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7) சிற்றிலக்கியங்கள்
பாடத்திட்டம் ெபாதுத் தமிழ் (ெகாள் குறிவைகத் ேதவிற்கு)
திருக்குற்றாலக்குறவஞ்சி, கலிங்கத்துப்பாணி, முத்ெதாள்ளாயிரம், தமிழ்விடு தூது நந்திக் கலம்பகம்,
எஸ்.எஸ்.எல்.சி. தரம் விக்கிரமேசாழன் உலா, முக்கூடற்பள்ளு, காவடிச்சிந்து, திருேவங்கடத்தந்தாதி, முத்துக்குமாரசுவாமி பிள்ைளத் தமிழ்,
பகுதி – (அ) இலக்கணம் ெபத்தலேகம் குறவஞ்சி, அழககிைளவிடு தூது, இராஜராஜன் ேசாழன் உலா ெதாடபான ெசய்திகள்.
8) மேனான்மணியம் – பஞ்சலி சபதம் – குயில்பாட்டு – இரட்டுற ெமாழிதல் (காலேமகப் புலவ ெசாக்கநாத
ெதாடபான ெசய்திகள்)
1) ெபாருத்துதல் – (i) ெபாருத்தமான ெபாருைளத் ேதவு ெசய்தல்
9) நாட்டுபுறபாடல்கள் – சித்த பாடல்கள் ெதாடபான ெசய்திகள்.
(ii) புகழ் ெபற்ற நூல் நூலாசிrய
10) சமய முன்ேனாடிகள் அப்ப, சம்பந்த, சுந்தர, மாணிக்கவாசக, திருமூல, குலேசகர ஆழ்வா, ஆண்டாள்,
2) ெதாடரும் ெதாடபும் அறிதல் (i) இத்ெதாடரால் குறிக்கப்ெபறும் சான்ேறா
சீத்தைலச் சாத்தனா, எச்.ஏ.கிருஷ்ண பிள்ைள, உமறுப்புலவ, ெதாடபான ெசய்திகள், ேமற்க்ேகாள்கள், சிறப்பு
(ii) அைடெமாழியால் குறிக்கப்ெபறும் நூல்
ெபயகள்.
3) பிrத்து எழுதுக
4) எதிச்ெசால்ைல எடுத்ெதழுதுதல்
5) ெபாருந்தாச் ெசால்ைலக் கண்டறிதல் பகுதி –இ
6) பிைழ திருத்தம் (i) சந்திப்பிைழைய ந9 க்குதல் தமிழ் அறிஞகளும் தமிழ்த் ெதாண்டும்
(ii) ஒருைம பன்ைம / பிைழகைள ந9 க்குதல் மரபுப் பிைழகள் வழுவுச் ெசாற்கைள
1) பாரதியா, பாரதிதாசன், நமக்கல் கவிஞ, கவிமணி ேதசிய விநாயகம் பிள்ைள, ெதாடபான ெசய்திகள், சிறப்பு
ந9 க்குதல்/ பிறெமாழிச் ெசாற்கைள ந9 க்குதல்
ெசய்திகள், சிறந்த ெதாடகள், சிறப்புப் ெபயகள்.
7) ஆங்கிலச்ெசால்லுக்கு ேநரான தமிழ்ச்ெசால்ைல அறிதல்
2) மரபுக்கவிைத- முடியாசன், வாணிதாசன் , சுரதா, கண்ணதாசன், உடுமைலநாராயண கவி, பட்டுேகாட்ைட,
8) ஒலி ேவறுபாடறிந்து சrயான ெபாருைளறிதல்
கல்யாணசுந்தரம், மருதகாசி, ெதாடபான ெசய்திகள், அைடெமாழி ெபயகள்.
9) ஓெரழுத்து ஒரு ெமாழி உrயெபாருைளக் கண்டறிதல்
3) புதுக் கவிைத – ந. பிச்சமூத்தி, சி.சு.ெசல்லபா, தருமு சிவராமு, பசுவய்யா, இரா.மீ னாட்சி, சி. மணி, சிற்பி,
10) ேவச்ெசால்ைலத் ேதவு ெசய்தல்
மு.ேமத்தா, ஈேராடு தமிழன்பன், அப்துல் ரகுமான், கலாப்rயா, கல்யாண்ஜி, ஞானக் கூத்த, ேதவேதவன், சாலினி
11) ேவச்ெசால்ைலக் ெகாடுத்து / விைனமுற்று, விைனெயச்சம், விைனயாலைனயும் ெபய, ெதாழிற் ெபயைர /
இளந்திைரயன், சாலினி இளந்திைரயன், ஆலந்தூ,
உருவாக்கல்
ேமாகனரங்கன் ெதாடபான ெசய்திகள், ேமற்ேகாள்கள், சிறப்புத் ெதாடகள் மற்றும் எழுதிய நூல்கள்
12) அகர வrைசப்படி ெசாற்கைள சீ ெசய்தல்
4) தமிழில் கடித இலக்கியம் – நாட்குறிப்பு, ேநரு - காந்தி, மு.வ-அண்ணா, ஆந்தரங்கம் பிள்ைள நாட்குறிப்பு
13) ெசாற்கைள ஒழுங்குபடுத்தி ெசாற்ெறாடராக்குதல்
ெதாடபான ெசய்திகள்.
14) ெபயெசால்லின் வைகயறிதல்
5) நாடகக்கைல – இைசக் கைல ெதாடபான ெசய்திகள்.
15) இலக்கணம் குறிப்பறிதல்
6) தமிழில் சிறு கைதகள் தைலப்பு – ஆசிrய – ெபாருத்துதல்.
16) விைடக்ேகற்ற வினாைவத் ேதந்ேதடுத்தல்
7) கைலகள் – சிற்பம் – ஒவியம் – ேபச்சு - திைரப்படக்கைல ெதாடபான ெசய்திகள்.
17) எவ்வைக வாக்கியம் எனக் கண்ெடழுத்தல்
8) தமிழின் ெதான்ைம – தமிழ் ெமாழியின் சிறப்பு, திராவிட ெமாழிகள் ெதாடபான ெசய்திகள்.
18) தன்விைன, பிறவிைன, ெசய்விைன, ெசயப்பாட்டுவிைன வாக்கியங்கைளக் கண்ெடழுதுதல்.
9) உைரநைட – மைறமைலயடிகள், பrதிமாற்கைலஞ, ந.மு. ேவங்கடசாமி நாடா, ரா.பி. ேசதுப் பிள்ைள, திரு.வி.க,
19) உவைமயால் விளக்கப்ெபறும் ெபாருத்துமான ெபாருைளத் ேதந்ெதழுதுதல்
ைவயாபுrபிள்ைள – ெமாழி நைட ெதாடபான ெசய்திகள்.
20) எதுைக, ேமாைன, இையபு இவற்றுள் ஏேதனும் ஒன்ைறத் ேதந்ெதழுதுதல்.
10) உ.ேவ. சாமிநாத ஐய, ெத.ெபா.மீ னாட்சி சுந்தரனா, சி.இலக்குவனா, தமிழ்ப்பணி ெதாடபான ெசய்திகள்.
11) ேதவேநயப்பாவாண – அகமுதலி, பாவலேரறு ெபருஞ் சித்திரனா, தமிழ்த்ெதாண்டு ெதாடபான ெசய்திகள்.
பகுதி – ஆ 12) ஜி.யு.ேபாப் – வரமாமுனிவ
9 தமிழ்த்ெதாண்டு சிறப்பு ெதாடகள்.
இலக்கியம் 13) ெபாrயா – அண்ணா – முத்துராமலிங்கத் ேதவ – அம்ேபத்க - கமராச – சமுதாயத்ெதாண்டு
14) தமிழகம் – ஊரும், ேபரும், ேதாற்றம், மாற்றம், பற்றிய ெசய்திகள்.
15) உலகளாவிய தமிழகள் சிற்ப்பும் – ெபருைமயும் – தமிழ்ப் பணியும்.
1) திருக்குறள் ெதாடபான ெசய்திகள், ேமற்ேகாள்கள் ெதாடைர நிரப்புதல் (பத்ெதான்பது அதிகாரம் மட்டும்)
16) தமிழ்ெமாழியில் அறிவியில் சிந்தைனகள் ெதாடபான ெசய்திகள்.
அன்பு – பண்பு – கல்வி - ேகள்வி – அறிவு – அடக்கம் – ஒழுக்கம் – ெபாைற – நட்பு – வாய்ைம – காலம் – வலி –
17) தமிழ் மகளிrன் சிறப்பு –அன்னி ெபசண்ட் அம்ைமயா –மூவலூ, ராமாமிதத்தம்மாள், டாக்ட. முத்துலட்சுமி
ஒப்புரவறிதல், ெசய் நன்றி , சான்றாண்ைம, ெபrயாைரத்துைணக்ேகாடல், ெபாருள்ெசயல்வைக, விைனத்திடபம்,
ெரட்டி, விடுதைலப்ேபாராட்டத்தில் மகளி பங்கு, (தில்ைலயாடி வள்ளியம்ைம, ராணி மங்கம்மாள்).
இனியைவ கூறல்.
18) தமிழ வணிகம் – ெதால்லியல் ஆய்வுகள் – கடற்பயணங்கள் - ெதாடபான ெசய்திகள்.
2) அறநூல் நாலடியா, நான்மணிக்கடிைக, பழெமாழிநானூறு, முதுெமாழிக்காஞ்சி, திrகடுகம், இன்னா நாற்பது,
19) உணேவ மருந்து –ேநாய் த9க்கும் மூலிைகள் ெதாடபான ெசய்திகள்.
இனியைவ நாற்பது, சிறுபஞ்சமூலம், ஏலாதி, ஒளைவயா பாடல்கள் ெதாடபான ெசய்திகள், பதிெனண்கீ ழ்க்கணக்கு
20) சமயப் ெபாதுைம உணத்திய, தாயுமானவ, இராமலிங்க அடிகளா, திரு.வி.கல்யாண சுந்தரனா, ெதாடபான
நூல்களில் பிறெசய்திகள்.
ெசய்திகள் – ேமற்ேகாள்கள்.
3) கம்பராமாயணம் – ெதாடபான ெசய்திகள் ேமற்ேகாள்கள், பா வைக, சிறந்த ெதாடகள்.
4) புறநானுறு – அகநானுறு- நற்றிைண- குறுந்ெதாைக- ஐங்குறுநூறு- கலித்ெதாைக- ெதாடபான ெசய்திகள்-
ேமற்ேகாள்கள் அடிவைரயைற, எட்டுெதாைக, பத்துப்பாட்டு நூல்களில் உள்ள பிறெசயதிகள் .
ஆசிrய : தி
. பாதசாரதி ேசாைலயா
5) சிலப்பதிகாரம் – மணிேமகைல ெதாடபான ெசய்திகள் ேமற்ேகாள்கள் சிறந்த ெதாடகள் உட்பிrவுகள் மற்றும்
ஐம்ெபரும்- ஐஞ்சிறுங் காப்பியங்கள் ெதாடபான ெசய்திகள்.
இதகைத சீ rய ைறய தயா ெசத நப தி
. பாதசாரதி அவக"#$ ந%றி.
6) ெபrயபுராணம் – நாலாயிர திவ்வியப்பிரபந்தம், திருவிைளயாடற் புராணம் – ேதம்பாவணி – சீறாப்புராணம்
ெதாடபான ெசய்திகள். இரா. இராஜபூபதி
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- vOj;jpyf;fzk; - Mrphpah; jpUf;Uifg; ngUkhs; Mrphpah; Kj;JtPu cghj;jpahah;. efy;ty;yh; - rphpj;J kfpH;gth;/
- nrhy;ypyf;fzk; khapU "hyk; - kpfg;bghpa cyfk;
- nghUspyf;fzk; 9. gpuge;j jPgpif :-:- (fpgp 19k; E}w;whz;L ) frL - Fw;wk;/
- ahg;gpyf;fzk; gpw mzp ,yf;fz E}y;fs;: - Ftyahde;jk;>
re;jpuNyhfk; vd;Dk; ,U mzp E}y;fs; Mrphpah; ghg;Gitah; vd;Dk; Kj;J epw;f - fw;wthW elf;f
- mzpapyf;fzk;
zk vd Ie;J tifahFk;. Ntq;fl Rg;igah;.
cs;sd. ctg;g - kfpH/
njhy;fhg;gpah; %d;W mjpfhukhf jiyf;To - xd;W nrh;e;J
Ie;jpyf;fz E}y;fs; 10. Rthkpehjk; : -(fpgp 19k; E}w;whz;L) rhe;Jiza[k; - rhFk;tiu
gphpj;jhh;. mit vOj;J nrhy; nghUs; vd;W Mrphpah; Rthkp ehjftpuhah;.
%d;W tifaha; gphpj;jhh;. vOj;J> nrhy;> nghUs;> ahg;G> mzp vd;Dk; Vkhg;g[ - ghJfhg;g[
Ie;J ,yf;fzq;fisAk; $WtJ Ie;jpyf;fz
E}y; vdg;gLk;. 11. gpuge;j jPgk; : (fpgp 19k; E}w;whz;L) fhKWth; - tpUk;g[th;
vOj;J> nrhy;> nghUs;
nghUs vd;W %d;W Mrphpah; ngah; njhpatpy;iy. tpGr;bry;tk; - rpwe;j bry;tk;
mjpfhuKk;> mjpfhuj;jpw;F xd;gJ ,ayhf khL - bry;tk;
nkhj;jk; ,Ugj;jpVO ,ay;fs; ெகாட
tPuNrhopak; : (fpgp 10k; E}w;whz;L) : - Mrphpah;
Gj;jkpj;jpuh; tPu uhNIe;jpud; vd;Dk; Nrho 12. gpuge;jj; jpul;L (fpgp
(fpgp 19k; E}w;whz;L) brtpr;bry;tk; - nfs;tpr; bry;tk;/
ெதாகாபய. Mrphpah; ngah; njhpatpy;iy.
kd;ddd; ngauhy; E}Yf;F ,g;ngah;. Kjy; jiy - Kjd;ik
Ie;J ,yf;fz E}y;. nghH;J - bghGJ/
,uz;L ,yf;fz E}y;fs; : - 13. rk;ge;jg; ghl;bay; ( fpgp 14k; E}w;whz;L) <ag;gLk; - mspf;fg;gLk;
,yf;fz tpsf;fk; : - (fpgp 17k; E}w;whz;L: - Mrphpah; rk;ge;j Kdpth; kq;fyg; nghUj;jk; mtp czt[ - njth;fSf;F nts;tpapd;nghJ
1. ed;D}y; : vOj;J> nrhy; ,yf;fz Mrphpah; itj;jpa ehj Njrpfh;. ,jw;F kl;Lk; NgRfpwJ. ,jw;F tiuaWj;j ghl;bay;
E}y;fs;. gtde;jp Kdpth; ,aw;wpdhh;. ,d;W bfhLf;fg;gLk; czt[/
Fl;bj; njhy;fhg;gpak; vd;W ngah; cz;L. vd;Wk; ngah;.
gs;sp khzhf;fh;fs; gapYk; ,yf;fz E}y; xg;gh; - epfuhth;
gtze;jp KdptUilaNj. nkhj;jk; 462 njhd;D}y; tpsf;fk; : (fp gp 18k; E}w;whz;L) :-:- தமிழ் இலக்கணம் –பிrவு அ
xw;fk; - jsh;r;rp/
E}w;ghf;fs; cs;sd. Mrphpah; tPukhKdpth;. ,jw;F Fl;bj; Cw;W - Cd;Wnfhy;
njhy;fhg;gpak; vd;w kw;w ngaUk; cz;L. 1.(i) ெபாதமான ெபாைள ேத ெசத Cw;Wf;nfhy; - Cd;Wnfhy;/
2. Nekpehjk; : ,uz;L ,yf;fz E}y;. mw;nw - nghd;wnj
ெபா:
vOjpath; FztPu gz;bjh; 99 ntz;ghf;fs;. Rthkpehjk; : - Mrphpah; Rthkp ftpuhah; vidj;jhDk; - vt;tst[ rpwpjhapDk;/
RUf;fkhd Kiwapy; ,yf;fzq;fis Mh;tyh; - md;g[ilath;/ midj;jhDk; - nfl;l mj;Jiz mstpYk;/
,ak;Gtjhy; ,jw;F rpd;D}y; vd;Dk; ngaUk; Kj;JtPhpak;
pak; : Mrphpah; Kj;JtPu cghj;jpahah;. Md;w - epiwe;j)
cz;L. g[d;fzPh; - Jd;gk; fz;L bgUFk; fz;zPh;/
g{ry; jUk; - btspg;gl;L epw;Fk; gpiHj;Jzh;e;Jk; - jtWfis czh;e;j
ghl;bay; E}y;fs; vd;g[ - vYk;g[ bghGJk;/
nrhy; ,yf;fz E}y;fs; : - ,yf;fpa tiffisAk;> mtw;wpd; ahg;G
tHf;F - thH;f;if bewp/ ngijik - mwpahikapd;ghw;gl;l ,Hpbrhw;fs;/
tbtq;fs; gw;wpAk; tiuaWj;Jf; $Wtd
nrhy; ,yf;fzj;ij kl;Lk; gpuNahf tpNtfk; ghl;bay; E}y;fs;> nkhj;jk; 13 ghl;bay; MUaph; - mUik caph;/ ,iHj;Jzh;e;J - El;gkhf Muha;e;J/
ம ,yf;fzf; nfhj;J vd;Dk; E}y;fs; E}y;fs;. <Dk; - jUk;/ <z;oa - Ma;e;jwpe;j
vLj;Jiuf;fpd;wd. Mh;tk; - tpUg;gk;/ jifant - jd;ikanj
1. gd;dpU ghl;bay;: - Mrphpah; ngah; ez;g[ - el;g[ njhl;fg;glhj - Jisf;fg;glhj
gpuNahf tpNtfk;: - njhpatpy;iy. itafk; - cyfk;/ Ez';fpa - El;gkhfpa/
Mrphpah; Rg;gpukzpa jPl;rpjh;. vd;g - vd;ghh;fs; tz';fpa - gzpthd/
2. ntz;ghg;ghl;bay; : - (fpgp 13k; E}w;whz;L) kwk; - tPuk; thapduhjy; - bkhHpapid cilath;/
,yf;fzf; nfhj;J :-:- Mrphpah; FztPu gz;bjh; jd; Mrphpah; tha[zh;tpd; khf;fs; - czt[r;Rit kl;Lk;
vd;gpyJ - vYk;gpy;yhjJ(g[G)/
ngauhy; tr;rze;jpkhiy vd;Wk; ,e;j mwpe;njhh;/
Mrphpah; Rthkpehj Njrpfh;. jkpof;F E}Yf;Fg; ngahpl;lhh;.
v>x>o>w>d vd;Dk; Ie;J vOj;Jf;fs; kl;LNk md;gpyJ - md;gpy;yhj caph;fs; mtpapDk; - ,we;jhYk;
cs;sd. midj;J vOj;Jf;fSk; tlnkhopf;F 3. etePjg;ghl;
hl;bay; :-:- ( fp.gp.14k; E}w;whz;L) mw;wk; - mHpt[/ ,Wjp/
md;g[ + mfj;J + ,y;yh - md;gfj;jpy;yh/ brWthh;f;F - gifth;f;F/
chpadNt Ie;njOj;jhy; xU nkhop vd;gij Mrphpah; etePj eldhh;.
fw;wwpe;Njhh; Xj;Jf;nfhs;shh; vd;W md;g[ cs;sj;jpy; ,y;yhj/ muz; - nfhl;il
Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;. 4.rpjk;gug; ghl;bay; : - (fpgp 16k; E}w;whz;L) td;ghw;fz; - td;ghy; + fz;/ ghiy epyj;jpy;/ xhP, - ePf;fp/
Mrphpah; guQ;Nrhjp Kdpth;. jsph;j;jw;W - jsph;j;jJ nghy/ thlh - thlhky;/
711 EVR Road, Opp. Anna Arch, NSK Nagar, Arumbakkam, CHENNAI-106. E-mail: r.rajaboopathy@yahoo.in Ph: 98404-00825, 98404-33955 711 EVR Road, Opp. Anna Arch, NSK Nagar, Arumbakkam, CHENNAI-106. E-mail: r.rajaboopathy@yahoo.in Ph: 98404-00825, 98404-33955
ca;g;gJ - brYj;JtJ cz;lhapd; - cz;lhtJ Mapd; etpy;njhWk; - fw;ff; fw;f bghUjfh; -Ml;Lf;flh
bka;g;bghUs; - cz;ikg;bghUs;/ ed;whfhJ MfptpLk; - jPjhfptpLk; eak; - ,d;gk; ngUe;jifj;J - gpd;th';Fk; jd;ikaJ.
fhz;gJ - (fhQjy;) fhzty;yJ அறி cs; MWk; (clk;gpy; g[z;zhf epw;gpDk;) eFjy; - rphpj;jy; bghs;bsd - clnd :
vz;bghUs; - vspa bghUs;/ cs;sj;nj MwptpLk; ,oj;jy; - க'( ைரத xs;spth; -mwpt[ilahd;
Ez;bghUs; - El;gkhd bghUs;/ fjk; - rpdk;/ fhj;J - mlf;fp fpHik - chpik. g[wk;ntuhh; - btspg;gLj;jkhl;lhh;.
bryr;brhy; - kd';bfhs;sr;brhy; brt;;tp - jFe;j fhyk; Kfef - Kfk;kyu cs;nth;g;gh; - kdj;jpDs; kiwj;J itj;jpUg;gh;.
jHP,a - el;ghf;FtJ/ Mw;wpd; - mila[k; tHpapy; MW - ey;tHp ; brWeh; - gifth;
Xl;gk; - mwpt[lik/ tpGg;gk; - rpwg;g[ Rkf;f - gzpf
ca;j;J ; brYj;jp
Tk;gy; - Ftpjy;/ Kfk; thLjy;/ xk;gg;gLk; - fhj;jy; ntz;Lk ,Wtiu - Kot[fhyk;
ghpe;J - tpUk;gp/ my;yy; - *ப fpHf;fhe;jiy - jiyfPH; (khw;wk;)
kyh;jy; - tphpjy;/ Kfk; kyh;jy;
njhpDk; - Muha;e;J ghh;j;jhYk; cLf;if - Mil va;jw;F - fpilj;jw;F
ciwtJ - xGFtJ
Foik - cah;Fo ,Lf;fz; - Jd;gk; ,iae;jf;fhy; - fpilj;j bghGJ
MtJ - gpd;dh; tuf;ToaJ
fistJ - ePf;FtJ Tk;g[k; - tha;g;gw;w :
mwpfy;yhjth; - mwpakhl;lhh; mGf;fhW - bghwhik bfhl;gpd;wp - ntWghL ,y;yhky; rPh;j;j ,lk; chpa fhyk;
ngijik - mwpt[ ,d;ik Mf;fk; - bry;tk; Cd;Wk; - jh';Fk; tpid typ - jhd; bra;af; fUjpa braypd; jd;ik
mwpth; - mwpt[ilath; xy;fhh; - tpyfkhl;lhh; g[idj;jy; - g[fH;jy; khw;whd; - gifth;
m";ry; - vz;zpg; ghh;j;J mjidr; bra;ahJ cunthh; - kdtypika[ilnahh; g[iu - Fw;wk; : J]f;fp - rPh;J]f;fp
tpLjy;
ஏத-ற gaf;Fk; -jUk; xy;tJ - jk;khypad;wJ
vjpuJ - vjph;fhyj;jpy; neuf;ToaJ va;Jth; - milth; RLk; - tUj;Jk;. mwptJ - mwpa ntz;oa typik
mjpu - eL';Fk;go ,Lk;ig - Jd;gk; md;d - mit nghy;td cilj;jk; - jk;Kila
neha; - Jd;gk; xy;yhnt - ,ayhnt va;ahik -tUe;jhky; ,ilf;fz; - eLtpnyna
vd;Dila nuDk; - vy;yhk; cilatuhapDk; xl;l- bghUe;j <uk; - md;g[ : Cf;fk; - kd vGr;rp
,yh; - ,y;yhjth xGFjy; - elj;jy;/ thH;jy; mis, - fye;J : Cf;fp - braiyj; bjhl';fp
mlf;fk; - kdk;/ bkhHp bka;fs; jPa tHpfspw; mfH;thiu - njhz;Lgtiu goW - t";rk; : Khpe;jhh; - mHpe;jth; (njhw;wth;)
bry;yhJ ml';Fjy; ,fH;thh; - ,Hpt[g;gLj;Jnthh; brk;bghUs; - rpwe;j bghUs;. M';F mike;J xGfhd; - may; nte;jnuhL
mkuUs; - njth; cyfk; (Rth;f;fk;) jiy - rpwe;j gz;g[ mfd; - mfk;/ cs;sk; bghUe;jp xGfhJ
ca;f;Fk; - brYj;Jk; ,d;ik - tWik mkh; - tpUg;gk; mstwpahd; - jd; typikapd; msit mwpahJ
MhpUs; - eufk; xuhy; - ePf;Fjy; mkh;e;J - tpUk;gp jd;id tpae;jhd; - jhnd jd;id cah;thff;
bghUsh - cah;e;j bghUshff; fUjp klthh; - mwptpypfs; Kfd; - Kfk; fUjpr; brUf;FWtd
fhf;f - filgpoj;J xGFf.
tpUe;J - tPl;Lf;Fg; g[jpaவuha; te;jth; ,d;brhy; - ,dpa ெசா gPyp - kapy; njhif
mjpdpd; C';F - mt; mlf;fj;ij tplt[ epiw - rhy;g[ mkh;e;J- tpUk;gp rhfhL - tz;o
brwpt[ - mlf;fk; xWj;jhiu - jz;oj;jtiu mfj;jhd;Mk; - cs;sk; fye;J ,Wk; - Khpa[k;
rPh;ik - tpGg;gk; / rpwg;g[
xd;whf - xU bghUl;lhf ,d;brhypdnj - ,dpa brhw;fisg; ngRjiy bgapd; - Vw;wpdhy;
Mw;wpd; - neh;tHpapy;
bghjpe;J itg;gh; - kdJf;Fs; itj;Jf; bfhs;th;. Jd;g[W]ck;- Jd;gk; jUk; : bfhk;gh; - ,Wjpg;nghyp
epiyapd; - ,y;yw bewpahFk; epiyapd; epd;W
bghd;Wk; - cyfk; mHpa[k; tiu ,d;g[W]ck; - ,d;gk; jUk;. Edpf;bfhk;gh; -fpisapd; Edp
jphpahJ - epiygpwHhJ
njhw;wk; - cah;t[ jpwdy;y - bra;aj;jfhj ahh; khl;Lk; - ahhplj;Jk; ; m~jpwe;J - mt;tstpidf; fle;J
khz - kpft[k; nehbehe;J - Jd;gj;jpw;F tUe;jp Jt;thik - tWik MW - bewp
ed;W Mk; - ed;ik jUtnj Mk; kpFjpahd; - kdr;brUf;fhy; rpWik - Jd;gk;/ Mw;wpd; - bfhLf;Fk; bewpய
gzpjy; - ml';Fjy; kpf;fit - jP';Ffs; kWik – kWgpwtp/ MF MW - bghUs; tUk; tHp
jFjpahd; - bghWikahy; ,k;ik - ,g;gpwtp ,l;oJ - சிறி
bry;te;jifj;J- bry;tk; vdj;jFk; ,dpjPd;wy; - ,dpJ+<d;wy;/
Jwe;jhh; - gw;ww;wth; nghF MW -brytHpa[k; tHp
rpwg;gpida[ilj;J ,we;jhh; - bewpiaf; fle;jth; <d;wy; - jUjy;/ cz;lhf;Fjy; mfyhf;fil - bgUfhjhapd;
Ie;J - Ik;bghwpfs; ,d;dh - jPa td;brhy; - fL";brhy;. (bgUftpy;iy vd;why;)
xUik - xU gpwg;g[ nehw;fpw;gth; - bghWg;gth; vtd;bfhnyh - vd;d fhuznkh? Vndh?. cs nghy - cs;sJ nghy
vGik - VG gpwg;g[ nehw;ghh; - nehd;g[ nkw;bfhs;gth; Tif - nfhl;lhd;/ Me;ij/ cstiu - jdf;Fs;s bghUspd; mst[
Vkhg;g[ - ghJfhg;g[ ,d;dhr;brhy; - ,dpikaw;w brhy; ,fy; - gif J]f;fhj - Muha;e;J ghh;f;fhj
ah - vtw;iw (vy;yhtw;iwa[k;) tpid - bray;/ jpU - bry;tk;/ ty;iy - tpiutpy;
nrhfhg;gh; - Jd;g[Wth; jPuhik - eP';fhik
fhg;g[ - காவ tstiu - bry;tj;jpd; vy;iy
brhy; ,Gf;F - brhy; Fw;wk mUtpid- braw;fhpa bray
ePuth; - mwpt[ilahh; ifk;khW - vjph;ghh;j;Jr; bra;a[k; cjtp
xd;whDk; - (vz; mstpy;) xd;whf ,Ug;gpDம் nfz;ik - el;g[ "hyk; - cyfk; flg;ghL - flikahaf; bfhz;L bray;பட
bghUl;gad; - bghUshy; tpistJ ngijahh; - mwptpyhh; xLf;fk; - ml';fpapUg;gJ jhshw;wp - kpf;f Kaw;rp bra;J
je;j - <l;oa ,d;ik - tWik 5. ek;khH;thh;
jf;fjhh;;f;F - jFe;jth;f;F jpz;ik - typik gjpbdd;fPH; fzf;F 6. kJuftpahH;thh;
ntshz;ik - cjtp. MHp - fly; E]y;fs; 7. bghpahH;thh;
g[j;njs; cyfk; - (,d;gr; brHpg;g[ilajhff; ,U eyk; - bghpaepyk; mwE]y; - 11 8. Mz;lhs;
fUjg;gLk;) njth; cyfj;Jk; bghiw - Rik 9. jpUg;ghzhH;thh;
<z;Lk; - ,t;t[yfj;Jk; jpl;gk; - typik/ 1. ehyoahh; - rkzKdpth;fs; 10. jpUk';ifahH;thh;
xg;g[utpd; - xg;g[uitf; fhl;oYk; kw;wit - xHpe;J 2. ehz;kzpf;foif - tpsk;gp ehfdhh; 11. bjhz;luog; bghoahH;thh;
ey;ygpw - ey;yitna gpw bray;fs; xuhy; - bra;ahik 3. ,d;dh ehw;gJ - fgpyh; 12. Fynrfu MH;thh;
xj;jJ - cyf eilawpe;J mjw;fpirar; bra;tJ xy;fhik - jsuhik 4. ,dpait ehw;gJ - g{je;nre;jdhh;
brj;jhUs; itf;fg;gLk; - ,we;jhUs; xUtdhff; ; 1. ii) g[fH;bgw;w E]y; kw;Wk; E]yhrphpah;fs; 5. jphpfLfk; - ey;yhjdhh; ehad;khh;fs; - 63 :
fUjg;gLthd;. 6. Mrhuf;nfhit - bgUthapw; irtj;jpUKiwfs; - 12
CUzp - Ch; kf;fs; cz;Qk; ePh;f;Fsk; ,g;gFjp tpdhf;fs; bgUk;ghYk; bghUj;Jf Ks;spahh; bjhFj;jth; - ek;gpahz;lhh; ek;gp
cyF mthk; - cyf eilia tpUk;gpr; bra;a[k; tifapYk; neuo tpdhf;fshft[k; mikf;fg; 7. gHbkhHp (400) - _d;Wiuaiuadhh;
jpU-bry;tk;/ mw;W - nghYk; gLfpwJ. ,g;gFjpf;nfw;w g[fH;bgw;w E]y; - 8. rpWg";r_yk; - fhhpahrd; bghpag[uhzk; - nrf;fpHhh;
gad;kuk; - gad;gLk; kuk; E]yhrphpah;fspd; bgah;fs; vspikahf 9. Vyhjp - fzpnkjhtpahh; rk;ge;jh; - jpUf;filf;fhg;g[
cs;qh; - Ch; eLnt thpirg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,J gapy;tjw;Fs; 10. jpUf;Fws; (1330) - jpUts;Sth; mg;gh; - njthuk;
eaDilahd; - ey;y cs;sKilahd vspikahf epidt[ bfhs;st[k; cjt[k;. 11. KJbkhHpf;fh";rp Re;juh; - jpUg;ghl;L
- TlY]h; fpHhh;
kUe;jhfp - kUe;jha; mfE]y; - 6 : khzpf;fthrfh; - jpUthrfk;
jg;gh - jg;ghj gjpbdz; nky;fzf;F E]y;fs; ( 8 + 10 = 18 ) jpU_yh; - jpUke;jpuk;
kuj;jw;W - kuj;ij xg;gJ Tl;Lj;bjhif : 1. Ie;jpiz Ik;gJ - khwd;
,lk; - bry;tk;/ ,ldpy; gUtk; bghiwadhh; Ik;bgU';fhg;gpa';fs;
E]y; bjhFj;jth; ghl bjhFg;gpj;j
- tWika[w;w fhyk; 2. Ie;jpiz vGgJ - _thjpahh; 1. rpyg;gjpfhuk; - ,s';nfhtofs;
y; th;
xy;fhh; - jsuhh; fs; 3. jpidbkhHp Ik;gJ - fz;zd; nre;jdhh; 2. kzpnkfiy - rPj;jiyr;rhj;jdhh;
fld; - Kiwik 1 ew;wpid 400 ghz;oad; 4. jpைண khiy - fzpj nkjhtpahh; 3. rPtd rpe;jhkzp - jpUj;jf;fேதவ
fhl;rpath; - mwpt[ilahh; khwd; E]w;iwk;gJ 4. tisahgjp -
nfhs; jf;fJ - bfhs;sj;jf;fJ tGjp 5. fhh; ehw;gJ - fz;zd; Tj;jdhh; 5. ehf Fkhu fhtpak;
mk;gp -glF/ 2 FWe; g{hpf;nfh 400 - g[y;y';fhldhh;
Mafhiy - me;jneuj;jpy; 6. ife;epiy(எ)ஐ(திைண
bjhif I";rpW fhg;gpa';fs; :-:-
அப
ehafd; - jiytd;/ 3 Ie;FE]W TlY]h;fpH 500 மா(தர+ேசர;
fha[k; tpy;ypdd; - gifth;fis mHpf;Fk; g[wE]y; - 1 : 1. R{shkzp - njhyh bkhHpj;
hh; ,Uk;bghiw
tpy;yhw;wy; bgw;wtd;. njth;
4 mfehD]W cUj;jpur 400 ghz;oad; 1. fstHp ehw;gJ - bgha;ifahh;
itafk; - kz;Qyfk; : thdfk; - tpz;Qyfk; : cf;fpuெபவ,
2. ePynfrp - thkd Kdpth; (ciu
d;kd; vGjpath; )
"hyk; - epyt[yfk; தி
jpUf;Fws; - ghly;fs; - 1330
rhy;g[ - epiw 5 fypj;bjhif ey;ye;Jt 150 3. cjயண Fkhu -
gz;g[ / jFjp : dhh; mjpfhu';fs; (38 + 70+26) = 133 fhtpak;
khrw;whh; - Fw;wkw;wth; 6 g[wehD]W 400 4. aேசாnju fhtpak; - bவd;dht23ilahh;
nfz;ik - el;g[ - mwj;Jj;Jg;ghy; (38)
7 gjpw;Wg;gj;J 100 nts;.
cs;Sth; - epidg;gh; - bghUl;ghy; (38)
8 ghpghly; 22 5. ehf Fkhu fhtpak;
tpGkk; - Jd;gk; - fhkj;Jg;ghh; (25)
gj;Jg;ghl;L : - ,yf;fz E]y;fs; :-:-
,d;dh - jP';Ffs;.
