloba `6~; v `vin~, ¶ `Jan~, da ¸ `Sin~ niSnebi

qarTulSi _ fonetikuri mniSvneloba Sesabamisad [v],
[ž] da [š], ricxviTi mniSvneloba `6~, `90~ da `900~).
berZnuli niSnebi, berZnulisaTvis `specifikuri~ fo­
ne­tikuri mniSvnelobebiT: [ks], [ps], [ō] da sxv., romlebic
ar aris damaxasiaTebeli saTanado enebisaTvis, gad­
mo­dis aq axali, am enaTaTvis `specifikuri~ fone­
tikuri mniSvnelobiT (Sdr. goTuri niSnebi
_ fonetikuri mniSvneloba Sesabamisad [t], [j], [hw],
ricxviTi mniSvneloba _ `9~, `60~, `700~, qarTuli y
`Áe~, ¬ `Ran~, ¶ `yar~ niSnebi _ fonetikuri mniSvneloba
Sesabamisad [j], [γ], [q’], ricxviTi mniSvneloba _ `60~,
`700~, `800~).
axlad Seqmnil anbanebSi angvari fonetikuri Sena­
cvlebebis ganxorcielebiT da berZnuli anbanis
e p i s e ­m o n e b i s (ricxv-simboloTa) saTanado adgi­
leb­ze SenarCu­nebiT (Sesa­Zlebelia, `specifikuri~ fo­
netikuri mniSvnelobis miweriT) arsebiTad Semoinaxeba
prototipuli anbanis p a r a d i g m a t i k a da saTanado
ricxviTi mniSvnelobebi; am principiT gawyobili
anbanebis paradigmatika mTlianad prototipuli
anbanis paradigmatikaze `gadaisaxeba~.
es pirvel rigSi Seexeba g o T u r s , sadac amgvari
fo­ne­­ti­kuri Senacvlebebis Sedegad amoiwura yvela
is berZnul­Tan SedarebiTi `specifikuri~ bgera,

30
romlebic unda gamoxatuliyo anbanSi specialuri
grafikuli simboloebis saSualebiT. amitom goTuri
anbani grafikul simboloTa imave 9 × 3 =27 raodenobas
Seicavs, rasac prototipuli berZnuli; amaTgan pirveli
cxra simbolo anbanTrigSi gamo­xatavs `erTeulebs~,
momdevno cxra simbolo _ `aTeulebs~, xolo anbanis
damasrulebeli cxra simbolo _ `aseulebs~.

k o p t u r s a da q a r T u l anbanebSi berZnulis Se­sa­

bamis nawilSi Catarebuli amgvari fonetikuri `Se­
nacvlebebis~ Semdegac rCeba mTeli rigi berZnulTan
SedarebiT `spe­cifikuri~ bgerebi, romlebic unda
gamoixatos anban­Si; aseTi bgerebi, saTanado grafikuli
simboloebiT warmodgenili, daerTvis koptur da
qarTul anbanebSi `ZiriTad~, berZnulisadmi Sesabamis
nawils da awarmoebs anbanis specifikur damasrulebel
jgufs. amgvari `dama­tebiTi~ simboloebis saSualebiT
SesaZlebeli xdeba ricxv-mniSvnelobaTa damatebiTi
jgufis _ `aTaseulebis~ _ gamoxatva.

arsebiTad g a n s x v a v e b u l i paradigmatuli princi­

pia gamoyenebuli Zveli somxuri anbanis Sedgenisas,
rac am ukanasknels tipologiurad k o p t u r , g o T u r
da q a r ­T u l anbanebs upirispirebs.
Zveli somxuri anbanis Sedgenisas prototipuli ber­
Znuli anbanidan amogdebulia yvela e p i s e m o n i
(anu mxo­lod ricxviTi mniSvnelobis gamomxatveli
niSnebi _ e.i. ˜ stëgma, ð kØppa da ô s„mpi), agreTve
yve­la is aso-niSani, romlebic specifikur berZnul,
somxurisaTvis aradamaxasiaTebel bgerebs gamoxataven:
X xí (fonetikuri mniSvneloba [ks]), Y psí (fonetikuri
mni­Svneloba [ps]) da W ¾ mÐgaα (fonetikuri mniSvneloba
[ō]).
31
 kopturi damwerloba goTuri damwerloba

32
amdenad, Zvel somxur anbanSi momxdaria ara
`specifikur~ berZnul mniSvnelobaTa f o n e t i k u r i
S e n a c v l e b a , rogorc es k o p t u r , g o T u r da
q a r T u l anbanebSi gvaqvs, aramed prototipuli
berZnuli anbani w i n a s w a r d a y v a n i l i a im nawilze,
romelic Seicavs somxurisaTvis damaxasiaTebel
bgeriT erTeulTa gamomxatvel simboloebs. amgvarad,
berZnuli prototipuli anbanis es nawili, mTel rig
`specifikur~ berZnul simboloTa amogdebiT miRebuli,
warmoadgens im C o n C x s , razedac aigo Zveli somxuri
weriTi sistema.
`specifikuri~ somxuri, berZnulisagan gansxvavebuli
bge­rebis gamomxatveli aso-niSnebi moTavsebulia ara
berZnuli nawilis m o m d e v n o d , rogorc es koptur
da qarTul anbanebSi gvaqvs, aramed g a f a n t u l i a
berZnulis Sesabamisi nawilis simboloebs Soris, rac
arsebiTad a r R v e v s somxuri anbanis berZnulisadmi
Sesabamis paradigmatikas da mTlianad cvlis berZnulis
Sesa­bamisi simboloebis ricxv-mniSvnelobaTa siste­
mas.
prototipuli berZnuli anbanis ricxv-mniSvnelobaTa
SenarCunebis principi, rac ase mkafiod aris gatarebuli
k o p t u r , g o T u r da q a r T u l anbanebSi, mTlianad
u k u g d e b u l i a somxuri anbanis Semqmnelis mier,
romelic iyenebs berZnul damwerlobas rogorc
sayrden sistemas mxolod saTanado somxuri bgeriT
erTeulTa gamosayofad. amiT unda aixsnebodes is,
rom somxuri anbanis Semqmneli berZnul anbanSi ar
iTvaliswinebs im simboloebs, romelTac ar gaaCniaT
fonetikuri mniSvneloba da arc im simboloebs,
romlebic `zedmetia~ somxurisaTvis maTTvis dama­
33
xa­siaTebel `specifikur~ berZnul fonetikur mni­
SvnelobaTa gamo. amitomaa swored, rom berZnuli an­
banis C o n C x i , romelic safuZvlad udevs somxurs,
iwyeba A ‡lfa da mTavrdeba X qí aso-niSniT, romlebic
saTanadod aisaxa somxurSi Sesabamisad A ayb da ² khē
niSnebiT; amaT Soris moTavsda sxvadasxva adgilas,
yovelgvari SesamCnevi kanonzomierebis gareSe, mTeli
rigi danarTi simboloebi, romelTac `spe­cifikuri~
somxuri, berZnulisagan gansxvavebuli fone­tikuri
mniSvnelobebi mieweraT.
¸ š niSani somxurSi (ricxviTi mniSvneloba `500~) berZnuli
X xí niSnis adgilas ki ar zis, mis `substituts~ ki ar warmoadgens,
aramed `danarTi~ nawilis simboloa, romelic moTavsda somxur anbanSi
berZnuli N næ da O Û mikrØn simboloebis Sesabamisi N n da O o niSnebs
Soris. egeve Seexeba somxur Z j niSans (ricxviTi mniSvneloba `900~),
romelic anbanSi berZnuli ð kØppa niSnis adgils ki ar ikavebs, aramed
SemTxveviT xvdeba anbanTrigSi berZnuli P pí da R r» niSnebis Sesabamis
.
somxur P p da · r simboloebs Soris.

amis Sedegad mTlianad irRveva Sesabamisoba pro­

totipul berZnulsa da somxur anbanebs Soris aso-
niSanTa ricxv-mniSvnelobebis Tval­sazrisiT. amiT
som­xuri anbani mkveTrad upirispirdeba k o p t u r ,
g o T u r da q a r T u l weriT sistemebs, romlebic am
TvalsazrisiT saerTo tipologiur jgufs qmnian.
garda prototipuli berZnuli anbanisadmi paradigma­
tuli damokidebulebis erTiani principisa aRniSnul
tipologiur jgufSi Semaval weriT sistemebs rigi sxva
specifikuri maxasiaTeblebic aerTianebs. sagulisxmoa
am TvalsazrisiT is msgavsebani, rac Zvel g o T u r da
q a r T u l weriT sistemebSi iCens Tavs; Zvel qarTul
damwerlobas aerTianebs g o T u r T a n ara mxolod
zogadi principi specifikur berZnul bgeraTa

34
saTanado fonetikuri mniSvnelobebiT Senacvlebisa,
aramed erT SemTxvevaSi sistemaSi Senacvlebuli
fonetikuri mniSvnelobis damTxvevac.
goTur anbanSi, ise rogorc Zvel qarTulSi,
berZnu­li X xí niSani (fonetikuri mniSvneloba [ks],
ricxviTi mniSvneloba `60~) Senacvlebulia erTi da
imave j-fonetikuri mniSvne­lo­bis mqone saTanado
simboloebiT (ricxviTi mniSvneloba `60~), romlebic
amave dros grafikul msgavsebasac amJRavneben: Sdr.
goTuri j ~ Zveli qarTuli Ó Á.
rogor moxda, rom or erTmaneTisagan damoukidebel
sistemaSi, erTi da imave berZnuli mniSvnelobis
Sena­cvleba ganxorcielda identuri fonetikuri
mniSvnelobiT [j], rasac araferi aqvs saerTo
fonetikurad Tavdapirvel berZnul mniSvnelobasTan?
metad mcirea albaToba imisa, rom amgvari damTxveva,
rac gamoixata j-fonetikuri SenacvlebiT erTi da
imave berZnuli niSnisa orive am sistemaSi, wminda
SemTxveviToba iyos; ufro SesaZlebelia am sistemebs
Soris garkveuli istoriuli urTierToba vivaraudoT:
Zveli qarTuli anbanis Semqmneli icnobs mis Tanadroul
sxvadasxva weriT sistemebs, maT Soris g o T u r
anbansac, romlis monacemebs igi axali damwerlobis
Seqmnisas iTvaliswinebs.
cnobilia, rom g o T e b i me-3 saukunis Sua xanisaTvis mosaxleobdnen
Savi zRvis CrdiloeT da dasavleT napirebze. aqedan isini gadadian
istoriuli yirimis teritoriaze, t a v r i s naxevarkunZulze. aq goTebi
ipyroben bosforis samefos da euflebian mis xomaldebs, romelTa
saSualebiTac mTel rig gabedul reidebs awarmoeben Savi zRvis
aRmosavleT sanapiroze (biWvinTa) da egeosisa da xmelTaSua zRvis
kunZulebsac aRweven. t a v r i s naxevarkunZulze yirimeli g o T e b i
iReben me-3 saukunis bolos aRmosavlur, berZnul qristianobas da

35
sakuTar enaze awarmoeben RvTismsaxurebas; maT hyavT sakuTari episkoposi
_ u n i l a (gard. 404w.). moRweulia cnoba imis Sesaxeb, rom am periodSi
konstantinopolSi, wminda pavles eklesiaSi goTurad iqna wakiTxuli
erTi Tavi saxarebidan. yovelive es mowmobs yirimis goTebSi v u l f i l a s
mier Targmnili goTuri saxarebis arsebobas, romelic Sesrulebuli
iyo mis mierve Seqmnili originaluri goTuri damwerlobiT. ar aris
gamoricxuli, rom qarTvelebi goTur damwerlobas swored yirimeli
goTebisagan icnobdnen).

am TvalsazrisiT SesaZlebelia arc is iyos SemTxvevi­Ti,

rom ramdenime qarTuli aso-niSnis saxelwodeba Sesa­ba­
mis goTur niSanTa saxelebs emTxveva: qarTuli l niSnis
`las~ saxeli, romelic fonetikurad gancalkavebiT
dgas danarCen saxelwodebebTan SedarebiT, metad
emsgavseba goTuri [l] niSnis `laaz~ saxels; Sdr. agreTve
qarTuli V v `vin~ da goTuri `uuinne~ ([w]), qarT. m m
`man~ da goT. `manna~ ([m]). berZnul weriT sistemaze
damyarebul qristianuli xanis damwerlobaTa isto­
riuli urTierTobis TvalsazrisiT sagulisxmoa ag­
reT­ve amave tipologiur jgufSi Semavali Z v e l i
s l a v u r i damwerlobis monacemebi.
slavur `glagolicaSi~ arsebiTad igive principia
ganxorcielebuli prototipuli berZnuli sistemi­
sadmi paradigmatuli damokidebulebisa, rac k o p t u r ,
g o T u r da q a r T u l anbanebSi.
`glagolicas~ ZiriTadad, berZnulis Sesabamisi nawi­li
gawyobilia berZnuli anbanis mixedviT masSi ganxor­
ci­elebuli saTanado `fonetikuri SenacvlebebiT~.
`spe­cifikuri~, berZnulisagan gansxvavebuli slavuri
bgerebi, warmodgenili aq `danarTi~ nawilis saxiT,
romelic agrZe­lebs ZiriTad, berZnulisadmi Sesabamis
nawils da asrulebs mTel sistemas `aTaseulTa~
gamomxatveli ricxviTi mniSvnelobebiT.