fld; - flik jpUKUfhw;Wg;gil ef;fPuh; Ciufs; : ghpnkyHfh;/ kzf;Flth;/ E]y; Mrphpah;
-
rhd;nwhh; - ey;y Fz';fs; epiwe;jth; bghUeuhw;Wg;gil Klj;jhkf; fz;zpahh; fypg;bgUkhs;/ fhsp';fh;/ jUkh;/ ghpjpahh;/ mfj;jpak; mfj;jpah;
- -
ehz; - ehzk; : bgUk;ghzhw;Wg;gil cUj;jpu';fz;zdhh; jpUkiyahh;/ jhkj;jh;/ er;rh;/ ky;yh;. bjhy;fhg;gpak; bjhy;fhg;gpah;
-
xg;g[ut[ - cjt[jy; rpWghzhw;Wg;gil - ey;Y]h; ej;jj;jdhh; tPunrhHpak; - g[j;jமிj;jpuh;
fz;nzhl;lk; - caph;fsplj;J ,uf;fk; MH;thh;fs; -12 :
kiygLflhk; ( m) nekpehjk; - FztPu gz;ojh;
tha;ik - cz;ik Tj;juhw;Wg;gil - bgU';bfsrpfdhh; ghly;bjhFg;g[ : ehyhapuj;jpt;tpa gpuge;jk; ahg;gU';fhyk; - mkpjrhfuh;
rhy;g[ - rhd;whz;ik Fwp";rpg;ghl;L fgpyh; bjhFj;jth;- ehjKdpfs; ahg;gU';fyf;fhhpif
- - அkpjrhfuh;
Mw;Wthh; - bray;bra;gth; Ky;iyg;ghl;L - eg;g{jdhh; 1. bgha;ifahH;thh;
Mw;wy; - typik 2. g{jj;jhH;thh; jz;oay';fhuk; - jz;o
gl;odg;ghiy - cUj;jpu';fz;zdhh; ed;D]y; gtze;jp Kdpth;
khw;whh; - gifth; 3. ngahH;thh; -
beLey;thil - ef;fPuh; ,yf;fz tpsf;fk; itj;jpaehj njrpfh;
Jiyaay;yhh; - Mw;wypy; Fiwe;jth; 4. jpUkHpirahH;thh; -
kJiuf;fh";rp - kh';Fo kUjdhh;
,yf;fz bfhj;J - Rthkpehj njrpfh; ,uhkyp';f mofs; kPdhl;rp Re;juk; - ,yf;fz E]y;fs;
etePjg;ghl;oay; - etePjd; - jpUtUl;பh gps;is - bjhd;D]y; tpsf;fk;
Kj;JtPhpak; - Kj;JtPu cghj;jpahah; - #Pt fhUz;a xGf;fk; - nrf;fpHhh; gps;isj; - bfhLe;jkpH; ,yf;fzk;
rhkpehjk; - rhkpf;ftpuhrh; - kDKiw fz;l jkpH;
g[wg;bghUs; thrfk; - mfpyhz;l ehafp - mfuhjp
btz;ghkhiy - Iadhhpjdhh; fk;gh; gps;isj;jkpH; - rJu mfuhjp
gpuge;j jPgpif Kj;J nt';fl Rg;igah; - தல<ராண ேவ(த - M';fpy jkpH; mfuhjp
- சlnfhgh; me;jhjp
mfg;bghUs; ehw;ftpuhr ek;gp Rg;gpukzpa ghujpahh;
- - jpUf;if tHf;fk;
tpsf;fk; fr;rpag;gh; - fe;jg[uhzk; - fz;zz; ghl;L
- rpiy vGgJ - Fapy;ghl;L
khwdy';fhuk; - jpUf;FUifg; - Vh; vGgJ
bgUkhs; ftpuhah; nrf;fpHhh; - gh";rhyp rgjk;
- fk;guhkhazk; - bghpag[uhzk;
gpunahf tpntfk; - Rg;gpukzpa jPl;rpjh;. Xl;lf;Tj;jh; - ghg;gh ghl;L
- _tUyh - tpehafh;
Mrphpah;fs; g[fnHe;jp ehz;kzpkhiல
epfz;Lfs;(சமணக - - jf;fahfg;guzp - esbtz;gh
gp';fy Kdpth; - Fnyhj;J';f nrhHd; - ntjhe;j ghly;fs;
தமி, அள4த tpy;ypg;g[j;jpuh;
ேகாைட) gps;isj;jkpH; - "hdujk;
tpy;ypghujk;
gp';fy epfz;L - <l;ovGgJ Mz;lhs; - jpUg;ghit/ ehச்சியா - re;jphpifapd; fij
fahju epfz;L - fahjh; jpUbkhHp - juhR
rpe;jhkzp epfz;L - itj;jpayp';fh; bra';bfhz;lhh; - jpz;oa rh!;jphp
xU brhw;fy bghUs; - fdfrigg; g[yth; - fyp';fj;Jg;guzp mUzfphpehjh; brhh;z Fkhhp
epfz;L jphpTl uhrg;gf; - kapy;tpUj;jk;/ ghujpjhrd; : -
bghjpif epfz;L; - rhkpehj ftp ftpuhah; - jpUg;g[fH;/ - ghz;oad; ghpR
ghujp epfz;L gukhde;j ghujp - jpUf;Fw;whyf; - fe;தனy';fhuk;/ - FLk;g tpsf;F
mUk;bghUs; tpsf;f mUkUe;J njrpfh; Fwt";rp fe;juDg{jp/
- - ,is"h; ,yf;fpak;
epfz;L - jpUf;Fw;why khiy nty;tpUj;jk; - mHfpd; rphpg;g[
jpthfuepfz;L(தமிழி* திவாகர
- jpUf;Fw;why cyh bfh';Fntsph;
- - தமி=; ,af;fk;
6த நிக8)
- jpUf;Fw;whyg; - bgU';fij
gps;isj; jkpH; kzpnkfiy btz;gh
chpr;brhy; epfz;L - கா9ேகய - ,iraKJ
Tlkiy epfz;L <:tuftp Fku FUgu cyfehjh;
- - fz;zfp g[ul;rp fhg;gpak;
Mrphpa epfz;L Mz;og;g[yth; Rthkpfs; - cyf ePjp
- - Kj;Jf;FkhuRthkp - gpசிuhe;ijahh;
gplt epfz;L - Xsitahh; - jkpHr;rpapd; fj;jp
gps;isj;jkpH; mjptPuuhkg;
;டாமண நிக8(<க= மடல <ட
- - kPdhl;rpak;ik - Fwp";rp jpul;L
ெபற நிக8) ghz;oah; - ,Uz;l tPL
gps;isj; jkpH; - btw;wpntw;if/
- kPd;hl;rpak;ik Fwk; - vjph;ghuhj Kj;jk;
g[fH;bgw;w ieljk; - brskpad;
E]yhrphpah; E]y;fs;: (Fwt";rpapd; Kd;ndho) tPukhKdpth;
khKdpth; - fiy Tj;jhoapd; fhjy;
Xsitahh; - fhrpf; fyk;gk; - ciueil E]y;fs;
- rfyfyh ty;yp khiy fpU\
fpU\;zgps;is
H.A.fpU
- Mj;jpr;R{o "hdஉgnjrk;,வாம* கைத - ,ul;rzpa ahj;jpupfk;
_Jiu - rpjk;gur; bra;a[l; nfhit
- gukhh;j;j FUfij இரCசணயமேனாகர(கிறி
bfhd;iw nte;jd; - ePjpbewp tpsf;ffk;
- (jkpHpd; Kjy; எள தவ ேதவார)
- ey;tHp A) Re;juk; gps;is
gu";nrhjp Kdpth; - gh;tj fhz;lk; - kndhd;kzpak;
ckWg;g[yth;
- jpUtpisahlw;g[uhzk; - njk;ghtzp g[yth; FHe;ij
- rPwhg;g[uhzk;
- ntjhuzpa g[uhzk; tPukhKdpth; - FHe;ij ghly;fs;
- KJbkhHpkhiy
- jpUtpisahly; nghw;wp - jpUkz thH;j;J bra;a[s; E]y;fs; - cyf bghpnahh; bfd;do
- fypbtz;gh - rPjf;fhjp behz;o - jpUf;fhtY]h;f; fyk;gfk; - ,uhtz fhtpak;
- kJiug; ehlfk; - fypbtz;gh - murpay; my';fhuk;
gjpw;Wg;gj;je;jhjp - milf;fy khiy - fhk";rhp
- அ*ைன அ,9க அ(தாதி - bfh';FehL
ftpkzpa njrpa tpehafk; gps;is : - - bgh';fy; ghpR ,uhFehjd; : - - jpUld; kfd; jpUld;
- kyUk; khiya[k; - ,d;g ,yf;fpak; - g";Rk; grpa[k; - nfjhhpapd; jhahh;
- ,se;bjd;wy; - jPh;j;j ahj;jpiu ,uh#k; Iah; : - - வைண
E வாண
- czwkzpfs; Rujh: - - fkyhk;ghs; rhpj;jpuk; வைண
E பவான4
- gRt[k; fd;Wk; - njd;kiH ,uh#k; fpU\
fpU\;zd; : - -
- FHe;ijr; bry;tk; - JiwKfk; - Fwp";rpj;njd; fp. M.bg.tp!;tehjd; :
fz;zjhrd;: - - tisfuk; -
- kUkf;fs; tHp khd;kpak;
- mh;j;jKs;s ,e;Jkjk; - ntUf;F ePh; - jkpH;r; bry;tk;
- ckhh; fa;ahk; ghly;fs;
- Ml;lzj;jp Mjpke;jp - fhpg;g[ kzpfs; gz;ojkzp K.
- Mrpa n#hjp fjpnurd;
jpU.tp. fy;ahz Re;judhh; - kh';fdp mU. ,uhkehjd;: -
- ijg;ghit - tPughz;oa* kidtp - kz;zpay;
- kdpj thH;f;ifa[k;/ - rpWnjh; (R{j;ufh;
fhe;jpaofSk; - nrukhd; fhjyp - mnrhfd; fhjyp
- KUfd; my;yJ mHF eh. fhkuhrd;: - rhz;oay;ad;: - - vGjpa kpUr;r
- fy;yiwj; bjhl;ofs; - kiythry;
- bgz;zpd; bgUik fojj;jpd; j,{ty;)
- * jkpH;j;bjd;wy; - fUg;g[ kyh;fs; - fly;g[wh
- g[[Jik ntl;ly; - R{hpa fhe;jp - atd uhzp
- Rfhuhitj; jhz;lhj lhf;lh; K. tujuhrdhh;
- bghJik ntl;ly; - ,uhr jpyfk;
Xl;lf';fs; - mfy;tpsf;F
- thH;f;if Jiz eyk; - fd;dp khlk;
ituKj;J: - - bgw;w kdk;
- rPh;j;jpUj;jk; (m) ,sik b#fr;rpw;gp
- jpUj;jp vGjpa jPh;g;<க;s;
- lhf;lh; my;yp
tpUe;J - gj;jpdpf;nfhl;lk;
- ftpaurd; fij - gr;irag;gh;
- fpU\;Jtpd; mUs; - ee;jpth;kd; fhjyp
- vd; giHa Xiyfs; - kdr;rhd;W
ntl;ly; - kJuahH; k';if
- jz;zPh; njrk; - fhjy; v';nf ?
- njrgf;jd; (ehspjH;) - jpUr;rpw;wk;gyk;
- itfiw nkf';fs; - fhpj;Jz;L
- etrf;jp (fpHikapjH;) mfpyd;
mwp"h; mz;zh: - - bre;jhkiu
ehkf;fy; ftp"h; nt. ,uhkyp';fk; gps;is: - - fay;tpHp
- - fy;nyh fhtpankh ?
- vd;fij (jd;thH;f;if) ghh;tjp/ B.A. - ghit tpsf;F
- Fwl;il xyp
tuyhW) - u';nfhd; uhjh - g[Jbts;sk;
- njkJuj;jkpnH - jrhtjhuk; - bgz;
vd;dapdhg;g[yth; : -
- r';bfhyp - Xh; ,ut[ - bgz;kyh;
- Kf;Tlw;gs;Stpd;
- jkpH;j;njd; - ePjpnjtd; kaf;fk; - thH;t[ v';nf ?
ehlf totk;
- kiyf;fz;zd; - ntiyf;fhhp - be";rpd; miyfs;
R{hpa ehuhaz rh!;jphp : -
- ftpjh";ryp - gpuhh;j;jid - rpj;jpug;ghit
- %ghtjp
jkpHd; ,jak; - Fw;wthspnah (ஞாd gPl tpUJ) - கyhtjp
mtDk; mtSk; - fd;dpg;bgz; ifk;bgz; - nt';ifapd; ike;jd;
Md fij - ,jar;rpiwapy; - khdtp#ak;
ftp"h; Koaurd; : - jp. #hdfpuhkd; : - - epytpdpny - ehlftpay;
- g{';bfho - mk;kh te;jhs; - Fwj;jp
- tPufhtpak; - nkhfKs; - FHe;ij rphpj;jJ gk;ky; rk;ge;j
- kdpjid njLfpnwd; - kug;gR - f';fh !;ehdk; Kjypahh;
- fhtphpg; ghit - rptg;g[ hpf;\h - எhpkiy
kndhfuh/ rghgjp/
- be";R - bfhl;L nksk; fy;fp : - nkfgjp/ thzpg[uj;J
bghWf;Fjpy;iyna - rpyph;g;g[ rhj;jpah - rptfhkpapd; rgjk; tzpfd;/ mkyhjpj;jd;
- Cd;Wnfhy; - rf;jp itj;jpak; - bghd;dpapd; bry;td; r';fujh!; Rthkpfs; :
- Koaurd; ftpijfs; - ehYntyp epyk; - ghh;j;jpgd; fdt[ -
- tontY thj;jpahh; - bgha;khd; fhL - mgpkd;a[
thzpjhrd; : - - fs;tdpd; fhjyp - Re;jhp
- jkpHr;rp kiwkiy mofs; : - - miynahir - gtsf;bfho
- bfhoKy;iy - FKjts;sp - kFlgjp - rjp mDR{ah
- bjhLthdk; - nfhfpyhk;ghs; - fhjhuf;fs;td; - gpufyhjd;
- vHpnyhtpak; foj';fs; - iky;tpHp khd; - rpWbjhz;lh; g[uhzk;
- FHe;ij ,yf;fpak; - xw;iw nuhrh - ts;sp jpUkzk;
gp. v!;. ,uhikah : - - jpUbt';iff; nfhit - _d;whk; if ,uhkyp';f mofs;
- lhf;lUf;F kUe;J - gpug[yp';f yPiy K. nkj;jh : - - ts;syhh;
- njnuhl;'ய* kfd; - jpUbt';if cyh - nrhHepyh,கண EFக - mofshh;
- jGk;g[ ,uh#h#p : - jpUeht[f;fuR
,வ'யெபா, க,;r
- kyUk; kzKk; - tpahrh; tpUe;J - MSilauR, kUs;
யபறைவக,(ஆகாச
- ghh;fly; - rf;futh;j;jp jpUkfd; ePf;fpahh;
அ8த வ8(சாகிய
E
nf. ghyr;re;jh; : - . g. ,uh#nfhghyd; : அகாடமி வ -2006) - mg;gh;
- ePh;f;FkpHp - mH. ts;spag;gh : - jpU"hdrk;ge;jh; - MSilag;gps;is
- bkGFth;j;jp - fhzhkny fhjy; - rphpf;Fk; g{f;fs; - jpuhtpl rpR
- ehzy; - g[dh; b#d;kk; - btw;wpf;F tHp
- vjph; ePr;ry; - fdfhk;guk; - neUt[k; FHe;ijfSk; Re;juh; - MSila ek;gp
- rh;th; Re;juk; - tpoa[kh ? b#fr;rpw;gp : -
- nk#h; re;jpu fhe;j; g[Jikgpj;jd; : - brhh;f;fj;jpd; epHy; fhiuf;fhy;
- etfpufk; - mfy;ைய/ "hdf;Fapy; mk;ikahh; - ngahh;,<ன4தவதி
nrh. ,uhkrhkp : - rhgtpnkhrdk; kzpad; : -
- ahUf;Fk; - brhy;yj;jhd;
btl;fkpy;iy fgpyh; - Fwp";rpf; nfhkhd;
- md;W ,ut[ epidf;fpnwd;. fk;gd; - ftpr;rf;futh;j;jp
- cz;ikna cd; - flt[Sk; fe;jrhkp tpe;jd;: -
tpiy vd;d ? - fy;tpapy; bghpath;
gps;isa[k; - Ky;iyf; bfhoad;
- ,utpy; brd;id - rhg tpnkhrdk; 2. bjhlUk;/ bjhlh;g[k; mwpjy; : -
- KfkJgpd; Jf;sf; nrf;fpHhh; - bjhz;lh; rPh; gut[th;
- fhyDk; fpHtpa[k; Mz;lhs; - R{of;bfhoj;j
- kdk; xU Fu';F - கapw;wut[ 2. (1) rpwg;g[j; bjhlh;fshy; Fwpf;fg;gLk;
b#afhe;jd; : - rhd;nwhh;fs; : Rlh;bfho
- Jd;gf;nfzp - itztk; je;j bry;tp
- rpy neu';fsp; rpy
- tHp ,yf;fpa';fisg; gilj;njhh;fisr; rpy
kdpjh;fs; - epidt[g;ghij
- cjak; rpwg;g[g; bgah;fshy; miHg;gJ jkpH; kug[. gz;oif mryhk;gpif - 20-k; E]w;whz;od;
- bghd;dfuk; jkpH"h;fspd; rpwg;g[g; bgah;fs; mth;fsJ bray; mt;itahh;
- xU gpor;nrhW - Mz;ik
- ,dpg;g[k; frg;g[k; kw;Wk; gilg;g[fshy; tH';fg;gLfpwJ.
fp. th.Ife;ehjd; : er;rpdhh;f;fpdpah; - cr;rpnkw;bfhs; g[yth;
nf. Re;juk; : - - பவளமலிைக; ,g;gFjp tpdhf;fs; bghJthf neuo
- tpak;ehk; tPL
jp.#. u. : - tpdhf;fshf mikf;fg;gLfpd;wd. mjw;nfw;g bgU";rpj;jpudhh; - ghtyh; VW
eh. ghh;j;jrhujp : -
- kuj;jof; flt[s; jkpHwp"h;fspd; rpwg;g[g; bgah;fs; kw;Wk; njtneag; ghtzh; - bkhHp"hapW
- tyk;g[hpr; r';F
re;jhdf; fhto mth;fsJ nkw;nfhs;fis[ak; njh;t[nehf;fpy; tPuftpuhah; - M:ftp
- beUg;g[f; fdpfs;
gz;oj enlr rh!;jphp : mtrpakhdij bjhFj;Js;nshk;. vdnt
- Fwp";rp kyh;
- jpuhtpl ehl;Lf; ,tw;iw ed;F goj;J kdjpy; epWj;jpf; bfhz;lhy; jpU.tp.f. - jkpH;j;bjd;wy;
- ghz;oad; njtp
fijfs; ,g;gFjpapypUe;J tUk; tpdhf;fSf;F KG - ராயேபCைட
- rKjha tPjp
kyh;kd;dd; kjpg;bgz;fisa[k; bgw;W tplyhk; vd;gJ jkpH; Kdpth;
- rj;jpa bts;sk;
- mw;g #Ptpfs; jpz;zk;. - jkpH; bghpahh;
- Jsrp khlk;
khahtp - bjhHpyhsh;fspd;
khzpf;fthrfh; : rhd;nwhh; : -
- mfjp je;ij
- jpUbtk;ghit - Fwpf;fg;gLk; bjhlh;
K.K. ,!;khapy; rp. Rg;gpukzpa
- jpUthrfk; jpUts;Sth; bja;tg;g[yth;
- ,yf;fpa kyh;fs; ghujpahh;
- jpUr;rpwwk;gyf; ehd;Kfdhh;
- rKj;jpuk; - njrpa ftp
nfhit ( vd;w) khjhDg';fp
- nthpy; gGj;j gyh - tpLjiyf; ftp
- jpUf;nfhitahh; bre;ehg;nghjfh;
t.nt. Rg;gpukzpa ma;ah; : - - kfhftp
- rptd; jpUg;gs;sp
- Fsj;j';fiu - ghl;Lf;bfhU g[ytd;
vGr;rp bgUehtyh;
- murkuk; - g[Jf;ftpij Kd;ndho
rptg;gpufhr Rthkpfs; : - bgha;apy; g[yth;
jkpH;xsp (tp#au';fk; ) சி( த(ைத
- ehy;th; ehadhh; -
- khjtp fhtpak;
ehd;kzpkhiy - njth; Rg;g[ ,uj;jpd ghujpjhrd; : -
- g[j;jh; fhtpak;
- ed;bdwp - Kjw;ghtyh; - ghnte;jh;
gl;Lf;nfhl;il gpughfh; : -
- jpUbt';iff;fyk;gfk; - ghujpjhrdhh;
- fhjy; xj;jpif
- g[ul;rpf; ftp"h; ‘CUld; To thH;’ ;khrpy; tPiza[k; khiy kjpaKk;’
- ,aw;iff; ftp"h; H.A. - fpwpj;Jtf; fk;gh; cz;gJ ehHp cLg;gJ ehY KHk; ‘,d;gnk ve;ehSk; Jz;gnk ,y;iy’
- g[Jikf; ftp"h; fpUl;ozg;gps;is ‘vj;jpirr; brypDk; mj;jpirr; nrhnwh’ ‘<rd; ve;ij ,izao epHny’
ehkf;fy; ftp"h; ‘grpj;Jg;g[rp’ ‘Fwpf;nfhspyhJ bfl;nld;’
c.nt. rhkpehijah; - jkpH; jhj;jh - M!;jhd ftp"h; ‘rhjp ,uz;blhHpa ntwpy;iy’
kPdhl;rp Re;juk; uhkyp';fk; gps;is - fhe;jpaf; ftp"h; ‘,sikapy; fy;’ jpU"hd rk;ge;jh; : -
gps;is kPdhl;rp Re;juk; - kfhtpj;Jthd; ‘Myak; bjhGtJ rhyt[k; ed;W’
‘njhLil brtpad; nghw;wp’
- jyg[uhznte;j gps;is ‘mwk; bra;a tpUk;g[‘/
‘Mwpy;yh CUf;F mHF ghH;’ Re;juh; : -
rpWfijkd;dd;,தமி=
g[Jikg;gpj;jd; ,uh.gp. nrJgps;is - brhy;ypd; bry;th; ‘rPiuj; njod; Viuj;njL’
நாC8 மாபசா*
(,yf;fpak;) mhpJ mhpJ khdpluha;g; gpwj;jy; mhpJ’ ‘gpj;jhgpiw R{o bgUkhny mUshyh’
fy;fp ,uh. <.bt.fp.rk;gj; - brhy;ypd; bry;th; fzpad; g{';Fd;wdhh; : -
fpU\
fpU\;z_h;j;jp tuyhw;W ehtypd; (murpay;) ‘ePJk; ed;Wk; gpwh; ju thuh’ ‘bghd;dhh; nkdpand g[ypf;bfhoia -
<.bt.uhkrhkp - bghpahh; ‘ahJk; Cnu ahtUk; nfsph;’ miuf;firj;J’
je;ij,தமி=நாC'*
- - gFj;jwpt[ gfytd;
வாடLகாC ef;fPuh; : - khzpf;fthrfh; : -
- Rakhpahijr; Rlh;
- ehtyh; ,uh#h#p - _jwp"h; ‘cz;gJ ehHp/ cLg;gJ ,uz;nl’
‘bry;tj;Jg; gand <jy;’ ‘cw;whiu ahd; ntz;nld; Ch; ntz;nld; ngh;
nrhkRe;ju ghujpahh; t.c.rpjk;gudhh; - brf;fpGத brk;ky; ntz;nld; fw;whiu ahd; ntz;nld;’
K.fjpnur brl;oahh; - gz;ojkzp - fg;gnyhl;oa jkpHd; nfht{h;f; fpHhh; : -
mwp"h; mz;zh - nguwp"h;, - bjd;dhl;Lj; jpyfh; ‘xUtPh; njhw;gpDk; njhw;gJ';fona ,uhkyp';f mofs; : -
- bjd;dhl;L f. Rg;gpukzpag; - f.R. gps;is ,UtPh; ntwYk; ,aw;ifa[kd;nw’
gps;is ‘thoa gapiuf; fz;l nghbjy;yhk; csk;
bgh;dhl;\h thondd;’.
- bjd;dhl;L fhe;jp bt';flhryk; gps;is - fue;ij ftpauR ehpbtU cj;jiyahh; : -
K. tujuhrd; - jkpH;ehl;L bgh;dhl;;\h M.S. Rg;g[yl;Rkp - ,irf;Fapy; ‘ey;yJ bra;jy; Mw;wPh; uhapDk; ‘vy;nyhUk; thH;f ,ire;J’
gk;ky; rk;ge;j - ehlf je;ij ntj ,uj;jpdg; gps;is - rh;jhh; my;yJ bra;jy; xk;g[kpd;’
Kjypahh; tp. KDrhkp - jpUf;Fwshh; ‘grpj;jpU/ jdpj;jpU/ tpHpj;jpU/
bra;Fj;jk;gpahh; - தrhtjhdp
Flg[y tpadhh; : -
r';fujh!; Rthkpfs; - ehlfj;
jiyikahrphpah; mg;Jy; ,uFkhd; - ftpf;nfh ‘fz;_o tHf;fbky;yhk; kz;_og;nghf’
‘cz;o bfhLj;njhh; caph; bfhLj;njhnu
ehlf ,kakiy k. bgh. rpt"hdk; - rpyk;g[r; bry;th; cz;o Kjw;nw cztpd; gpz;lk;’ ‘mUl;bgU";nrhjp jdpg;bgU';fUiz’
,uhசா -
அணாமைல bj. bgh. kPdhl;rp bghd;Koahh; : - jpU_yh; : -
ெசC'யா jdpj;jkpH; Re;judhh; - gz;bkhHpg;g[yth;
,irf;fhtyh - fhkuhrh; gy;fiyf; ‘fspW vwpe;J bgah;jy; fhisf;Ff; flnd’ ‘xd;nw Fyk; xUtnd njtd;’
- fHf Kjy; Jiz ‘njDf;Fs; ,d;gk; fUg;ngh rptg;ngh’
thzpjhrd; - jkpH;ehl;od; nte;jh; fiHjpd; ahidahh; : - ;clk;ig tsh;j;njd; capiu tsh;j;njnd’
:y;jhd; mg;Jy; fhjh; - Fz';Fo k!;jhd; ‘md;ng rptk;’
nth;l;!;bth;j;, ‘<bad cuj;jy; ,Hpe;jd;W mjd; vjpy;
fdf Rg;g[uj;jpdk; - ghujpjhrd; ‘thDf;Fs; <ridj; njLk; kjpapyPh;’
ftp"nuW/ ghtyh;kzp
kzp <bad; vd;wy; mjdpDk; ,Hpe;jd;W’
kUzPf;fpahh; - jpUeht[f;furh; ‘clk;ghy; mHpapd; capuhy; mHpth;’
njrpa tpehafk;
gps;is - ftpkzp Kj;ijah - fz;zjhrd; beL";brHpad; : -
fhd;!;lhd;od; - fgpyh; : -
mH. ts;spag;gh - FHe;ij ftp"h; ‘cw;WHpa[jtpa[k; cWbghUs; bfhLj;Jk;
b#afhe;jd; - bjd; ,e;jpahtpd; n#hrg;bg!;fp - tPukhKdpth; ‘ed;nw bra;jy; ntz;Lk; - ed;Wk;
,uhgh;l;-o-behgpyp - jj;Jtnghjfh; gpw;iw epiy KdpahJ fw;wy; ed;nw’
khg;g!hd; ,d;nw bra;jy; ntz;Lk;’
thy;l;lh; !;fhl; - உyf சிகைதய* ; je;ij jha[khdth; :-:-
nltpl; tph;j; fpuoj; - cyf rpdpkhtpd; nkw;nfhs;fs; : - ‘ciHg;gpd; thuh cWjpfs; csnth’
je;ij Xsitahh; : ‘vy;yhUk; ,d;g[w;W ,Uf;f epidg;gJnt
my;yhky; ntW xd;Wk; mwpnad; guhgunk’ g[j;jh; :-:-
jhnj rhfpg; ghy;nf - ,e;jpa rpdpkhtpd; ‘vt;tHp ey;yth; Mth;
je;ij mt;tHp ey;iy thHpa epynd’ ‘Mirna Jd;gj;jpw;F fhuzk;’
fp.M.bg. tp!;tehjd; - Kj;jkpH;f; fhtyh; jpUeht[f;furh; : -
mz;zhkiy ‘kdk;nghd nghf;bfy;yhk; nghf ntz;lhk;’ ‘vd; fld; gzp bra;J fplg;gnj’
bul;oahh; - rpe;J கவைத பா'யவ ‘ehkh;f;Fk; Fomy;nyhk; ekid m";nrhk;’
ghujpahh; : - bra;jpl ntz;Lkk;kh” - tha[iw thH;j;J ew;wpid : -
“njhl;lj;jpny nka[J bts;isg; gR” - Kg;ghy;
‘ts;Std; jd;id cyfpDf;nf je;J “cs;sj;jpYs;s ftpij - ,d;g - ts;Stg;gad; “Ke;ij ,Ue;J el;nlhh; bfhLg;gpd;
thd;g[fh; je;j jkpH;ehL’ cUbtLg;gJ ftpij” - bgha;ahbkhHp e";Rk; cz;gh; edpehfhPfh;”
ehkf;fy; bt. ,uhkyp';fk; gps;is : - gHbkhHp - KJbkhHp
‘ey;ynjhh; tPiz bra;nj - mij ey';bflg;
“jkpHbdd;W brhy;ylh jiyepkph;e;J epy;ylh” FWe;bjhif : -
g[Gjpapy; vwptJz;nlh’
“g[ul;rp ntz;Lk; g[ul;rp ntz;Lk; g[ul;rp - ,uhkfhij “aha[k; "ha[k; ahuhfpanuh?