36
Zveli slavuri damwerloba

37
`glagolicas~ danarTi (`aTaseulebis~ gamomxatveli)
jgu­fis niSanTa anbanTrigSi ganawilebisas Zveli
slavuri anbanis Semdgeneli iTvaliswinebs, rogorc
Cans, sxva monacemebsac, maT Soris Zveli q a r T u l i
damwerlobis anbanTrigs.
sla­vuri `glagolicas~ Semqmneli k o n s t a n t i n e - k i r ­ i ­l e s mier
Zveli qarTuli damwerlobis codna dasturdeba misi cxovrebis
aRwerilobiTac: Vita Cyrilli. k o n s t a n t i n e - k i r i l e s biografosi
aRgviwers mis gamosvlas maRali wodebis sasuliero pirTa Sekrebilobaze,
sadac igi `saRmrTo werilis~ moSveliebiT TavgamodebiT icavs debulebas
RvTismsaxurebis SesaZleblobis Sesaxeb sxvadasxva enebze, maT Soris
slavurad: yovel ers unda mieces ufleba RmerTi Tavis mSobliur
enaze adidos. amasTan dakavSirebiT igi imowmebs, Tu ramden ers, garda
ebraelebisa, berZnebisa da laTinebisa, moepoveba sakuTari anbani; am
xalxTa Soris k o n s t a n t i n e - k i r i l e `qarTvelebsac~ ixseniebs).

es vlindeba rogorc `aTaseulTa~ jgufis č niSniT

da­wyebaSi (ricxviTi mniSvneloba `1.000~), Sdr.
qarTuli aso­mTavruli ¨, romelic `aTaseulTa~
jgufs iwyebs (fonetikuri mniSvneloba [č], ricxviTi
mniSvneloba `1.000~), aseve am jgufis meeqvse x1
niSnis `6.000~ ricxviTi mni­SvnelobiT gamoyenebaSi
(Sdr. qarTuli asomTavruli X niS­nis _ mxedruli x
_ fonetikuri mniSvneloba [x], ricxviTi mni­Svneloba
`6.000~). amgvari gavlena Zveli qarTuli damwerlobisa
slavur `glagolicaze~ SesaZleblad aris miCneuli.
sagulisxmoa agreTve `glagolicaSi~ с `900~ ~ č `1.000~
~ š `2.000~ niSanTa mimdevroba (Sdr. qarTuli anbanis ¸ š
`900~ ~ ¨ č `1.000~ ~ Ã с `2.000~ mimdevroba), rac asaxulia
`kirilicaSic~ Ц с ~ Ч č ~ Ш š mimdevrobis saxiT.
paradigmatuli struqturis msgavsebis garda Zvel
qarTul asomTavrul damwerlobasa da slavur
`glagolicas~ aerTianebs agreTve zogadi grafikuli
principi axlad Seqmnili damwerlobis prototipuli
38
sistemis grafikisagan daSorebisa, raTa am gziT
warmoSobiliyo `originaluri~ erovnuli damwerloba,
garegnulad damoukidebeli yovelive ucxouri weriTi
sistemisagan.
am principis ukidures gamovlinebas warmoadgens m e s ­
r o p - m a S T o c i s Zveli somxuri anbani berZnulisagan
sru­liad gansxvavebuli grafikiT. m e s r o p - m a S T o c i ,
romelic somxuri anbanis Sedgenisas sayrdenad berZnul
weriT sistemas iRebs, mTlianad cvlis berZnul niSanTa
moxazulobas da saTanado somxuri aso-niSnebisaTvis
qmnis originalur da Tavisebur grafikul sistemas,
raTa am gziT gawyvetiliyo kavSiri prototipul
berZnul damwerlobasTan da ganmtkicebuliyo axlad
Seqmnili anbanis damoukideblobis STabeWdileba.
qarTuli asomTavruli anbanis Semqmneli amave mizniT
axdens prototipuli berZnuli grafikuli sistemis
S e g n e b u l m o d i f i c i r e b a s ; igi ar wyvets ax­
lad Seqmnil anbanSi kavSirs berZnul grafikasTan.
igi mxolod gardaqmnis mas sistemis modifikaciisa da
saTanado niSanTa grafikuli cvlilebebis ganxorci­
elebis Sedegad.
amaSi vlindeba qarTul asomTavruli anbanis Semqmnelis uaRresad farTo
filologiuri erudicia, romelic moicavda imdroindeli berZnuli
lin­gvisturi Teoriisa da berZnuli grafikuli sistemebis codnas.
sagu­lisxmoa am TvalsazrisiT agreTve qarTuli anbanis `specifikuri~
qarTuli nawilis TanxmovanTa dalageba berZnuli fonetikuri Teoriis
Sesabamisad.

amiT Zveli qarTuli asomTavruli anbanis Semqmneli

aRwevs arsebiTad imave Sedegs originaluri erovnuli
damwerlobis Sedgenis TvalsazrisiT, rasac m e s r o m -
m a S T o c i Zveli somxuri damwerlobis berZnulisagan
39
sruliad gansxvavebul grafikul niadagze agebiT
iRebs.
amgvari tendenciebi aRmosavlur-qristianul samya­
ro­Si, rac imdroindeli politikur-erovnuli da
religiuri motivebiT unda yofiliyo gamowveuli,
dasabams aZlevs berZnulze damyarebuli ramdenime
grafikulad erTmaneTisagan gansxvavebuli weriTi
sistemis Seqmnas, romlebic amave dros grafikul
damoukideblobas avlenen prototipul berZnul
sistemasTan SedarebiT.
somxuri anbani berZnulTan SepirispirebiT

40
 q arTuli asomTavruli anbani rogorc berZnuli
damwerlobis grafikuli stilizaciis Sedegad
Seqmnili axali erovnuli damwerloba