‘ahkwpe;j bkhHpfspny jkpH; bkhHpnghy;
ntz;Lklh” கபராமாயண - ,uhktjhuk; ve;ija[k; Ee;ija[k; vk;Kiuf;nfsPh;”
,dpjhdJ v';Fk; fhnzhk;’
“jkpHd; vd;nwhh; ,dKz;L - fk;gehlfk;
‘khjh; jk;ik ,Hpt[ bra;a[k; klikiaf;
jdpna mjw;nfhh; FzKz;L@ - fk;g rpj;jpuk; “tpidna Mlth;f;F capnu thy;Ejy;
bfhSj;Jnthk;’
“ ifj;bjhHpy; xd;iwf; fw;Wf; bfhs; ftiy rpyg;gjpfhuk; kid ciw kfspUf;F Mlth; caph;”
jdpbahUtDf; Fztpy;iybadpy; Ifj;jpid
cdf;fpy;iy xj;Jf;bfhs;” kzpnkfiy - ,ul;ilf; fhg;gpa';fs;
mHpj;jpLnthk;’
“fj;jpapd;wp ,uj;jkpd;wp a[j;jbkhd;W tUFJ” rpyg;gjpfhuk; - _nte;jh; fhg;gpak; “tpUe;J tu fiue;jJ fhf;if”
“be";R bghWf;F jpiyna”
“rj;jpak; ek;kpw; Fiwe;jhy; -gy (உைரயைடயCட “bfh';Fnjh; thH;f;if m";riuj; Jk;gp”
“mr;rkpy;iy mr;rkpy;iy mr;rbkd;gjpy;iy”
r';flk; te;J epiwe;jnj” பாC8ைட ெசM)
“vy;nyhUk; ,e;ehl;L kd;dh;fs;”
“Tl;Lwtpy; nrU';fs; TothH gHF';fs;” - rpyk;g[,Kjy; fhg;gpak; “epyj;jpDk; bghpnj thdpDk; cah;e;jd;W
“fhf;if rpwfpdpny ee;jyhyh”
gl;ozj;jofs; : - - Fokf;fs; fhg;gpak; ePhpDk; Mustpd;nw”
“fhf;if FUtp v';fs; #hjp”
“xd;bwd;wpU bja;tk; cz;bld;wpU”
“fhjy;/ fhjy; fhjy;” - Xw;Wikf; fhg;gpak; ghpghly; : -
“xd;W gl;lhy; cz;L thH;t[” (ii). milbkhHpfshy; Fwpf;fg;gLk; E]y;fs;
- njrpa fhg;gpak;
“gl;l';fs; Ms;tJk; rl;l';fs; bra;tJk;” :- “jPapDs;bjd;wy; eP g{tpDs; ehw;wk; eP
- Kj;jkpH;f; fhg;gpak;
“bfhl;L Kunr bfhl;L KuR” bghJthf jkpH; E]y;fspy; mtw;wpd; rpwg;gpw;nfw;g fy;ypDs; kzpa[k; eP brhy;ypDs; tha;ik eP”
- rKjhaf; fhg;gpak;
“vz;zpa Kojy; ntz;Lk; milbkhHp tH';fg;gl;Ls;sd. me;j
- bra;a[s;
ey;ynt vz;zy; ntz;Lk;” milbkhHpfisf; bfhz;nl ,g;gFjp tpdhf;fs; “ahd; ,ug;git bghd;Dk ;bghUSk; nghft[k;
- g[ul;rpf; fhg;gpயk;
“vd;W jzpa[k; ,e;j Rje;jpu jhfk;” mikf;fg;gLfpwJ. rpy tpdhf;fs; E]y;fspy; my;y”
cs;s rpwg;ghd thpfisf; bfhLj;Jk; tpdhf;fs; - rkarhh;gw;w fhg;gpak;
“bgz; tpLjiy ntz;Lk;” kzpnkfiy - kzpnkfiy Jwt[
“fy;tp rpwe;j jkpH; ehL” nfl;fg;gLfpd;wd. mjw;nfw;g fPnH gl;oa mfehD]W : -
ypl;Ls;nshk;. ,tw;iw ed;F bjhlh;g[gLj;jp rPtf rpe;jhkzp - kzpE]y;
“cHt[f;Fk; bjhHpYf;Fk; te;jid bra;nthk;” bgU';fij - mftw;fhg;gpak;
“ghuj g{kp gHk;bgUk; g{kp ePujd; goj;J kdjpy; ,Uj;jpf; bfhs;st[k;. “caph; ,iae;jd;d el;gpd; mt;caph;
kzpnkfiy/ - bgsj;j fhg;gpa';fs;
g[jy;th; ,e;epidt[ mfw;whjPh;” thH;jy; md;d fhjy;
milbkhHpahy; Fwpf;fg;bgWk; E]y;fs; :-:- Fz;lynfrp
“bja;tk; gyg;gy brhy;ypg; gifj; rhjy; md;d gphpt[ mhpahns”
ePynfrp - ePynfrpj; jpul;L
jPia tsh;g;gth; _lh;” E]y; milbkhHp jpUthrfk; - mHfpa tha;bkhHp
“ehLk;; bkhHpa[k; ekjpU fz;fs;” g[wehD]W : -
jpUthrfj;jpw;F - bja;tj;jd;ik
ghujpjhrd; : - mfehD]W - beLe;bjhif bghUe;jpa
“g[jpanjhh; cyfk; bra;nthk;” g[wehD]W - g[wg;ghl;L “cz;gJ ehHp cLg;gJ ,uz;nl”
cUfhh; - xUthrfj;jpw;Fk;
“xlg;gh; caug;gh; vy;yhk; - g[wk; “bry;tj;J gand <jy;”
cUfhh; - #p.a[. nghg;
xg;gg;gh; Ma;tpLthh; czug;gh eP” fypj;bjhif - fw;wwpe;njhh; Vj;Jk; - tha;bkhHp
“,Ul;liwapy; cs;sjlh cyfk;” bjhif “ahJk; Cnu ahtUk; nfsph;”
jpUke;jpuk; - jkpHh; ntjk;
“ey;ynjhh; FLk;gk; gy;fiyf; fHfk;” gl;ozg;ghiy - t";rpbeLk;ghl;L bghpag[uhzk; - jpUj;bjhz;lh; g[uhzk;
“kj';fs; kf;fspd; khw;W rl;ilfs;” btw;wpntw;if - eWe;bjhif “jPJk; ed;Wk; gpwh; jut huh”
- nrf;fpHhh; g[uhzk;
“jkpiH vd;Daph; vd;ngd; fz;Oh;” _Jiu - thf;Fz;lhk; “bghpnahiu ,fH;jy; mjdpDk; ,ynk”
- tHpE]y;
“jkpGf;Fk; mKbjd;W ngh; - me;j bgUk;ghzhw;Wg;gil- - ghzhW mWgj;J _th; g[uhz;
jkpH; ,d;gj; jkpH; v';fs; capUf;F neh;” kiygLflhk; - Tj;juhw;Wg;gil “bey;Yk; capud;nw ePUk; capud;nw
nekpehjk; - rpd;D]y;
“bfhiy thspid vllh Fwp";rpg;ghl;L - bgU';Fwp";rp kd;dd; caph;j;j kyh;jiy cyfk;”
,yf;fz tpsf;fk; - Fl;oj;bjhy;fhg;gpak;
btF bfhonahh; bray; mwnt” fhg;gpag;ghl;L gps;isj;jkpH; - FHe;ij ,yf;fpak;
“ghulh cd; khdpl rKj;jpuj;ij” Ky;iyg;ghl;L - be";rhw;Wg;gil “cz;o bfhLj;njhh; caph; bfhLj;njhnu
Fwe;bjhif - ey;y
“capiu/ czh;it tsh;g;gJ jkpnH” jpUKUfhw;Wg;gil - g[ytuhw;Wg;gil cz;o Kjw;nw cztpd; gpz;lk;”
Fwt";rp - Fwj;jpg;ghl;L
“bgz;zoik jPUkl;Lk; ngRk; jpUehl;od; jpUf;Fws; - jkpH;kiw E]y;fspy; cs;s nkw;nfhs;fs; : -
kz;zoik jPe;jy; Kaw;bfhk;ng” - bja;tE]y; “ey;yJ bra;jy; Mw;wPh; uhapDk;
bjhy;fhg;gpak; : -
ftpkzp njrpatpehafk; gps;is: - - cj;jpuntjk; my;yJ bra;jy; Xk;g[kpd;”
“k';ifauha;g; gpwg;gjw;nf - ey;y khjtk; - cyfg;bghJkiw “fw;bgdg;gLtJ gpwd;be";R g[fhik”
“xUtPh; njhw;gpDk; njhw;gJ';Fona Mj;jpr;R{o :-:- 3. gphpj;bjGJf : - ruzh';fns ruz; + M';fns
,Uth; ntwYk; ,aw;ifa[ kd;nw” myfpyh myF + ,yh
“kdk;nghd nghf;bfy;yhk nghf ntz;lhk;” beLehtha; beLik + ehtha; Must[ mUik + mst[
“ed;dil ey;fy; nte;jw;Ff; flnd “mwk; bra;a tpUk;g[” beLePh; beLik + ePh; fU';nfhy; fUik + nfhy;
xspUths; mU";rkk; KUf;fpf; “ehyoa[k; ,uz;loa[k; goj;jtdplk; m';fz; mk; + fz; bgUe;njd; bgUik + njd;
fapW vwpe;j bgah;jy; fhisf;F flnd” thaoa[k; brhy;yoa[k; bry;yhJ” gw;gy gy + gy brtpf;Fzt[ brtpf;F + czt[
“mwp"h;f;fHF fw;Wzh;e;J ml';fy;” g[d;fz; g[d;ik + fz; Rita[zuh Rit + czuh
“vt;tHp ey;yth; Mlth; “vGj;J mwptpj;jtd; ,iwtd; Mthd;” bkd; fz; bkd;ik + fz; tha[zh;t[ tha; + czh;t[
mt;tHp ey;iy thHpa epynd” mUtpia mUik + tpiy je;Ja;kpd; je;J + ca;k;kpd;
fk;guhkhazk; : ed;fyk; ed;ik + fyk; tpy;byGjp tpy; + vGjp
“vj;jpirr; brypDk; mj;jpirr; nrhnw” “cilahUk; ,y;iy/ ,y;yhUk; ,y;iy khnjh” brybthHpah bryt[ + xHpah g{l;Lkpd; g{l;L + kpd;
“g{kpbtk; fhdk; ez;zp VHpuz;L Mz;od; th” tHpf;fiu tHp +fiu kUg;g{rp kUg;g[ + g{rp
“btapbyd Kdpnad; gdpbad konad;” te;jize;j te;J + mize;j khh;nghiy khh;g[ + Xiy
jkpH;tpL J]J : - vk;kU';Fk; v+ kU';Fk; vkbjd;W vkJ + vd;W
“<bad ,uj;jy; ,Hpe;jd;W mjd; vjph; “,Ue;jkpnH cd;dhy; ,Ue;njd; - ,iknahh; v';FiwtPh; v';F + ciwtPh; bkha;apiy bkha; + ,iy
<nad; vd;wy; mjdpDk; ,Hpe;jd;W” tpUe;jkpH;jk; vd;whYk; ntz;nld;” fz;zUtp fz; + mUtp thapdPh; thapd; + ePh;
clk;bgy;yhk; clk;g[ + vyhk; bte;Jyh;e;J bte;J + cyh;e;J
jpUKUfhw;Wg;gil : - rpyg;gjpfhuk; : - jpUtKJ jpU +mKJ fhojid fhL + ,jid
“khrWbghd;nd tyk;g[hp Kj;nj kde;jiHg;g kdk; + jiHg;g fUKfpy; fUik + Kfpy;
“mWgh; gae;j Mwkh; bry;y fhrWtpiuna fUk;ng njnd” ew;fwpfs; ed;ik + fw;fs; btz;kjp btz;ik + kjp
My; bfG flt[s; g[jy;tkhy;tiu “<d;w FHe;ij vLj;J tsh;f;FJ]ck; ,d;dKJ ,dpik + mKJ vGe;bjjph; vGe;J + vjph;
kiykfs; kfnd kw;nwhh; Tw;nw rhd;nwhUk; cz;L bfhy; rhd;nwhUk; bfhy;” thsuh ths; + muh mwpt[z;lhf mwpt[ + cz;lhf
btw;wpbty; nghh;f; bfhw;wit rpWt” “g}{k;g[fhh; nghw;Wk; g{k;g[fhh; nghw;WJk; m';if mk; + if eh + bjhiyt[ +
ehj;bjhiytpy;iy
,y;iy
khkiy nghw;WJk; khkiy nghw;WJk;” ehd;kiw erhd;F + kiw
gpzpneha[w;nwhh; gpzp + neha; + cw;nwhh;
bghUeuhw;
bghUeuhw;Wg;gil : - “"hapW nghw;wJk;/ "hapW nghw;WJk; tpjph;g;g[w;w";rp tpjph;g;g[ + cw;W + m";rp
,ay;gPuhW ,ay;g[ + ,uz;L + MW
jp';fis nghw;WJk;/ jp';fis nghw;WJk;” ghtpiy gh+ ,ir
xUtw;F xUtd; + F
“Mwiy fs;th; gil tpl mUspd; “ciurhy; gj;jpdpia cah;e;njhh; nghw;WJk;” ehw;fuzk; ehd;F + fuzk;
,sptd;W ,spt[ + md;W
khWjiy bgah;Fk; kUtpd; ghiy” “CH;tpid cUj;J te;J Cl;LtJk;” fuzj;njh; fuzj;J + Vh;
rhy;bgd;Dk; rhy;g[ + vd;Dk;
“murpay; gpiHj;njhh;f;F muz; Tw;whtJt[k;/ ehw;bghUs; ehd;F + bghUs;
braw;fhpa braw;F + mhpa
rpWghzhw;Wg;gil : - “fs;tidf; nfhwy; fL';nfhyd;W” brtpaWj;J brtp + mWj;J
bghUl;ld;W bghUl;L + md;W
“njuh kd;dh brg;g[t Jilnad;” ,s';fdp ,sik + fdp
el;gd;W el;g[+ md;W
“jkpH; epiy bgw;w jh';f kugpd; “vGbfd btGe;jha; vd;bra;jid” tpz;zg;gKz;L tpz;zg;gk; + cz;L
bre;jkpH; brk;ik + jkpH;
kfpH;eid kUfpd; kJiu” “ahndh murd; ahnd fs;td;” gpzpawpnahk; gpzp + mwpnahk;
g[j;Jap%l;o g[Jik+ caph;+Cl;o
“gj;jpd flt[is gury; ntz;Lk;” ve;ehSk; v+ ehSk;
rJufuhjp rJh;+ mfuhjp
gHpbkhHp : - ehbkd;Wk; ehk; + vd;Wk;
gpzpapd;wp gpzp + ,d;wp
kzpnkfiy : - bjz;oiu bjd;ik + jpiu
mitap";rhd; mit + m";rhd;
“epiwFlk; ePh;jSk;gspy;” bgUf;bfLj;J bgUf;F +vLj;J
khz;g[ilahh; khz;g[ + cilahh;
“Mapuk; ngiuf; bfhd;wtd; miu itj;jpad;” “vt;t[aph;f; fhapDk; ,u';fy; ntz;Lk; cs;Siw cs; + ciw
ntz;oajpy;iy ntz;oaJ + ,y;iy
“Mik g[Fe;j tPLk; mkPdh g[Fe;j tPLk; kz;odp "hyj;J thH;nthh;f;bfy;yhk; beLePh; beLik + ePh;
g[fbHdf;F g[fH; + vdf;F
cUg;glhJ” cz;o bfhLj;njhh; caph; bfhLj;njhnu” mt;tHp m +tHp
Fitbadf;F Fit + vdf;F
“fz;lijf; fw;f gz;ojd; Mthd;” “,sika[k; epy;yh ahf;ifa[k ;epy;yh ,UtpHp ,uz;L + tpHp
jkpH;g;grp jkpH;+ grp
tstpa thd;bgU bry;tJk; epy;yh” btd;idapW btz;ik+vapW
jpidast[ jpid + mst[
njthuk;
njthuk; : - “cs;sk; bgU';nfhapy; Cd; clk;g[ Myak;” fhpf;nfhL fhp +nfhL
gidast[ gid + mst[
“ehkh;f;Fk; Fo my;nyhh; ekid m";nrhk;” “mwbkdg;gLtJ ahbjdf; nfl;gpd; bgU';fphp bgUik + fphp
gRe;jiy gRik + jiy
“,d;gnk vd;dhSk; Jd;gnk ,y;iy” kwth jpJnfs; kd;Daph;f; bfy;yhk; bgUk;fpuk; bgUik +fpuk;
khrpyh khR + ,yh
“Fdpe;j g[UtKk; bfht;itr; brt;thapy; FkpH; cz;o cila[k; ciwa[L ky;yJ fz;ljpy;iy. jz;lsph;g;gjk; jd;ik + fsph; + gjk;
<hpUth; ,U + ,Uth;
rphpg;g[k;” “grpg;gpzp vd;Dk; ghtpaJ jPh;j;njhh; jpz;owy; jpz;ik + jpwy;
ig';Ftis gRik + Ftis
“Fwpf;nfhspyhJ bfl;nld;” ,irr;brhy; msitf;F vd; eh epkpuhJ” gjpzpe;jpth; gzpe;J + ,th;
bre;jhkiu brk;ik + jhkiu
md;bgdg;gLtJ md;g[ + vdg;gLtJ
,Ugjhz;L ,UgJ + Mz;L
gz;bgdg;gLtJ gz;g[ + vdg;gLtJ
kpd;dDtpay; kpd;dD + ,ay;
jhKs jhk; + C
cs;s';if cs; + mk; + if
ahuth; ahh; + mth;
nkk;ghlila nkk;ghL + mila nehp';nf neh; + ,';nf ed;ik x jPik ,k;ik x kWik
kpd;d";ry; kpd; + m";ry; nrkKw nrkk; + cw bjhd;ik x g[Jik ,d;dhh;; x ,dpahh;
kyh;f;fuk; kyh; + fuk; njrbky;yhk; njrk; + vy;yhk;
Ftpa[bkd;W Ft[a[k; + vd;W gUtg; bgz; gUtk; + bgz; njhd;w x kiwa ,dpaJ x ,d;dhjJ
br';fpjutd; brk;ik + fjputd; frlw frL + mw tsh;r;rp x njf;fk; <jy; x Vw;wy;
jha;ikad;g[ jha;ik + md;g[ vGj;bjd;g vGj;J + vd;g FoauR x KoauR <uk; x twl;rp
Iahapuk; Ie;J + Mapuk; kzw;nfzp kzy; + nfzp kfpH;r;rp x tUj;jk; <thh; x <ahh;
ntlkzpe;J ntlk; + mzpe;J vGj;bjd;g vGj;J + vd;g ,ize;J x jzpe;J cl;gif x g[wg;gif
rpiwapyilj;j rpiwapy; + milj;j fw;wwpe;jhh; fw;W + mwpe;jhh;
bjd;dhL bjw;F + ehL
tWik x tsik cz;ik x ,d;ik/ bgha;
bka;";"hdk; bka; + "hdk; 4. vjph;r;brhy;iy vLj;bjGJjy; g[Jik x gHik cj;jkd; x mjkd;
xd;Ww xd;W + cw cah;e;jhh; x jhH;e;njhh; cgfhuk; x mgfhuk;
nfhykpl;L nfhyk; + ,l;L jkpHpy; xU brhy;Yf;Fhpa ,izahd bgUik x rpWik cUtk;; x mUtk;
rz;gff;fhL rz;gfk; + fhL vjph;r;brhy;iyf; fz;lwpjny ,g;gFjp tpdhthf kfpH;r;rp x Jf;fk; ctj;jy; x fha;jy;
capbud caph; + vd mikf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,g;gFjp vspjpy; kjpg;bgz; FHp x nkL cs;sJ x ,y;yJ
mUe;jpwy; mUik + jpwy; bgwf;Toait. mtw;iw nkYk; vspikg;gLj;j
xw;iwf;fhy; xd;W +I + fhy; xt;bthU brhy;Yf;Fk; ,izahd tPuk; x nfhiH cwt[ x may;
fhl;Laph;fs; fhL + caph;fs; vjph;r;brhy;iy bjhFj;Js;nshk;. 6*< இ g[fH; x ,fH; Cly; x Tly;
rpw;whW rpWik + MW எள4தாக இ ெகா8கபCட .தேபா ஒ பாட ,He;jik x bgw;wik vhpjy; x mhpJ
g[fyplk; g[fy; + ,lk; ெகா8கபC8 அதி உள ஒ வாைத எதி jz;ik x btk;ik vspJ x mhpJ
tpy';fpdk; tpy';F + ,dk; ெசா ேகCகப8கிற .அ(த ெசாகள4 chpik x moik Vw;wk; x jhH;t[
Ik;g{j';fs; Ie;J + g{j';fs; ெபபாைமயான ெசாக கீ ேழ
thHplk; thH; + ,lk; kyh;jy; x Ftpjy; VW x ,w';F
fz;lngh ெகா8கபCடவ ஒ*றாக இ. tpiHe;jhh; x btWj;jhh; xUik x gd;ik
fz;L + nghJ + vy;yhk;
bjy;yhk; bgUfp x mUfp/ RU';fp xhpf x jsph;f
grpawhJ grp + mwhJ ,ir x tir ,Hpt[ x cah;t[ xsp x ,Us;
tPLnjhwpue;Jk; tPL+ njhWk; + ,ue;Jk; ,aw;if x braw;if
fz;Lsk; fz;L + csk; ghtk; x g[z;zpak; xd;Wf x tpyFf
bjd;jpir bjw;F + jpir vl;lh x vl;oa kd;dpg;g[ x xWg;g[ (jz;og;g[) X';Fjy; x XL';Ff
Ik;g{jk; Ie;J+ g{jk; Kjd;ik x ,Wjp mfyy; x fpl;Ljy; f";rk; x jhuhsk;
thD]h;jp thd; + Ch;jp X';fpa x jhH;e;j m';F x ,';F fyf;fk; x bjspt[
jpUt[sk; jpU+csk; ,ize;jJ x gphpe;jJ/ jdpj;J mry; x efy; fw;wy; x fy;yhik
jpUg;g[ak; jpU+g[ak; kfpH;r;rp x Jf;fk;
,Uepyk; ,uz;L+epyk; mlf;fk; x ml';fhik fdt[ x edt[
bgUe;jtk; bgUik+jtk;
ed;ik x jPik mo x Ko fhf;f x tpLf
jkpHd;id jkpH; + md;id ,d;brhy; x fL";brhy;/ td;brhy; milg;g[ x jpwg;g[ fhg;ghw;W x iftpL
bre;jkpH;r; btg;gk; x jl;gk;/ Fsph;e;j mz;ik x nra;ik fhuzk; x mfhuzk;
brk;ik + jkpH; + bry;tp
bry;tp e";R x mKjk;/ kUe;J mikjp x FHg;gk; fhyk; x mfhyk;
mKjfpuzk; mKjk; + fpuzk;
,dpa x ,d;dh mus; x kus; Fzk; x Fw;wk;
gps;isj; jkpH; gps;is + jkpH;
cs;bshJ';fp cs; + xJ';fp btz;ik x fUik myh;jy; x Ftpjy; Fiwt[ x epiwt[
g[wehD]W g[wk; + ehd;F+ E]W nkij x ngij mt;tplk; x ,t;tplk; Tly; x gphpjy;
kf;fl;bfy;yhk; kf;fl;F + vy;yhk; mhpaJ x vspaJ mwk; x kwk; bfhL x th';F
vd;gzpe;j vd;g[ + mzpe;j btw;wp x njhy;tp Mf;fk; x nfL bfhLik x brk;ik
g{';nfhapy; g{ + nfhapy;
,Wjp x bjhlf;fk; M';F x <';F bfhs; x bfhL
g[ilj;bjd;dhh; g[ilj;J + vd;dhh;
vd;WUFthh; vd;W + cUFthh; vjph;j;jhh; x tuntw;whh; Mir x epuhir r";ryk; x Jzpt[
mHf;fpy;yh mHf;F + ,y;yh el;g[ x gif Mjp x me;jk; rj;jk; x mikjp
mzptjhyy;yth mzptjhy; + my;ynth Jd;gk; x ,d;gk; Mz;lhs; x moik re;J x epre;J
brt;tpjH; brk;ik + ,jH; ,d;dh x ,dpa Mz;L x <z;L ruk; x mruk;
mwpt[z;lhk; mwpt[ + cz;lhk;
kwg;gJ x epidg;gJ ,ir x tir rhf;fpuij x mrhf;fpuij
clw;Fz;lhk; clw;F + cz;lhk;
,z';F x gpz';F rhe;jk; x cf;fpuk;
rhuk; x rf;if tsh;jy; x nja;jy; 5. ெபாருந்தாச் ெசால்ைலக் கண்டறிதல்:
gpiH
Rgk; x mRgk; tisjy; x epkph;jy; இைத ெபாதவைர A Aலாசிrய
jpUj;jk;
Ruh; x mRuh; thH;f x tPH;f ேபா*றவைற நா ெதr( ைவபதி இ(
jd; jk;
இலகணதி நம இ ெதள4ைவ ைவ
Rth;f;fk; x eufk; tpUg;g[ x btWg;g[ xt;bthU xt;nthh;
வைட அள4கலா.
br';nfhy; x bfhL';nfhy; gz;gpyhd; x gz;g[ilahd; vd;w vDk;
இவ ஆபைட A எ இைல?
nrh;f x gphpf Xa;t[ x ciHg;g[ அ.தி6காபைட ஆ.மைலப8கடா
xUik-
xUik-gd;ik gpiHfis ePf;Fjy; : -
jf;f x jfhjd gifth; x ez;gh; இ.சிபாணாபைட ஈ.ெந+சாபைட
jf;fhh; x jftpyhh; nehjy;; x jzpjy; இதி ெந+சாபைட எ*ப 6ைலபாC'*
xUik : - xUik vd;gJ xd;iw kl;Lk; Fwpg;gJ
jl;gk; x btg;gk; te;jhd; x te;jpyd; ேவ ெபய.மைலப8கடா எ*ப
xUikah vGtha; mika[k; nghJ பயன4ைலM;
Rதராபைட.எனேவ ெந+சாபைட இத*
jz;zPh; x bte;ePh; epiw x Fiw xUikahf mika ntz;Lk;.
வைட.
jkh; x gpwh; itjy; x g[fH;jy; (v.fh) ku';fs; rha;e;jd/ khztd; te;jhd;/
இ ேபா*ேற ேகவக ேகCகப8.
jtk;; x mtk; Kw;gfy; x gpw;gfy; khzth;fs; te;jdh;.
jGt[ x js;S ez;gfy;; x es;sput[ 6.பிைழ
6. ந" க்கம்: jd;ikg;bgah; : -
J]uk; x rkPgk; fspg;g[ x vhpr;ry;/ Jauk;
bjspt[ x kf;fk; jpd;ik x beha;ik thf;fpa';fisg; gpiHapd;wp vGj ifahs XUik gd;ik
bjhif x tphp FWik x beLik ntz;oait : - ahd; ahk;/ ah';fs;
1. cah;jpiz vGtha; cah;jpiz gadpiyiag; ehd; ehk;/ eh';fs;
ey;tHp x my;tHp cilik x tWik
bgw;W tUk;. mJnghd;W m~wpid vGtha;
ew;Fzk; x jPf;Fzk; g[yik x klik m~wpid gadpiy bgw;W tUk;. Kd;dpiyg; bgah; : -
nerk; x gif btl;rp x fue;ij 2. ghy; mwpe;J mjw;nfw;w
gUj;jy; x rpWj;jy; t";rp x fh";rp tpidKw;iwg;gad;gLj;j ntz;Lk;. XUik gd;ik
gs;sk; x nkL cHpi" x behr;rp 3. vGtha; xUikahfnth/ gz;ikahfnth eP ePh;/ eP';fs;
ghl;lhsp x Kjyhsp Jk;ig x thif te;jhy; tpidKw;Wk; mt;thW mika ntz;Lk;.
ghtk; x g[z;zpak; mUF x bgUF glh;f;ifg; bgah; : -
vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfs;:-
jf;fhh; x jftpyhh; ey;twpt[ x jPawpt[ 1. mz;zd; tUfpwJ - gpiH xUik gd;ik
gpoj;jy; x tpLj;jy; ,ir x ,fH; mz;zd; tUfpwhd; - jpUj;jk;. mtd;/ mts; mth;fs;
gpzf;fk; x ,zf;fk; md;g[ilahh; x md;gpyhh; 2. Fapy;fs; ghoaJ- gpiH mJ mit
g[fH; x ,fH; mUshsh; x mUspyhh; Fapy;fs; ghod - rhp. jk;gp jk;gpahf
bgWik x rpWik ,Uk;ig x ,d;gk; 3. mYtyh;fs; gyh; te;jhh;fs; - gpiH j';if j';ifkhh;
mYtyh;fs; gyh; te;jdh; - jpUj;jk;. fz; fz;fs;
ngjk; x mngjk; gHik x g[Jik 4. jpyftjpah; te;jhd; - gpiH ehp ehpfs;
bgha; x bka; tPud; x nfhiH jpyftjpahh; te;jhh; - jpUj;jk;.
jpUj;jk;
nghw;W x J]w;W ,fH;e;J x g[fh;e;J 5. vd; g[j;jfk; ,Jty;y - gpiH gpiH
k';fyk; x mk';fyk; ,sik x KJik vd; g[j;jfk; ,Jtd;W - jpUj;jk;. mitfs; mit
k';fyk; x mk';fyk; ,fH;r;rp x g[fh;r;rp 6. mtd; khztd; my;y - gpiH mJfs; mJ
mtd; khztd; md;W - jpUj;jk;. vdJ kfd; vd; kfd;
k';fyp x mk';fyp xsp x ,Us; xU Ch; xh; Ch;
7. fe;jd; ,d;W xU g[jpa E]y; xd;W th';fpdhd;
k';Fjy; x xsph;jy; X';Fk; x jhGk; gpiH ehl;fs; ehs;fs;
klik x g[yik kyh;jy; x Tk;gy; fe;jd; ,d;W g[jpaE]y; xd;W th';fpdhd; - rpy mwp"h; mwp"h; rpyh;
koj;jy; x tphpj;jy; ,dpa x ,d;dhj jpUj;jk;. mtd; my;y mtd; my;yd;
kUs; x bjUs; ,ir x tir 8. jiyth; ehis te;jhh; -gpiH mts; my;y mts; my;yd;
kyh;r;rp x Rspg;g[ ,uj;jy; x <jy; jiyth; ehis tUthh; - jpUj;jk;.
9. Mikfs; ntfkhf xlhJ - gpiH gpiH jpUj;jk;
kyh;jy; x Tk;g[jy; _njtp x rPnjtp Mikfs; ntfkhf xlh - jpUj;jk; bghJtHp
bghJ tHp md;W
kiwjy; x btspg;gly; X';fpaJ x jhH;e;jJ my;y
10. ejpfs; njhd;Wkplj;jpy; சிறியதாக ,Uf;Fk; -
Kdpt[ x fdpt[ MLc x kf^c rpy mwp"h; mwp"h; rpyh;
gpiH
mth;fs; my;y mth;fs; my;yh;
bkd;ik x td;ik ejpfs; njhd;Wkplj;jpy; சிறிadthf ,Uf;Fk; - mit md;W mJ md;W
nkd;ik x fPH;ik jpUj;jk;.
mJ m~J kug[j; bjhlh;fis thf;fpaத்தில் mikj;jy; :-:- பிறெமாழிச் ெசாற்கைள ந"க்கி எழுதுக.
fhf;if fiua[k; nfhHp bfhf;fhpf;Fk; kapy; mft[k;
chpikahdJ chpikahdJ fpsp bfh";Rk; ahid gpspW
rp';fk; KH';Fk;
ahd; jhk; ahd; jhd; 1. mtiy epidj;J cuiy ,oj;jy; - xd;iw ngRk; k;
ML myWk; g{id rPWk; nrty; Tt[k;
te;njd; te;njd; vz;zp kw;bwhd;iwr; bra;jy. பிறெமாழி தமிழ் பிறெமாழி தமிழ் vUJ vf;fhskpLk; vyp fPr; rpLk; g[wh FDFk;
ehd; jhk; ehd; jhd; 2. vLg;ghh; ifg;gpis - ahh; brhd;dhYk; mijf; Fu';F myg;g[k; Tif FHWk; tz;L KuYk;
brd;nwd; brd;nwd; nfl;L elg;gtd;.
ePh; jhd;
ePh; jhk; bfhLj;jPh; 3. ஏC8r;Riuf;fha; fwpf;FjthJ - goj;jJ jhtu cWg;g[g; bgah;fs; : -
bfhLj;jPh;
mit jhd; mg;g'na thH;t[f;Fg; gad;glhJ.
mit jhk; xod 4. Xiyte;J tpl;lJ – Miz fpilj;J tpl;lJ. <r;r Xiy jhiH kly; gidnahiy
xod
5. rPl;L fpHe;J tpl;lJ - ntiy ngha; tpl;lJ. nrhsj;jl;il bjd;idnahiy gyh ,iy
xUik gd;ik 6. fapW jphpf;fpwhd; - ,y;yhjijr; brhy;fpwhd; khtpiy _';fpy; ,iy thiH ,iy
7. jhdk; nghLfpwhd; - Jd;gg; gLfpwhd;. ntg;ge;jiH fKf';Te;jy; bew;whd;
md;W my;y
jhd; jhk; 8. g";rha;g; gwf;fpwhd; - bghUspd;wp miyfpwhd;.
9. f';F fiuapy;iy -vy;iy ,y;iy. fha;fspd; ,sepiy : -
- xU/ mJ vd;w brhy;iyaLj;J KjbyGj;J 10. bfho fl;og;gwj;jy; - jdpg;g[fnHhL thH;jy;. KU';ifg;gp";
caph; 11. nfhapy; bgUr;rhdp - bghJ brhj;ijj; jpUoj; mtiug;gp";R khtL
R
vGj;jhf cs;s brhy; te;jhy; xU xh; vd;Wk; jpd;gtd;. bjd;d';FUk;i
12. r';fg; gyif - tphpe;J midtUf;Fk; ,lk; thiHf;fr;ry; bts;shpg;gp";R
mJ g
m~J vd;Wk; tUk;. bfhLg;gJ. bro bfho ku';fspd; bjhFg;gplk; : -
- xt;bthU vd;Dk; brhy;iyaLj;J 13. g[j;jfg; g{r;rp - cyf mwptpd;wp E]ywpt[ kl;Lnk
xUikr;brhw;fns tu ntz;Lk;. cs;std;. My';fhL rt[f;Fj;njhg;g[ bjd;de;njhg;g[
14. kjpy; nky; g{id -epr;rak; ,y;yhj epiy. fk;g';bfhy;iy
nrhsf;
njapiyj;njhl;lk;
t>cr; brhw;fs; ePf;fk; 15. kiynawptpl;lJ - giHa gHf;fk; kiwe;J bfhy;iy
tpl;lJ. gde;njhg;g[ gyhj;njhg;g[ g{e;njhl;lk;
t>cr; 16. kdg;ghy; Foj;jy; - fw;gid bra;jy;
jpUj;jk; bghUs;fspd; bjhFg;g[ : -
brhw;fs; 17. Kjiyf; fz;zPh; - bgha; mHif/ Vkhw;Wjy;
mlkiH milkiH 18. Mfhaj; jhkiu - ,y;yhj xd;W.
mJfs; mit 19. moahj khL goahJ. Ml;Lke;ij fw;Ftpay; rhtpf;bfhj;J
jpuhl;irf;
mUthkid mhpths;kid 20. Mw;wpy; nghl;lhYk; mse;J nghL. nty';fhL gRepiu
ைல
mUfhikapy; mUfpy; 21. cg;gpl;ltiu cs;sdt[k; epid.
kug[r; brhw;fs; : - ahidf;Tl;l
mtuf;fha; mtiuf;fha; 22. vhpfpw tPl;oy; gpL';fpdJ kpr;rk;. khl;Lke;ij
k;
itf;nfhw;nghh;
mfz;l mfd;w 23. xU ghid nrhw;Wf;F xU nrhW gjk;. tpy';Ffspd; ,sikg; gaph;fs; : -
mz;zhf;fapW miu"hd; fapW 24. Js;Sfpw khL bghjp Rkf;fhJ. fGijf;
mzpw;gps;is ahidf;fd;W eha;f;Fl;o bghUSf;nfw;w tpidkug[ : -
Fl;o
mj;jpdp mj;jid 25. ke;jpuk; fhy; kjp Kf;fhy;. fPhpg;gps;is khd;fd;W g{idf;Fl;o gd;wpf;Fl;o
mWtWg;g[ mUtUg;g[ 26. kpd;Dtbjy;yhk; bghd;dy;y. rp';ff;FUis vUikf;fd;W Ml;Lf;Fl;o vypf;Fl;o ghy;
,lJgf;fk; ,lg;gf;fk; 27. tpijbad;Wk; nghlr; Riubahd;W g[ypg;gwH; Fjpiuf;Fl;o Fu';Ff;Fl;o nrhW cz; ePh; Fo xtpak; g[id
gUF
tyJgf;fk; tyg;gf;fk; Kidf;fhJ. ghl;Lg;g கவைத
,Uk;gy; ,Uky; tpy';Ffspd; thHpl';fs; : - gHk; jpd; Til Kil
hL ,aw;W
,wr;rp ,iwr;rp Ml;Lg;gl;o nfhHpg;gz;iz ahidf;Tlk;
xl;liu xl;lil Fjpiuf;
khl;Lj;bjhGtk; japh; Tiu
bfhl;oy; nfhyk; ,L g{g;gwp
vfid/ fil nta;
vJif/ nkhid
bkhid ckp
flg;ghiw flg;ghiu tpy';F gwit ,d';fspd; xypkug[ : - glk;
jP _l;L fUf;fp kuk; btl;L
fhf;fh fhf;if tiu
Ml;Lg;gl;o nfhHpg;gz;iz ahidf;Tடk; dhd;,
fUntw;gpiy fUntg;gpiy
Fjpiuf; thj;Jg; khj;jp
nfhlhyp nfhlhhp khl;Lj;bjhGtk;
bfhl;oy; gz;iz Mil iu
ifkhW ifk;khW mk;g[ va;jhh; KWf;F jpd;
bea;jhh; tpG';
jhg;ghs; jhH;g;ghs; tpy';F gwit ,d';fspd; xypkug[ :-:- F
jhH;thuk; ,yf;fz tHf;F : -
jhthuk;
ehpCisapL
Me;ij myWk; Fjpiu fidf;Fk;
k; ek; Kd;ndhh; ve;jg; bghUis ve;jr;
fGij fj;Jk; Fapy; Tt[k; g[yp cWKk; brhy;yhy; tH';fp te;jdnuh/ mjid mg;gona
ehKk; tH';fp tUtjw;F tHf;F vd;W bgah;. F>cf;Fwp : - jphpe;J tplyhk;. XbuGj;J bflyhk;. ,t;thW rpytif ‘cly; nky; caph; te;J g[zh;tJ ,ay;ng’
,~J ,ay;g[ tHf;F/ jFp tHf;F vd khw;w';fSld; g[zUk; g[zh;r;rpia tpfhug; g[zh;r;rp vd;gJ ed;D]y; tpjp
,Utifg;gLk;. xU FGtpdh; jkf;F kl;Lk; g[hpa[k; tifapy;/ xU vd;gth;. kz; +mHF = kz;zHF
bghUSf;Ff; Fwpg;ghf tH';Fk; bgaiuf; gy; +mHF = gy;yHF
,ay;g[ tHf;F : - F>cf;Fwp vd;gh;. ( v.fh) bghw;brhy;yh; njhd;wy; tpfhuk; :
cs; +Ch; = cs;qh;
bghd;idg; ‘gwp’ vd;gh;. kh +fha; = kh';fha; (‘';’ njhd;wpaJ) ,tw;wpy; epiybkhHpfspd; <w;wpy;
xU bghUisr; Rl;Ltjw;F/ ve;jr; brhy; ,ay;ghf g[zh;r;rp thiH + gHk; = thiHg;gHk; (‘g;’ njhd;wpaJ) bka;baGj;Jf;fs; te;Js;sd. tUbkhHp Kjypy;
tUfpwnjh/ me;jr; brhy;yhnyna tH';Ftij ;KUfd; te;jhd;’ ,j;bjhlhpy; te;Js;s ,uz;L caph; vGj;Jf;fs; te;Js;d. tUbkhHp Kjypy; caph;
,ay;g[ tH;F vd;gh;. ,jid ,yf;fzKilaJ. brhw;fs; nrh;e;J xU bghUis czh;j;Jfpd;wd. jphpjy; tpfhuk; : vGj;Jf;fs; te;Js;sd. Mdhy; g[zUk; nghJ
,yf;fzg; nghyp k%c vd _tifahff; TWth;. gy; +bgho = gw;bgho (epiybkhHp <w;W ‘y;’ ‘w’ epiybkhHpapd; <w;wpy; cs;s bka; vGj;J
,tw;wpy; Kjypy; epw;Fk; brhy; ‘epiybkhHp’ MdJ ,ul;of;fpd;wJ (kz;z; +mHF/ gy;y +mHF/ cs;s
,yf;fzKilaJ : - vd;Dk; mjndhL te;J nrUk; brhy; ‘tUbkhHp’ +Ch;) gpd;dh; me;j bka;a[ld; tUbkhHp Kjy; caph;
fy; + J]z; = fw;W]z; (epiybkhHp <w;W ‘y;’
vd;Wk; tH';fg;gLk;. ‘w;w’ MdJ)tUbkhHP ‘J]’/ ‘E]’ MdJ) nrh;fpwJ (kz;z; +mHF - kz;zHF/ gy;y; + mHF
,yf;fzg; gpiH ,y;yhky; tH';fp tUtjid gy;yHF/ cs;s +Ch; -cs;qh;)
,yf;fzKilaJ vd;gh;. ,t;thW epiybkhHpa[k; tUbkhHpa[k; bfLjy; tpfhuk; :
nrh;tij my;yJ ,iztைதg; g[zh;r;rp vd;fpnwhk;. kuk; + nth; = kunth; (epiybkhHp <w;W ‘k;’ ,t;thW jdpf;Fwpiy mLj;J tUk;
(v.fh) ahHpdp ghlk; goj;jhs;. bka;baGj;ij <w;wpy; bfhz;l brhw;fps;d Kd;/
bghd; + kiy = bghd;kiy bfl;lJ)
thiH + kuk; = thiHkuk; epiybkhHpahft[k;/ tUbkhHpahft[k; tUbkhHp Kjypy; cs;s caph; te;J g[zUk; nghJ/
,yf;fzg;nghyp : - epiybkhHp <w;Wbka; ,ul;oj;J/ ,ul;oj;jme;j
mika[k; brhw;fspd; KjypYk; ,WjpapYk; mika[k;
g[zh;r;rpia gy tifahff; Twyhk;. vGj;Jf;fis mwpjy; njit. ,t;btGj;Jf;fis bka;a[ld; caph; nrh;e;J caph; bka;ahfpg; g[zh;e;J
efh;g;g[wk;/ fhy;tha; bfhk;g[ Edp nghd;w
- ,ay;g[g; g[zh;r;rp ‘caph;’ vdt[k; ‘bka’ vdt[k; Fwpg;gpLgth; xypf;Fk;.
,yf;fzKila brhw;fisg; g[wefh;/ tha;f;fhy;/ ‘jdpf;Fwpy; Kd; xw;W caph; thpd; ,ul;Lk;’
Edpf; bfhk;g[ vd khw;wp/ ek; Kd;ndhh; ,yf;fz - tpfhug; g[zh;r;rp
- bka; <w;Wg; g[zh;r;rp (1) miy/ Mil/ ,iy/ Ch;/ xsp/ xiy d;gJ ed;D]y; tpjp (xw;W – bka;)
KilaJ nghy tH';fp tUtij ,yf;fzg;nghyp clk;gLbka; g[zh;r;rp
- Fw;wpaYfug; g[zh;r;rp ,it caph; vGj;ij Kjyhff; bfhz;l
vd;fpnwhk;. (caph; Kd; caph;)
- Fw;wpaypfug; g[zh;r;rp brhw;fs;. ,t;thW mika[k; brhw;fis ‘caph; Kjy;
k%c : - - ,ay; gPW/ tpjpaPW - g[zh;r;rp brhw;fs; vd;gh;. fpsp + mHF = fpspaHF
- gz;g[g; bgah;g; g[zh;r;rp jP + mize;jJ = jPaize;jJ
j";rht{h; nfhak;Kj;J]h; nghd;w Ch;fs; vdf;Twyhk;. ,jid tphpthff; fhzyhk;. (2) fpsp/ gid/ gy/ miy/ xsp : gid + Xiy =gidnahiy
j";ir/ nfhit vd rpije;J tUtij k%c vd ,r;brhw;fspd; <w;wpy; (,Wjpapy;) cs;s
,ay;g[g; g[zh;r;rp vGj;JF;fs; sp (s;+,)/ id (d;+I)/ y(y;+m)/ iy nkny cs;s vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfspy; epiy
miHf;fpnwhk;.
kyh; + khiy = kyh; khiy (y;+I)/ sp(s;+,) ,it caph;bka; vGj;Jf;fs;. ,it bkhHpfspd; <w;wpy; caph; vGj;Jfs; epw;f/ tUbkhHp
jFjp tHf;F : - gid + kuk; = gidkuk; caph; kw;Wk; bka; nghy; jdp vGj;Jf;fs;. ,y;iy KjypYk; caph; vGj;Jf;fns tUfpd;wd. ,uz;L
,tw;wpy; epiy bkhHpnah/ tUbkhHpnah capUk; bka;a[k; nrh;e;jjdhy; cUthd vGj;Jf;fs; caph; vGj;Jf;fs; xd;Wld; xd;W nruh. ,t;thW
jFjpahd brhw;fisg; ngRtJ jFjp vt;tpj khw;wKk; ,d;wpg; g[zh;e;Js;sd. vdnt ,ay;g[ ,it caph;bka; vdf; Fwpg;gpl;lhYk;. Kjypy; bka;a[k; epiybkhHpapd; <w;wpYk; tUbkhHpapd; KjypYk; caph;
tHf;F vd;gh;. ,~J ,lf;fulf;fy;/ k';fyk;/ g[zh;r;rp vd;fpnwhk;. mjd;gpd; capUk; epw;gijf; fhzyhk;. vdnt ‘fpsp/ vGj;Jf;fs; tUk; nghJ mtw;iw xd;WgLj;jj;
gid/ gy/ miy/ xsp vd;Dk; brhw;fspd; <w;wpy; caph; njhd;Wk; bka;baGj;jpw;F ‘clk;gL bka;’ vd;W bgah;.
F>cf;Fwp vd _tifg; gLk;. fly; + miy = flyiy xypfns epw;fpd;wd. vdnt ,tw;iw caph; <w;Wr;
,jpy; epiybkhHp ,Wjpapy; cs;s ‘y;’ vd;Dk; brhw;fs; vd;gh;.
,lf;fulf;fy; : - bka;baGj;njhL/ tUbkhHp Kjypy; cs;s ‘m’ fpsp + mHF - fpsp +a;+ mHF - fpspaHF
vd;Dk; caph; vGj;J nrh;e;J ‘y’ vd;Dk; jP + mize;jJ + jP+a; + mize;jJ -
gyh; Kd;nd TWtjw;F ,lh;g;ghlhfj; (3) fly;/ nth;/ ghy;/ jkpH;/ kz;/ gy; jPaize;jJ
caph;bka;baGj;jhfpg;g[zh;e;Js;sJ. ,r; brhw;fspd; ,Wjpapy; bka; vGj;Jf;fs;
njhd;Wk; brhw;fis ePf;fpj; jFe;j brhw;fshy;
,Uf;fpd;wd. ,jid bka; <w;Wr; brhw;fs; vdyhk;.
mg;bghUisj; bjhptpg;gJ ,lf;fulf;fy; vd;gh;. bka;baGj;Jld; caph; vGj;J nrh;e;J ‘caph; bka;’ gid + Xiy - gid +a; + xiy – gidnahiy
rhd;whf ‘tha; fGtp te;njd’ vd;Dk; baGj;jhtJ ,ay;ghd epfH;t[. mJ nghy “y;+m =y (4) fly;/ nty;/ ghy;/ jkpH;/ kz;/ gy; ,';F epiybkhHp <w;wpy; ‘,/ </ I/ vd;Dk;
,j;bjhliu ePf;fp/ ‘tha;g{rp te;njd;’ vdf;TWth;. vd;W caph; bka;ahfpr; nrh;e;jjhy; ,Jt[k; ,ay;g[g; ,tw;wpd; Kjypy; vGj;Jf;fs; f(f;+m)/ caph; vGj;Jf;fspy; xd;W epw;f/ tUbkhHp Kjypy;
g[zh;r;rpna vd;W bjhpe;J bfhs;syhk;. nt(t;/V) gh (g;+M)/ j(j;+m)/ k(k;+m) g(g;+m) ,t;thW caph; te;jjhy; ,ilapy; ‘afu’ cLk;gLbka; (a;)
k';fyk; : mk';fykhd brhy;iy ePf;fp k';fyk; ‘bka; vGj;Jfs; KjypYk; caph; vGj;Jf;fs; gpd;g[k; njhd;wp tUbkhHp Kjy; capUld; nrh;e;jJ.
brhy;yhy; mg;bghUis tH';FtJ ‘k';fyk;’ tpfhug; g[zh;r;rp epw;fpd;wd. ,jid ‘bka; Kjy;’ brhw;fs; vd;gh;.
vd;gh;. epiybkhHpa[k; tUbkhHpa[khfpa ,U brhw;fs; bka; <w;Wg; g[zh;r;rp gy +MW = gy+t;+MW – gythW
(v.fh) ,we;jtiu ,iwtdo nrh;e;jhh; vd;W g[zUk; nghJ ,ilapy; rpy khw;w';fs; epfHyhk;. gyh + mHF – gyh +t;+mHF = gyhtHF
Fwpg;gpLjy me;j khw;w';fis tpfhuk; vd;gh; epiybkhHpf;Fk; ,ay;g[ g[zh;r;rpapy; ‘fly;+miy’ vd;w brhy; jpU+M%h; - jpU+t;+m%h; = jpUth%h;
tUbkhHpf;Fk; ,ilapy; xU g[jpa vGj;J njhd;wyhk;. flyiy vd;W g[zh;e;jJ.
epiybkhHp <w;wpy; XbuGj;J kw;nwhh; vGj;jhfj; g{ + mHF = g{+t; + mHF = g{tHF
epiybkhHp <w;wpy; cs;s ‘y;’ vd;Dk;
jphpayhk;. epiybkhHpapd; <w;wpYk; tUbkhHpapd; nj + Muk; = nj+t;+ Muk; - njthuk;
bka;nahL ‘m’ vd;Dk; tUbkhHp Kjy; caph; nrh;e;J
;. KjypYk; cs;s ,U vGj;Jf;fSnk ntWgl;Lj; ‘y’ vd;Dk; caph;bka; njhd;wpg; g[zh;e;jJ.
nkny cs;s brhw;fspd; epiybkhHpaPw;wy; Kjyhf cila brhy; te;jJ g[zUk; nghJ/ ‘cfuk;’ ed;id + kzp - ed;kzp (<) bka; Kd; caph; te;jJ
m/M/c/C/V/X vd;Dk; caph; vGj;Jf;fs; epw;f/ ,fukhfj; jphpe;J g[zUk;. rpWik + bghjp - rpWbghjp
tUbkhHp Kjypy; caph; vGj;Jf;fs; te;jjhy; tpil : caph; Kd; caph; te;jJ
,ilapy; ‘tfu’ clk;gL bka;(t;) njhd;wp tUbkhHp ‘caph;thpd; cf;Fws; bka;tpl;L XLk;. at;thpd; ,tw;wpy; epiybkhHpahd gz;g[g;bgahpd; <w;W (3) gHbkhHp vd;Dk; bjhlh; vt;tifg;
Kjy; capUld; nrh;e;jJ ,a;ahk; Kw;Wk; mw;W xnuh tHp vGj;J (<W) bfl;Lg; g[zh;e;jJ. g[zh;r;rpiar; nrh;e;j
vd;Dk; ed;D]s; tFj;Js;s tpjpahFk;.
nr + mo – nr+t;+mo – nrto Kjik + ciu - _Jiu (m) ,ay;g[g; g[zh;r;rp
nr+mo – nr+a; + mo – nrao ,ay;gPW/ tpjpaPW - g[zh;r;rp : gRik + mil - ghril (M) clk;gLbka; g[zh;r;rp
,iy + ed;W - ,iyed;W ,tw;wpy; epiy bkhHpahd gz;g[g; bgahpd; <W (,) ,ay;g[g; g[zh;r;rp
epiybkhHp <w;wpy; ‘V’ vd;Dk; vGj;J epd;W/ kiy + bghpJ kiybghpJ bfl;lJld;/ Kjy; vGj;J beoyhfpg; (Mjp ePz;L) (<) gz;g[g;bgah; g[zh;r;rp
tUbkhHp Kjypy; ve;j caph; te;jhYk;/ epiybkhHp g[zh;e;jJ. tpil : gz;g[g; bgah;g; g[zh;r;rp
<w;wpy; ‘,/</I vd;Dk; caph; vGj;Jf;;fs; ,Ue;jhy; ,tw;wpy; epiybkhHpfshd ‘,iy/ kiy’
‘afu’ clk;gLbka; (a;) njhd;wpg; g[zUk; epiybkhHp vd;Dk; brhw;fspd; <w;wpy; epw;Fk; caph; xyp ‘,ay;g[ gRik +jkpH; - ige;jkpH; (4) fjtpy;iy - ,j;bjhlhpy; mike;j g[zh;r;rp
<w;wpy; ,/ </ I jtpu kw;w capbuGj;Jf;fs; <W’ vdg;gLk;. ,it tUbkhHpnahL vt;tif gRik + bjho - ige;bjho
njhd;wpdhy; ‘t’ ,u clk;gLbka; njhd;Wk;. khWghLk; ,d;wpg; g[zh;e;jd. (m) Fw;wpaYfug; g[zh;r;rp
,tw;wpy; epiybkhHpahd gz;g[g; bgahpd; <W (M) Kw;wpaYfug; g[zh;r;rp
-epiybkhHp <w;wy; ‘V’ vd;Dk; caph; vGj;J g[yp +gy; - g[ypg;gy; bfl;lJld;/ Kjy; vGj;J beoyhfpg; (Mjp ePz;L) (,) gz;g[g;bgah; g[zh;r;rp
,Ue;jhy; ‘a;/ ‘t’ vd;Dk; ,uz;Lk; njhd;wp g[zUk;. gHk; + Rit - gHr;Rit g[zh;e;jJ. (<) Fw;wpaypfug; g[zh;r;rp
gRik + jkpH; -ige;jkpH; tpil : Kw;wpaYfug; g[zh;r;rp
Fw;wpaYfug; g[zh;r;rp ‘g[yp/ gHk; vd;Dk; epiybkhHpr; brhw;fs; gRik + bjho - ige;bjho
ty;ypd bka;ia KjhbyGj;jhf cila (5) mU";brhy; - ,r;brhw;fs; g[zh;e;j tpjk;
ML/ ghf;F/ g';F/ gapW/ rhy;g[/ v~F ,it brhw;fSld; g[zh;e;Js;sd. ‘g[yp’ vd;Dk; brhy;ypd; ,tw;wpy; epiybkhHpahd gz;g[g; bgahpd; <W (m) <Wbfl;Lg; g[zh;e;jJ
Fw;wpaYfuj;ij ,Wjpapy; bgw;w brhw;fs; vd;W <w;wpy; caph; ,ay;ghf epw;f tUbkhHp Kjy; bfl;lJld;/ Kjypy; epd;w mfuk; (g)/ Ifhukhfpg; (ig) (M) <Wbfl;L KjbyGj;J beoyhfpg; g[zh;e;jJ
mwpnthk;. ty;ypdj;Jld; nru ,ilapy; ‘g;’ bka; njhd;wpg; (mo mfuk; I Mfpg;) g[zh;e;jJ. (,) <J bfl;L epiybkhHpapd; bka;baGj;J
,it nghd;w Fw;wpaYfur; brhw;fspd; Kd; g[zh;e;jJ. ,jpy; ,ay;gha; epd;w caph;Kd; te;j rpWik +Ch; - rpw;W]h; tUbkhHpf;F ,dkhfj; jphpe;J g[zh;e;jJ
caph; vGj;ij cila brhy; te;J g[zUtJ gw;wpg; ty;ypdk; kpFe;J g[zh;e;Js;sJ. rpWik + czt[ - rpw;Wzt[ (<) <W bfl;LtUbkhHpapd; ,dk; kpf;Fg; g[zh;e;jJ.
ghh;g;nghk;.
tUbkhHp Kjypy; capbuGj;J te;jhy;/ tUbkhHp Kjypy; ty;ypdk; te;jjdhy; ,tw;wpy; epiybkhHpahd gz;g[g; bgahpd; <W tpil (<) <Wbfl;L tUbkhHpapd; ,dk; kpf;fg;
epiybkhHp <w;Wf; Fw;wpaYfuj;jpy; cs;s ‘cfuk;’ epiybkhHpahf mike;j ‘gHk;’ vd;gjd; <w;W kfu bfl;lJld’/ v";rpa brhy;ypd; ,ilna mjd; bka; g[zh;e;jJ
jhd; Vwp epw;Fk; bka;baGj;ij tpl;Ltpl;L XotpLk;. bka; (k;) bfl;L ‘gH’ vd MdJ. ,g;nghJ ‘gH’ vd;gJ ,ul;oj;Jg; (jd; xd;W ,ul;oj;Jg;) g[zh;e;jJ.
kpFe;J epw;Fk; bka;a[ld; tUbkhHp Kjy; caph; caph; <w;W epiy bkhHp Mfptpl;lJ. vdnt tUbkhHp
nrh;e;J g[zUk;. Kjypd; (Rit) bka; ‘r;’ kpf;Fg; g[zh;e;jJ. ,';F brk;ik + fhy; - br';fhy; ,sik g[zh;r;rp tifnahL vLj;Jf;fhl;ilg; bghUj;Jf :-
khL + ,y;iy - khl; + ,y;iy –khoy;iy g[zh;tjw;fhf tUbkhHp nehf;fp/ epiy bkhHp ,Wjp + FHtp - ,s';FHtp g[zh;r;rp tif
bfhf;F + ,y;iy - bfhf;f + ,y;iy - bfhf;fpy;iy vGj;J bfl;L/ caph; <whf khwp epd;wJ. ,Jnt brk;ik + brhy; - br";brhy; mUik vLj;Jf;fhl;L
,Jnt Fw;wpaYfuj;jpd; Kd; caph; te;J ‘tpjpaPW’ vdg;gLk;. + brhy; - mU";brhy; 1. ,ay;g[g; g[zh;r;rp (m) gilbaLj;jdh; (3)
g[zUk; KiwahFk;. btk;ik + ePh; - bte;ePh; 2. njhd;wy; tpfhuk;(M) cybfyhk; (4)
,t;thnw Kw;wpaYfuj;ij ,Wjpapy; bgw;w ‘epiybkhHp <w;wpy; ,ay;gPwhfnth/ eWik + njd; - eWe;njd; 3. clk;gLbka; g[zh;r;rp (,) ed;kzp (5)
brhy;yhf ,Ue;jhYk;/ <w;wpy; cs;s cfu vGj;J tPjpaPwhfnth epw;Fk; capbuGj;jpd; Kd; brk;ik + jkpH; - bre;jkpH; 4. Fw;wpaYfug; g[zh;r;rp (<) kz;zLg;g[
jhd; Vwp epw;Fk; bka;baGj;ij tpl;L tpl;L XotpLk;. tUbkhHpapy; f;/r;j;g; vd;Dk; ty;ypd bka;ia Kjy; gRik + bghd; - gRk;bghd; 5. gz;g[g; bgah;g; g[zh;r;rp (c) kyh;khiy 1
v";rp epw;Fk; bka;a[ld; tUbkhHp Kjy; caph; nrh;e;J vGj;jhf bfhz;l brhy; te;J g[zUk;nghJ/ ,ilapy; (C) md;dhrpg;gHk; 2
g[zUk;. me;j bka;baGj;J kpf;Fg; g[zUk; vd;gJ ,jdhy; ,tw;wpy; epiybkhHpahd gz;g[g; bgahpd; <W
fjt[ + ,y;iy - fjt; + ,y;iy - fjtpy;iy tps';FfpwJ. ,t;thW caph; <w;W epiy bkhHpapd; bfl;lJld; v";rpa epiybkhHpapd; bka; vGj;J ntw;Wikg; g[zh;r;rp
Kd;/ tUbkhHp Kjy; ty;ypdk; kpFe;J g[zUk; jphpe;J (Kd; epd;w bka; jphpe;J) g[zh;e;jJ kw;Wk; fly; + fle;jhd; -fly; fle;jhd;
mJ + MவJ - mj; + MtJ vd;gjidna/ ed;D]y; ‘,ay;gpYk; tpjpapDk; epd;w tUbkhHp Kjypd; ,dkhd bka;baGj;J g[jpjha;
mjhtJ caph; Kd; frjg kpFk;’ vd;Dk; tpjpahy; Rl;LfpwJ. njhd;wpg; (,dk; kpFe;J) g[zh;e;jJ. ,j;bjhlhpy; I vd;Dk; ntw;Wik cUg[
‘caph;thpd; cf;Fws; bka;tpl;L XLk;/ Kw;Wk; kiwe;J te;J bghUzh;j;JfpwJ. ,t;thW ntw;Wik
mw;W vd;gJ tpjp gz;g[g; bgah;g; g[zh;r;rp rhpahd tpiliaj; njh;t[ bra;J vGJf : cUg[ kiwe;J epw;f g[zh;tJ ‘ntw;Wik g[zh;r;rp’
kunth; vd;gJ vdg;gLk;.
(cf;Fws; - Fw;wpaYfuk; Kw;W -Kw;wpaYfuk; ehk;Mwtifg; bgah;r; brhw;fis mwpnthk;. (m) njhd;wy; tpfhuk; (M) jphpjy; tpfhuk;
Fw;wpaypfug; g[zh;r;rp mtw;Ws; Fzg;bgah; vd;gJk; ‘gz;g[g; bgah;’ vd;gJk; (,) bfLjy; tpfhuk; (<) ,ay;g[g; g[zh;r;rp fly; +I+ fle;jhd; = fliyf;fle;jhd;.
bfhf;F + ahJ - bfhf;fpahJ xd;nw vd mwpayhgk;. ed;ik/ brk;ik/ rpWik/ tpil : bfLjy; tpfhuk;
fjt[ + ahJ – fjtpahJ fUik/ Kjik nghd;W ,Wjpapy; ‘ik’ vd;Dk; tpFjp ,Jt[k; ntw;Wikg; g[zh;r;rpna MFk;. Mdhy;
bgw;w gz;g[g; bgah;fs;. tUbkhHpa[ld; g[zh;tijna (2) fpspaHF vd;Dk; ,j;bjhlhpy; ,jpy; I vd;Dk; cUg[ btspg;gl;L epw;fpwJ. ,t;thW
epiybkhHp <w;wpy; Fw;wpaYfunkh/ gz;g[g; bgah;g; g[zh;r;rp vd;fpnwhk;. (m) caph;Kd; bka;te;jJ ntw;Wik cUg[ btspg;gl;L epw;gJ ‘ntw;Wik tphp’
Kw;wpaYfunkh epw;f/ tUbkhHp ‘ah’ vd;Dk; vGj;ij (M) caph; Kd; caph; te;jJ my;yJ ntw;Wiki bjhfh epiyj; bjhlh; vdg;gLk;.
Th;ik + tha; - Th;tha; (,) bka; Kd; bka; te;jJ
,t;thW ntw;Wik cUg[fs; kiwe;jhapDk; ,t;thW bjhif epiyj;bjhlh; Ie;Jk; bjhfh
btspg;gl;lhapDk; brhw;fs; g[zh;tJ ‘ntw;Wikg; epiyj;bjhlh; xd;gJk; ntw;Wik my;yhj tHpapy; ,t;thW caphPw;W kug;bgah; Kd; te;j tpdh/ Rl;blGj;Jf;fspd; Kd; ‘a’ fuk; t;ejhy;
g[zh;r;rp’ vdg;gLk;. g[zh;e;jikahy; mty;tHpg; g[zh;r;rp g[zh;r;rpahdij ty;ypdk; kpFe;j czUk;. ,J ntw;Wikg; ,ilapy; tfu bka; njhd;Wk;. ‘t’ fuk; te;jhy;
mwpayhk;. g[zh;r;rpapd; bghJ tpjpahFk;. (,ay;tpDk; tpjpapDk; mjd;bka;baGj;J kpFe;J tUk;
ntw;Wikj; bjhif frjg kpFk;)
ntw;Wik thp caphPw;Wg; g[zh;r;rp :-:- gyrpy vd;gtw;wpy; g[zh;r;rp :
nfhapy; fl;odhd; (I) nfhapiyf; fl;odhd; caph;Kd; x/e/k/a/t g[zh;r;rp : gy + gy =gygy
ntbywpe;jhd; (My;) ntyhbywpe;jhd; capbuGj;Jf;fs; gd;dpbuz;Lk;/ ,ilapd tps + "hw;rp = tps"hw;rp rpy + rpy = rpy rpy ,ay;ghfg; g[zh;e;Js;sd
nrhHd;kfd; (F) nrhHDf;F kfd; bka; MWk; 'fuk; xHpe;j bky;ypd bka; IE;Jk;/ rpy + ez;Lfs; = rpy ez;Lfs;
kiytPHUtp (,d) kiyapd; tPHUtp Fw;wpaYfuk; xd;Wkhf ,Ugj;J ehd;F vGj;Jf;fs; gy + gy = gyg;gy
kd;dd; if (mJ) kd;ddJ if brhy;ypd; <w;wpy; epw;gdthFk;. gyh + kuk; = gyhkuk; rpy + rpy = rpyr;rpy tUbkhHp Kjypy; cs;s
kjpw;g{id (fz;) kjpypd; fz; g{id g{ + ahJ = g{ahJ ty;ypdk; kpf;fJ.
,t;btLj;Jf; fhl;LfSs;/ ntw;Wikj; ,ay;gPW/ tPjpaPW : nfh +tPH;e;jJ = nfhtPH;e;jJ gy + gy - gw;gy
bjhifa[k; ntw;Wik tphpa[khf ,uz;lhk; ntw;Wik gyh + Ris = gyhr;Ris rpy + rpy - rpw;rpy
capbuGj;ij <w;wpy; bfhz;l epiy
Kjy; VHhk; ntw;Wik <w te;Js;sik fhzyhk;. g{ + bjhil = g{j;bjhil epiybkhHpaPw;wpy; cs;s mfuk; bfl;L/
bkhHpfspd; Kd; tUbkhHpapy; "/ e/ k/a/t vDk;
vdnt ntw;Wikg; g[zh;r;rp mWtifg;gLk; vd yfubka; efu bka;ahdJ.
g[yp + gy; = g[ypg;gy; vGj;Jf;fs; Kjyhf te;jhy; ,ay;ghfg; g[zUk;.
mwpayhk;.
my;tHpg; g[zh;r;rp gyh/ g{/ g[yp vd;Dk; epiybkhHpfspd;
<w;bwGj;Jf;fs; ,ay;ghf epw;gdthFk;. vdnt ,it tpdhr;Rl;od; Kd; ehw;fzk; g[zh;jy; :-:- ,t;thW/ gy/ rpy vd;Dk; brhw;fs; jk;Kd;
ntw;Wik cUg[ kiwe;jnjh/ btspg;gl;nlh v- tpdh vGj;J/ m/, - Rl;blGj;Jf;fs; jhk; tUkhapd;/ ,ay;ghft[k;/ ty;byGj;J
tUjypd;wp m~jy;yhj tHpapy; epiybkhHpa[k; ,ay;gPW vdg;gLk;.
,ay;gPw;wpd; Kd; f/r/j/g vd;Dk; ty;ypd; ehw;fzk; - capbuGj;J/ ty;ypd/ bky;ypd ,ilapd kpf;Fk;. epiybkhHpaPw;wpd; mfuk; bfl;L
tUbkhHpa[k; g[zh;tJ my;tHpg; g[zh;r;rp vdg;gLk;. vGj;Jf;fs;)
(my;tHp - ntw;Wik my;yh tHp) bka;fisf; bfhz;l brhw;fs; te;J g[zUk;nghJ yfubka; efu bka;ahfj; jphpe;Jk; g[zUk;.
my;tHpg; g[zh;r;rp bjhlh;fs; kpFe;J g[zh;e;Js;sd. gy + fiy - gyfiy/ gy;fiy
bjhifepiyj;bjhlh;/ bjhfh epiyj; bjhlh; vd capbuGj;J g[zh;jy; : gy + rhiy - gyrhiy/ gy;rhiy
,Utifg;gLk;. ku(k;) + fpis = kuf;fpis gy + bjhil - gybjhil/ g~bwhil
Fy (k;) + rpwg;g[ = Fyr;rpwg;g[ v+ mzp = vt;tzp gy + kyh; - gykyh;/ gd;kyh;
bjhifepiyj; bjhlh; :-:- ku (k;) + J]z; = kuj;J]z; gy + ehL - gyehL/ gd;dhL
m+ Mil = mt;thil
1. RL +nrhW = RLnrhW – tpidj;bjhif gy + tz;o - gytz;o/ gy;tz;o
, + ,iy = ,t;tpiy
2. brk;ik + fUk;g[ = br';fUk;g[ - kuk;/ Fyk; vd;Dk; epiybkhHpfs; rpy + tis - rpytis/ rpy;tis
g[zh;r;rpf;fhf <w;bwGj;J bfl;L ku/ Fy vd vfu tpdh/ m/,/ vDk; Rl;L vGj;Jfspd; Kd;
tUbkhHp Kjypy; capbuFj;J tu tfuk; njhd;wpg; rpy + mzp - rpytzp/ rpy;tzp
gz;g[j;bjhif epw;fpd;wd. ,tw;wpd; <w;wpYs;s ‘m’ vd;Dk; vGj;J
,ay;ghdjd;W/ g[zh;r;rpf;fhf khWgl;Ls;sJ. ,jid g[zh;e;jJ.
3. gtsk; + tha; = gtstha; - ctikj;bjhif ,t;thW gy/ rpy vd;dk; brhw;fspd; Kd;
tpjpaPW vd;gth;. gpw brhw;fs; te;jhy;/ epiybkhHpapd; mfuk;
4. ,ut[ + gfy; = ,uhg; gfy; - ck;ikj;bjhif ty;ypdk; g[zh;jy; :
5. bghd; + + bjho = bghw;bwho te;jhs; - v+fly; = vf;fly; bfl;L g[zUk;/ bflhkYk; g[zUk;.
tpjpaPw;wpd; Kd; f/r/f/g vd;Dk; ty;ypd
md;bkhHpj;bjhif bka;baGj;Jf;fs; te;jhy; kpFe;J g[zh;e;Js;sd v+rl;il = vr;rl;il ty;ypdk; kpFe;J g[zh;e;jJ
,+bjU = ,j;bjU
g{g;bgah; Kd; ty;ypdk; g[zh;jy;:
bjhfhepiyj; bjhlh; : ,ay;gpDk; tpjpapDk; epd;w caph;Kd; g{ + bfho - g{';bfho
1. ,skjp + ghodhs; = ,skjpghodhs; - frjg kpFk; tpj thjd kd;nd bky;ypdk; g[zh;jy; g{ + nrhiy - g{";nrhiy/ g{r;nrhiy
vGtha;j;bjhlh; -ed;D]y; 165 v+kiy =vk;kiy g{ + jlk; - g{j;jlk;/ g{e;jlk;
2. ntyh + th = ntyh th = tpspj;bjhlh; caPhpw;W kug;bgah; Kd; ty;ypdk; :
m+ehL = me;ehL bky;ypdk; kpFe;J g[zh;e;jJ
g{ + giz - g{g;giz/ g{k;giz
3. te;j + kfd; = te;j kfd; - bgabur;rj; bjhlh; fs + fdp = fs';fdp
,+ "hyk; = ,";"hyk;
4. goj;J + Koj;jhd; = goj;J Koj;jhd; - kh + bro = kh";bro tpdh/ Rl;blGj;Jf;fspd;Kd; ty;ypdk;/ bky;ypdk;
,t;thW ‘g{‘ vd;Dk; XbuGj;bjhL
fs + gHk; = fsk;gHk; te;J g[zUk;nghJ mtw;wpd; bka;fnd kpf;F brhy;ypd; Kd; ty;ypdk; kpFe;J g[zUk;.
tpidbar;rj; bjhlh; kh + jsph; = khe;jsph; te;Js;sd. mj;Jld; tUbkhHp Kjypd; ,dkhfpa bky;ypdk;
5. te;jhd; + fe;jd; = te;jhd; fe;jd; - kpFe;Jk; g[zUk;.
bjhpepiy tpid Kw;Wj;bjhlh; ntw;Wikg; g[zh;r;rpapy;/ capbuGj;ij <w;wpy; ,ilapdk; g[zh;jy; :
6. bghpad; + nrud; = bghpad; nrud; - Fwpg;g[ bfhz;Ls;s kug;bgah;fspd; Kd;dh; tUk; ty;ypdk; v+ahf;if = vt;ahf;if bka;aPw;Wg; g[zh;r;rp:
tpidKw;Wj; bjhlh; kpfhJ/ ,dkhfap bky;ypd bka; njhd;wg; g[zUk;. m+ahid = mt;ahid ‘t’ fu bka; njhd;wpaJ. bka;aPw;wpd; Kd; caph;:
7. kw;W + xd;W = kw;bwhd;W - ,+ ahid = ,t;ahid
,ilr;brhw;bwhlh; thiH + fha; = thiHf;fha; njhd;wy; + mHfd; -
8. edp + ngij = edpngij – chpr;brhw;bwhlh; gyh + Ris = gyhr;Ris v+tPL = vt;tPL njhd;wHfd; my;tHp
9. tUf +tUf=tUf tUf - mLf;Fj;bjhlh; bfhd;iw + jsph; = bfhd;iwj;jsph; m+ tHp = mt;tHp ‘t’ fuk; kpFe;J g[zh;e;jJ njh; + XLk; - njnuhLk;
bfha;a + gHk; = bfha;ahg;gHk; nty; + vwpe;jhd; - ntbywpe;jhd;
,+tz;o = ,t;tz;o
,t;thW ntw;Wikg; g[zh;r;rpapy; zfu/ lfukhft[k; jphpe;jd. mt;tHpapy; xU fhy;
g[fy; + ,lk; - g[fyplk; dfu <Wfs; tUbkhHp Kjypy; ty;ypdk; te;J ,ay;ghft[k; xU fhy; jphpe;Jk; CH;e;jd. (v-fh.) kuk; + fhy; - <W bfl;L ku+fhy; vd;whfpg;
Ch; + mfd;whd; - Cufd;whd; ntw;Wik g[zUk; nghJ ‘z’fuk; lfukhft[k;/ ‘d’fuk; gpd; tUbkhHp Kjypy; cs;s ‘f’fu xw;W
kzy; + Cw;W - kzY]w;W wfukhft[k; jphpe;jd. bky;ypdKk; ,ilapdKk; yfu sfu bka;Kd; bky;ypdk;: “,ay;gpDk; tpjpapDk; epd;w caph; Kd; frjg
te;J g[zUk;nghJ ,ay;ghapd. kpFk;” vd;Dk; tpjpg;go ku + fhy; - kuf;fhy; vd;w
,t;thW epiybkhHpaPw;W bka;a[k; kz; + foJ - kz;foJ brhy; + khz;lJ - brhd;khz;lJ g[zUk;.
my;tHp
tUbkhHp Kjypy; cs;s capUk; xd;wpg; bghd; + rpwpJ - bghd;rpwpJ vs; + khz;lJ - vz;khz;lJ
g[zh;e;jJ. kz; + khz;lJ - kz;khz;lJ 3. kfu <W tUbkhHp KjypYs;s
kz; + typJ - kz;typJ brhy; + khl;rp - brhd;khl;rp ty;ypdj;jpw;F ,dkhf bky;ypdkhfj; jphpe;J
mt;tHpg; g[zh;r;rpapy; zfu/ dfu <Wfs; ntw;Wik g[zUk;. (v-fh.) fhyk; + fle;jJ - fhy';fle;jJ.
jdpf;Fwpy; Kd; xw;W: vs; + khl;rp - vz;khl;rp
fz; + ,uz;L - fz;+z;+,uz;L - fz;zpuz;L tUbkhHp Kjypy; ty;ypdk;/ bky;ypdk;/
bghd; + cz;L - bghd;+d;+cz;L - bghd;Dz;L ,ilapdk; tu ,ay;ghapd. yfu/ sfu bka;fpsd; Kd; bky;ypdk; tu 8. ஒலி ntWghlwpe;J rhpahd bghUisawpjy;
tpz; + mfk; - tpz;+z;+mfk; - tpz;zfk; ,UtHpa[k; yfuk; dfukhft[k; sfuk;
kpd;+xsp - kpd;+d;+xsp - kpd;bdhsp afu wfu Hfu <W: zfukhft[k; jphpe;jd. Xyp ntWghLfis mwpe;J rhpahd
nta; + foJ - nta;foJ bghUis fz;Lgpoj;jny ,g;gFjp tpdhf;fshf
fz;/ bghd;/ tpz;/ kpd; vd;Dk; epiybkhHpfs; nth; + rpwpJ - nth;rpwpJ my;tHp ‘yfu’ ‘sfu’ bka;k;Kd; ,ilapdk;: mikfpd;wJ. jkpHpy; cr;rhpg;gpy; bky;ypa
jdpf;FwpnyhL xw;wike;j brhw;fshFk;. ,k; ahH; + jPJ - ahH;jPJ brhy; + ahJ - brhy;ahJ khWghLila vGj;Jf;fshd (e/ d/ z)/ (y/s/H)
bka;aPw;W bkhHpfspd; Kd; caph; te;jhy;/ my;tHp (u/W) Mfpa vGj;Jf;fis ikak; bfhz;nl
vs; + ahJ - vs;ahJ
epiybkhHpapd; <w;Wbka; ,ul;oj;Jg; g[zUk;. bka; + fPh;j;jp - bka;f;fPh;j;jp tpdhf;fs; mikfpd;wd. vdnt mit
fhh; + gUtk; - fhh;g;gUtk; my;tHp brhy; + ahg;g[ - brhy;ahg;g[ xt;bthd;iwa[k; gphpj;J tifg;gLj;jpa[s;nshk;.
“jdpf;Fwpy; Kd; xw;(W) caph;thpd; ahH; + fUtp - ahH;f;fUtp ntw;Wik
vs; + ahg;g[ - vs;ahg;g[
,ul;Lk;” - jd;ik - ,ay;g[
xd;D]y; 20 epiybkhHpaPw;wpy; tUk; afu/ ufu/ Hfu yfu/ sfu bka;k;Kd; afuk; tu ,UtHpa[k; jz;ik - Fsph;r;rp
bka;fspd; Kd;/ tUbkhHp Kjypy; tUk; f/r/j/g ,ay;ghapw;W. typ - Jd;gk;
nts;+ahtd; - mt;tHpapy; ,ay;ghft[k; kpf;F g[zh;e;Js;sd.
ntspahtd; my;tHp eha; + fhy; - eha;f;fhy; tsp - fhw;W
jpirg;bgah;g; g[zh;r;rp:
kz; + ahJ - kz;zpahJ njh; + jl;L - njh;j;jl;L ntw;Wik jpirg;bgha;fnshL jpirg;bgh;fnsh/ gpw tHp - ghij
ahH; + nfhL - ahH;f;nfhL brhw;fnsh te;J g[zUk; nghJ xyp - rj;jk;
• epiybkhHpapd; ,WjpapYs;s Xsp - btspr;rk;
nts; + ahid - cahpbka;baGj;Jk; ‘f’fu xw;Wk;(f;) xHp - eP';F
ntspahid nta; + FHy; - nta;f;FHy;/ eP';fpg; g[zUk;.
ntw;Wik ,iy - Xh; cWg;g[
kz; + ahid - nta;';FHy; ntw;Wik
kz;zpahid Mh; + nfhL - Mh;f;nfhL/ ,is - ,isj;jy;/ bkypjy;
• epiybkhHpapw;W caph;bka; eP';fpa gpd; ,iH - E]y; ,iH
Mh;';nfhL
mt;tHpapYk; ntw;WikapYk; wfuk;(w;) dfukhfnth(d;) yfukhfnth(y;)
kfpH; + nfhL - kfpH;f;nfhL/ kiu - khd;
epiybkhHpaPw;wpy; afuk; my;yhj gpwbka;fs; jphpe;Jk; g[zUk;.
kfpH;';nfhL kiw - ntjk;
epd;W/ tUbkhHp Kjypy; afuk; tu ,ilapy; bjw;F + nkw;F - bjd;nkw;F
nkw;F + ehL - nky; + ehL - nky;ehL g[fH; - ew;bgah;
njhd;wpg; g[zUk;. epiybkhHpaPw;wpy; tUk; a/u/H bka;fpd;
g[fs; - TW
Kd; ty;ypdk; tu ntw;Wikapy; kpf;Fk;. ,d
zfu dfu <W: kfu <w;Wg; g[zh;r;rp: my;yp - kyh;
vGj;njhL capbuGj;Jk; g[zUk;.