rogor unda aixsnas Zveli qarTuli asomTavruli

damwer­lobis aso-niSanTa SedarebiTi analiziT
gamovlenili grafikuli sxvaoba saTanado berZnul
niSanTa moxazulo­basTan? aris Tu ara es grafikuli
sxvaoba Sedegi berZnu­li weriTi sistemisagan warmo­
mdgari Zveli qarTuli aso­mTavruli damwerlobis
bunebrivi ganviTarebisa da grafikuli evoluciis,
romlis procesSi igi unda daSo­reboda prototipuli
berZnuli damwerlobis niSanTa moxazulobas?
am varaudis daSvebiT Zveli qarTuli asomTavruli
damwer­lobis Seqmna berZnuli anbanis mixedviT unda
gadagvetana im epoqaSi, rodesac arqauli berZnuli
weriTi sistema iyo gavrcelebuli marcxniv mimarTuli
weriT da Sesabamisad marcxniv miqceuli aso-niSnebiT;
fonetikuri mniSvnelobis mqone [υ] bgeris gamomxatveli
F digamma niSniT da mTeli rigi sxva arqauli grafikuli
da fonetikuri TaviseburebebiT, romlebic berZnul
weriT sistemas Zveli welTaRricxvis VIII-VII saukuneebSi
axasiaTebda.
amasTanave, Zveli qarTuli asomTavruli damwerloba
avlens berZnuli weriTi sistemisagan momdinare iseT
grafikul da fonetikur Taviseburebebs, romlebic
berZnul sistemaSi SedarebiT ufro gvian periodSi
warmoiqmna, rodesac ukve marjvniv mimarTuli wera
iyo gavrcelebuli, ϒ 8 yilØn niSniT palataluri [ü]
xmovani gamoixata, xolo Tavdapirvelad [ow] difTongis
41
gamomxatveli Οϒ niSanTa kombinaciis sa­SualebiT [ū]
xmovani aRiniSna; semituri  niSnisagan momdinare
simbolo anbanidan amovarda da berZnulisaTvis
damaxasiaTebeli bgerebis gamomxatveli damatebiTi
niSnebi gaCnda.
qarTuli asomTavruli damwerlobis Zveli welTaR­
ricxvis VII-VI saukuneebSi gavrcelebuli arqauli
berZnuli weriTi sistemisagan warmomavlobis miRe­
bis SemTxvevaSi (rac TavisTavad ukve qarTuli
damwerlobisaTvis metad adreuli qronologiiT
Sepirobebul kulturl-istoriuli xasiaTis sirTu­
leebs badebs) unda dagveSva, rom qarTul damwerlobaSi
aisaxa yvela is ZiriTadi cvlileba da gardaqmna,
romlebic berZnulma weriTma sistemam Semdgom
ganicada, rac, rasakvirvelia, Zneli safiqrebelia.
maSasadame, unda davuSvaT, rom qarTuli anbanis Seqmnisas
weriT nimuSad aRebuli iyo Zveli berZnuli anbani im
g r a f i k u l i da f o n e t i k u r i c v l i l e b e b i s
gaTva­liswi­nebiT, romlebic berZnul werilobiT
sistemaSi mo­mdevno periodSi warmoiqmna.
yovelive es gvavaraudebinebs Zveli qarTuli aso­
mTavruli damwerlobis xelovnurad Seqmnas nimuSad
aRebuli berZnuli grafikuli sistemis g a r d a q m n i s a
da s t i l i z a c i i s Sedegad.
Zveli qarTuli asomTavruli anbanis Semqmneli weriT
nimuSad, grafikul prototipad da modelad iRebs mis
Tanadroul monumentur b e r Z n u l weriT sistemas da
axdens mis stilizebul `arqaizacias~, rac gamoixata
ZiriTadad saTanado berZnul grafikul simboloTa
pirmarcxniv SebrunebaSi.
42
amasTanave, igi S e g n e b u l a d c v l i s Sesabamis
berZnul grafikul simboloTa moxazulobas sxva­
dasxva grafikuli xerxis gamoyenebiT: asos ZiriTadi
xazisaTvis damatebiTi xazebis mimatebiT an gamo­
klebiT, riTac garkveuli grafikuli prototipis
safuZvelze Seqmnili niSani am ukanasknels scildeba
da originalur grafikul iers iZens.
magram amisda miuxedavad, prototipul berZnul da­
mwerlo­basTan grafikuli kavSiri qarTuli aso­
mTavruli damwerlobis m o n u m e n t u r o b a s a da mis
m r g v l o v a n duqtusSi gamoixata, rac Tanadrouli
berZnuli uncialuri damwerlobis ZiriTadi grafikuli
maxasiaTeblis amsa­xve­lia.
amasTan dakavSirebiT bunebrivad ibadeba kiTxva: ratom
ar iqna aRebuli Zveli qarTuli asomTavruli anbanis
Semqmnelis mier nimuSad berZnuli werilobiTi sistema
im grafikuli saxiT, ra saxiTac igi qarTuli anbanis
Seqmnisas arsebobda; ratom ar iqna gamoyenebuli axlad
Seqmnil anbanSi saTanado berZnul niSanTa moxazuloba,
rogorc es, magaliTad, k o p t u r i an g o T u r i
anbanebis Seqmnisas moxda, rogorc es b e r Z n u l i s a
an s e m i t u r i s a g a n warmomdgar sxva damwerlobaTa
SemTxvevaSi gvaqvs?
am movlenis erT-erTi SesaZlebeli axsna iqneboda
daSveba imisa, rom asomTavruli damwerlobis Semqmneli
cdilobs am gziT d a f a r o s axlad Seqmnili qarTuli
anbanis damokidebuleba da kavSiri misi drois berZnul
weriT sistemasTan. igi am mizniT axdens berZnul
grafikul simboloTa iseT m o d i f i k a c i a s qarTulSi,
rom saTanado berZnul da qarTul aso-niSnebs Soris

43
ikargeba yovelgvari formalur-grafikuli kavSiri,
romlis gamovlena mxolod specialuri grafikuli
analizis saSualebiT Tu xerxdeba. Zveli qarTuli
asomTavruli damwerlobis niSnebi saTanado berZnuli
weriTi simboloebis S e g n e b u l g r a f i k u l stili­
zacias warmoadgens.

Zveli qarTuli asomTavruli anbanis Semdgeneli

qmnis e r o v n u l damwerlobas erovnul enaze teqs­
tebis Ca­sawerad, xolo erovnuli damwerloba d a m o ­
u k i d e b e l i unda iyos, amgvari warmodgenebis mixed­
viT, yoveli sxva damwerlobisagan, ar unda imeorebdes
romelime sxva damwerlobis grafikul formas.

egeve mosazrebebi edo safuZvlad m e s r o p - m a S ­

T o ­c i s e ­u l i somxuri damwerlobis berZnuli
prototipisagan sru­liad gansxvavebuli moxazulobis
Seqmnas; amave mi­ze­ziT xdeba s l a v u r `glagolicaSi~
berZnul mi­nusku­larul aso-niSanTa moxazulobis
stilizacia da mo­difikacia, rac maT sruliad
gansxvavebul duqtuss ani­Webs. am gziT xerxdeba axlad
Seqmnili damwerlobis erov­nuli T v i T m y o f a d o b i s
ganmtkiceba da misi sxva damwerlobaTagan d a m o ­
u k i d e b l o b i s demonstrireba.
am tendenciam somxuri anbanis Semqmneli miiyvana
berZnul niSanTa moxazulobis srul ukugdebamde
da saTanado grafikuli simboloebis originalur
niadagze SeTxzvamde sxvadasxva grafikuli xerxisa da
nimuSebis gamoyenebiT.