1. kfu <w;Wr; brhw;fs; tUbkhHpnahL ms;sp - thhpbaLj;J
kz;+ ghz;lk; -
tUbkhHp g[zUk; nghJ ,Wjp kfuk; bfl;L caphPW nghy
kl;ghz;lk; yfu sfu bka;;Kd; ty;ypdk;: kzk; - ey;y third
Kjy; epd;W caph; Kjy; bkhHpnahL clk;gLbka;
bghd; + rpyk;g[ - fy; + Fif - fw;Fif kdk; - cs;sk;
ty;ypdk; bkw;W g[zUk;.
bghw;rpyk;g[ Ks; + bro - Ks;bro tpiy - gzk;
brhy; + bghpJ - brhy;bghpJ/ my;tHp (v-fh.) kuk; + mo - (kfuk; bfl;L) ku + mo tpis - cw;gj;jpbra;
bghd; + kjpy; - brhw;bghpJ vd;whfp clk;gLbka; bgw;W kut; + mo/
tUbkhHp[ Kjy; tpiH - tpUk;g[
bghd;kjpy; vs; + rpwpJ - vs;rpwpJ/ vl;rpwpJ caph;bka; cly; e;J xd;WtJ ,ay;ng tpjpg;go
bky;ypdk; fid - Fuy;xyp
kz; + tsk; - kz;tsk ku(t;+m)o-kuto vd;W g[zUk;.
yfu/ sfu bka;fspd; Kd; ty;ypdk; tu fiz - mk;g[
bghd; + tisay; - bghd;tisay; - tUbkhHp ntw;Wikg; g[zh;r;rpapy; yfuk; wfukhft[k;/ sfuk; 2. kfu <W bfl;L tUbkhHp Kjypy; cs;s muz; - rptbgUkhd;
Kjy; ,ilapdk; ty;byGj;J kpf;Fk; g[zUk;. jiy - rpuk;
jis - fl;L thiH - jhtuk; R{iy - neha;, vhp - jP
jiH - ,iy myF - gwit _f;F R{is - br';fy;R{is vwp - tPR
mspg;gJ - bfhLg;gJ msF - bgz;மய, fhp - ahid/ mLg;g[f;fhp
R{y; - fUg;gk;, fwp - fha;fwp/ mLg;g[
mHpg;gJ - ,y;yhkw;bra;tJ அழ-கவ*
R{s; - rgjk; fiu - Vhpf;fiu
fiy - mwpt[g;gFjp/ myk; - fyg;ig, R{H; - Rw;W
fiyj;JtpL fiw - mGf;F
msk; - cg;gsk
fis - ePf;F jtiy - ghj;jpuk;, Fiuj;jy; - bgz;khy
My; - Mykuk; jtis tpy';F Fiwj;jy; - RUf;Fjy;
fiH - _'fpy; Ms; - MSjy;
gzp - ntiy Jiy - juhR, Fu';F - thduk;,
MH; - KGF
Jis - Jthuk; Fw';F - bjhil
gdp - Fsph; Myp - kiHj;Jsp,
,Uj;jy; - mkh;e;jpUj;jy; njhy; - rUkk;, Tiu - tPl;Lf;Tiu,
Msp - tpy';F Tiw - Jzp
,Wj;jy; - j';fpapUj;jy; njhs; - g[ak;
MHp - fly;
khpj;jy;; - rhjy; eலி - tUe;J, rPhpa - rpwe;j ,
csp - fUtp rPwpa - rpde;j
kwpj;jy; - jGt[jy; cHp - ,lk; esp - eLf;fk;
miy - ePuiy brr;jy; - rPuikjy;
ciy - ciyf;fsk;, ey;yhh; - ey;yth,; brwpjy; - jpzpj;jy;
mis - tis eளா ; - gifth;
miH - Tg;gpLjy;
cis - gplhpkaph jhp - mzpe;Jbfhs;,
ciH - khd; griy - kfsph; epwntWghL, gris தறி -- btl;L
cyt[ - elkhL
cy;F - R';fk;, - xU bfho jpiu - miy
cst[ - ntt[
cHt[ - gaph;j;bjhHpy; cs;F - epid ghy; - gRk;ghy,; jpiw - epiwj;J itj;jy;
thy; - cWg;g[ vy; - gfy;, ghs; - jhH;g;ghs epiu - thpir
vs; - jhdpak; ghH; - ghHhjy; epiw - gwit
ths; - fUtp
muk; - fUtp gue;j - gutpa
thH; - thH;jy; fy';F - fyf;fkiljy;, mwk; - jUkk; gwe;j - gwit
xyp - Xir fH';F - kfsph; tpisahl;Lg; mhp - jpUkhy; guit - fly;
xsp - btspr;r bghUs; mwp - bjhpe;Jbfhs;/ eWf;F gwit - பற பறைவ
XHp - ePf;F fhyp - gRf;Tl;lk;, myhp - myhpg;g{ ghp - Fjpiu
fyk; - fg;gy; fhsp - bja;tk; mywp - mGJ gwp - பறி ெகாSத
fsk; - ,lk; fhHp - kyk; miu - ghjp
miw - tPl;od; gFjp kU - kzk,
bfhy; - bfhzUjy; fpstp - brhy;, ம - ற,த8
bfhs; - bgw;Wf;bfhs; Mu - epuk;g
fpHtp - KJikailjy; Mw - R{L jzpa kiu - khd;/ jhkiu
jhy; - ehf;F kiw - ntjk;
Fsk;g[ - tpy';F cWg;g[, ,uj;jy; - ahrpj;jy;
jhs; - ghjk; tUj;jy; - Jd;g[Wj;jy;
FHk;g[ - nkhh;f;FHk;g[ ,wj;jy; - rhjy;
jhH; - gzpe;Jngh tWj;jy; - fha;fwp tWj;jy
Typ - rk;gsk; Muy; - xUtif kPd;
typ - typik tpuy; - iftpuy;
bfhiy - bfhy;Yjy; Mwy; - jzpjy;
tsp - fhw;W tpwy; - btw;wp/ typik
nfhy; - Cd;Wnfhy; ,iu - jPdp tpuF - je;jpuk;
tHp - ghij/ rhiy ,iw - ,iwtd;/ murd;
fyp - Xir tpwF - fl;il
bty;yk; - ,dpg;g[f;fl;o cut[ - typik mUF - rkPgk;
bts;sk; - ePh; Typ - rk;gsk,; cwt[ - bjhlh;g[/ cwtpdh; mwF - mWfk;g[y;
ntiy - gzp Tsp - nga; cuy; - ,of;Fk; cuy; ,Uk;g[ - Xh; cnyhfk;
ntis - bghGJ bfhiy - bfhy;Yjy;, cwy; - bghUe;Jjy; ,Wk;g[ - FW';fhL
fsp - kfpH;r;rp bfhis - ghl;L cU - totk Cu - efh;e;J bry;y
; cW - kpFjp Cw - Ruf;f
fHp - jo nfhy; - Cd;Wnfhy;, XUj;jy; - ahid
fHp - cg;g';fHp ciu - ngr;R
nfhs; - g[w';Twy;, ciw - _o XWj;jy; - nfhgpj;jy;
this - kPd;tif Futh; - bghpnahh
Fwth; - xU rhjpah; ghdk; - Foghdk td;ik - Mw;wy;; , 9. xbuGj;J xU bkhHpf;F chpa bghUisf;
kwk; - tPuk; ghzk; - mk;g[ tz;ik - bfhil fz;lwpjy;
மர - tpUl;rk; g[id - my';fhp me;ehs; (me;jehs;)
kuk; - g[iz - bjg;gk; md;dhs; ( mg;bgz;) jkpHpy; css 246 vGj;Jf;fspy; 42
khp - ,we;Jngh gdp - Fsph ,d;dhs; ( ,j;jifats;) vGj;Jf;fSf;F kl;Lk; jdpg;bghUs; cz;L.
kUfp - kUkfs; ; gzp - bjhHpy; ,e;ehs; (,e;jehs;) ,e;j 42 vGj;Jf; fSf;fhd bghUis
kiu - jhkiu ngd; - jiyg;ngd; vd;dhy; ( vd;dhy; bra;ag;gl;lJ) fz;Lgpoj;jny ,g;gFjp tpdhthf mikfpwJ.
mzy; - jho ngz; - fhg;ghw;W ve;ehs; ( ve;jehs;)
mdy; - beUg;g[ kd; - murd; vd;dhL - vdJ ehL M - gf
Mzp - ,Uk;g[Mzp kz; - g{kp ve;ehL - ve;j ehL < - gwf;Fk; g{r;rp
M;dp - jkpH;khjk; kdk; - cs;sk; vd;dpiy - vdJ epiy C - ,iwr;rp
Cd; - czt kzk; - eWkzk;/ thrid ve;epiy - ve;j epiy V - mk;g[
[Cd; - ,iwr;rp kid - tPL Kd;dhs; - Kw;fhyk; I - mHF/ jiytd;
fzk; - Tl;lk; kiz - cl;fhUk; gyif Ke;ehs; - _d;Wehs; X - tpdh/ kjF (ePh; j';Fk; gyif)
fdk; - ghuk; khd; - g[s;spkhd; Kd;E]y; - Kjy;E]y; kh - bghpa tpy';F
mz;zk; - (nky;tha;) khz; - bgUik kP - nkny
Ke;E]y; - T* A
md;dk; - (gwit) _ - _g;g[
Miz - (fl;lis) td;ik - typik Kd;D]W - Kd;g[ A, nk - md;g[/ nkd;ik
Miz - (ahid) tz;ik - bfhil Ke;E]W - _d;W E]Wfs; ik - fd;ik (m";"dk;)
muz; - (nfhl;il) fid - xyp ez;Q]y; - ey;yE]y; ee;E]y; - nkh - Kfh;jy;/ nkhj;jy;
mud; - rptd; fiz - mk;g[ ekJ E]y; jh - bfhL
miz - jGt[ fhd; - fhL njdPh; - njd;fye;j ePh; jP - beUg;g[
mid - jha; fhz; - ghh; njePh; - ேதயைல நE J] - btz;ik
Mz; - Mz;ghy; Fdp - tis gwit - gwf;Fk; gwit nj - bja;tk;
Md; - gR Fzp - Fzj;ij cilaJ ij - ijj;jp';fs;
nrhid - tplhkiH fuj;jy; - kiwj;jy; gh - ghl;L/ ep[Hy;/ mHF
,iz - xg;g[ fwj;jy; - btspg;gLj;Jjy;
nrhiz - xUkiy g{ - kyh;
இைன - tUe;J fhp - ahid
jdp - jdpikahd ng - Eiu/ mHF
cz;zp - rpWcaphp
jzp - Fiw fwp - fha;fwp ig - gRik/ ifg;ig
cd;dp - epidj;J
jd;ik - ,ay;g[ jpiu - miy ngh - bry;/ nghjy;
cz; - rhg;gpL, jz;ik - Fsph;r;rp eh - ehf;F
jpiw - fg;gk;
cd; - cd;Dila jpd;ik - jPik eP - eP
jpz;ik - typik md;dk; - nrhW ne - md;g[/ neak;
vz;z - epidf;f ,
jpid - jhdpak; mz;zk; - tha; cl;g[wk; ie - tUe;J/ iejy;
vd;d - vd;W brhy;y
vtz; - vt;tplk jpiz - rhjp vhp - jP neh - neha;/ tUj;jk;
; vtd; - ahtd; jpd; - jpd;D vwp - fy;vwpjy; fh - nrhiy
Viz - bjhl;oy; jpz; - typa brU - nghh; T - g{kp
Vid - kw;iw Jdp - btWg;g[ if - fuk;
brW - tay;
fz;zd; - fpU\;zd; Jzp - Mil nfh - murd;
Jiz - tpiut[ fiu - Mw;w';fiu th - tUf
fd;dd; - fh;zd;
fzp - nrhjplh; Jiz - cjtp fiw - mGf;F tP - g{
fdp - gHk; njePh; - O bghwp - ,ae;jpuk; it - Th;ik/ itj;jy;
g[wk; - gf;fk; njdPh; - njd;nghd;w ,dpaePh; bghhp - bew;bghhp bts - tt;t[jy; (m) bfst[jy;
g[wt[ - g[wh ehd; - ahd; ,iu - czt[ rh - kuzk;/ nga;
bghwp - milahsk; ehz; - btl;fk; rP - ,fH;r;rp/ rPj;jy;
gd;d - brhy;y ,iw - flt[s; nr - vUJ
bghW - bghWj;Jf; bfhs; ciw - j';F
bghWg;g[ - flik gz;z - bra;a nrh - kjpy;
fd;dp - (Fkhp) gdpf;f - eL';f ciu - TW ah - xU kuk;
fz;zp - mUk;g[/ g{khiy gzpf;f - fl;lisapl chp - RHw;W beh - Jd;gk;
gd;dp - kidtp gid - xUkuk; cwp - J]f;F J - bfL/ cz;/ gphpt[
gz;zp - bra;J giz - gUj;j
10 nth;r; brhy;iyj; njh;t[ bra;f vLj;jhd; - vL bry;thd; - bry; goj;jy; - go
vGe;jhd; - vG nrh;e;jhd; - nrh; gUFthd; - gUF
,g;gFjp tpdhf;fis vspjpy; vjph;bfhs;s vGjpdhd; - vGjp brhd;dhd; - brhy; gGj;jJ - gG
thf;fpa';fis gphpj;bjGtjpy; njh;r;rp Vj;Jjy; - Vj;J brj;jtd; - rh gha;r;ry; - gha;
bgw;wpUj;jy; mtrpak;. Xl;Ljy; - Xl;L bra;fpwhs; - bra; ghh;;j;jy; - ghh;
xHpe;jhd; - xHp brd;wtd; - bry; gLj;jhd;; - gL
xU thh;j;iapy; nth;r;brhy;iy gphpf;f Xl;Ltpg;g[ - xl;L nrhh;t[ - nrhh; gwpj;jhd; - gwp
KoahJ. Xl;oaJ - xl;L je;jhd; - jh gw;wpdhd; - gw;W
XlhJ - xL jUthd; - jh gpz';fpdhd; - gpz';F
nth;r;brhy; vd;gJ bghJthf Xodhd; - xo jl;Lthd; - jl;L gphpj;jhh; - gphp
fl;lisahfnth/ Vtyhfnth ,Uf;Fk;. Xjpath; - xjp jhz;odhd; - jhz;L g[f;fk; - g[F
fw;f - fy; jl;gk; - jz;ik g[fH;e;jhd; - g[fH;
brhy; - nth;r;brhy; filay; - fil jhtpaJ - jht[ g{z;lhd; - g{z;
fw;nwd; - fy; jhH;t[ - jhH; g{Rjy; - g{R
mfH;e;jhd; - mfH; fhl;rpapy; - fhz; jpwe;jJ - jpw bghwik - bghW
mfd;W - mfy; fhl;oaJ - fhl;L jpUe;jpdhd; - jpU ; bgw;whs; - bgW
mile;njhk; - mil fz;L/ fz;ldd;- fhz; jPa;e;jJ - jPa; bghUj;jpdhd; - bghUj;J
mzpe;jhd; - mzp fw;whd; - fy; J]';fpd - J]';F nghdhd; - ngh
mhpe;J - mhp foj;jhd; - fo Japd;whd; - Japy; kz;oaJ - kz;L
mwpe;jhd; - mwp fhzhik - fhz; Jwe;jhd; - Jw kz;odhd; - kz;L
moj;jhs; - mwp fhl;Lthd; - fhl;L J]';fpdhh; - J]';F kfpH;e;jhd; - kfpH;
myws; - myW fhj;jhd; - fh bjhpe;jdh; - bjhp khwpdhd; - khW
mUspdh; - mUs; fhj;jtd; - fh bjspe;jhd; - bjsp khw;wpdhs; - khw;W
mWe;jJ - mW fhz;ghh; - fhz; njodhd; - njL khz;lhd; - khs;
mWtil - mW fhg;ghw;wpdhd;- fhg;g[ njw;wpdhd; - njw;W kpFe;jJ - kpF
mtpH;e;jJ - mtpH; fps;spdhd;d - fps;sp njly; - njL kpsph;e;jJ - kpsph;
mwpahJ - mwp Tty; - T bjhHhJ - bjhG kPz;ldh; - kPs;
Mz;lhs; - Ms; nfl;f/ nfl;ly;- nfs; ijj;jhd; - ij kPshjpUj;jy; - kPs;
Modhs; - ML bfhz;lhd; - bfhs; bjhLths; - bjhL Kjph;e;J - Kjph;
MH;e;jhh; - MH; bfhzh;e;jhd; - bfhzh; bjh';fpdhd; - bjh';F Kad;whh; - Kay;
,dpJ - ,dpik bfhd;wij - bfhy; bjhlh;e;jhd; - bjhlh; bkr;rpdh; - bkr;R
,dpg;g[ - ,dpik bfhlhik - bfhs; njhz;odhd; - njhz;L bkype;jhd; - bkyp
,Ug;g[ - ,U Fiuj;jJ - Fiu njhd;wpdhd; - njhd;W kz;oaJ - kz;L
,ak;gpaJ - ,ak;g[ Foj;jhd; - Fo njhw;whd; - njhy;tp nka;e;jJ - nka;
<e;jJ - < Fspj;jhd; - Fsp ef;fhh; - eF nknyGe;j - nkbyG
<d;whs; - <d;W Twpdhhd; - Twp el;lhd; - eL bkhz;lJ - bkhs;
<l;odhd; - <l;o bfhs;Sjy; - bfhs; eoj;jhd; - eo _H;fpaJ - _H;F
cz;ghh; - cz; bfhd;whd; - bfhy; ele;jhd; - el te;jJ - th
cGjhd; - cG nfhjpdhd; - nfhjp ehl;Lk; - ehl;L tH';fpaJ - tH';F
czt[ - cz; bfha;jhd; - bfha; epd;whh; - epy; tUthd; - th
cw';fpdhd;; - cw';F rha;e;jJ - rha; epd;nwhd; - epy; tiue;J - tiu
Ch;e;jJ - Ch; rhw;wpdhs; - rhw;W epfH;j;jpdhd; - epfH;j;J th';fpdh; - th';F
cUf;Fk; - cUf;F rphpg;g[ - rphp eP';fpdhd; - eP';F thH;;j;jpdh; - thH;j;J
cGtpj;jhd; - cG rhpe;jhd; - rhp ePz;l - ePs; tpw;wdh; - tpy;
cs;sk; - cs; rpjwpa - rpjW Efh;e;jJ - Efh; tpG';fpdh; - tpG';F
cs;sPL - cs; rPhpa - rPh;ik neh;e;jJ - neh; tp";Rjy; - tp";R
v";rpa - v";R rPj;jhs; - rP nehf;fk; - nehf;F tPH;j;jpdh; - tPH;j;J
vLf;Fk; - vL Rl;lJ - RL nehf;fpdhd; - nehf;F btWj;jdh; - btW
vz;zpa - vz; RUl;odhd; - RUl;L ehoa - ehL btd;wdh; - bty;
vz;zpdhd; - vz; R{odhd; - R{o eP';fp - eP';F btd;whh; - bty;
va;jhd; - va; brd;whd; - bry; gl;lhd; - gL bte;jhd; - nt
ntz;odhd; - ntz;L ,t;thW bjhHpYk; gpwt[k; btspg;glj; bjhpa[khW tUk; tpidbar;rk;: goj;Jr; brd;whd; = tpidbar;rk;
fz;lhh; - fhz; tpidKw;W bjhpepiy tpidKw;W vdg;gLk;. te;J ghh;/ tu vGJfpwhd;/ te;jhy; kfpH;ntd;. khztd; goj;jhd; = tpidKw;W
cz;fpwhd; - cz; nkw;fz;l bjhlh;fspy; cs;s te;J tu
Fwpg;g[ tpidKw;W : te;jhy; vd;Dk; brhw;fs; vr;rtpidfns ,it ghh;/ nkny fhQk; brhw;fspy; goj;J/ goj;j
ghLjy; - ghL vd;gtw;wpy; bray;Koe;J tpltpy;iy. Mjyhy; mit
,uhkd; ,dpad; vGJfpwhd;/ kfpH;thd; vd;Dk; tpid Kw;Wfisj;
,j;bjhlhpy; ‘,dpad;’ vd;Dk; brhy;/ tpidr; jGtp epd;W bghUs; Koitj; jUfpd;wd. vr;r';fs; vdg;gLk;.; Mdhy; mjd; gpd; cs;s goj;jhd;
11.ேவUெசாைல ெகா8 வைன6 brhy;yhFk;. ,J bjhHpiya[k;/ fhyj;ija[k; vd;Dk; brhy;ypy; bray; Kot[ bgw;wpUg;gjhy; mJ
,வைனெயUச ,வைனயாலைணM ெபய,ெதாழி btspg;gilahff; fhl;ltpy;iy. vdpDk; ,dpa gz;ig tpidbar;r tha;ghLfs; : tpid Kw;W vdg;gLk;.
w;ெபயைர உவாத cilatdhf ,Ue;jhd; vdf; Fwpg;ghy; fhyj;ij ,we;jfhyk; : ele;J te;jhd; - bra;J tiffs;
tpidKw;W : xU bghUs; bra;j bjhHpiyf; Fwpj;J czh;j;JfpwJ. ,t;thW bra;gtid kl;Lk; cz;Qg[ te;jhd; - bra;g[ 1. bjhpepiy tpidKw;W :
te;j Kw;Wg; bgw;w brhy; tpidKw;W vdg;gLk;. ,J btspg;gilahf czh;j;jp gpwtw;iwf; Fwpg;ghf bga;ahf; bfLf;Fk; - bra;ah bra;gtd;/ fUtp/ epyk;/ bray;/ fhyk;
jpiz/ ghy;/ vz;/ ,lk; Mfpatw;Wld; fhyj;ija[k; czh;j;Jk; tpidKw;W Fwpg;g[ tpidKw;W vdg;gLk;. fhQr; brd;whd; - bra;af bra;bghUs; vd;Dk; Mwpida[k; btspg;gilahfj;
fhl;Lk;. ,~J mJ tifg; bgah;fspd; mog;gilapy; gpwf;Fk; . grpj;bjd cz;lhd; - bra;bjd bjhptpf;Fk; tpidKw;W bjhpepiy tpidKw;W
rf;jp gof;fpd;whd;. (v.fh) vdg;gLk;.
fz;zd; vGJfpwhd;. g[fnHe;jp bghd;dd; (bghUs; ) epfH;fhy tpidbar;r tha;g;ghL v.fh : bry;tk; ghlk; vGjpdhd;
khzth;fs; tpisahLfpwhh;fs;. ntyd; ம ைரயா* (,lk;) bra -vd;gJ
khL nka;fpwJ eluhrd; jpUthjpiuahd; (fhyk;) kiH bga;ag; gaph; tsh;f;fpd;wJ -
epfH;fhyk; bghUs;/ ,lk;/ fhyk;/ rpid/ Fzk;,ெதாழி ; vd;Dk; 6
gwitfs; gwf;fpd;wd. ,uhkd; ,dpad; (gz;g[)
cz;zr; bry;thd; - tifg;gl;l bgah;r;brhw;fisr; rhh;e;J tUk;.
nkny fhQk; brhw;bwhlh;fspy; bjhHpy; ts;sy; br';fz;zd; (rpid)
bra;tijf; fhl;Lk;. mjhtJ tpidiaf; fhl;Lk; rutzd; eoகd; (bjhHpy;) vjph;fhyk;
vjph;fhy tpidbar;rk; ntyd; bea;fpwhd; bghUl;bgah; rhh;e;j
brhw;fs; ahit?
brapd; - bra;apa/ bra;apah;/ thd;/ ghd;/ ghf;F bjhpepiy
gof;fpwhd;/ vGJfpwhd;/ tpisahLfpwhd;/ vr;rtpid : tpidKw;W
“te;jhd;/ ghLfpwhd;/ ngRnthh;/ te;j/ ghLfpw czpd; - cz;zpa fhzpah;/ bfhy;thd; - miyahd; -
nka;fpwJ/ gwf;fpd;wJ nghd;wit jhnd. mu';fk; epiwe;jJ ,lg;bgaiur; rhh;e;j
- ,t;thW bghUl;fspd; braiy/ ,af;fj;ij ngRk;/ te;J vGjp/ gho” bjhpepiy tpidKw;W
nkw;fz;l gl;oaypy; “te;jhd;/ ghLfpwhd; tpidbar;rk; :
bjhHpiy (tpidia) czh;j;Jk; brhw;fs; vr;rtpid kw;bwhU tpidia jGtp epd;W fhiy mUk;gpaJ fhyg;bgaiur; rhh;e;j
“tpidr; brhy;” vdg;gLk;. vd;Dk; brhw;fs; bray; Kw;Wg; bgw;wija[k; bjhpepiy tpidKw;W
fhyj;ija[k; fhl;Ltjdhy; tpidKw;W brhw;fs; bghUs; jUkhdhy; mJ tpidbar;rk; vdg;gLk;.
,t;tpidbar;rr; brhw;fs; braiya[k; bts;is moj;jhd; gz;g[g; bgaiur; rhh;e;j
- tpidr;brhy; xU bghUspd; ,af;fj;ijf; fhl;Lk;. MFk;.
fhyj;ija[k; bjspthf czh;j;Jtjhy; bjhpepiy
jhpepiy bjhpepiy tpidKw;W
- tpidr;brhy; fhyj;ij czh;j;Jk;. -te;j ghLfpw/ ngRk;/ te;J/ vGjp/ gho Mfpa brhw;fs; tpidbar;rk; vdg;gLk;. Ml;lk; Koe;jJ bjhHpw;bgaiur; rhh;e;j
- tpidr;brhy; ntw;Wik cUig Vw;fhJ bray;Kw;Wg; bgwhJ v";rp epw;fpd;wd. ,it vr;r bjhpepiy tpidKw;W
tpid vdg;gLk;. bghUs; ,d;wp thodhd; fUtp/ bra;bghUs; vd xd;wpuz;L FiwapYk;
tpidKw;wid bjhpepiy tpidKw;W kw;Wk; cz;ik my;yhky; Twhd; mJt[k;bjhpepiy tpid Kw;nwahFk;.
Fwpg;g[ tpidKw;W vd ,uz;lha; gphpf;fyhk;. bgabur;rk; ,j;bjhlhpYs;s ,d;wp/ my;yhky; vd;Dk; vr;r
te;j khztd;/ ghLfpw bgz;/ ngRk;, fpsp tpidfs; thodhd; Twpdhd; vd;Dk; bjhpepiy tpidKw;W : mKjh Xtpak; tiufpd;whs;
bjhpepiy tpidKw;W : tpidKw;Wfisj; jGtp epw;gjhy; tpidbar;rkhFk;.
fz;zd; fojk; vGjpdhd; nkw;fz;l bjhlh;fspy; cs;s ‘te;j/ ghLfpw, ngRk;’ 2. Fwpg;g[ tpidKw;W
,it fhyj;ij btspg;gilahf
cHtd; taiy cGfpwhd; vd;Dk; brhw;fs; vr;rtpid vd mwpayhk;. bra;gtida[k;/ jpiz ghy;fisa[k;
czh;j;jtpy;iy. ,t;thW fhyj;ij btspg;gilahf
,j;bjhlh;fspy; ‘vGjpdhd;’/ ‘cGfpwhd;/ ,r;brhw;fs; “khztd;/ bgz;/ fpsp; vd;Dk; bgah;r; btspg;gilahff; fhl;of; fhyj;ijf; Fwpg;ghf
vd;w tpidr; brhw;fs; bray; Kw;Wg; bgw;wij brhw;fisj; jGtp epd;W bghUs; Koitj; czh;j;தாம gz;gpd; mog;gilapy; gpwe;j
czh;j;Jk; tpidKw;W Fwpg;g[ tpidKw;W vdg;gLk;.
czh;j;Jk; mjdhy; mit tpidKw;Wfs; vdg;gLk;. jUtjhdy; mJ bgabur;rk; vdg;gLk;. tpidbar;rk; Fwpப்பு tpidbar;rk; vdg;gLk;.
,t;tpidKw;W bghUs;/ ,lk; fhyk; Kjyhd
vGjpdhd;/ cGfpwhd; vd;Dk; brhw;fs; ,g;bgabur;rj; bjhlh;fs; braiya[k; ,yf;fzf; Fwpg;gwpjy; Mwd; mog;gilapy; njhd;Wk;.
bra;gtd;/ fUjp/ epyk;/ bray;/ fhyk; bra;bghUs; fhyj;ija[k; bjspthf czh;j;Jfpd;wd. vdnt ,g;gFjp tpdhf;fs; bfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s v.fh :- FiHapds;/ bghd;dpdd;- bghUs;;
vd;Wk; Mwida[k; btspg;gilahf czh;j;Jfpwhd;. bjhpepiyg; bgabur;rk; vdg;gLk;. brhy;ypw;F rhpahd ,yf;fzf; Fwpg;ig Cud;/ g[wj;jpdd; - ,lk;
njh;bjLf;FkhW mikf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,g;gFjp Mjpiuahd; - fhyk;
vGjpdhd;
cGfpwhd; bghpa tPL/ g[jpய rl;il/ mHfpa FHe;ij tpdhf;fSf;F tpilaspf;f fPH;f;fz;l br';fz;zd; - rpid
bra;gtd; fz;zd;
cHtd; ,j;bjhlh;fspy; bghpa/ g[jpa / mHfpa vd;Dk; ,yf;fz';fis bjhpe;J bfhz;lhy; jhd; xU ey;yd;/fhpad; - Fzk;
brhw;fs; vr;rtpidr; brhw;fs; ,it ‘tPL/ rl;il/ brhy;ypd; ,yf;fzf; Fwpg;g[ mwpa Koa[k;. ,d;brhy;yd; - bjhHpy;
fUtp vGJnfhy;
Vh;.
cHtd; FHe;ij vd;Dk; bgah;r; brhw;fisr; rhh;e;jJ.te;J fhh;nkfk; bry;td; - bghUl;bgah;
bghUs; Koitj; jUfpd;wd. Mdhy; bghpa g[jpa/ tpidKw;W : brHpad; (kJiuahd;) - ,lk;
epyk; miw tay;
mHfpa Mfpait fhyj;ijj; bjspthff; xU bghUs; bra;j bjhHpiyf; Fwpj;J te;த ,uhkd; etkpahd; - fhyg;bgah;
bray; vGJjy; cGjy;
fhl;ltpy;iy. ,t;htW fhyj;ij btspg;gilahff; Kw;Wg;bgw;w brhy; tpidKw;
tpidKw;W vdg;gLk;. nrhHd; br';fz;zd; - rpidg;bgah;
fhyk; ,we;jfhyk; epfH;fhyk; mJ jpiz/ ghy;/ vz;/ ,lk;/ fhl;Lk;/ fhyk; fhl;Lk;
fhl;lhL. gz;g[ moahfg; gpwe;j bgabur;rk; Fwpg;g[ jiyth; vspah; - Fzg;bgah;
bra;bghUs; fojk; g[Gjpahjy; bgabur;rk; vdg;gLk;. gadpiyahf tUk;/ ntw;Wik cUig Vw;fhJ. jhkiu bkd; eilahs; - bjhHpw;bgah;
goj;j khztd; = bgabur;rk; ;
3. cld;ghl;L tpidKw;W : fhzhh; - vjph;kiw tpidKw;W bjhHpw;bgah;; tpFjp bfl;L gFjp jphpe;J glh;f;if - ghLthid (ghLgtid)
bray; epfH;itf; Fwpf;Fk; tpidKw;W thH;f -tpa';nfhs; tpidKw;W tUtJ Kjdpiy jphpe;j bjhHpw;bgah;; MFk;. ele;jhid/ elg;ghid/ elf;fpd;whid
cld;ghl;L tpidKw;W vdg;gLk;. bjhHpw;bgah; :
v.fh. Jwg;ghh;/ nrh;kpd;. bjhHpw;bgah; Kjdpiy Kjdpiy bjhHpw;bgah; tpidahyiza[k;
4. vjph;kiw tpidKw;W xU bjhHpiyczh;j;Jk; bgah;. bjhHpy; bjhHpw;bgah; jphpe;j bgah;
bray; epfHhikiaf; Fwpf;Fk; tpidKw;W vd;gJ <z;L/ xU bghUspd; bjhHpw;bgah; 1. bjhHpiy kl;Lk; 1. bjhHpiya[k;/
v.fh. Jwthh;/ tpUk;ghd;/ thHhjth; g[ilbgah;r;rpiaf; றிf;Fk;. ,it brhw;fள4y; gLjy; gL ghL czh;j;Jk; bjhHpy; bra;a[k;
5. Vty; tpidKw;W : jy;/ my;/ mk;/I/ if/F/g[/ c/ jp/rp/tp/ cs; bghUisa[k;
bgWjy; bgW ngW
Kd;dpiy ,lj;jpy; fl;lisg; bghUspy; Mfpa tpFjpfis (filrp vGj;Jf;fis czh;j;Jk;
vjph;fhyk; fhl;o tUk; tpidKw;W Vty; tpidKw;W bfhz;oUf;Fk;) tpLjy; tpL tPL 2. glh;f;if 2. _d;W ,l';fspy;
vdg;gLk;. ,J xUik/ gd;ik czh;j;Jk;. RLjy; RL NL ,lj;jpy; kl;Lk; tUk;
v.fh. : thuha;/ ghhPh; bjhHpw;bgah; tpFjpfs; tUk;
Vty; gd;ik tpidKw;Wfs ;,h;/ <h;/ kpd;/ ck; 1. elj;jy; - jy; bfLjy; bfL nfL
3. bgUk;ghYk; 3. fhyk; fhl;Lk;
vd;Dk; tpFjpfisg; bgWk;. 2. ghly;/ Mly; - my; fhyk; fhl;lhJ
v.fh : 3. Ml;lk;/ tl;lk; - mk; tpidahyiza[k; bgah; :
fhzPh; - Vty; gd;ik 4. bfhiy - I xU tpidKw;W bgahpd; jd;ik mile;J
tpidKw;W bjhHpw;bgah; tpidahyiza[k; bgah;
5. bjhGif/ braw;if - I ntw;Wik cUg[ Vw;Wk; Vw;fhkYk; ntbwhU eoj;jy; eoj;jtd;
tUjp/ bry;tha; - Vty; xUik
tUtPh;/ tUkpd;/ thUk; - Vty; gd;ik
6. ghh;it - it gadpiyiar; bfhz;L KotJ vGJjy; vGjpdtd;
7. elg;g[ - g[ tpidahyiza[k; bgah; vdg;gLk;. cz;ly; cz;ltd;
6. tpa';nfhs; tpidKw;W : f/ ,a/ ,ah; 8. tut[ - t[/ c goj;jy; goj;jtd;
ntz;ly;/ tpjpj;jy;/ thH;j;Jjy;/ itjy; 9. kwjp - jp mJ jd;ik/ Kd;dpiy/ glh;f;fif vd;Dk; nehd;g[ nehw;ghh;
Kjypa bghUl;fspy; _tpl';fspYk; Ik;ghy;fspYk; 10. tsh;r;rp/ czh;r;rp - rp _d;W ,l';fspy; _d;W fhy';fspYk; czh;j;jp nrh;jy; nrh;e;jhh;
tUk; tpidKw;W tpa';nfhs; tpidKw;W vdg;gLk;. 11. cjtp/ g[ytp - tp tUk; (tpidKw;W tpidiaf; Fwpf;fhky; thH;jy; thH;thh;
,J xUikf;Fk;/ gd;ikf;Fk; bghJthf tUk;. 12. flt[s;/ tpf;Fs; - cs; tpidbar;rg; bghUSf;Fg; bgauha; tUtJ bghWj;j bghWj;jhh;
f/ ,a/ ,ah; vd;Dk; tpFjpfisg; bgWk;. 13. rhf;fhL - fhL tpidahyiza[k; bgah;)
14. nfhl;ghL - ghL v.fh. mfH;thiu/ ,fH;thiu
v.fh. : thH;f/ thHpa/ thHpah; 15. njhw;wut[ - mut[ jd;ik - ghondid (ghoa vd;id)
16. thuhid - Miz cz;nlid cz;fpd;nwid/ cz;nlid
Vty; tpidKw;W tpa';nfhy; tpidKw;W
17. bfhy;yhik/ elthik- ik Kd;dpiy - ghLfpd;whia (ghLfpd;w
1.fl;lisg; thH;j;Jjy;/ itjy;/ 18. gha;e;J - J cd;id)te;jhia/
bghUspy; tUk; ntz;ly;/ tpjpj;jy; 19. nghf;F - F tUthia/ tUfpd;whia
bghUspy; tUk; 20. jhHhy; - My;
2.Kd;dpiy _d;W ,l';fspy; tUk;.
,lj;jpy; kl;Lk; v.fh. ghh;j;jy;/ eP';fy;/ miwjy;/ nehw;wy;/
tUk;
ehl;ly;/ eypjy;/ fhl;rp/ thH;f;if/ nrh;f;if/
3. xUik/ gd;ik xUik/ gd;ik vd;;w
cz;L gFg;g[ ,y;iy.