qarTuli anbanis Semqmneli analogiuri tendenciis

gansa­xorcieleblad sxva gzas irCevs: igi ar wyvets
yovelgvar kavSirs nimuSad aRebuli damwerlobis
44
gamoxatulebis planTan, prototipuli anbanis niSan­
Ta moxazulobasTan; igi mxolod axdens prototipul
niSanTa g r a f i k u l s t i l i z a c i a s sxvadasxva gra­
fikuli meTodebis gamoye­nebiT. mizani orive am anbanis
SemdgenelT erTi da igive aqvT, am miznis grafikuli
ganxorcielebis gza _ arsebiTad gansxvavebuli.
ramdenadac Zveli qarTuli asomTavruli damwerloba warmoadgens
originaluri Semoqmedebis nayofs, Cveni varaudebi konkretul niSanTa
warmomavlobis, maTi SeTxzvis Sesaxeb sxvadasxva grafikuli xerxis
gamoyenebiT uaRresad pirobiTi da hipoTeturia.
yovelTvis unda gvaxsovdes, rom SeuZlebelia zustad d a d g e n a imisa,
Tu ra grafikuli asociaciebi SeiZleba gasCenoda anbanis Semqmnels ama
Tu im niSnis SeTxzvisas; xSirad aseTi daskvnebi mkvlevris subieqtur
STabeWdilebebs ufro warmogvidgens, vidre im procesebis obieqtur
asaxvas, rasac adgili unda hqonoda ama Tu im anbanis Semqmnelis `Semo-
qmedebiT laboratoriaSi~.
Cven SegviZlia mxolod ama Tu im damwerlobiTi niSnebis s i n q r o n u l
grafikul urTierTmimarTebaTa erTgvari modelireba, magram es
srule­biTac ar niSnavs im grafikuli proceduris a R d g e n a s ,
romelic ganaxorciela am damwerlobis Semoqmedma aso-niSnebis
SeTxzvi­sa da grafikuli gaformebis dros; miT ufro gaumarTlebelia
meTodologiurad calkeuli weriT simboloTa amgvari g r a f i k u l i
analizis safuZvelze Sorsmimavali istoriuli daskvnebis gakeTeba
mTlian werilobiT sistemaTa warmomavlobisa da Seqmnis Sesaxeb).

amgvari n a c i o n a l u r i t e n d e n c i e b i damaxasiaTe­
beli unda yofiliyo aRmosavluri qristianobisaTvis,
rome­lic acxadebs RvTismsaxurebis TvalsazrisiT
enaTa T a n a s w o r u f l e b i a n o b i s p r i n c i p s da
miiswrafvis axali qristianuli kulturis Seqmni­
saken erovnuli enisa da erovnuli damwerlobis
safuZvelze.
aRmosavluri, berZnuli qristianoba am TvalsazrisiT mkveTrad emijneba
romis eklesias, romelic avrcelebda qristianul sarwmu­noebas dasavlur

45
samyaroSi laTinuri enisa da damwerlobis safuZvelze, erovnuli enisa
da erovnuli kulturis gauTvaliswineblad.

qveyanaSi qristianobis gavrceleba gulisxmobda ama­

ve dros farTo muSaobis gaSlas e r o v n u l e n a z e
saRmrTo wignebis saTargmnelad specialurad am
miznebisaTvis axlad Seqmnili e r o v n u l i d a m w e r ­
l o b i s saSualebiT.
ase moxda es koptur, somxur da slavur damwerlobaTa
Seqmnis SemTxvevaSi. egeve unda yofiliyo ZiriTadi
safuZveli Zveli qarTuli `asomTavruli damwerlobis~
Seqmnisa, da­mwer­lobisa, romelic Tavdapirvelad
gamoyenebuli unda yofiliyo qristianuli saeklesio
wignebis qarTulad gadmo­RebisaTvis da agreTve
erovnul enaze originaluri qristianuli werilobiTi
Zeglebis Sesaqmnelad.
RvTis winaSe enaTa Tanasworuflebianobis ideas aRmo­
savlur-qristianuli eklesiis doqtrinaSi, ramac
warmoSva Tavdapirvelad aRmosavlur-qristianul
samyaroSi mTeli rigi axali damwerlobani da
dasabami misca werilobiT fiqsirebuli qristianuli
literaturis Seqmnas erov­nul enebze, mohyva am enaTa
socialuri funqciisa da mni­Svnelobis zrda, erovnuli
enisa da damwerlobis gadaqceva xalxTa erovnuli
identifikaciisa da kulturuli TviTdamkvid­rebis
erT-erT ZiriTad saSualebad.
berZnul enasTan da eklesiis sxva oficialur eneb­
Tan axladgaqristianebuli erebis enaTa T a n a s w o r ­
u f l e ­b i a n o b i s principi TandaTan erovnul enaTa
primatisa da Tvisebrivi a R m a t e b u l o b i s
ideiT icvleba, rac, magaliTad, X saukunis qarTvel
mwignobars i o a n e - z o s i m e s qarTuli enis `qebasa da

46
didebas~ aTqmevinebs da acxadebinebs, rom `meored
mosvlis~ Jams `yovelsa enasa RmerTman amxilos amiT
eniTa~, anda XIII saukunis somex moRvawes v a r d a n
a r e v e l c i s somxur enas warmoadgeninebs rogorc
`gvirgvins yovelTa enaTa qveyanasa zeda~.
yovelive es erTi da imave tendenciis gamovlinebaa
aRmosavlur-qristianul samyaroSi _ mSobliuri enis
gandidebisa da aRzevebis, am epoqaSi gabatonebuli
berZnu­li enis sapirispirod; am warmodgenebis
Tanaxmad, mSobliuri ena berZnulis Tanaswori da
toli enaa, `ese arian orni dani~; amgvari tenden­
ciebi albaT mniSvnelovnad ufro adre daiwyo
aRmosavlur-qristianul samyaroSi, riTac unda
aixsnebodes swored aseTi swrafva adreqristianul
epoqaSi, rom axlad Seqmnil damwerlobaSi berZnuli
weriTi niSnebis nacvlad sruliad originaluri da
xelovnurad SeTxzuli weriTi simboloebis gamoyenebis
saSualebiT dafaruliyo erovnuli anbanis berZnulze
damokidebuleba da berZnulisagan warmomavloba.
Zveli qarTuli `asomTavruli damwerlobis~ qristia­
nul damwerlobad miCneva da misi warmomavlobis
drois gansazRvra qarTul saxelmwifoSi qristianobis
gavrcelebis xaniT agreTve gasagebs xdis Zvel qarTul
anbanSi `jvris~ moxazulobis j `jan~ asos moTavsebas
anbanis boloSi fonetikuri mniSvnelobis mqone
ukanasknel niSnad, rasac am TvalsazrisiT gasagebi
simboluri mniSvneloba unda hqonoda.
amiTve unda aixsnebodes rigi msgavsi struqturuli
niSnebi, rasac Zveli qarTuli asomTavruli damwerloba
amave epoqaSi Seqmnil berZnul anbanze damyarebul sxva
qristianul damwerlobebTan avlens.

47
 Z veli qarTuli asomTavruli damwerlobis
Semqmnelis vinaoba

Zveli qarTuli asomTavruli anbanis qristianuli

epoqis damwerlobad miCneva, romelic unda Seqmniliyo
berZnuli weriTi sistemis safuZvelze garkveuli
piris originaluri Semoqmedebis Sedegad, bunebrivad
svams kiTxvas qarTuli anbanis Semqmnelis vinaobis
Sesaxeb: vin iyo is pirovneba, romelmac Tanadrouli
b e r Z n u l i uncialuri damwerlobis safuZvelze
sruliad originaluri monumenturi stilis qarTuli
mrgvlovani damwerloba Seqmna prototipuli berZnuli
grafikis Segnebuli modifikaciis Sedegad?

istoriam Semogvinaxa qristianuli g o T u r i da

s o m x u r i anbanebisa da s l a v u r i ` g l a g o l i c a s ~
SemqmnelTa saxelebi: esenia v u l f i l a , m e s r o p -
m a S T o c i da k o n s t a n t i n e - k i r i l e ; magram Cven
dRemde ar viciT danamdvilebiT saxeli Zveli qarTuli
asomTavruli damwerlobis Semoqmedisa, rogorc ar
vicnobT qristianuli kopturi anbanis Semqmnelis
vinaobas.

somxuri istoriuli wyaroebi Zveli qarTuli anbanis

Seqmnas (somxurTan da kavkasiis albanur damwerlobasTan
erTad) imave m e s r o p - m a S T o c s miawers; magram amave
cnobebis mixedviT irkveva, rom m e s r o p - m a S T o c i
TviT ar iyo dauflebuli qarTuls, rac sruliad
g a m o r i c x a v s SesaZleblobas mis mier qarTuli
anbanis Seqmnisas: axali damwerlobis Seqmna axali
grafikuli simboloebis g a m o g o n e b a - S e T x z v a s ki

48
ar niSnavs mxolod; igi gu­lisxmobs uwinares yovlisa
enis Rrma l i n g v i s t u r i a n a l i z i s C a t a r e b a s ,
sametyvelo teqstis d a n a w e v ­r e b a s calkeul bgeriT
erTeulebad, romlebic unda gamoixaton saTanado
grafikuli niSnebiT; es aris swored axali damwerlobis
Seqmnis procesSi logikurad p i r v e l i da Z i r i T a d i
etapi, rasac arsebiTad emyareba mTeli Semdgomi
procedura bgeraTa grafikuli gamoxatvisa da maTi
anbanTrigSi gawyobis. yovelive es S e u Z l e b e l s
x d i s konkretuli enisaTvis damwerlobis Seqmnas
iseTi piris mier, romelic am enas Rrmad ar aris
dauflebuli, romelsac winaswar am enis Taviseburi
lingvisturi analizi ar Cautarebia.

49
 Z veli qarTuli asomTavruli damwerlobis
Seqmnis TariRi

`...qarTlad friadi qveyanaÁ aRiracxebis, romelsaca

Sina qarTuliTa eniTa Jami Seiwirvis da locvaÁ
yoveli aResrulebis~
giorgi merCule, «grigol xanZTelis cxovreba»

Zveli qarTuli asomTavruli damwerlobis `sruli

Ca­mo­nakveTiloba~ da savsebiT Camoyalibebuli
grafi­kuli xasiaTi, rac ukve uZveles istoriulad
dadasturebul qarTul warwerebSi SeiniSneba,
mowmobs swored mis xelovnur xasiaTs, am damwerlobis
Seqmnas erTdrouli SemoqmedebiTi aqtis Sedegad;
damwerlobis Seqmna gulisxmobs mTliani werilobiTi
sistemis Camoyalibebas, romelsac garkveuli azriT
dasrulebuli xasiaTi aqvs, da ara sxvadasxva epoqaSi
Seqmnili nawilebis saerTo sistemaSi gaerTianebas;
rac ufro srulyofilia axlad Seqmnili damwerloba,
rac ufro adekvaturad asaxavs igi enis bgeriT mxares,
miT ufro naklebi damatebebi da Sesworebebi SeaqvT
masSi, miT ufro stabiluria igi Tavisi xasiaTiT.
swored amgvari srulyofileba axasiaTebs Zvel
qarTul `asomTavrul damwerlobas~ da misi savsebiT
Camoyalibebuli da `CamonakvTili~ xasiaTi ukve V
saukunis warwerebSi ar gulisxmobs aucileblobiT
am konkretuli weriTi sistemis xangrZliv winare
istorias.

Zveli qarTuli asomTavruli damwerlobis Seqmna

qristianobis xanaSi, rodesac unda dawyebuliyo
50
erovnuli anbaniT `s a R m r T o w e r i l i s ~ qarTul
enaze gadmoReba, advilad gasagebs xdis im werilobiTi
da literaturuli tradiciebis arsebobasac, rac
Cven qarTuli enisaTvis ukve V saukunis bolos unda
vivaraudoT, rodesac iqmneba iseTi rangis originaluri
Txzuleba, rogoricaa `S u S a n i k i s m a r t v i l o b a ~.

qristianoba imTaviTve iyo m w i g n o b r u l i r e l i g i a

da amitom xalxi, romelic am sarwmunoebas eziareboda,
sakuTar mwignobrobas qmnida da iviTarebda; amas­
Ta­nave, gansxvavebiT dasavluri qristianobisagan,
a R m o s a v l u r i q r i s t i a n o b a xels uwyobda mwi­
gnobrobisa da mwerlobis ganviTarebas sakuTar, erov­
nul enaze, erovnuli enisaTvis axali damwerlobis
Seqmnas da am enaze naTargmni Tu originaluri Zeglebis
SeTxzvas.

amdenad, q r i s t i a n o b a s mniSvnelovnad unda Se­

ewyo xeli erovnuli literaturuli tradiciebis
swrafi ganviTarebisaTvis saqarTveloSi; swored am
sarwmunoebis safuZvelze iqmneba a x a l i q a r T u l i
k u l t u r a da m w i g n o b r o b a , yalibdeba q a r T ­
v e l T a e r o v n u l i e r T i a n o b i s Segneba...

amasTanave gasaTvaliswinebelia isic, rom Zveli

qarTu­li a s o m T a v r u l i damwerloba SesaZlebelia
arc warmo­adgendes qarTuli enisaTvis damwerlobis
Seqmnis pirvel cdas, da qristianobamdel saqarTveloSi
savaraudoa arsebuliyo kidev ufro Zveli werilobiTi
tradiciebi.

ar aris gamoricxuli, a s o m T a v r u l i damwerloba

qristia­nobis xanis a x a l i q a r T u l i e r o v n u l i
51
d a m w e r l o b a iyos, romelmac Secvala (an gamoaZeva)
manmade arsebuli, warmarTuli epoqis werilobiTi
sistema; da Tumca (Tu ar CavTvliT l e o n t i
m r o v e l i s cnobas f a r n a v a z m e f i s mier `qarTuli
mwignobrobis SemoRebis Sesaxeb) Cven amis pirdapiri
miTiTebebi ar mogvepoveba, magram sxvadasxva zogadi
mosazrebebis safuZvelze SesaZlebelia garkveuli
albaTobiT vivaraudoT arqaul qarTul saxelmwifoSi
qarTuli werilobiTi tradiciebis arseboba jer kidev
qristianobis xanamde.