,d;brhy;/ ,wf;Fkjp/ bfhiy/ Mw;wy;/
kwjp/tut[, elg;g[.
bjhpepiy tpidKw;W :
kyh;e;jd/ miyf;fpd;whh;/ cz;ghd;/ Kjdpiyj; bjhHpw;bgah; :
ghLfpd;whh;/ bra;jhd;/ mwpe;jPh; bjhHpw;bgahpd; tpFjp ,y;yhky; gFjp
Fwpg;g[ tpidKw;W :
kl;Lk; tUtJ Kjdpiyj; bjhHpw;bgah; MFk;.
ed;W/ jPJ/ cilahh;/ fhad;
cld;ghl;L tpidKw;W vjph;kiw tpidKw;W bjhHpw;bgah;

thH;thh; - thHhjhh; Kjdpiyj;bjhHpw;bgah;
bra;jhh; - bra;ahh; RLjy; - RL
ehQthh; - ehzhh; bfLjy; - bfL
Jwg;ghh; - Jwthh; gpoj;jy; - gpo
tpHpj;jy; - tpHp
bfhiy jPJ - FWg;g[ tpidKw;W
nrh;kpd; - Vty; tpidKw;W Kjdpiy jphpe;j bjhHpw;bgah;
brhy;thh; - cld;ghl;L tpidKw;W
ேவெசால் விைனமுற்று விைனெயச்சம் ெபயெரச்சம் விைனயாலைணயும் ெதாழிற்ெபய தா தாகினா தாகி தாகிய தாகியவைன தாக
ெபய ேநா ேநாகினா ேநாகி ேநாகிய ேநாகினாைன ேநாக
ெகா8 ெகா8தா* ெகா8 ெகா8த ெகா8தவ* ெகா8த \ \கிய \கி \கிய \கினாைன \க
ப8 ப8தா ப8 ப8த ப8தவைர ப8த ந8 நCட நC8 நCட நCடவைன நட
ந' ந'தா* ந' ந'த ந'தவைன ந'த ேவ ேவ(தா* ேவ( ேவ(த ேவ(தைத ேவத
ெப ெபறா* ெப ெபற ெபேறாைர ெபற ைர ைரத ைர ைரத ைரதைத ைர<
உ உடா* உ8 உட உடைர உட ந நகிய நகி நகிய நகியைத நக
ெச ெச*றா ெச* ெச*ற ெச*றவைர/ெச*றவ* ெசல/ெசZத அல அலறிய அலறி அலறிய அலறியைத அலற
ெதா8 ெதாCட ெதாC8 ெதாCட ெதாCடவ* ெதாட R Rறினா Rறி Rறிய Rறியைத Rத
வ=
E வ=(தா*
E வ=(
E வ=(த
E வ=(தவைன
E வ=Uசி
E இய< இயபய இயப இயபய இயபயவைர இயப
கா கடா* க8 கட கடாைர காண ஓ ஓதினா ஓதி ஓதிய ஓதியைத ஓத
ேத ேத(தா ேத( ேத(த ேத(தவைர ேதத உண உண(தா* உண( உண(த உண(தாைர உணத
தி* தி*ற தி* தி*ற தி*றாைர தி*[த
' 'தா* ' 'த 'தாைர 'த
அ அதா* அ அத அதவைன அத
உைட உைடதா உைட உைடத உைடதவைர உைட<
ஒ' ஒ'தா ஒ' ஒ'த ஒ'தவைன ஒ'த
ஓ8 ஓ'ய ஓ' ஓ'ய ஒ'யைத ஒCட
ெவC8 ெவC'னா* ெவC' ெவC'ய ெவC'யவைன ெவCட
F: Fசினா Fசி Fசிய Fசியவைர F:த
அ' அ'தா அ' அ'த அ'பாைர அ'த
அகர வrைசப' ெசாகைள சீரைமத:
எ, எ,தினா எ,தி எ,திய எ,தியவைன எ, த
பற பற(த பற( பற(த பற(தைத பறத
வைர வைர(தா* வைர( வைர(த வைர(தைத வைரத
எ எதா* எ எத எதவைன எத
தினா தி திய தியவைன த
பாU: பாUசினா பாUசி பாUசிய பாUசியவைன பாU:த
பள பள(தா* பள( பள(த பள(தாைன பளத
ெகா ெகாத ெகா ெகாத ெகாதவைன ெகாத
அr அr(தா அr( அr(த அr(தவைர அrத
ெச< ெசபனா ெசப ெசபய ெசபயவைர ெசப
உ, உ,தா உ, உ,த உ,தவைர உ,த
அறி அறி(தா* அறி( அறி(த அறி(தாைன அறித
எ, எ,(த எ,( எ,(த எ,(தவைன எ,த
வ8 வ8தா வ8 வ8த வ8தவைன வ8த
வா வ(தா வ( வ(த வ(தாைர வத
ேபா ேபானா ேபா ேபான ேபானவைன ேபாத
ைவ ைவதா* ைவ ைவத ைவதவைன ைவத
ஓ8 ஓ'னா* ஓ' ஓ'ய ஓ'னாைன ஓ8த
வைர வைர(தா வைர( வைர(த வைர(தவ வைரத
ப' ப'தா ப' ப'த ப'தவைள ப'த
க கறா* க கற கறாைன கற
பா பாதா* பா பாத பாதாைன பாத
அ+: அ+சினா* அ+சி அ+சிய அ+சியவைன அUச
வள வள(த வள( வள(த வள(தைத வளUசி
வ வறா* வ வற வறாைன வற
6' 6'தா* 6' 6'த 6'தாைன 6'த
F Fடா ;F8 Fட FYவ Fண
ஒ< ஓபனா ஓப ஓபய ஓபயவைர ஓப
ேப: ேபசினா ேபசி ேபசிய ேபசியைத ேபU:
ெகா ெகாடா ெகா8 ெகாட ெகாடாைன ெகாள
அகர வrைசப' அைம இ(த வனாவ வைட ெபயச்ெசால்லின் வைக அறிதல்: bjhHpw;bgah; : bjhHpw;bgah; Kjdpiy Kjdpiy
அள4 ேபா 6தலி உய எ, ,ப* xU bjhHpiyczh;j;Jk; bgah;. bjhHpy; bjhHpw;bgah; jphpe;j
ஆMத,அத* ப* உய ெமெய, ,அத* ப* bgah;r;brhy;. vd;gJ <z;L/ xU bghUspd; bjhHpw;bgah;
ெமெய, எ* ஒ]ெவா எ, கைளM g[ilbgah;r;rpiaf; றிf;Fk;. ,it brhw;fsy; gLjy; gL ghL
வrைசப8தி எ,தினா மதிெப கிைட.
xd;wpd; bgaiuf; Fwpf;Fk; brhy; jy;/ my;/ mk;/I/ if/F/g[/ c/ jp/rp/tp/ cs;
bgah;r;brhy; vdg;gLk;. mJ bghUs;/ ,lk;/ bgWjy; bgW ngW
Mfpa tpFjpfis (filrp vGj;Jf;fis
உதாரணமா அ,ஆ,இ,ஈ,உ,ஊ,எ,ஏ,ஐ,ஒ,ஓ,ஒள,ஃ fhyk; / சிைன / Fzk;/ bjhHpy; vd;Dk bfhz;oUf;Fk;) tpLjy; tpL tPL
Mwpd; mog;gilapy; njhd;Wk;. RLjy; RL NL
அத* ப* க வகைத ேச(த உய
bjhHpw;bgah; tpFjpfs; bfLjy; bfL nfL
ெமெய, க வrைச ,இதியா எ, .இைத bghUl;bgah; : KUfd;/ ahid/ fpsp/ ehw;fhyp/ 1. elj;jy; - jy;
ேபா*ேற ஒ]ெவா உயெம அத* ெமெய, kfs;/ kuk;/ g[j;jfk;/ ge;J ,it caph; cs;s 2. ghly;/ Mly; - my;
எ* வrைசயா கணகிCடா இதி 6, caph; ,y;yhj bghUl;fis Fwpg;gjhy; tpidahyiza[k; bgah; :
3. Ml;lk;/ tl;lk; - mk;
மதிெப ெபற 6'M. bghUl;bgah; vdg;gLk;. xU tpidKw;W bgahpd; jd;ik mile;J
4. bfhiy - I
,lg;bgah; : 5. bjhGif/ braw;if - I ntw;Wik cUg[ Vw;Wk; Vw;fhkYk; ntbwhU
13.ெசாகைள ஒ,9ப8தி ெசாெறாட Fsk;/ nfhtpy;/ tPjp/ kJiu/ brd;id/ gadpiyiar; bfhz;L KotJ
6. ghh;it - it
ஆத tPL/ gs;sp/ ,it Xh; ,lj;ijf; Fwpg;gjhy; 7. elg;g[ - g[ tpidahyiza[k; bgah; vdg;gLk;.
,lg;bgah; vdg;gLk;. 8. tut[ - t[/ c
ஒ ெசாெறாட எ,வா ெசயப8ெபா+பயன4ைல mJ jd;ik/ Kd;dpiy/ glh;f;fif vd;Dk;
9. kwjp - jp
எ*ற வைகய அைமய ேவ8.இUெசாெறாட fhyg;bgah; : _d;W ,l';fspy; _d;W fhy';fspYk; czh;j;jp
10. tsh;r;rp/ czh;r;rp - rp
ஒ,9 ப8 தலி உவைமக ம பழெமாழிக jp';fs; nfhilf;fhyk;/ "hapw;Wf;fpHik/ tUk; (tpid Kw;W tpidiaf; Fwpf;fhky;
11. cjtp/ g[ytp - tp
இட ெபகி*றன. Mz;L/ khh;fHp/ g[jd;/ fhiy/ khiy 12. flt[s;/ tpf;Fs; - cs; tpidbar;rk; bghUSf;Fg; bgauha; tUtJ
,it fhyj;ijf; Fwpg;gjhy; fhyg; bgah; 13. rhf;fhL - fhL tpidahyiza[k; bgah;)
சில பழெமாழிகள்: vdg;gLk;. 14. nfhl;ghL - ghL
15. njhw;wut[ - mut[ v.fh. mfH;thiu/ ,fH;tiu
உ8ைக இழ(தவ* ைக ேபால rpidg;bgah; : jiy/ fha;/ fz;/ if/ ,iy/ g{ jd;ik - ghondid (ghoa vd;id)
16. thuhid - Miz
,it cWg;gigf; Fwpg;gjhy; rpidg;bgah; 17. bfhy;yhik/ elthik- ik cz;nlid cz;fpd;nwid/ cz;nlid
aணZ தன வாயா ேக8
vdg;gLk; (rpid - cWg;g[) 18. gha;e;J - J Kd;dpiy - ghLfpd;whia (ghLfpd;w
ப:ைவ பr(த க* ேபால 19. nghf;F - F cd;id)te;jhiaia/
gz;g[g; bgah; 20. jhHhy; - My; tUtiaa/ tUfpd;whia
இைல மைற கா ேபால gz;gpidf; Fwpf;Fk; bgah; gz;g[g; bgah;
vdg;gLk;. , gz;g[/ epwk;/ totk;/ mst[ v.fh. ghh;j;jy;/ eP';fy;/ miwjy;/ nehw;wy;/ glh;f;if - ghLthid
இதைல ெகாள4 எ< ேபால Rit ,tw;wpd; tHpahfj; njhd;Wk;. (ghLgtid)
ehl;ly;/ thH:f;if/ eypjy;/ fhl;rp/ thH;f;if/
nrh;f;if/ ,d;brhy;/ ,wf;Fkjp/ bfhiy/ Mw;wy;/ ele;jhid/ elg;ghid/ elf;fpd;whid
சி ள4 ெபெவள
gz;g[g; bgah; tpFjpfs; kwjp/ tut[ elg;g[.
கைடமைட திற(த ேபால ed;ik - ik bjhHpw;bgah; tpidahyiza[k;
bjhy;iy - I Kjdpiyj; bjhHpw;bgah; : bgah;
ர9 ைகபCட Fமாைல ேபால khl;rp - rp bjhHpw;bgahpd; tpFjp ,y;yhky; gFjp 1. bjhHpiy kl;Lk; 1. bjhHpiya[k;/
khz;g[ - g[ kl;Lk; tUtJ Kjdpiyj; bjhHpw;bgah; MFk;. czh;j;Jk; bjhHpy; bra;a
ஆலய ெதா,வ சால ந* kHt[ - c bghUisa[k;
ed;F - F bjhHpw;bgah; - czh;j;Jk;
ஆZ ேவZ பZ உதி நாZ இர8
ed;wp - wp Kjdpiyj;bjhHpw;bgah; 2. glh;f;if 2. _d;W ,l';fspy;
ெசாZ உதி
ed;W - W RLjy; - RL ,lj;jpy; kl;Lk; tUk;
*றி* ேம எrM வள
eyk; - mk; ed;dh; - bfLjy; - bfL tUk;
mh; (m) eh; gpoj;jy; - gpo 3. bgUk;ghYk; 3. fhyk; fhl;Lk;
ஊ=வைன உ வ( ஊC8 (ik - tpFjp bgUk;ghd;ikahf tUk;) tpHpj;jy; - tpHp fhyk; fhl;lhJ
மி*[வ எலா ெபா* அல (v.fh) brk;ikf;nfhy;/ _nte;jh;/ Kk;khhp/ Kjdpiy jphpe;j bjhHpw;bgah; BjhHpw;bgah; tpidahyiza[k; bgah;
rJutay;/ fU';fy;/ tl;lf;fpzW/ nfhgk;/ bjhHw;bgahpd; tpFjp bfl;L gFjp jphpe;J eoj;jy; eoj;jtd;
frg;g[/ Jth;g;g[/ Kf;nfhzk;/ rJuk;/ Fl;il/ tUtJ Kjdpiy jphpe;j bjhHPw;bgah; MFk;. vGJjy; vGjpdtd;
brt;tfk;/ cauk;/ cUz;il/ brk;ik/ cz;ly; cz;ltd;
tl;lepyh/ ePs;efh;/ Kf;fzk;/ mfyk;/ g[spg;g[. goj;jy; goj;jtd;
nehd;g[ nehw;ghh; ePh; + I - ck;ik/ ntw;Wikg; 2 3 4 5 6 7
nrh;jy; nrh;e;jhh; Ek;ik bgah; ,LFwp rpwg;g[g; bgah;.
thH;jy; thH;thh; jhd; + I - jd;id kz;zpy;/ brk;kd;/ tz;ly;/ fspkz; vd tifg;gLk;
eP ,LFwp rpwg;g[g; bgah;
bgah vd;gh;.
epd;bdhL
bghWj;j bghWj;jhh; jhk; + I - jk;ik
epidf;F
epd;dplk;
epd;dhy;
epd;dpd;
epd;id
ehd; +My; - vd;dhy;
epdJ
kuk; ,LFwpg; bghJg;bgah; :
bghJg; bgah; (jhd;/ jhk;/ vy;yhk;) : ehk; +F - ekf;F bjd;id kuk; mtw;wpy; rpwg;g[g; bgw;wJ. xU
jhd; vd;Dk; bghJg;bgah; ,Ujpid/ tif kuj;jpw;F kl;Lnk itf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,jid
_tpl';fspYk; xUik czh;j;jp tUk;. jd;ikg; bgah; : eP ,LFwp rpwg;g[g; bgah; vd;gh;.
cd;bdhL
jhk;/ vy;yhk; vd;Dk; bghJg; bgah;fs;
cd;dplk;
(v.fh) bjd;id/ tapW/ gy;/ fhy;/ if
cd;dhy;
cd;dpd;
ngRnthiua[k; mtd; rhh;e;njhiua[k;
cd;id
cdf;F
,Ujpid _tpl';fspYk; gz;ik czh;j;jptUk;
cdJ
Fwpf;Fk; jd;ikg; bgah;. fhuzg; bgah; :
ahd; vd;gJ vd; vd;Wk; xU bghUSf;F bgah; itf;f rpwg;ghd
ehd; jhd; ngrpndd; jhd;
ahk; vd;gJ vk; vd;Wk; fhuzk; ,Ue;jhy; mjid fhuzg; bgah; vd;gh;.
eP jhd; miHj;jha; jd;ik/ Kd;dpiy ePh;
ehk; vd;gJ ek; vd;Wk; jphpe;j ntw;Wik (v.fh) gwit gwf;fpd;w fhuzj;jhy; mJ gwit vd;W
mtd; jhd; moj;jhd;
cUg[fis Vw;Fk;.
Ek;bkhL
bgah;.
Ek;kplk;
Ek;khy;
Ek;kpd;
Ek;ik
Ekf;F
fhuzg; bghJg; bgah; : fhfk;/ Fapy;/ ehw;fhyp.
glh;f;if Mfpa 3 ,l';fs;
EkJ
ntw;Wik 2 3 4 5 6 7 fhuz rpwg;g[g; bgah; : வைளய; vd;gJ rpwg;ghd
kapy; jhd; MoaJ
g; bgah; I My; F , m f xd;iwf; Fwpg;gpLk; (tisak; vd;gJ bghJthdJ)
,UjpizapYk; bghJthf tisay; vd;gJ fhuzr; rpwg;g[ bgaUf;F
/ XL d; J z;
bry;td; jhd; vGjpdhd; vLj;Jf;fhl;L.
glh;f;if bgah; :
vd;;ndhL vd;dhy;
xUikapy; te;jJ கிைளப்ெபய:
Fapy; jhd; TtpaJ jd;ik/ Kd;diy xHpe;j bgah;fs; vy;yhk;
vk;bkhL vk;khy;
glh;f;ifg; bgah;fs;. ,Jt[k; xUik gd;id vd 2 உறகைள பறி றிப8வ கிைளெபய.
ehk; jhk; Twpndhk;
tifg;gLk;. அண*,அண,த9ைகேபா*ற உறகள4ைன
ehk; vy;yhk; Twpndd;
றிப8வன.
ePtph; jhk; ghh;j;jPh;,; brd;wPh;
vd;dplk;
uhrd; ,y;yk; - glh;f;if xUikg; bgah;
vd;dpd;
vd;id குடிப்ெபய:இன
vdf;F
சாதி பறி றிப8வன
kf;fs; jhk; nghuhodh; gRf;fs;/ kdpjh;fs; - glh;f;ifg; gd;ikg;
vdJ
ahd;
'ெபயஎனப8..றவ*,ஆய*,மறவ*,உழவ*,அ(த
Fjpiufs; vy;yhk; Xod bgah;
ண*,வணக*,ேவளாள*.
jhd; vd;gJ jd; vd;Wk; jhk; vd;gJ jk; vd;Wk;
(jhk;/ vy;yhk; vd;gd ,Ujpid jphpe;J ntw;Wik cUg[fis Vw;Fk;.
ehd;/ ahd; - jd;ik bgah; MFbgah;
_tpl';fspYk; gd;ik czh;j;jpd).
eh';fs;/ ahf';fs; -jd;ik gd;ik bgah;
ntw;Wikg; 2 3 4 5 6 7
ntw;Wik cUg[ Vw;Fk;nghJ jphpa[k; bgah;fs; : bgah; xd;wd; ,aw;bgah; mjid czh;j;jhky;
10. Kd;dpiy bgah; :
jhd; mjndhL bjhlh;g[ila kw;bwhU bghUSf;F
jd;dplk;
jd;dhy;
,yf;fzk;: ntw;Wik cUg[fnshL bjhd;W bjhl;L bgauhf tUtJ MFbgah;
jd;dpd;
ngRnthhpd; brhy;iya[k; Kd;dpd;W
jd;id
jdf;F
nrUk;bghGJ. vdg;gLk;.
jdJ
nfl;nghiua[k; mtd; rhh;e;njhiua[k; czh;j;jp
1. ehd; vd;Dk; jd;ik xUikg; bgah; vd; tUk; bgah; Kd;dpiyg; bgah;.
vd;W jphpa[k;. ‘ghhpKidf;F vjpy; te;jha;?’ vd;W
2. ehk; vd;Dk; jd;ik gd;ikg; bgah; vk;/ ek; eP - Kd;dpiy xUikg;bgah; eP';fs;/ ePah;/ jhk; nfl;lhy;/ 66y; te;njd; vd;W brhd;dhy;/ me;j 66
jk;bkhL
vy;yh;/ ePtph; Kd;dpiyg; gz;ikg; bgah;fs; eP
jk;kplk;
vd;W jphpa[k; vd;gJ vz;iz Fwpf;fhJ. me;j vz;iz
jk;kpd;
jk;ik
jkf;F
3. eP vd;Dk; Kd;dpiyg; xUikg; bgah; epd;/ vd;gJ epd; vd;Wk; ePh; vd;gJ Ek; vd;Wk; eP';fs; cila ngUe;ij Fwpf;Fk;. ,Jnt
jkJ
cd; vd;W jphpa[k;. vd;gJ E'fs; vd;Wk; jphpe;J ntw;Wik MFbgauhFk;.
4. eph;/ vd;Dk; Kd;dpiyg; gd;ikg; bgah;/ cUg[fis Vw;Fk;.
Ek;/ ck; vd;Wk; jphpa[k;. bgah;r;brhy; : ,jpy; ,uz;L bgah;fs; cz;L. ,jid ,J bghUs;/ fhyk;/ ,lk;/ rpid/ fUtp/
5. jhd; vd;Dk; bghJg;bgah; jd; vd;W jphpa[k;. ,L;Fwpg;bgah; kw;Wk; fhuzg;bgah; vd;gh;. gz;g[/ bjhHpy; fUj;jh/ fhhpak;/ ctif vd
6. jhk; vd;Dk; bghJg;bgah; jk; vd;W jphpa[k;. gytifg;gLk;.
,LFwpg;bgah; : ,LFwpg;bgah; vd;gJ fhuzkpd;wp
v.fh. : Kd;ndhh; tH';fpa bgah;. bts;isr; rl;il mzpe;jhd;
ehd; +I - vd;id tPl;ow;F bts;is moj;jdh;.
ehk; + I - ek;ik/ vk;ik ,jid ,LFwpg;bghJg;bgah; kw;Wk; ,LFwp rpwg;g[
eP +I - cd;id/ bgah; vd;gth;. ,LFwpg; bghJg; bgah; : Kjy; bjhlhpYs;s ‘bts;is’ vd;Dk; brhy;
epd;id Kd;ndhh; fhuzkpd;wp tH';fpa bgah;.
epwj;ijf; Fwpj;j gz;g[g; bgauhFk;. mLj;j
(v.fh.) kz;/ kiy/ kL/ f.
bjhlhpYs; ‘bts;is’ vd;Dk; brhy; bts;si bjhlh;g[ila ntW bghUSf;F MfptUtJ brhw;fshy;/ ‘brtiy’ vd;gJ epwj;ijf; (v.fh.) fHy; gzpe;jhd; - ghiy ,wf;F
epwj;jpy; mike;j Rz;zhk;g[ ePiuf; Fwpf;fpwJ. ‘,lthFbgah;’ vdg;gLk;. Fwpf;fhky;/ me;epwj;jpy; mike;j vUjpidf; ,lk; bghUSf;F Mfp tUtJ
Fwpf;fpwJ. ,lthF bgah;, bghUs; ,lj;jpw;F MfptUtJ
,t;thW bjhd;Wbjhl;L xd;wpw;F fhythF bgah;: ,t;thW xU gz;g[g; bgah;/ mg;gz;igf;
jhdpaவhF bgah;.
tH';fpte;j ,LFwpg;bgah; mjid czh;j;jhky; xU fhyj;jpd; bgah; me;jf; fhyj;njhL bfhz;l bghUSf;F MfptUtJ/ ‘gz;ghF bgah;’
mjndhL bjhlh;g[ila ntbwhU bghUSf;F bjhlh;g[ila bghUSf;F bgauhfp tUtJ vdg;gLk;.
fUtpahF bgah;:
MfptUkhapd;/ mJ ‘MFbgah;’ vdg;gLk;. fhythF bgah; vdg;gLk;.
fUtp vd;gJ xU bghUs; bra;ag;
bjhHpyhF bgah;:
gad;glf;Toa bghUs;/ gl;L vd;gJ E]y;. ,J
bghUshFbgah; (v-fh) fhh; mWtilahapw;W xU bjhHpypd; bgah; mj;bjhHpiy cila
Mil bea;tjw;F gad;gLfpwJ. ehk; ‘gl;L rl;il
ork;gh; R{odhs;. bghUSf;F bgauhfp tUtJ bjhHpyhF bgah;
mzpe;njhk;’ vd;W brhy;tjw;Fg; gjpyhf ‘gl;L
Kjw; bghUspd; bgah; me;j bghUspd; nfhil ed;whf tpise;Js;sJ. ‘nfhil’ vdg;gLk;.
mzpe;njhk;’ vd;W brhy;fpnwhk;. ,Jnt
rpidf;F Mfp te;jhy; mJ bghUshF bgah; vd;gJ fhyg; bgauhFk;. Mdhy;/ ,j;bjhlhpYs;
fUtpahF bgauhFk;. xU fUtpapd; bgah;
vdg;gLk;. ‘tpise;Js;sJ’ vd;Dk; Fwpg;ghy;/ ‘KWf;F jpd;whd;’ vd;gjpy; KWf;Fjy;
mf;fUtpahyhFk; bghUSf;Fk; (fhhpaj;Jf;F)
jhkiu fz;zh! nfhilf;fhyj;jpy; tpisa[k; bey;iyf; (nfhil vd;gJ bjhHpiyf; Fwpf;Fk;. Mdhy;/
bgauhfp te;jhy; ‘fUtpahF bgah;’ vd;W
bey;) Fwpf;fpd;wJ. ,t;thW fhyg;bgah; mj;bjhHpypd; bgah; mj;bjhHpiyf; Fwpf;fhky;
miHf;fg;gLk;. (v-fh) ehd; Fws; goj;njd;.
vd;W miHj;jhy; ,jpy; jhkiu vd;gJ g{itf; mf;fhyj;njhL bjhlh;g[ila ntbwhU mj;bjhHpyhy; bra;ag;gl;l bghUisf; Fwpg;gjhy;
Fwpf;fk;. rhjhuzkhf jhkiu vd;w brhy; bghUSf;fhfp tUtJ ‘fhythF bgah;’ vdg;gLk;. ‘bjhHpyhFbgah;’ vdg;gLk;.
fhhpathF bgah;:
jhkiuapd; ,iy/ jz;L/ g{/ nth; ,tw;iw xU fhhpaj;jpd; bgah; mjd; fhuzj;jpw;F
nrhj;Jj;jhd; Fwpf;Fk;. Mdhy; ,';F jhkiuf; rpidahF bgah;: (v-fh) KWf;Fj; jpd;whd;/ Rz;ly; rhg;gpl;lhd;/
bgauhfp tUtJ fhhpathF bgah; vdg;ggLk;.
fz;zd; vd;gJ jhkiu g{itg; nghd;w fz;fis xU rpid bghUspd; bgah; mjd; Kjw; bgh';fy; cz;lhd;.
rikay; vd;gJ fhhpak;. Mdhy; ‘rikay;
cilatd; vd;W g{it czh;j;jpajhy; ,J bghUSf;F bgauhfp tUtJ rpidahF bgah;
goj;njd;’ vd;W brhy;tJ rikaiyf; Fwpf;fhky;
bghUshF bgauhapw;W. vdg;gLk;. bghhpay; Ritahf ,Ue;jJ. ‘bghhpay;’
g[j;jfj;ijf; Fwpf;Fk;. vdnt ,J ‘fhhpathF
,e;j bghUshF bgaUf;F ntW bgah; (v-fh) jiyf;F xU go bey; bfhL vd;gJ bjhHpiyf; Fwpg;gjhy; bjhHpw;bgauhFk;.
bgah;’ vdg;gLk;.
‘KjyhFbgah;’ vd;gjhFk;. jiyf;F gj;J %gha; ntz;Lk;. Mdhy;/ ,j;bjhlhpy; ‘Ritahf ,Ue;jJ/ vd;Dk;
jiyf;F xU gH';bfhL. Fwpg;ghy; bghhpj;bjLf;Fk; brayhy; cz;lhd
fUj;jhthF bgah;:
g{rdpr; rhk;ghh; Ritahf ,Ue;jJ. “g{rdp” btw;wpiy el;lhd; czt[g; bghUisf; Fwpf;fpwJ.
‘fUj;jh’ vd;why; ‘bra;jtd;’ vd;W bghUs;.
vd;Dk; brhy; nth;/ bfho/ ,iy/ g{/ gp";R/ fha; fUj;jhitf; bfhz;L fUj;jh bra;j braiyf;
Mfpatw;Wld; mike;j g{rdpr; broahfpa KGg; ‘jiy’ vd;gJ kdpjdpd; Xh; cWg;ghFk;. ,t;thW xU bjhHpypd; bgah;
Fwpj;jhy; mJ fUj;jhthF bgah;.
bghUisf; Fwpg;ghFk;. Mdhy;/ ,j;bjhlhpy; Mdhy;/ ,j;bjhlhpy; ‘jiy’ vd;gij mLj;Js;s mj;bjhHpyhy; bgwg;gLk; bghUSf;F Mfp
(v-fh) ts;Stiu goj;njd;/ fk;gid fw;nwd;/
‘rhk;ghh; Ritahf ,Ue;jJ’ vd;Dk; Fwpg;ghy; Fwpg;g[r; brhw;fshy; xU kdpjidf; Fwpf;fpwJ. tUtJ ‘bjhHpyhF bgah;’ vdg;gLk;.
vd;W brhd;dhy; mth;fs; vGjpa E]y;fis
‘g{rdp’ vd;Dk; brhy; KGg; bghUisf; Fwpf;fhJ. ,t;thW xU rpidapd; (cWg;gpd;) bgah; mijg;
Fwpf;Fk;.
mjd; Xh; cWg;ghfpa g{rdpf;fha; czh;j;JfpwJ. bgw;Ws; Kjw; bghUisf; Fwpg;gJ ‘rpidahF brhy;yhF bgah;
bgah;:
bgah;’ vdg;gLk;. rpidapd; bgah; xU brhy;ypd; bgah; mr;brhy;Yila
ctikahF bgah;
bgah;:
,t;thW xU KGg; bghUspd; bgah;/ Kjw;bghUSf;F MfptUtJ rpidahF bgah;. bghUSf;Fg; bgauhfp tUtJ brhy;yhF
Xh; ctkhdk; mjdhy; Fwpf;fg;gLk;
mjidr; Rl;lhJ/ mjd; cWg;g[f;F Mfp tUtJ Kjw; bghUspd; bgah; mjd; rpidf;F bgauhFk;. ‘ehd; Kjy;tiug; ghh;j;njd;’ vd;gJ
ctnkaj;jpw;F Mfp tUtJ ctikahF bgah;
‘bghUshF bgah;’ vdg;gLk;. ,jid ‘KjyhF
KjyhF (cWg;g[f;F) Mfp tUtJ bghUshF bgah; gs;spf; Tlkhf ,Ue;jhy; m';F cs;s jiyik
vdg;gLk;.
bgah;’ vdt[k; TWth;. vd;Dk; ntWghl;il mwpf. Mrphpaiua[k;/ rl;lkd;wkhf ,Ue;jhy; m';Fs;s
(v-fh) fhis te;jhd;/ ghit rphpj;jhs; ,';F
(v.fh) ky;ypif Nodhs;. Kjy; ke;jphpiaa[k; Fwpf;Fk;. vdnt/ Kjy;th;
fhis/ ghit vd;gd fhis nghd;w tPuDf;Fk;/
gz;ghF bgah;: vd;gJ me;j gjtpapid tfpf;fToa eghpidf;
ghit nghd;w bghz;Qf;Fk; Mfp te;jpUf;fpwJ.
,lthF bgah;: xU gz;gpd; bgah; mg;gz;g[ila gz;g[f;Fg; Fwpf;Fk;. vdnt/ Kjy;th; vd;gJ xU
fhis / ghit - ctik
Xh; ,lj;jpd; bgah; me;j ,lj;jpy; cs;s (bghUSf;F) bgauhfp tUtJ gz;ghF bgah; brhy;yhFk;. vdnt ,J brhy;yhF bgah;
,is"d;/ bgz; - bghUs;
bghUSf;F bgauhfp tUtJ ,lthF bgauhFk;. MFk;. ,J FzthF bgah; vd;Wk; tH';fg; vdg;gLk;.
(v-fh) jkpHfk; btd;wJ. cyfk; tpHpj;jJ. Ch; bgWk;.
vz;
vz;zy; msit MFbgah; :
ToaJ. Ch; rphpj;jJ/ itak; vGe;jJ. jhdpathF bgah;:
xd;W bgw;why; xspkak; xd;W vd;Dk;
,dpg;g[ cz;lhd;/ fhuk; btWj;jhd; fpuhk';fspy; fwpfha; tpw;gth;fis
vz;Qg;bgah; mt;btz; Fwpf;fhky;
fh";rpg[uk; vd;d tpiy? ‘fh";rpg[uk;’ vd;gJ ,dpg;g[/ fhuk; vd;Dk; gz;g[g; bgah;fs; mf;fwpfha;fis itj;J Tg;gplhky;
FHe;ijiaf; Fwpf;Fk; bgauhfp te;jJ.
,lg;bgauhFk;. Mdhy;/ ,j;bjhlhpYs;s Fwpg;g[r; mr;Ritiaf; bfhz;l bghUSf;F MfptUk;. ‘mf;Tilia Tg;gpL’ vd;W Tg;gpLthh;fs;.
brhw;fshy;/ ‘fh";rpg[uk;’ vd;Dk; ,lg;bgah;/ me;j vdnt/ xU ,lj;jpy; cs;s bghUspd; bgah;. mJ
vLj;jy; msit MFg;bgah; :
,lj;ijf; Fwpf;fhky; mt;tplj;jpy; brtiyia tz;oapy; g{l;L. ‘brtiy’ rhh;e;jpUf;fk; ,lj;jpw;F bgauhfp tUtJ
Ie;J fpnyh vd;d tpiy?
bea;bjLf;fg;gLk; gl;lhiliaf; Fwpf;fpwJ. vd;gJ rptg;g[ epwj;ijf; Fwpf;Fk; gz;g[g; jhdpathF bgauhFk;.
,';F fpnyh vd;Dk; vLj;jy; msitg; bgah;.
,t;thW Xh; ,lj;jpd; bgah; me;j ,lj;njhL bgauhFk;. ‘tz;oapy; g{l;L’ vd;Dk; Fwpg;g[r;
mtsitf; Fwpf;fhky; mstst[ila
bghUSf;F (mhprp/ gUg;g[) Mfp te;jJ. vdnt caph; bka;baGj;Jf;fs; : clnyhL caph; nra;Aspir msngil : - typikahd vGj;Jf;fs; ty;ypdk; vd;Wk;
,~J vLj;jy; msit MFg; bgah;. te;J ,ize;jhy; caph; bka;baGj;J nra;Aspy; Xir FiwAk; ,lj;jpy; me;j bkd;ikahf cr;rhpf;ff; Toa
Kfj;jy; msit MFg;bgah; vdg;gLk;. caph; vGj;Jk; bka;baGjh;Jk; Xiria epiwT nra;a nkhopapd; KjypYk;> vGj;Jf;fSf;F bky;ypdk; vd;Wk;
ehd;F ypl;lh; njit. ,tw;Ws; ypl;lh; nrh;e;J tUtJ caph; bka; vGj;J ,ilapYk;> ,WjpapYk; நி*ற caph;neby; ,tw;Wf;F ,ilg;gl;L cr;rhpf;ff; Toa
vd;Dk; Kfj;jy; msitg; bgah;/ msitf; vdg;gLk;. vOj;Jf;fs; VOk; jdf;F ,dkhd Fwpy; vGj;Jf;fSf;F ,ilapdk; vd;Wk; bgah;.
Fwpf;fhky; mt;tst[ila bea;/ vz;bza; vOj;Jf;fisg; ngw;W chpa khj;jpiuapypUe;J
f; + m = f f; + M = fh kpFe;njhypf;Fk;.
nghd;wtw;Wf;F Mfp te;jJ. ty;ypdk; - frljgw btd Mnw
f; + , = fp f; + < = fP
- ,jw;F ,ir epiw msngil vd;w ngaUk; bky;ypdk; - '"zekd btd Mnw
ePl;ly; msit MFg;bgah; f; + c = F f; + C = T ,ilapdk; - auytHs btd Mnw
cz;L.
_d;W kPl;lh; bfhL ,';F kPட;lh; vd;gJ f; + v = bf f; + V = nf neby; M < C V I X xs ,e;j MW ty;ypd vGj;Jf;fs; brhy;ypd;
msitf; Fwpf;fhky; Jzpf;F Mfp tUk;. f; + x = bfh f; + X = nfh Fwps; m , c v , x c ,Wjpapy; te;J mjd; kPJ cfuk; Vwpdhy;/
15. இலக்கணக்குறிப்பறிதல் f;+I = if f; + xs = bfs (v.fh) nflhm topte;j Nfz;ikahh; Nfz;ik mJ jdf;Fhpa miu khj;jpiu mstpy;
vOj;jpyf;fzk; :-:- tplhm
mh; tpioAk; cyF. ghjpahf xypf;Fk;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L : ehL / tuF
caph; 12/ bka; 18/ vdnt 12 x 18 = 216 ,jpy; ‘M‘ jdJ ,d vOj;jhd Fwpy;
vOj;Jf;fis KjnyOj;Jf;fs; kw;Wk; caph;bka; vGj;Jf;fshFk;. ,jpy; ehL + ehl; +c=l; vd;gJ ty;ypdk;.
rhh;ngOj;Jf;fs; vd;W ,uz;lha; gphpg;gh;. ‘m‘ tpidg; ngw;W nra;Aspy; Xiria epiwT ,jd; kPJ cfuk; te;jhjjhy;
caph; vGj;J 12 nra;fpwJ. mt;thW msngil Mf
bka; vGj;J 18 jd;mstpypUe;J ghjpahf xypf;Fk;. mJ
KjbyGj;Jf;fs; : bkhHpapy; Kதyhtjhf tutpy;iybadpy; mJ xuir bfhz;l
caph; bka; vGj;J 12 x18 216 brhy;yhf ,Uf;Fk; (xd;W neh; my;yJ epiu) nghd;wnj tuF – tuf; +c=tuF
tuf;ToaJk; jdpj;J ,a';f Toa Mw;wy;
cilய khfpa vGj;J;fis KjbyGj;J Ma;j vGj;J 1 Fwpg;g[ : bghJthf <uirr;rPh;
Fw;wpaYfuk; MW tifg;gLk;
vd;fpnwhk;. caph; 12-k; bka; 18-k; Mfpa 1. beoy; bjhlh;/ 2. caph;bjhlh;/ 3 td;
vGj;Jf;fis KjbyGj;J vd;fpnwhk;. ,J gpw bkhj;jk; 247 ,d;dpir msbgil
bra;a[spy; xir Fiwahj ,lj;Jk; ,dpa bjhlh;/ 4. bkd; bjhlh;/ 5. ,ilj; bjhlh;/
vGj;Jf;fs; njhd;wf; fhuzkhf ,Uf;fpwJ. 6. Ma;jj; bjhlh;.
rhh;bgGj;Jf;fs; : KjbyGj;Jf;fisr; Ma;jk; Xir jUtjw;fhff; Fwpy; beoyhf khwp
capbuGj;jpYk;/ bka;baGj;jpYk; tuhj Xh; msbtLg;gJ ,d;dpir msbgil. beoy; bjhlh; Fw;wpaYfuk; : xU brhy;ypd;
rhh;e;J tuf;ToaJk; jdpj;J ,a';f Mw;wy; ,Wjpapy; mjhtJ cfuj;jpw;F Kd;ghf
,y;yhj vGj;Jf;fisa[k; rhh;bgGj;J vGj;J ‘Ma;j vGj;jhFk;’. ,e;j Ma;j _tir bfhz;l rPh;fspy; tUk;
vGj;J _d;W g[s;spfis ,l;lJ nghd;W - bfhLg;gJ]ck; / vLg;gJ]ck; cs;s vGj;jf;fs; bel;blGj;jhf
vd;fpd;nwhk;. ,Ue;jhy; mJ beoy; bjhlh; Fw;wpaYfuk;
capbuGj;Jf;fs; : jkpH; bkhHpf;F capuha; ,Uf;Fk;. mjdhy; ‘Kg;ghw;g[s;sp’ vdt[k;
miHg;ghh;. brhy;ypir msbgil : vLj;Jf;fhl;L : ehL/ thF
,Uf;ff; Toa vGj;Jf;fis ,tw;wpy; ‘L’ f;F Kd;ghf ‘eh’ vd;w
cjhuzk; : v~F/ ,Ug~J. bra;a[spy; Xir Fiwahj ,lj;jpYk;
capbuGj;Jf;fs; vd;fpnwhk;. bel;blGj;J te;Js;sjhy; beoy; bjhlh;
bgah;r;brhy; tpidbar;rg; bghUs; jUk; bghUl;L
m/M/,/</c/C/v/V/I/x/X/xs Fw;waYfukhapw;W.
,t; Ma;j vGj;Jf;F xyp mst[ miu msbtLg;gJ brhy;ypir msbgilahFk;.
bka;baGj;Jf;fs; : jkpH; bkhHpf;F clyha; (v.fh) FojHP,/ mojHP, td; bjhlh; Fw;wpaYfuk; : mJ nghd;nw
,Uf;ff; Toa vGj;Jf;fis khj;jpiuahFk;. me;j mstpypUe;J
Fiwahky; xypj;jhy; Kw;wha;jk; vd;fpnwhk;. cfuk; Vwpa ty;ypd vGj;jpd; Kd;ghf
bka;baGj;Jf;fs; vd;fpnwhk;. xw;wsbgil : ty;ypd vGj;Jf;fshd f;/r;/l;/j;/g;/w; te;jhy;
f;/ ';/r;/";/l;/ z;/ j;/ e;/ g;/ k;/ a;/ u;/ y;/ t;/ H;/ s;/ ,J jdpj;J tuf;Toa Mw;wy; cilajhf
,Ug;gjhy; ,jw;F jdpepiy vd;w bgaUk; Xir Fiwa[k; nghJ bkhHpapy; ,ilapy; mJ td; bjhlh; Fw;wpaYfuk; vdg;gLk;.
w;/ d;. tUk; xw;bwGj;J ,ul;of;Fk; (v.fh.) r';';F/ vLj;Jf;fhl;L : gj;J/ ghl;L
bgw;wJ.
jk;Kila gpwg;gpw;Fk; xypg;gpw;Fk; msbgil k";";rs; . caph;j; bjhlh; Fw;wpaYfuk; : <w;W vd;why;
KjbyGj;Jf;fisr; rhh;e;J te;J jdpj;J ,Wjp vd;W bghUs;. ,Wjp vGj;Jf;fF
,a';Fk; Mw;wypd;wp tUtJ msbgil vd;why; ‘ePl;oj;J xypj;jy;’ vd;W
bghUs;. msbgLj;jy; ePl;oj;J xypj;jy; vd;;W Fw;wpaYfuk; Kd;ghf caph; vGj;J te;jhy; mJ
rhh;bgGj;Jf;fshFk;. rhh;bgGj;J gj;J jdpf;Fw;bwGj;ijr; rhuhJ brhy;ypd; caph;j;bjhlh; Fw;wpaYfuk; vdg;gLk;.
tifg;gLk;. mit/ bghUs;.
,Wjpapy; cs;s ty;ypd bka;apd; kPJ Vwpa vLj;Jf;fhl;L : gfL/ gHF
1. caph; bka; mUfpy; ,Ug;gtiu Tg;gpl;lhy; ‘KUfd;’
cfuk; jdf;Fhpa xU khj;jpiu mstpypupe;J bkd;bjhlh; Fw;wpaYfuk; : Fw;wpaYfu
2. Ma;jk; vd;nghk;. mtnd J]uj;jpy; ,Ue;jhy; KUfhh..
miu khj;jpiu mstpy; Fiwe;jhy; mJ brhy;ypd; <w;W vGj;Jf;F Kd;ghf bky;ypd
3. capusbgil vd;W xypia ePl;oj;Jf; bfhz;nl nghfpnwhk;
Fw;wpaYfuk; vdg;gLk;. vGj;Jf;fshd '/"/z/e/k/.d te;jhy; bkd;
4. xw;wsbgil my;yth? mjw;F msbgLj;jy; vdg;gLk;.
ty;ypd bka;fs; vd;why; vd;d vd;gijg; bjhlh; Fw;wpaYfuk; vdg;Lk;.
5. Fw;wpaYfuk; caph; vGj;Jf;fs; msbgLj;jy; capusbgil gw;wp mtrpak; bjhpe;J bfhs;s ntz;Lk;.
vdg;gLk;. xw;bwGj;Jf;fs; msbgLj;jhy; vLj;Jf;fhl;L / ge;J/ g';F
6. Fw;wpaypfuk; bka;baGJ;Jf;fs; 18-y; _d;W tpjkhd
xw;wsbgil vd ,U tifg;gLk;. ,ilj;bjhlh; Fw;wpaYfk; : mnj nghd;W
7. Ifhuf;FWf;fk; vGj;Jf;fs; cs;sd. mit ty;ypdk; -6/ <w;bwGj;Jf;F Kd;ghf ,ilapdkhfpa
8. xsfhuf;FWf;fk; bky;ypdk; -6/ ,ilapdk; - 6/ bkhj;jk; =18.
9. kfuf;FWf;fk; a;/h;/y;/t;/H;/s;; te;jhy; mJ ,ilj;bjhlh;
10. Ma;jf;FWf;fk; Fw;wpaYfuk; vdg;Lk;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L : gy;F khj;jpiuapypUe;J Fiwe;J xypf;Fk;. bgah; ,aw;brhy; : jP/ fhL/ kuk;/ kiy bghUl;bgah; : KUfd;/ ahid/ fpsp/ ehw;fhyp/
Ma;jj;bjhlh; Fw;wpaYfuk; : Fw;wpaYfu ,jw;F’I’ fhuf;FWf;fk; vd;W bgah;. ,jid rhjhuzkhfth;fshYk; czu kfs;/ kuk;/ g[j;jfk;/ ge;J ,it caph; cs;s
brhy;ypd; Kd;nd cs;s vGj;J Ma;j Kjypy; 1½ khj;jpiu/ ,il/ fil 1 Koa[k;. caph; ,y;yhj bghUl;fis Fwpg;gjhy;
vGj;jhapd; mJ Ma;jj; bjhlh; Fw;wpaYfuk; khj;jpiu mstpYk; xypf;Fk;. bghUl;bgah; vdg;gLk;.
vdg;gLk;. vLj;Jf;fhl;L : Ig;grp/ jiyfs;/ Ftis tpid ,aw;brhy; : ,lg;bgah; :
vLj;Jf;fhl;L : v~F/ m~J. xsfhuf;FWf;fk; : ‘xs’ vGj;Jk; jdpj;J vspjhf g[hpe;J bfhs;sf;Toa tpidr; Fsk;/ nfhtpy;/ tPjp/ kJiu/ brd;id/
tUk;bghGJ ,uz;L khj;jpiu mstpYk;/ gpw brhw;fis tpid ,aw;brhy; vd;W tPL/ gs;sp/ ,it Xh; ,lj;ijf; Fwpg;gjhy;
Kw;wpaYfuk; : vGj;Jf;fSld; tUk;bghGJ jd; miHf;fg;gLk;. ,lg;bgah; vdg;gLk;.
‘cfuk;’ jdJ xU khj;jpiu mstpy; ,Ue;J khj;jpiuapypUe;J Fiwe;Jk; xypf;Fk;. (v.fh) goj;jhd;/ J]';fpdhd;.
Fiwahky; xypj;jy; Kw;wpaYfuk; vdg;gLk;. mjw;F xsfhuf;FWf;fk; vd;W bgah;. fhyg;bgah; :
(v.fh) jdpf;Fwpy;/ vGj;ij mLj;J tUk; vLj;Jf;fhl;L : xsitahh;. jphpr;brhy; : jp';fs; nfhilf;fhyk;/ "hapw;Wf;fpHik/
cfuk; jdJ KG Xirapy; xypf;Fk;. jkpHpy; XbuGj;J xU bkhHp/ xU Mz;L/ khh;fHp/ g[jd;/ fhiy/ khiy
kfuf;FWf;fk; : ‘z’ fu/ ‘d’ fu bka;fspd;
(v.fh) gR/ gF/ gL/ mJ. brhy;Yf;F gy bghUs;/ gy brhy;Yf;F ,it fhyj;ijf; Fwpg;gjhy; fhyg; bgah;
gpd;Dk; ‘t’ fuj;jpw;F Kd;Dk; tUk; “k;”
- F/R/L/J/g[/W jtph;j;J kw;w vGj;Jf;fis xU bghUs; vd;W fhzg;gLtdtw;iw vdg;gLk;.
jdf;Fhpa miu khj;jpiuapypUe;J Fiwe;J
,Wjpaha; bgw;W xypf;Fk; cfuk; jdJ KG fw;wwpe;njhuhy; kl;Lnk g[hpe;Jf; bfhs;s
fhy; khj;jpiuahf xypf;Fk;. ,jw;F
khj;jpiu mstpy; xypf;Fk;. Koa[k; rpidg;bgah; : jiy/ fha;/ fz;/ if/ ,iy/ g{
kfuf;FWf;fk; vd;W bgah;.
(v.fh) fhQ/ cz;Q/ vG/ js;S/ fjt[. (v.fh.) gPyp (kapw;njhif/ cfph; (efk;)/ ,it cWg;gigf; Fwpg;gjhy; rpidg;bgah;
vLj;Jf;fhl;L : nghd;k/ brd;k;/ kUz;k;/ tUk;
nkw;brhd;d vLj;Jf;fhl;oy; - ‘Q’ - z; +c MHp (fly; rf;fuk;) vdg;gLk; (rpid - cWg;g[)
tz;o.
nghd;W midj;jpYk; ‘c’ tUfpd;wjy;yth. ,jid
Ma[jf;FWf;fk; fk; : ,uz;L brhw;fs; bgah;jphpr;brhy;vd;Wk; tpidj;jphpr;brhy; gz;g[g; bgah;
,it F/R/L/J/g[/W vGj;Jf;fisf;
nrUk;nghJ Kjy; thh;jijia epiybkhHp vd;Wk; ,uz;L tif jphpbry;fisg; gz;gpidf; Fwpf;Fk; bgah; gz;g[g; bgah;
bfh;zoUf;fhjjhy; KG mstpy; xypf;Fk;
vd;Wk;/ nrUk; brhy;iy tUbkhHp vd;Wk; ghh;f;fyhk;. vdg;gLk;. , gz;g[/ epwk;/ totk;/ mst[
TWnthk;. mt;thW epiy bkhHp filrpapy; bgah; jphpr;brhy; :
Fw;wpaypfuk; :-:- Rit ,tw;wpd; tHpahfj; njhd;Wk;.
‘y;’s;/ te;J tUbkhHp Kjypy; ‘j’ fuk;te;jhy;/ vapW (gy;)/ nta; (_';fpy;)/ ko/ (nrhk;gy;)
Fw;wpaYfur; brhw;fspd; gpd; afuk; te;jhy; gz;g[g; bgah; tpFjpfs;
,uz;Lk; nrUk;bghGJ Ma[jk; njhd;Wk;. ry;Fut[ (tWik)
Fw;wpaYfuj;jpy; cs;s ‘c’ fuk; ‘,’ fukhfj; ed;ik - ik
mt;thW njhd;Wk; Ma;jk; jd;
jphpa[k;. bjhy;iy - I
khj;jpiuapypUe;J fhy; khj;jpiuahf tpidj;jphpr; brhy; :
vLj;Jf;fhl;L : ehL vd;gJ Fw;wpaYfur; khl;rp - rp
Fiwe;J xypf;Fk;. mjw;F Ma[jf; Fwf;fk; tpdtpdhd;/ tpspj;jhd;/ nehf;fpdhh;.
brhy; ,e;j brhy;Yf;Fg; gpd; afuk; te;jhy; khz;g[ - g[
vd;W bgah;.
,fukhf jphpa[k;. kHt[ - c
vLj;Jf;fhl;L : fy; +jPJ =f~wPJ. jpirr;brhy; ed;F - F
Ks; +jPJ - K ~OJ tlbkhHp jtpu kw;w tl;lhu bkhHpfspy; ed;wp - wp
ehL +ahJ
‘fy;’ vd;gjpy; ‘y;’ Kd; jPJ vd;gjpy; ‘j’ ,Ue;J jkpHpy; ,lk; bgw;w brhw;fs; ed;W - W
ehl; +c+ahJ
tUtjhy; ~j Ma;jk; njhd;WfpwJ. me;j jpirf;brhy; vdg;gLk;. eyk; - mk; ed;dh; -
ehl;+,+ahJ
Ma;jk; jd; khj;jpiuapypUe;J Fiwe;J (v.fh) nfzp/ (fpzW)/ bgw;wk; (gR) mh; (m) eh;
eho+ahJ=ehoahJ xypf;Fk;.
ed;W +ahJ (ik - tpFjp bgUk;ghd;ikahf tUk;)
tlbrhy; :
ந*+c+ahJ brhy;yjpfhuk; : tlbkhHpapy; ,Ue;J jkpHpy; njhd;wpa (v.fh) brk;ikf;nfhy;/ _nte;jh;/ Kk;khhp/
ந*+,+ahJ brhw;fis ,yf;fpa tifahf ehd;fhff; brhw;fis tlbrhy; vd;gth;. rJutay;/ fU';fy;/ tl;lf;fpzW/ nfhgk;/
ed;wp+ahJ = ed;wpahJ TWth;. mjid (v.fh) fkyk; (jhkiu)/ tp\k; (er;R)/ g[\;gk; frg;g[/ Jth;g;g[/ Kf;nfhzk;/ rJuk;/ Fl;il/
FWf;fk; : msbgLj;jYf;F neh; vjph;g;gjk; - ,aw;brhy; (g{) brt;tfk;/ cauk;/ cUz;il/ brk;ik/
FWf;fkhFk;. Xh; vGj;J Vnjh xU - jphpbrhy; tl;lepyh/ ePs;efh;/ Kf;fzk;/ mfyk;/ g[spg;g[.
fhuzj;jhy; FWfp xypf;Fkhdhy; mjw;F - jpirr;brhy; brhy;ypd; tiffs; : ,yf;fz hPjpahf
FWf;fk; vd;W bgah;. ,J - tlr;brhy; vd;W 4 tifahff; TWth;. brhy; bgah;r;brhy;/ tpidr;brhy;/ bghJg; bgah; (jhd;/ jhk;/ vy;yhk;) :
1. Iகாhuf;FWf;fk; 2. xsfhuf; FWf;fk;/ 3. ,aw;brhy; : ,ilr;brhy;/ chpr;brhy; vd ehd;F jhd; vd;Dk; bghJg;bgah; ,Ujpid/
kfuf;FWf;fk;/ 4. Ma;jf; FWf;fk; mjpfkhff; fy;tp bgwhjth;fshYk; g[hpe;J tifg;gLk;. _tpl';fspYk; xUik czh;j;jp tUk;.
bfhs;sf;Toa brhw;fs; ,aw;brhy; jhk;/ vy;yhk; vd;Dk; bghJg; bgah;fs;
‘#’ fhuf; FWf;fk; : caph; vGj;Jf;fSs; vdg;gLk;. bgah;r;brhy;. ,Ujpid _tpl';fspYk; gz;ik czh;j;jptUk;
xd;whd ‘I’ vGj;Jf;F ,uz;L khj;jpiu xyp ,jid bgah; ,aw;brhy; vd;Wk; tpid xd;wpd; bgaiuf; Fwpf;Fk; brhy;
mst[ cilaJ. Mdhy;/ ,J kw;w ,aw;brhy; vd;Wk; ,uz;lha; gphpg;gh;. bgah;r;brhy; vdg;gLk;. mJ bghUs;/ ,lk;/ ehd; jhd; ngrpndd; jhd;
vGj;Jf;fSld; To tUk;bghGJ jd; ,uz;L fhyk; / சிைன / Fzk;/ bjhHpy; vd;Dk eP jhd; miHj;jha; jd;ik/ Kd;dpiy
Mwpd; mog;gilapy; njhd;Wk;. mtd; jhd; moj;jhd;
glh;f;if bgah; : tisay; vd;gJ fhuzr; rpwg;g[ bgaUf;F
glh;f;if Mfpa 3 ,l';fs; ntw;Wikg; 2 3 4 5 6 7 jd;ik/ Kd;diy xHpe;j bgah;fs; vy;yhk; vLj;Jf;fhl;L.
kapy; jhd; MoaJ bgah; I My;/ F ,d; mJ fz; glh;f;ifg; bgah;fs;. ,Jt[k; xUik gd;id vd 2 tpidr;brhy; : xU bjhHpy; epfH;tijf; Fwpg;gJ
,UjpizapYk; bghJthf XL tifg;gLk;. tpidr;brhy; vdg;gLk;. tpidr;brhy; fhyj;ijf;
bry;td; jhd; vGjpdhd; fhl;Lk;.
vd;;ndhL vd;dhy;
xUikapy; te;jJ uhrd; ,y;yk; - glh;f;if xUikg; bgah; (v.L) ML/ XL/ go/ el/ ghL
vk;bkhL vk;khy;
Fapy; jhd; TtpaJ gRf;fs;/ kdpjh;fs; - glh;f;ifg; gd;ikg;
ehk; jhk; Twpndhk; bgah; ,ilr;brhy;
ehk; vy;yhk; Twpndhd; jhd; vd;gJ jd; vd;Wk; jhk; vd;gJ jk; vd;Wk; E]iyg; goj;jhd; - I (ntw;Wik cUg[)
kf;fs; kfpH;e;jdh; - mh; (tpFjp)
vd;dplk;
ePtph; jhk; ghh;j;jPh; jphpe;J ntw;Wik cUg[fis Vw;Fk;.
vd;dpd;
vd;id
vdf;F
njd; nghd;w bkhHp - nghd;w (ctk cUg[)
eptPh; vy;yhk; brd;wPh;
vdJ
ahd;
mt;tPL/ ,J - m/,/
kf;fs; jhk; nghuhodh; ntw;Wikg; 2 3 4 5 6 7 (Rl;blGj;Jf;fs;)
Fjpiufs; vy;yhk; Xod bgah; czt[k;/ cila[k; - ck; (ck;ik)
ehd;/ ahd; - jd;ik bgah; jhd; goj;jhah? - M (tpdh vGj;J)
jd;dplk;
jd;dhy;
(jhk;/ vy;yhk; vd;gd ,Ujpid
jd;dpd;
jd;id
jdf;F
eh';fs;/ ahf';fs; -jd;ik gd;ik bgah; றேள rpwe;jJ - V (Vfhuk;)
jdJ
_tpl';fspYk; gd;ik czh;j;jpd). nkny cs;s brhw;bwhlh;fis kPz;Lk;
10. Kd;dpiy bgah; : kPz;Lk; goj;Jg; ghh;j;jhy;.
ntw;Wik cUg[ Vw;Fk;nghJ jphpa[k; bgah;fs; : I/ mh; nghd;w m/,/ ck;/ M/ V vd;git
jhk;
ngRnthhpd; brhy;iya[k; Kd;dpd;W jdpj;J tuhky; bgah;r; brhw;fisa[k; tpidr;
jk;bkhL
jk;kplk;
,yf;fzk;: ntw;Wik cUg[fnshL nfl;nghiua[k; mtd; rhh;e;njhiua[k; czh;j;jp brhw;fisa[k; jkf;F ,lkhff; bfhz;L te;Js;sd.
jk;kpd;
jk;ik
jkf;F
nrUk;bghGJ.
jkJ
tUk; bgah; Kd;dpiyg; bgah;. ,jid ,ilr;brhy; vd;W tH';fyhk;.
1. ehd; vd;Dk; jd;ik xUikg; bgah; vd;
vd;W jphpa[k;. eP - Kd;dpiy xUikg;bgah; eP';fs;/ ePah;/ ,ilr;brhw;fshf tUtd :
2. ehk; vd;Dk; jd;ik gd;ikg; bgah; vk;/ ek; vy;yh;/ ePtph; Kd;dpiyg; gz;ikg; bgah;fs; eP ntw;Wik cUg[fs;/ ctk cUg[fs;/ Rl;L
bgah;r;brhy; : ,jpy; ,uz;L bgah;fs; cz;L. ,jid
vd;W jphpa[k; vd;gJ epd; vd;Wk; ePh; vd;gJ Ek; vd;Wk; eP';fs; vGj;Jf;fs;/ tpdh vGj;Jf;fs; kw;Wk; Vfhuk;/ xfhuk;
,L;Fwpg;bgah; kw;Wk; fhuzg;bgah; vd;gh;.
3. eP vd;Dk; Kd;dpiyg; xUikg; bgah; epd;/ vd;gJ E'fs; vd;Wk; jphpe;J ntw;Wik ck;ik nghd;wit ,ilr; brhw;fshf tUk;.
cd; vd;W jphpa[k;. cUg[fis Vw;Fk;. ,LFwpg;bgah; : ,LFwpg;bgah; vd;gJ fhuzkpd;wp chpr;brhy;
4. eph;/ vd;Dk; Kd;dpiyg; gd;ikg; bgah;/ Kd;ndhh; tH';fpa bgah;. rhyg; bghpJ (kpfg; bghpaJ) -rhy
Ek;/ ck; vd;Wk; jphpa[k;. ntw;Wikg; 2 3 4 5 6 7 cW bghUs; (kpFe;j bghUs;) - cW
5. jhd; vd;Dk; bghJg;bgah; jd; vd;W jphpa[k;. bgah; ,jid ,LFwpg;bghJg;bgah; kw;Wk; ,LFwp rpwg;g[ தவUசிறி (kpft[k; rpwpJ) -jt
6. jhk; vd;Dk; bghJg;bgah; jk; vd;W jphpa[k;. eP bgah; vd;gth;. ,LFwpg; bghJg; bgah; : edp ngrpdhd; (kpFjpahfg; ngrpdhd;) - edp
epd;bdhL
Kd;ndhh; fhuzkpd;wp tH';fpa bgah;.

epidf;F
,Lk;ig Th; tapW (Jd;gk; kpf;f tapW) -Th;
epd;dplk;
epd;dhy;
epd;dpd;
epd;id
(v.fh.) kz;/ kiy/ kL/ fy; ,LFwp rpwg;g[g; bgah;. fHp ctif (kpFe;j kfpH;r;rp) - fHp
v.fh. :
epdJ
ehd; +I - vd;id kz;zpy;/ brk;kd;/ tz;ly;/ fspkz; vd
ehk; + I - ek;ik/ vk;ik nkw;fz;l brhw;bwhlh;fspy; cs;s ‘rhy/ cW/
tifg;gLk; ,LFwp rpwg;g[g; bgah;
bgah vd;gh;. jt/ edp/ Th;/ fHp vd;Dk; brhw;fs; ‘kpFjp/ vd;Dk;
eP +I - cd;id/ eP kuk; ,LFwp rpwg;g[ bgah; vd;gh;.
cd;bdhL
cd;dplk; Fzj;ij czh;j;jp bgah;/ tpidfSf;F chpik

epd;id
cd;dhy;
cd;dpd;
cd;id
gz;L te;Js;sd.
cdf;F
ePh; + I - ck;ik/ kuk; ,LFwpg; bghJg;bgah; :

cdJ
Ek;ik bjd;id kuk; mtw;wpy; rpwg;g[g; bgw;wJ. xU ,t;thW bgah;/ tpidr; brhw;fisr; rhh;e;J/
jhd; + I - jd;id tif kuj;jpw;F kl;Lnk itf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,jid mtw;wpd; Fzj;ij czh;j;jp tUk; brhw;fs; chpr;
jhk; + I - jk;ik ePh; ,LFwp rpwg;g[g; bgah; vd;gh;. brhw;fs; vdg;gLk;.
ehd; +My; - vd;dhy; (v.fh) bjd;id/ tapW/ gy;/ fhy;/ if
Ek;bkhL
Ek;kplk;
Ek;khy;
ehk; +F - ekf;F ,it xU Fzk; jGtpa chpr; brhy;.

Ek;kpd;
Ek;ik
Ekf;F
fhuzg; bgah; : gyFzk; jGtpa chpr;brhy; vd ,Utifg;gLk;.

EkJ
xU bghUSf;F bgah; itf;f rpwg;ghd

jd;ikg; bgah; : fhuzk; ,Ue;jhy; mjid fhuzg; bgah; vd;gh;. rhy/ cW/ jt/ edp/ Th;/ fHp vd;gd ‘kpFjp’
ngRnthiua[k; mtd; rhh;e;njhiua[k; (v.fh) gwit gwf;fpd;w fhuzj;jhy; mJ gwit vd;W vd;Dk; xU bghUisna czh;j;Jtd.
Fwpf;Fk; jd;ikg; bgah;. bgah;.
ahd; vd;gJ vd; vd;Wk; vdnt ,it xU Fzk; jGtpa gy
fhuzg; bghJg; bgah; : fhfk;/ Fapy;/ ehw;fhyp. chpr;brhw;fs; MFk;.
ahk; vd;gJ vk; vd;Wk;
ehk; vd;gJ ek; vd;Wk; jphpe;j ntw;Wik fhuz rpwg;g[g; bgah; : tpidapy; vd;gJ rpwg;ghd fo efh; - fhty; cila efuk;
xd;iwf; Fwpg;gpLk; (tisak; vd;gJ bghJthdJ) fo nty; - Th;ikahd nty;
cUg[fis Vw;Fk;.
fo tpLJk; - tpiuthf tpLjk; 3. tpidj; bjhif : ntw;Wikj; bjhif :
fo KuR - Mh;f;Fk; KuR ,it _d;W fhyKk; ,uz;L brhw;fSf;F ghpjp bfhLj;jhd; ‘I’ vd;gJ ,uz;lhk; ntw;Wik cUthFk;. xU
fo fhw;W - kpFjpahd fhw;W ,ilna kiwe;jpUf;Fk;. tpidj; bjhifapy; ,uz;L ghpjpf;F bfhLj;jhd; bgah;r;brhy;ypd; bghUisr; brag;gL bghUshf
fo kyh; - kzk; cs;s kyh; brhw;fns ,Uf;Fk;. Kjypy; ,Uf;Fk; brhy; xU Kjy; bjhlh; ‘ghpjp’ vd;gtd; ntW xUtDf;F ntWgLj;JtJ ,uz;lhk; ntw;Wik vdg;gLk;.
tpidr; brhy;. ,uz;lhtJ brhy; bgah;r;brhy;yhf xU bghUisf; bfhLj;jhd; vd;Dk; bghIs ,jidr; brag;gLbghUs; ntw;Wk; vd;Dk tH';Fth;.
nkw;fz;l bjhlh;fspy; cs;s ‘fo’ vd;Dk;
,Uf;Fk;. ,ijf; bfhz;L tpidj; bjhifia czh;j;JfpwJ. ,j;bjhlhpd; go ‘bghUisf;
bghUisf; Mf;fy;/ mHpj;jy;/ milj;jy;/ ePj;jy;/ xj;jy;/
chpr;brhy; fhty;/ Th;ik/ tpiut[/ Mh;j;jy;/ kpFjp
mwpe;Jf; bfhs;syhk;. bfhLj;jtd; ghpjp” vd;W MfpwJ. cilik vd;Dk; MW tifapdthf ,uz;lhk;
kzk; vd;Dk; gy bghUl;fis czh;j;Jfpd;wJ.
v.f : RLnrhW/ ,y';F E]y;/ CWfha;/ gha;g[dy;/ ntw;Wik (brag;gLbghUs; ntw;Wik) mika[k;.
vdnt fo vd;gJ gy Fzk; jGtpa xh; chpr;brhy;
MFk;. RLfpd;w nrhW - epfH;fhyk; ,uz;lhtJ bjhlh; ‘ghpjpf;F ntbwhUtd; mHfd; rpiy(iar;) bra;jhd; - Mf;fy;
Rl;l nrhW - ,we;jfhyk; bghUisf; bfhLj;jhd;’ vd;Dk; bghUis tstd; gif(tiu) btd;whd; - mHpj;jy;
RLk; nrhW - vjph;fhyk; czh;j;JFpwJ. ,e;jj; bjhlhpy; go ‘bghUisg;
bghUisg; ,sturp tPL(il) mile;jhs; - miljy;
bjhifepiyj; bjhlh; :
,jid fhyk; fue;j bgaubur;rk; vdyhk;. bgw;wtd; ghpjp/ vd;W MfpwJ. fz;zd; rpdk; (j;ij) tpLj;jhd; - ePf;Fjy; (ePj;jy;)
bgah;r;brhy;nyhL tpidbrhy;Yk;/ bgah;r;
brhy;Yk; nrUk; bjhlhpy; ,ilapy;ntw;Wik vHpyd; fhisiag; nghd;wts; - xj;jy; (vHpyd;
cUg[fnsh/ tpid gz;g[ Kjypatw;wpd; cUg[fns 4. gz;g[j; bjhif - ,j;bjhlhpy; ntWghL vjdhy; Vw;gl;lJ? fhis)
,it ik tpFjp kiwe;J tUtJ gz;g[j; ,uz;lhtJ bjhlhpy; ‘ghpjp’ vd;Dk; bgah; fhh; nkfk; bry;t(k;)j;ij cilatd; -cilik
bjhf;fp (kiwe;j) epw;Fkhdhdy;mjid bjhif
bjhif vd;Wk; bfhs;syhk;. brhy;Yld; ‘F’ nrh;tjhy; bghUs; ntWgl;L epw;fpwJ.
epiyj; bjhlh; vd;gh;. ,jid RUf;fkhfj; bjhif
vd;gh;. ,it MW tifg;gLk;. v.fh : nrto/ br';fz;/ beL';fly;/ _J]h;. jz;japh;/ ,t;thW bgah;r;brhy;ypd; bghUs; ntWgLtij _d;whk; ntw;Wik :
ige;bjho/ btz;rpiy/ ehw;gil ‘ntw;Wik’ vd;gh;. ,t;thW bghUs; ntw;Wikia jkpHhy; cah;epiy fpl;oaJ
tpidr; brhy;nyhL tpidr; brhy; nrh;e;J
ed;ik/ jPik - Fzj;ijf; Fwpf;Fk; cz;lhf;Fk; ‘F’ nghd;wit ntw;Wik cUg[fs; mwj;jhd; tUtnj ,d;gk;
bjhifepiy bjhlh; miktjpy;iy.
tl;lk;/ rJuk; - cUtj;ijf; Fwpf;Fk; vdg;gLk;. fojj;njhL gzKk; te;jJ.
1. ntw;Wikj; bjhif : I/ My;/F/,d;/mJ/ fz; ePyk;/ gRik - epwj;ijf; Fwpf;Fk; jiytnuhL bjhz;lUk; te;jdh;.
xd;W/ gj;J - vz;zpf;ifiaf; ntw;Wik vl;L tifg;gLk;. mit Kjy;
xU bjhlhpy; ntw;Wik cUg[ kiwe;J te;J ntw;Wik/ ,uz;lhk; ntw;Wik/ _d;whk; ntw;Wik nkw;fz;l bjhlh;fspy; bgah;r;brhw;fnshL
bghUs; czh;j;Jtij ntw;Wikj; bjhif vd;gh;. Fwpf;Fk; nrh;e;Js;s My;/Md;/ xL/ XL vd;Dk; cUg[fs;
ehd;fhk; ntw;Wik/ Ie;jhk; ntw;Wik/ Mwhk;
ntw;Wik/ VHhk; ntw;Wik/ vl;lhk;ntw;Wik _d;whk; ntw;Wikf;F chpa cUg[fshFk;. ,it
ghy; mUe;jpdhd; (I) -,uz;lhk; ntw;Wikj;bjhif 5. ctikj; bjhif bah;r;brhy;ypd; bghUis;f fUtpg; bghUshft[k;/
,it Kjypy; ,uz;L brhy; cs;s bjhif vd;gdthFk;.
jiy tz';fpdhd; (My;) - _d;whk;ntw;Wikj; fUj;jhg; bghUshft[k; cldpfH;r;rpg; bghUshft[k;
jhdh vd;gij mwpe;J bfhs;S';fs;. Kjypy; Kjy;
Kjy; ntw;Wik : ntWgLj;Jfpd;wd.
bjhif
,Uf;Fk; brhy; Xh; ctikr; brhy;yhf ,Ue;jhy; mJ jhkiu ghodhs;
gs;sp brd;whs; (F) - ehd;fhk; ntw;Wikj; bjhif
ctikj; bjhifna (ghidtha; vd;gjpy; ghid ,j;bjhlhpy; ‘jhkiu’ vd;Dk; bgah;r;brhy; fUtpg; bghUs;:
rpiw eP';fpdhd; (,d;) -Ie;jhk; ntw;Wikj; bjhif
mHfd; E]y; (mJ) -Mwhk; ntw;Wikj; bjhif vd;gJ ctik). me;j ctikr; brhy;iy mLj;J vGtha; MFk;. ,J ‘ghodhs;’ vd;Dk; tpidr; ngdhthy; vGjpdhd; - vGJtjw;Fg; ngdh
nghd;w vd;w brhy; kiwe;jpUf;Fk;. (ghid tha; - brhy;iyg; gadpiyahfg; bgw;W bghUs; jUk; nghJ fUtpahf ,Ue;jJ vd;gij czh;j;JfpwJ.
kiyேவ; (fz;) - VHhk; ntw;Wikj; bjhif ghid nghd;w tha; vd;W ,Uf;f ntz;Lk;. vt;tpj ntWghLkpd;wp/ ,ay;ghf epw;fpwJ. mwj;jhd; tUtnj ,d;gk; - ,d;gk; tUtjw;F mwnk
v.fh : kjpKfk;/ kyuo/ Joapil/ fkyf;fz;/ fdptha;/ fUtp vd;gij ,j;bjhlh;h; czh;j;JfpwJ.
2. cUg[k;/ gaDk; cld;bjhf;f bjhif : ,t;thW xU bjhlhpy;/ xU bgah;r;brhy; ,ay;ghf
njd;bkhHp/ fy;tpHp/ khd;tpHp/ ,oKuR.
te;J vGthahfpg; bghUs; jUkhapd;/ mJ
xU bjhlhpy; ntw;Wik cUg[k;/ mjd; ,r;brayf;F ,J fUtpahf ,Ue;jJ vd;gij
Kjy;ntw;Wik vdg;gLk;. ,jid vGtha; ntw;Wik
bghUis tpsf;Fk; gaDk; nrh;e;J kiwe;J tUtJ 6. ck;ikj; bjhif tpsf;Ftjw;fhfg; bgah;r; brhw;fSld; ‘My;’ ‘Md;’
,uz;L brhw;fSf;F ,ilapy; “ck;” vd;Dk; vd;gh;.
cUg[k; gaDk; cld; bjhf;f bjhif vdg;gLk;. vd;Dk; cUg[fs; ,izj;Js;sd. ,Jnt fUtpg;
,Jt[k; ntw;Wikj; bjhifna MFk;. ,ilr;brhy; bjhf;fp tUtJ ck;ikj; bjhif Kjy; ntw;Wik (vGtha; ntw;Wik) tpidKw;W bghUspy; mike;j _d;whk; ntw;WikahFk;.
vdg;gLk;. bgah;r;brhy;/ tpdhr;brhy; Mfpatw;Ws; xd;iwg;
njh;g;ghfd; - njiu Xl;Lk; ghfd;) ,uz;lhk;
ehL efh; vd;gJ ehLk; efUk; vdg; bgUs; gadpiyahfg; bfhz;L Koa[k;. fUj;jhg; bghUs; :
ntw;Wik cUg[k; gaDk; cld;bjhf;f bjhif.
jUk; Mjypy; ,r;brhw;fis ,izf;Fk; brhy;yhfpa bry;te;juhy; tPL fl;lg;gl;lJ. tPL fl;l/
“ck;” kiwe;J te;jhy; mJ ck;ikj; bjhif - Mjtd; vGjpdhd; (tpidKw;iwg;
bghd; tisay; - (bghd;dhy; bra;j tisay;) gadpiyahff; bfhz;L Koj;Js;sJ. bry;te;jh;/ fUj;jthf/ ,Ue;jhh; vd;gijr;
vd;gLk;. ‘bry;te;jh;’ vd;Dk; brhy;nyhL ‘My;’ cUg[ nrh;e;J
_d;whk; ntw;Wik cUg[k; gaDk; cld; bjhf;f - ,skjp vd; kfd; (bgaiug; gadpiyahff;
(v.fh) czh;j;JfpwJ. vdnt ,J fUj;jhg; bghUs; MFk;.
bjhif. ,ut[ gfy; - ,ut[k; gfYk; bfhz;L Koe;Js;sJ.
fhL fiu - fhLk; fiua[k; - fiyaurp vd;gth; ahh;? (tpdhr; brhy;iyg;
jiytyp kUe;J - jiytypf;Fj; jUk; gadpiyahy; bgw;W Koe;Js;sJ) g[jpa tPl;ilr; bry;te;jh; jhnk fl;ltpy;iy.
,d;gJd;gk; - ,d;gKk; Jd;gKk; chpa gzpahl;fis Vtp tPl;ilf; fl;o Koj;jhh;
kUe;J) ehd;fhk; ntw;Wik cUg[k; gaDk; cld; nkLgs;sk; - nkLk; gs;sKk; Kjy; ntw;Wikf;F cUg[ ,y;iy. ,J
bjhf;f bjhif. fUj;jhg; bghUis czh;j;jp tUk;. vd;gJ ,jd; bghUs; vdnt bry;te;jh; ‘Vt[jw;
fgpyguzh; - fgpyUk; guzUk; fUj;jh’ Mthh;.