52
 m wignobroba qarTuli» da qarTuli
«aloglotografia»

`ese farnavaz iyo pirveli mefe qarTlsa Sina qarTlosisa

naTesavTagani; aman ganavrco ena qarTuli da arRara
izraxeboda sxva ena qarTlsa Sina Tvinier qarTulisa da
aman Seqmna mwignobroba qarTuli~.
leonti mroveli

f a r n a v a z i s droindeli an ufro gviandeli warmar­

Tuli saqarTvelosaTvis `m w i g n o b r o b a q a r T u l i ~
SeiZleba niSnavdes am dros qarTulis werilobiTi xma­
rebis SemoRebas `heterografiis~ saxiT, e.i. romelime
gavrcelebul ucxour enaze, magaliTad a r a m e u l a d ,
Sedgenili teqstis wakiTxviT adgilobrivi enis
safuZvelze. `arameuli heterografia~ weris gavrce­
lebuli xerxi xdeba iranulenovan samyaroSi saSualo
sparsulze teqstebis Casawerad.
ufro adre iranul samyaroSi gavrcelebuli
iyo weris, anu `mwignobrobis~, wesi, romelsac
`aloglotografias~, anu `sxva-enaze-weras~ uwodeben.
weris, `mwignobrobis~ amgvari wesis dros teqsti,
romelsac garkveul enaze karnaxoben, magaliTad,
Zvelsparsulad, iTargmneba sin­qro­nulad specialist-
Camweris mier da Caiwereba damwerlobis mqone sxva
romelime enaze, am SemTxvevaSi e l a m u r a d , da
waikiTxeba an amoikiTxeba adresatis mier specialist-
Tarjimnis daxmarebiT ara e l a m u r a d , aramed T a v ­
d a p i r v e l e n a z e , romelzedac nakarnaxevi iyo
es teqsti an Setyobineba, e.i. Z v e l s p a r s u l a d ;
elamuri ena da damwerloba gamodis am SemTxvevaSi
53
`Suamavali enis~ rolSi, romlis saSualebiTac xdeba
zepirad Zvelsparsulad Sedgenili Tavdapirveli
teqstis kodireba (sakuTriv Zvelsparsuli soli­
sebri damwerloba mxolod ufro mogvianebiT
iqna SemoRebuli uSualod Zvelsparsuli teqstis
werilobiTi fiqsaciisaTvis).
saSualo sparsuli epoqisaTvis amgvar `Suamaval
enad~ ukve ara e l a m u r i , aramed im xanad far­
Tod gavrcelebuli a r a m e u l i ena gvevlineba
`konstantur-silaburi~ da­mwer­lobiT. `elamogra­
fia~, rac Zvelsparsuli `mwignobro­bisaTvis~ iyo
damaxasiaTebeli, saSualo sparsul epoqaSi `ara­
meografiiT~ icvleba, rasac SemdgomSi saSualo sparsu­
li werisaTvis damaxasiaTebel i d e o g r a f i a m d e an
h e t e r o g r a f i a m d e mivyavarT.
amasTanave, adgilobriv enebze damwerlobis arqona da
`weris~ a l o g l o t o g r a f i u l i wesi, e.i. wera-kiTxvis
faqtiuri codna mxolod specialist-TarjimanTa viwro
wris mier, ar niSnavda sxvaTa `gaunaTleblobas~ an
qveyanaSi l i t e r a t u r u l i tradiciebis uqonlobas;
ase­Ti daSveba iqneboda Cveni dRevandeli warmodgenebis
gadatana Zvel epoqebze, rodesac `aloglotografia~
da wera-kiTxva sazogadod viwro, SesaZlebelia, arc
Tu ise p r e s t i J u l specialobas warmoadgenda (ro­
gorc, magaliTad, stenografia Cvens epoqaSi) da ar
gansazRvravda adamianis ganaTlebis dones; sazogadoebis
`ganaTlebuloba~ ganisazRvreboda sazo­ga­dod codnis im
maragiT, romelic z e p i r a d , z e p i r s i t y v i e r e b i s
gziT Taobidan Taobaze gadaicemoda.

qristianobamdel samxreT kavkasiaSi weris erT-erTi

ZiriTadi meTodi, rogorc Cans, `aloglotografia~
54
unda yofiliyo, riTac aixsneba aq a r a m e u l
warweraTa gansakuTrebuli gavrceleba. warmarTul
i b e r i a s a da s o m x e T S i `saSinao moxmarebisaTvis~
teqstebi sakuTar, adgilobriv enebze, albaT, swored
arameuli a l o g l o t o g r a f i i s wesiT iwereboda,
rac gasagebs xdis cnobas qarTlSi mefe f a r n a v a z i s
dros `qarTuli mwignobrobis~ SemoRebis Sesaxeb:
`qarTuli mwignobroba~ SeiZleba, gavigoT rogorc
`qarTuli aloglotografia~ arameulis safuZvelze,
romelzedac weram am epoqaSi specifikuri, `armazul
arameulad~ wodebuli saxeoba miiRo. maSasadame,
teqsts karnaxobdnen q a r T u l a d , igi sinqronulad
iTargmneboda da Caiwereboda specialist-Camweris
mier a r a m e u l a d da amoikiTxeboda q a r T u l a d v e ;
es unda yofiliyo qarTuli zepiri teqstis Caweris
wesi arameuli enisa da damwerlobis SuamavlobiT.

qristianobamdel qarTul saxelmwifoSi `mwignobrobis~

ar­seboba Tundac mxolod `aloglotografiis~ sa­
xiT mniSvnelovnad Seuwyobda xels mSobliur enaze
l i ­t e r a t u r u l i tradiciebis swraf ganviTarebas
erovnuli damwerlobis SemoRebis Semdgom; `mwignob­
roba~ mSobliur enaze erTgvari gagrZeleba iqneboda
manamde arsebuli a l o g l o t o g r a f i u l i mwignob­
ruli tradiciebisa.

amasTanave gasaTvaliswinebelia agreTve SesaZlebloba

qristianobamdel qarTul samyaroSi `literaturuli~
tradiciebis arsebobisa z e p i r s i t y v i e r e b i s saxi­
Tac. cnobilia, rom literaturuli enis Camoyalibeba
ama Tu im kulturaSi ar iwyeba aucileblad enis
w e r i l o b i T fiqsaciasTan er­Tad, am enaze d a m w e r ­
l o b i s gaCenasTan erTad; `literaturuli~ tradi­
55
ciebi da `literaturuli ena~ SesaZlebelia ar­se­
bob­des xangrZlivi periodis ganmavlobaSi z e p i r ­
s i t y v i e r e b i s saxiT am enaze specifikuri damwer­
lobis arsebobis gareSec.
weris SemoReba mxolod grafikul fiqsacias axdens
amgvari tradiciebisa da xels uwyobs literaturuli
enis Semdgom ganmtkicebasa da ganviTarebas. ase,
magaliTad, Z v e l i i n d u r i literaturuli Zeglebi _
veduri himnebi _ xangrZlivi drois ganmavlobaSi mxolod
z e p i r s i t y v i e r e b i s Zeglebs warmoadgenda; isini
zepirad gadaicemoda da vrceldeboda; h o m e r o s i s
poemebi Seiqmna mniSvnelovnad ufro adre, vidre misi
w e r i l o b i T i f i q s a c i a da C a w e r a ganxorcielda;
egeve Seexeba sxvadasxva e v r o p u l literaturul
tradiciebs...
z e p i r s i t y v i e r e b i s amgvar tradiciebs aZlierebs
agreTve axlad gaqristianebul aRmosavlur sam­ya­
ro­Si (maT Soris, albaT, saqarTveloSic) s a R m r ­
T o w i g n e b i s Targmnis iseTi wesi, rasac `a l o ­
g l o t o e p i a ~, anu `sxva-enaze-Tqma~, SeiZleba ewodos,
rodesac xalxSi mSobliur enaze qadageba da religiuri
teqstebis (Zveli da gansakuTrebiT axali aRTqmis)
wakiTxva xdeboda maTi uSualod z e p i r a d gadmoReba-
Targmanebis saSualebiT; aseT viTarebaSi ixveweboda
da mdidrdeboda leqsikurad da terminologiurad
TviT is enac, romelzec qadagebdnen da zepirad
gadmoscemdnen k a n o n i k u r r e l i g i u r t e q s t e b s ,
ama­sac unda Seeqmna winapiroba imisa, rom qarTuli ena
ganviTarebul da daxvewil l i t e r a t u r u l e n a d
Camoyalibebuliyo sakuTriv qarTuli qristianuli
damwerlobis Seqmnisa da enis werilobiTi fiqsaciis
droisaTvis.
56
 a somTavruli», «nusxa-xucuri», «mxedruli»

Zveli qarTuli damwerlobis `asomTavruli~ saxeobis

garda, rogorc cnobilia, arsebobs `nusxa-xucuri~
da `mxedruli~ saxeobani. Tavis droze n i k o
m a r m a gamoTqva Tvalsazrisi qarTuli `mxedruli
damwerlobis~ arqaulobis Sesaxeb; am Tvalsazrisis
Tanaxmad, qarTuli damwerlobis es saxeoba asomTavrul
damwerlobaze uwinaresia qronologiurad da
warmarTuli epoqidan unda momdinareobdes... jer
kidev m . b r o s e m da Semdgom i v . j a v a x i S v i l m a
sruliad eWvmiutanlad cxadyves, rom `qarTuli
damwerlobis~ e.w. `nusxa-xucuri~ da `mxedruli~
saxeobani Zveli qarTuli asomTavruli damwerlobis
uSualo gagrZelebas warmoadgenen, qarTuli
asomTavrulisagan warmomdgar qronologiurad
momdevno grafikul etapebs asaxaven.

ramdenadac IX saukuneSi n u s x a - x u c u r i ukve savsebiT

Camoyalibebuli damwerlobaa, misi Casaxva gacilebiT
ufro adreul xanas unda miekuTvnos. qarTuli weris
am saxeobis Camoyalibebis procesi qveda qronologiur
zRvrad VII-VIII ss. unda miviCnioT, rodesac asomTavrul
damwerlobaSi Tavgaxsnili b `ban~, w `Uie~ da ¶ `yar~
aso-niSnebi yalibdeba, rac saTanadod aisaxeba nusxa-
xucuri damwerlobis Tavgaxsnil ¸, w da ç niSnebSi.
nusxa-xucuri damwerloba asomTavruli gakruli da
gadabmuli damwerlobisagan unda iyos TandaTanobiT
warmomdgari.

57
 qarTuli damwerlobis grafikuli ganviTareba

`nusxa-xucuri damwerlobis~ mrgvlovani saxesxvaoba

dasabams aZlevs qarTuli damwerlobis axal saxeobas
_ e.w. `mxedrul damwerlobas~, romelic arsebiTad
X-XI ss. mdivan-mwignobruli nusxa-xucuri damwerlobis
gagrZelebas warmoadgens. nusxuridan mxedrulze
TandaTanobiT gada­svlis weriT nimuSad atenis sionis
warwerebi iTvleba, romlebic X saukuniT TariRdeba;
Zveli qarTuli weris es ukanaskneli saxeoba, umniSvnelo
grafikuli cvlilebebiT, Tanamedrove qarTuli damwer­
lobis beWdviTsa da werilobiT sistemas qmnis.
58
Sinaarsi

winasityvaoba 4
Sesavali 6
anbanur damwerlobaTa Seqmnis tipologia 10
Zveli qarTuli asomTavruli anbanis SesaZlebeli
weriTi prototipebi 19
asomTavruli damwerlobis grafikul simboloTa
warmomavloba 26
qarTuli asomTavruli damwerloba SedarebiT
kopturTan, goTurTan, somxurTan da
slavurTan 29
qarTuli asomTavruli anbani rogorc berZnuli
damwerlobis grafikuli stilizaciis Sedegad
Seqmnili axali erovnuli damwerloba 41
Zveli qarTuli asomTavruli damwerlobis
Semqmnelis vinaoba 48
Zveli qarTuli asomTavruli damwerlobis Seqmnis
TariRi 50
«wignobroba qarTuli» da qarTuli
«aloglotografia» 53
«asomTavruli», «nusxa-xucuri», «mxedruli» 57

garekanze: bolnisis sionis warwera (V s.).

naSromi gaformebulia mRvimevis eklesiis ornamen­tu­li motivebiT
(XIII s.).

59
 saqarTvelos eTnografiuli memkvidreobis
dacvis fondi

qarTveli xalxis ier-saxes, kulturas yofiTi

tradiciebi da eTnografiuli Taviseburebebi ganapirobebs.
Tanamedrove periodSi Seirya tradiciuli cxovrebis
wesi, saukuneebis manZilze Camoyalibebuli qarTuli
eTnikurobis maxasiaTebeli TviTmyofadoba, zneoba, eTika.
gaivlis xani da `qarTveluri yofidan~ araferi darCeba.
es ki eris sasicocxlo Zalebis, misi TviTSegnebisa da
Sinagani buneba-Tvisebebis ganadgurebis tolfasia.
saqarTvelos eTnografiuli memkvidreobis dacvis
fondis mizania Tavi mouyaros, daicvas, popularizacia
gaukeTos saqarTvelos yvela kuTxis eTnografiul
monapovars, mdidar qarTul kulturas, qarTveli kacis
niWiTa da xelovnebiT Seqmnil materialur da sulieri
kulturis Zeglebs, romlebic warmoaCens qarTveli eTnosis
nacionalur simdidres, miRwevebsa da adgils msoflio
kulturis saganZurSi.

q. Tbilisi, i. gogebaSvilis q. #33

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