FHha;j; jz;zPh; - Ie;jhk; ntw;Wik cUg[k;
tPL thry; - tPLk; thrYk;
gaDk; cld; bjhf;f bjhif. ,uz;lhk; ntw;Wik :
fhl;Lg;g[yp - (fhl;od;fz; thGk; g[yp) VHhk; jha; je;ij/ eiu jpiu/ fha;fwp/ mz;zd;/ nfhij ghiyf; Foj;jhs; jr;ruhy; fl;oy; bra;ag;gl;lJ.
ntw;Wik cUg[k; gaDk; cld; bjhf;fj; bjhif. jk;gp/ ghy;gHk;. jr;rh; jhnk Kad;W fUtpfisf; bfhz;L
(Mwhk; ntw;Wikj; bjhifapy; gad;jUk; ,j;bjhlhpy; ‘nfhij’ vd;gJ vGtha;/ ,~J fl;oiyr; bra;J Koj;Js;shh;. vdnt jr;rh;
brhy; kiwe;J tUtjpy;iy. ,ay;ghf mike;j bgah;r;brhy;. nfhij Foj;j ‘ghy;’ ,aw;Wjy; fh;j;jh Mthh;.
vd;Dk; bgah;r; brhy;ny/ ghy;/ ‘I’ vd;Dk; cUig ,t;thW fUj;jh vd;gJ Vt[jw; fUj;jh kw;Wk;
Vw;W/ ghiy vd;Dk; bra;gLbghUis czh;j;JfpwJ. ,aw;Wjy; fUj;jh vd ,Utifg;gLk;.
‘,y;’/ ‘,d;’ vd;gd Ie;jhk; ntw;Wikf;Fhpa vl;lhk; ntw;
ntw;Wik : ,j;bjhlh;fspYs;s fUik/ tl;lk;/ ,dpait
cldpfH;r;rpg; bghUs; : cUg[fshFk;. ,it eP';fy;/ xg;g[/ vy;iy/ vJ fe;jh/ tUf ,j;bjhlhpy; ‘fe;jd;’ vd;Dk; vd;gd gz;g[g; bgah;fs; Ftis/ ghiw/ Rit vd;git
fojj;njhL gzKk; te;jJ. (fhuzk;) vd;Dk; ehd;F bghUl;fis czh;j;jp tUk;. bgah;r;brhy; tpspf;fg;gLk; nghJ ‘fe;jh’ vd gz;g[ bgaiuj; jGtpo epw;Fk; bgah;r;brhw;fs;.
,j;bjhlhpy; cs;s ‘XL’ vd;Dk; cUg[ jiyapd; ,Hpe;j kaph; - eP';fy; <w;bwGj;J bfl;L/ <w;way; ePz;L xypf;fpwJ. ,t;thW ,t;tpuz;ow;Fk;,ilapy; ‘Mfpa’ ‘Md’ vd;Dk;
fojKk; gzKk; cld; te;jij cah;j;JfpwJ. flypd; tphpe;j g[fHilath; - xg;g[ bgah;r brhy; tpspj;jy;/ bghUspy; ntWgl;L tUtJ gz;g[Ug[fs; bjhf;fp te;jd;. mtw;Wld; ‘ik’ tpFjpa[k;
jiytnuhL bjhz;lUk; te;jdh;. gHdpahd; fpHf;F kJiu - vy;iy vl;lhk;ntw;Wik MFk;. ,jid tpsp ntw;Wik vd;gh;. kiwe;J te;Js;sJ.
,j;bjhlhpy; cs;s ‘XL’ vd;Dk; cUg[ tPiz thrpg;gjpy; ty;ytd; - VJ
,UtUk; ,ize;J te;jdh; vdg; bghUs; jUfpwJ. glh;f;ifapy; cs;s bghUis Kd;diyg; gz;g[g; bgaUf;Fk; mJ jGtp epw;Fk;
,t;thW xL/ XL vd;Dk; cUg[fs; bgah;r;brhy;ypd; brhy;YUg[
YUg[fs; : bghUshf;f miHf;f ,t;ntw;Wik gad;gLfpwJ. bgah;rbrhy;Yf;Fk; ,ilna ‘ik’ vd;Dk; gz;g[
bghUis cld; epH;t[g; bghUshf fhl;Ltjhy; ntyd; ChpypUe;J te;jhh;. tpFjpa[k;/ Mfpa ‘Md’ vd;Dk; gz;g[ cUg[fSk;
“cldpfH;r;rpg; bghUs;” vdg;gLk;. btz;zpyh nkfj;jpdpd;W btspg;gl;lJ. cUg[k; gaDk; cld; bjhf;f bjhif : kiwe;J tUtJ gz;g[j;bjhif vdg;gLk;.
kd;didtplf; fw;nwhnu rpwg;g[ilah; ePh;f;Flk; ,Ubgabuhl;Lg; gz;g[j; bjhif
brhy;YUg[fs; : jkpiHf; fhl;oYk; Ritahd bkhHpa[z;nlh! ,j;bjhlh; ‘ePiu cila Flk;’ vd tphpe;J
_d;whk; ntw;Wikf;F My;/ Md;/ xL/ XL ,j;bjhlh;fspYs;s ,Ue;J epd;W tpl bghUs; czh;j;JFpd;wJ. ePh;/ Flk; vd;Dk; gidkuk;
vd;gtdtw;Wld; ntW rpy brhw;fSk; cUg[fshf fhl;oYk; vd;git Ie;jhk; ntw;Wikf;F chpa brhw;fSf;F ,ilna ‘I’ vd;Dk;ntw;Wik cUg[k; ,j;bjhlh; ‘gidahfpa kuk;’ vd tphpfpwJ.
miktJ cz;L. mtw;iw brhy;YUg[fs; vd;gth; brhy;YUg[fshFk;. ‘cila’ vd;Dk; tpsf;Fk; gaDk; kiwe;J ‘kuk;’ vd;gJ midj;J ku';fisa[k; Rl;Lk; bghJg;
Crp bfhz;L ij;jhd; te;Js;sd. bgauhFk;. ‘gid’ vd;gJ gy ku';fSs; xd;whfpa
,o kpd;dYld; kiH bghHpe;jJ. Mwhk; ntw;Wik : ,t;thW xU bjhlhpy; ntw;Wik cUg[k;/ kuj;ijf; Fwpg;ghfr; Rl;Ltjhy; rpwg;g[g; bgauhfk;.
,j;bjhlh;fspy; mike;Js;s ‘ bfhz;L’ cld; fgpyuJ ghl;L mjd; bghUis tpsf;Fk; gaDk; kiwe;J tUtJ ,ilapy; ‘Mfpa’ vd;Dk; gz;g[Ug[ kiwe;Js;sJ.
vd;git _d;whk; ntw;Wikapd; brhy;YUg[fshFk;. vdhJ if cUg[k; gaDk; cld; bjhf;f bjhif vdg;gLk;.
ehd;fhk; ntw;Wik vd iffs; rpwg;g[g; bgah; Kd;Dk;/ bghJg; bgah; gpd;Dk;
-nehgy; ghpR jhTUf;F tH';fg; bgw;wJ. ,j;bjhlh;fspy; ‘mJ/ MJ/ m’ vd;Dk; ePh;f;Flk; -,uz;lhk; ntw;Wik cUg[k; gaDk; epd;W ,ilapy; ‘Mfpa’ vd;Dk; gz;g[ cUG[ bjhf;fp
-jha; FHe;ijf;F czt[ Cl;odhs; cUg[fs; bgah;r; brhy;iyr; nrh;e;J epd;W bghUs; cld;bjhf;f bjhif. tUtJ ,Ubgabuhl;Lg; gz;g[j; bjhif vdg;gLk;.
ntWghl;il czh;j;Jfpd;wd. ,t;thW tUtJ Mwhk; kl;ghid : _d;whk; ntw;Wik cUg[k; gaDk; ctikj; bjhif :
,j;bjhlh;fspy; jhTh;/ FHe;ij vd;Dk; ntw;WikahFk; ,J fpHikg; bghUspy; tUk; (fpHik cld; bjhf;f bjhif kyh;f;if
bgah;r;brhw;fs; ‘F’ vd;Dk; cUignaw;W bghUs; chpik) Mwhk; ntw;Wikf;F chpa cUg[fs; : mJ/ Typntis
Typntis : ehd;fhk; ntw;Wik cUg[k; ,j;bjhlh; ‘kyh; nghd;w if’ vdg;bghUs;
ntWghl;il czh;j;Jfpd;wd. MJ/ m gaDk; cld; bjhf;f bjhif. jUfpwJ.
bjhl;oj;jz;zPh; : Ie;jhk; ntw;Wik cUg[k; gadk; kyh; - ctik if(bghUs;) ctnkak;
ehd;fhk; ntw;Wikf;F chpa cUg[ ‘F’ ,J brhy;
brhy;YUg[fs; : cld; bjhf;f bjhif. ,ilna nghd;w vd;dk; ctk cUg[ kiwe;Js;sJ.
nfhlw;bghUis czh;j;JfpwJ. bfhLg;gij Vw;Wf; ez;gUila ,y;yk; tPl;Lg; g{id : VHhk; ntw;Wik cUg[k; gaDk; ctikf;Fk;/bghUSf;Fk; (ctnkaj;jpw;Fk;)
bfhs;tJ ‘nfhly;’ MFk;. ehd;fhk; ntw;Wik MrphpaUila ,Uf;if cld; bjhf;f bjhif ,ilapy; nghy/ nghd;w/ epfu md;d’ vd;Dk; ctk
czh;j;Jk; nfhlw; bghUshdJ bfhil/ gif/ neh;r;rp/ ,j;bjhlh;fspYs;s ‘cila’ vd;gJ Mwhk; (Mwhk; ntw;Wikj; bjhifapy; gad; jUk; brhy; cUg[fSs; xd;W bjhf;fp epw;f tUtJ ctikj;
jFjp/ mJthjy; bghUl;L Kiw vd VG tifg;gLk;. ntw;Wikf;F chpa brhy;YUg[fshFk;. kiwe;J tUtjpy;iy) bjhif vdg;gLk;.
kd;dd; g[yth;f;Fg; ghprspj;jhd; - bfhil VHhk; ntw;Wik : tpidj;

tpidj; bjhif : ck;ikj; bjhif :
g[ifj;jy; kdpjDf;Fg; gif - gif tPl;oy; nrhiy cs;sJ RLNrhW/ CWfha; btw;wpiy ghf;F/ cw;whh; cwtpdh;
ghhpf;F ez;gh; fgpyh; - neh;r;rp (el;g[) kiyf;fz; _ypif ,j;bjhlh;fs; ‘btw;wpiya[k; ghf;Fk;/
RL/ CW vd;git tpidg; gFjpfs;. ,it
fz;Qf;F mzpfyd; fz;nzhl;lk; - jFjp gpwhplk; gif bfhs;shnj ‘cw;whUk; cwtpdUk;’ vd tphpe;J bghUis
Kiw nrhW/ fha; vd;Dk; bgah;r brhw;fnshL nrh;e;J
japUf;Fg; ghy; th';fpdhd; - mJthjy; khzth;fSs; brHpand rpwe;jtd; fhyj;ij btspg;gLj;jhj bgabur;r';fhapd. czh;j;Jfpd;wd. ,ilapnyh/ ,Wjpapnyh ‘ck;’
ehl;od; tpLjiyf;Fg; ghLgl;ldh; - bghUl;L jiynkYs;s Rik ,g;bgaur;r';fspy; fhyk; fhl;Lk; vd;Dk; ,ilr;brhy; ,y;iy kiwe;J epd;W bghUis
tstDf;Fj; j';if tsh;kjp - Kiw nkny fz;l bjhlh;fspy; ‘tPL/kiy/ gpwh; czh;j;Jfpd;wJ.
,ilepiyfs; bjhf;fp ,Uf;fpd;wd. nkYk; ,it Rl;l
khzth;fs;/ jiy vd;Dk; bgah; brhw;fSld; ‘,y;’ ,U brhw;fSf;F ,ilapYk; ,WjpapYk; ‘ck;’
nrhW/ RLfpw nrhW/ RLk; nrhW vd;t[k; ‘Cwpa fha;/
brhy;YUg[fs; : fz;/ ,lk;/ cs;/ nky; vd;Dk; cUg[fs; nrh;e;J vd;Dk; ,ilr;brhy; bjhf;fp tUtJ ck;ikj; bjhif
CWfpw fha;/ CWk; fha;’ vdt[k; Kf;fhyj;jpw;Fk;
gzj;jpw;fhfj; jPait bra;nay; bghUs; ntWghl;ilj; jUFpd;wd. ,~J VHhk; bghUe;Jk; go tphpe;J bghUs; jUfpd;wd. vdg;gLk;
jiyth; bghUl;Lr; brayhsh; ngrpdhh; ntw;Wik cUg[fs; MFk;. ,t;ntw;Wik
,tw;wpy; cs;s ‘Mf;’ ‘bghUl;L’ vd;git ,lg;bghUis czh;j;Jk;. ,t;thW fhyk; fhl;Lk; ,ilepiya[k;/ md;bkhHpj; bjhif :
ehd;fhk; ntw;Wikf;Fhpa brhy;YUg[fshFk;. bgabur;r tpFjpa[k; kiwe;J tUk; bgabur;rk; bghw;bwho te;jhs; (bjho- tisay;)
(Ie;jhk;ntw;Wikapy; ‘,y;’ xg;g[g; bghUspYk; “tpidj;bjhif” vdg;gLk;. fhyjk; fue;j ,j;bjhlhpy; Kjypy; cs;s ‘bghw;bwho’
Ie;jhk; ntw;Wik : VJg; bghUspYk; tUk;. VHhk;ntw;Wikapy; bgabur;rnk tpidj;bjhif MFk;. vd;Dk; brhy; ‘ bghd;dhy; Md tisay;’ vd;Dk;
bfhilapy; rpwe;jtd; Fkzd; ,lg;bghUspy; kl;Lk; tUk;. ‘,y;’ cUig tpid bghUisj; jUk; _d;whk;n tw;Wik cUg[k; gaDk;
XGf;fj;jpd; va;Jth; nkd;ik Koitf; bfhz;L ntw;Wikg; bghUis mwpa gz;g[
gj [ ; bjhif : cld; bjhf;f bjhifahFk;. ,j;bjhlh; ‘te;jhs;’
,j;bjhlh;fspy; cs;s bfhil/ xGf;fk; ntz;Lk; (v.L) gzk; bgl;oyapy; ,Uf;fpwJ - fU';Ftis - fUikahd Ftis vd;Dk; tpidr; brhy;iy jGtp epw;gjhy; ‘bghd;dhy;
vd;Dk; bgah;r; brhy;Yld; ,y;/ ,d; vd;Dk; cUg[fs; ,lg;bghUs; (VHhk; ntw;Wik) gzj;ijg; tl;lg;ghiw - tl;lkhd ghiw Md tisaiy mzpe;j bgz; te;jhs;’ vdg; bghUs;
nrh;e;J bghUis ntWgLj;Jfpd;wd. ,~J Ie;jhk; bgl;oapypUe;J vLj;jhd; - eP';fy; bghUs; (Ie;jhk; ,d;Rit - ,dpikahd Rit jUfpwJ.
ntw;Wik MFk;. ntw;Wik) ‘mzpe;j bgz;’ vd;gJ bjhlhpy; ,y;yhj
bkhHpahFk; ntw;Wikj; bjhifia mLj;J my;yhj
bkhHp bjhf;fp epw;gjhy;/ ,j;bjhlh; fhy ed;W : ‘rhy’ vd;gJ chpr;brhy;. ,ijj; bjhlh;e;J • gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk; Rl;lg[z;/ Rl;ltL - bgabur;r';fs;
ntw;Wikj;bjhifg; g[wj;Jg; gpwe;j md;bkhHpj; ‘ed;W’ vd;Dk; brhy; te;Js;sJ. ,J chpr;brhy; czh;e;J - czh; + j;(e;) + j; + c ml';fy; - bjhHpw;bgah;
bjhif vdg;gLk;. bjhlh; MFk;. Mw;Wthd; - tpidahyida[k; bgah;
czh; - gFjp. j; -re;jp. j; - e; MdJ tprhuk;
c - tpidbar;r tpFjp xGf;fk; - bjhHpw;bgagh;
ntw;Wik/ tpid/ gz;g[/ ctik/ ck;ik ed;W ed;W ed;W : xnu brhy; gy Kiw mLF;fp gLk; - bra;a[k; vd;Dk; tha;ghl;L tpidKw;W
Mfpa bjhif epiyj; bjhlh;fSf;Fg; g[wj;nj te;Js;sJ. ,J mLf;Fj; bjhlh; MFk;. nfshj; jifant - <Wbfl;l vjph;kiwg;
my;yhj rpy bkhHpfs; bjhf;fp epd;W bghUs; jUtJ bgabur;rk fhf;f - tpa';nfhs; tpidKw;W
md;bkhHpj; bjhif MFk;. ,t;thW bkhj;jk; bjhfhepiyj; bjhlh;fs; mtpapDk; thHpDk; - vz;Qk;ik ghpe;J/ bjhpe;J - tpidbar;r';fs;
xd;gJ tifg;gLk;. gphpj;jwpjy; : Rita[zuh = Rit + czuh ,Hpe;j gpwg;g[ - bgabur;rk;
rpy vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfs; : rhpahd tpiliaj; njh;t[ bra;f : bfLk; - bra[k;vd;Dk; tha;g;ghl;L tpidKw;W
tha[zh;t[ = tha; + czh;t[ bfhsy; - my;<w;Wj; bjhHpw;bgah;
-fay;tpHp ngrpdhs; 1. miyfly; vd;gJ ----------------
-kyh;if te;jhs; (m) gz;g[j; bjhif (M) tpidj; bjhif mw;wk; - bjhHpw;bgah;/ cilahd; - tpidahyiza[k; bgah;
(,) ck;ikj;bjhif (<) ctikj; bjhif m,f;fyhfh - <Wbfl;l vjph;kiwg; bgabur;rk cunthh; - tpidhayida[k; bgah;.
bjhfh epiyj; bjhlh; : XhP, - brhy;ypirasbgil/ va;jhg; gHp - <Wbfl;l vjph;kiwg; bgabur;rk;
mwpturd; goj;jhd;/ Fapy; TtpaJ 2. bre;jkpH; vd;gJ ca;g;gJ - tpidahyiza[k; bgah; va;Jth; -glh;f;if gyh;ghy; tpidKw;W
Kjy; bjhlhpy; ‘mwpturd;’ vd;Dk; vGtha[k; (m) ctikj; bjhif (M) tpidj; bjhif brd;w ,lj;jhy; - cUg[ kaf;fk; (VHd; cUg[ gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk; : va;Jth; - va;J+t;+mh;
;goj;jhd;;’ vd;Dk; gadpiya[k; bjhlh;e;J epd;W (,) gz;g[j; bjhif (<) ck;ikj; bjhif ,Uf;f ntz;oa ,lj;jpy; _d;wd; cUg[ epd;wJ) va;J -gFjp[ t;-vjph;fhy ,ilepiy mh; - glh;f;if
bghUs; czh;j;Jfpd;wd. ahh;ahh; - mLf;Fj;bjhlh;
,uz;lhtJ bjhlhpYk;/ vGtha[k; 3. kyh;f;if vd;gJ
gyh;ghy; tpidKw;W tpFjp
vz;bghUs; / Ez;bghUs; - gz;g[j;bjhiffs;/ ey;byhGf;fk;/ jPbahGf;fk; - gz;g[j;bjhiffs;
gadpiya[k; bjhlh;e;J epd;W ‘Fapy; TtpaJ’ vd;Dk; (m) ntw;Wikj; bjhif (M)ctikj; bjhif bry - tpidbar;rk;
bghUisj; jUfpd;wd. (,) ck;ikj; bjhif (<) gz;g[j; bjhif bghWj;jy; - bjhHpw;bgah;
xU bjhlh; bkhHpapy; ,U brhw;fs; ,Ue;J/
jHP, - brhy;ypirasgil mfH;thh;/ ,fH;thh; - tpidahyiza[k; bgah;fs;.
mtw;wpd; ,ilapy; brhy;nyh/ tUnkh kiwahJ 4.nkhh;f;Flk; vd;gJ kyh;jy;/ Tk;gy; - bjhHw;bgah;fs; gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk;
bghUis czh;j;JtJ ‘bjhfhepiyj; bjhlh;’ (m) ,uz;lhk; ntw;Wik cUg[k; gaDk; cld; kyh;jYk; Tk;gYk; - vz;Qk;ik mfH;thh; - mfH; +t;+ Mh;
vdg;gLk;. bjhf;f bjhif vt;tJiwtJ - tpidahyida[k; bgah; mfH; - gFjp/ t; - vjph;fhy ,ilepiy
(M) ,uz;lhk; ntw;Wikj; bjhif mt;tJiwtJ - bjhHpw;bgah; Mh; - gyh; ghy; tpidKw;W tpFjp.
-epyt[
epyt[ njhd;wpaJ : ,jpy; ‘epyt[‘ vd;Dk; vGthiaj; (,) VHhk; ntw;Wikj; bjhif mwpfy;yhjth; -tpidahyiza[k; bgah; kwj;jy; bghWj;jy; - bjhHpw;bgah;fs;
bjhlh;e;J ‘njhd;wpaJ’ vd;Dk; gadpiy (<) _d;whk; ntw;Wikj; bjhif m";RtJ - tpidahyida[k; bgah; ed;W- Fwpg;g[ tpidKw;W
mike;Js;sJ ,J vGtha;j; bjhlh;. m";rhik - vjph;kiwj; bjhHpw;bgah; gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk; : kwj;jy; - kw + j;+j;+my;
5. nru/ nrhH/ ghz;oah; vd;gJ m";ry; - bjhHpw;bgah;
(m) ntw;Wikj;bjhif
kw-gFjp/
ez;gh!
h go : ‘ez;
‘ gh’ vd;Dk;; tpspg;bgah;/ go vd;Dk; mwpthh; bjhHpy; - Mwhk; ntw;Wikj;bjhif j;-re;jp/ j;- ,ilepiy my; - bjhHpw;bgah; tpFjp.
gadpiyiaf; bfhz;L Koe;Js;sJ. ,J tpspj; (M) ctikj; bjhif mjpu - tpidbar;rk;
(,) ck;ikj; bjhif tpUe;J - gz;ghF bgah;/
bjhlh;. cilahh;/ ,yh; - Fwpg;g[ tpidKw;Wfs;
(<) gz;g[j; bjhif xuhy;/ bghiw - bjhHpw;bgah;fs;
ml';fhik - vjph;kiwj;bjhHpw;bgah;/ eP';fhik - vjph;kiwj; bjhHpw;bgah;
brd;wdh; tPuh; : tpidKw;W Kjypy; epd;W bgaiuj;
bjhif epiyj; bjhliua[k; vLj;Jf;fhl;ila[k; MhpUs-; gz;g[j;bjhif nghw;wp - tpidbar;rk;
bjhlh;fpwJ. ,J tpidKw;Wj; bjhlh; MFk;.
bghUj;Jf :- fhf;f - tpa';nfhy; tpidKw;W xWj;jhh; - tpidahyida[k; bgah;.
goj;j ghlk;: ‘goj;j’ vd;Dk; vr;rtpid ‘ghlk;’ vd;Dk; bjhifepiyj;bjhlh; tif bghUsh - (bghUshf vd;gjd;) bjhFj;y; tpfhuk; bghjpe;J - tpidbar;rk;
bgah;r; brhy;iyf; bfhz;L Koe;Js;sJ. ,J vLj;Jf;fhl;L mjdpD]c';F - ,d;dpirasbgil itahh; - tpidKw;W
bgabur;rj; bjhlh; MFk;. 1.ntw;Wikj; bjhif m. Fapyp te;jdd; bgwpd; - brapd; எ*[; tha;ghl;L tpidbar;rk;.
2.tpidj; bjhif M. fU';Fjpiu ml';fpahd; - tpidayhida[k; bgah; gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk; :
njog; ghh;j;jhd; : 3.gz;g[j; bjhif ,. ,ut[gfy; kiyapDk; - cah;t[ rpwg;g[k;ik
4.ctikj; bjhif <. CWfha;
itg;gh; - it + g;+g;+mh;
‘njo’ vd;Dk; vr;rtpid ‘ghh;j;jhd;’ vd;Dk; vy;yhh;f;Fk; - Kw;Wk;ik it - gFjp g; - re;jp/ g; vjph;fhy ,ilepiy
tpidKw;iwf; bfhz;L Koe;Js;sJ. ,J 5.உk;ikj; bjhif c . jhkiu Kfk; gzpjy; - bjhHpw;bgah; mh; - gyh;ghy; tpidKw;W tpFjp.
tpidbar;rj; bjhlh; MFk;. இலகணறி< jifj;J - Fwpg;g[ tpidKw;W xWj;jhh; / bghWj;jhh; - tpidahyida[k;
tapw;Wf;Fk; - ,Hpt[ rpwg;g[k;ik ed;wh- (ed;whFk); bjhFj;jy; tpfhuk; bgah;fs;.
bra;a[is vGjpdhd;:-
gphpj;jwpjy; : brtpf;Fzt[ brtpf;F + czt[ cilj;J - Fwpg;g[ tpidKw;W
,j;bjhlhpy; ‘I’ vd;Dk; ntw;Wik cUg[
btspg;gilahf epd;W bghUis czh;j;JfpwJ. ,J nfl;f - tpa';nfhs; tpidKw;W ,yf;fzf; Fwpg;g[ : gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk;
ntw;Wikj; bjhfh epiyj; bjhlh; vdg;gLk;. gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk; : nfl;f - nfs;(l;) + f. nf - vGik / Ie;J - MFbgah;fs; xWj;jhh; - xW +j;+j;+Mh;. xW gFjp
gFjp/ s;/l; MdJ tpfhuk;/ f - tpa';nfhs; fhthf;fhy; - vjph;kiw tpidbar;rk j; - re;jp j; - ,we;j fhy ,ilepiy
kw;Wg;gpw : kw;W + gpw - ‘kw;W’ vd;Dk; ,ilr;brhy;iy tpidKw;W bghUl;bgah; - _d;whk; ntw;Wik cUg[k; gaDk; Mh; - gyh; ghy; tpidKw;W tpFjp.
mLj;Jg; ‘gpw’ vd;Dk; brhy; epd;W bghUs; jUtjhy; ,Gf;fy;/ xGf;fk; - bjhHpw;bgah;fs;/ cld; bjhf;f bjhif jw;gpwh; - VHhk; ntw;Wikj; bjhif
,J ,ilr;brhy; bjhlh; MFk;. Cw;Wf;nfhy; - Cd;Wnfhy; vd;gjd; typj;jy; MDk; - MapDk; vd;gjd; tpfhuk;. bra;apDk; - ,Hpt[ rpwg;g[k;ik
tpfhuk; ed;W -(ed;ik) gz;g[g;bgah behe;J - tpidbar;rk;
Md;w - bgabur;rk;
mwd; / jpwd; - <w;Wg;nghypfs kw;iwahd; - Fwpg;g[ tpidahyiza[k; bgah; gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk; mwd;/ jpwd; - filg;nghypfs;
bra;jhiu -tpidahyiza[k; bgah;. nguwpt[ - gz;g[j;bjhif mwpe;J – mwp+j;(e;)+j;+c
tply; - my; <w;W tpa';nfhs; tpidKw;W mthk; - mtht[k; : bra;a[k; vd;Dk; vr;rk; mwp - gFjp : j;- re;jp : j; - e; MdJ tpfhuk; thuhg; bghUshf;fk; - <Wbfl;l vjph;kiwg;
,we;jhh;/ Jwe;jhh;/ nehw;fpw;gth; - CUzp- fhuzg; bgah j; - ,we;jfhyk; ,ilepiy bgabur;rk;
tpidahyida[k; bgah;fs; gad;kuk; - ,uz;lhk; ntw;Wik cUg[k; gaDk; c - tpidbar;r tpFjp tply; - my; <w;W tpa';nfhs; tpidKw;W
,d;dhr;brhy; = <Wbfl;l vjph;kiwg; bgabur;rk cld; bjhf;f bjhif (gaidj; jUk; kuk;). fz;nzhl;lk; - bjhHpw;bgah; jd;xd;dhh;/ nte;jd; bghUs; - Mwhk; ntw;Wikj;
gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk;: cs;qh; - CUs; vd;gJ Kd; gpd;dhfj; bjhf;f cs;sJck; - ,d;dpir msbgil bjhif
,we;jhh; - ,w+j;(e;) + j;+ Mh; Mwhk; ntw;Wikj; bjhif. md;W - Fwpg;g[ tpidKw;W brWeh; brUf;F - Mwhk; ntw;Wikj; bjhif.
,w-gFjp j;-e; MdJ tpfhuk; j;- ,we;jfhy jg;gh kuk;- <W bfl;l vjph;kiwg; bgabur;rk; bfhy;yh/ brhy;yh - <Wbfl;l vjph;kiwg; <d; FHtp - tpidj;bjhif
,ilepiy bgUe;jif - gz;g[j;bjhif. gabur;rk; Fd;nwwp - VHhk; ntw;Wikj;bjhif
Mh; - tpFjp (gyh;ghy; tpidKw;W) fldwp fhl;rp -tpidj; bjhif gzpjy; - bjhHpw;bgah; xz;bghUs; - vz; bghUs; - gz;g[j; bjhiffs;
cz;zhJ - tpidbar;rk; xy;fhh; - tpidahyiza[k; bgah; Mw;Wthh;/ khw;whh; - tpidahyiza[k; bgah;fs;. fhH;g;g ,aw;wpahh; - bgabur;rk;
,y;gUtk; - gz;g[j;bjhif gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk; tpidj;jpl;lk; - ehd;fhk; ntw;Wik cUg[k;
nrh;j;J vGJf : Mjy; - bjhHpw;bgah; Mw;Wthh; - Mw;W +t;+ Mh; - Mw;W – gFjp gaDk; cld;bjhf;f bjhif : VHhk; ntw;Wikj;
jd; +be";R – jd;bd";R ePu - gytpd;ghw; bgah; t- vjph;fhy ,ilepiy bjhif
bra[k; - bra;a[k; vd;gjd; bjhFj;jy; Mh; - gyh;ghy; tpidKw;W tpFjp kdj;jpl;gk; - Mwhk; ntw;Wikj;bjhif
g[fH; + ,y;iy = g[fHpy;iy tpfhuk;. gpw - gytpd; ghy; tpidKw;W
mis , - brhy;ypir msbgil gzpjy; - gzp +jy;
bra;ahky; - vjph;kiw tpidbar;rk; gzp - gFjp : Ma;e;jth; - tpidahyisa[k; bgah;
mfd;/ Kfd; - <w;Wg;nghyp bra;j - ,we;j fhyg; bgabur;rk; xuhy;/ xy;fhik - bjhHpw;bgah;fs;
Jd;g[W]ck; /,d;g[W]ck; -,d;dpir msbgil jy; - bjhHpw;bgah; tpFjp
itafKk; thdfKk; - vz;Qk;ik ,d;ik/ jpd;ik - gz;g[g; bgah;fs; xUtw;F - nfhs; - Kjdpiy jphpe;j bjhHpw;bgah;
gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk; : itafk; - g{kpf;Ff; fhuzg; bgah; vw;wh - <Wbfl;l vjph;kiwg; bgabur;rk;
mwpe;J - mwp+j; (e;) +j;+c xUtd; + F
mhpJ - xd;wd; ghy; Fwpg;g[ tpidKw;W ,sptd;W - ,spt[ + md;W brhy;Yjy; - bjhHpw;bgah;
mwpt[ - gFjp fhyj;jpdh - cUg[ kaf;fk; ahh;f;Fk; - Kw;Wk;ik
j; - re;jp/ j; - e; MdJ tpfhuk;/ j; - ,we;j fhyk; rhy;bgd;Dk; - rhy;g[ + vd;Dk;
bghpJ xd;wd; ghy; Fwpg;g[ tpidKw;W vspa - Fwpg;g[ tpidKw;W
,ilepiy/ "hyj;jpd; - ‘,d;’ Ie;jhk; ntw;Wik cUg[ bray; - bjhHpw;bgah;
c- tpidbar;r tpFjp. rhd;wth; - tpidahyida[k; bgah;
cwH; bghUspy; te;Js;sJ. ,U epyk; - chpr;brhw;bwhlh; brhy;ypa - bgabur;rk;
fy';fhJ - vjph;kiw tpidbar;rk;. J]f;fhh; - Kw;bwr;rk; va;jp - tpidbar;rk;
tpidtyp/ Jiz typ -Mwhk; ntw;Wikj; kd;/ x - mirr; brhw;fs;.
J]f;fpd; - vjph;fhy tpidbar;rk; mwdwpe;J - mwj;ij +mwpe;J/jpwdwpe;J - jpwid khz;lhh; - tpidahyiza[k; bgah;
bjhif. brapd; - tpidbar;rk; cs;sg;gLk; - bra;a[k; vDk; tha;ghl;L
bray; - tpa';nfhs; tpidKw;W + mwpe;J - ,uz;lhk; ntw;Wikj; bjhiffs;
bjhpthh; - tpidahyiza[k; bgah; tpidKw;W
bry;thh; - tpidahyiza[k; bgah rhy;g[ - gz;g[g; bgah; vz;zpa - tpidahyiza[k; bgah;
mwpahh; - vjph;kiw tpidahyiza[k; bgah; njh;e;J- tpidbar;rk;:
tiuj;J - xd;wd; ghy; Fwpg;g[ tpidKw;W bfhsy; - my; <w;W tpa';nfhs; tpidKw;W va;Jg - gyh;ghy; tpidKw;W
xGfhd; / mwpahd; (Kw;Wfs; vr;rg; bghUspy; cjtp tiuj;J - Fwpg;g[g; bgah;. vz;zpah';F - vz;zpa th';F vd;gjd;
te;jd) Kw;bwr;rk;. cw;w neha; - bgabur;rk;
rhy;gpd; tiuj;J - m~wpid xd;wd; ghy; Fwpg;g[ cwh mik - bra;a[spir msbgil bjhFj;jy; tpfhuk;
Edpf;bfhk;gh; - Kd; gpd;dhfj; bjhf;f Mwhk; tpidKw;W fz;L - tpidbar;rk;
ntw;Wikj; bjhif. bgw;wpahh; - tpidahyiza[k; bgah;
kwtw;f/ Jwtw;f - vjph;kiw tpa';nfhs; bfhsy; - bjhHpw;bgah; vs;shik - bjhHpw;bgah;
<f - tpa';nfhs; tpidKw;W tpidKw;Wfs; cilj;J - Fwpg;g[ tpidKw;W
tH';Fk; bewp - bgabur;rj; bjhlh;. td;ik – gz;g[g; bgah;
vGgpwg;g[k; - Kw;Wk;ik xGFjy; - bjhHpw;bgah; bgUe;njh; - gz;g[j; bjhif
MfhW/ nghfhW - tpidj;bjhiffs; Jilj;jth; - tpidahyiza[k; bgah;. fy';fhJ/ Js';fhJ/ foe;J - tpidbar;r';fs;
mfyhf;fil- <Wbfl;l vjph;kiwg; bgabur;rk; NH;thh; - tpidahyiza[k; bgah;
ed;wp kwg;gJ - ,uz;lhk;ntw;Wikj; bjhif jf;fhh;/ brw;whh; - tpidahyiza[k; bgah;fs; J]f;fk; - bjhHpw;bgah;
nfL- Kjdpiy jphpe;j bjhHpw;bgah;. kwg;gJ - bjhHpw;bgah; (kwj;jy; vd;Dk; bra;f - tpa';nfhs; tpidKw;W
njhd;whf;bfLk; - bra;ah vDk; tha;g;ghl;L Jizahh;/ Ms;thh; / tpidahyiza[k;
bjhHpy; tUtjhy;) bgah;fs; ntz;lhiu - tpidahyiza[k; bgah;
tpidbar;rk; cs;s - tpidbar;rk; : cyF - ,lthF bgah;.
thH;f;if - bjhHpw;bgah ,y;iy - Fwpg;g[ tpidKw;W
bfLk; - bra;a[k; vd;Dk; tha;g;ghl;L tpidKw;W gifbfhsy; - ,uz;lhk; ntw;Wikj; bjhif - nghh;f;Ffd; :- (nghiur; bra;a[k; Ffd;) ,uz;lhk;
ntz;lhf; flg;ghL - <Wbfl;l vjph;kiw brapDk; - ‘ck;;’ ,Hpt[ rpwg;g[k;ik ntw;Wik cUg[k; gaDk; cld; bjhf;f bjhif.
bgabur;rk; bgha;ah tpsf;fk; - <Wbfl;l vjph;kiwg;
bfhd;whh; - tpidahyiza[k; bgah; bgabur;rk; -fy;jpus; njhs; (kiy nghd;w jpuz;l njhs;) -
cyF - ,lthF bgah;. bfhd;w - bgabur;rk; ctikj; bjhif.
je;jbghUs; - bgabur;rk; ,UsDf;F (,Uis mWf;Fk;)-
vd;g - gyh;ghy; tpidKw;W ,uz;lhk; ntw;Wikj; bjhif ePh; Kfpy; (ePiua[ila Kfpy;) ,uz;lhk; ntw;Wik
bghUl;L - Fwpg;g[ tpidKw;W nkw;bfhs;gth; - tpidahyiza[k; bgah; cUg[k; gaDk; cld;bjhf;f bjhif.
bgwy; -bjhHpw;bgah; mwdPDk;/ jpwdwpe;J - ,uz;lhk;
ntw;Wikj;bjhif/ jpiuf; f';if (jpiuia cila f';if ( jpiu -
<z;Lk; - ck;ik vz;Qg;bghUs; miy)
mwpthd;/ thH;thd; - tpidahyiza[k; bgah;fs; te;j bghUs; - bgabur;rk;
-,uz;lhk; ntw;Wik cUg[k; gaDk;cld; bjhf;f khwd;fspW - Mwhk; ntw;Wikj; bjhif ciwnt';flk; - tpidj; bjhif fuzj;njh; - fuzj;J + Vh;
bjhif. kjptpsf;F - cUtfk;
,Ue;j ts;sy; - bgabur;rk; thapYk; khspifa[k; -vz;Qk;ik mtpah/ kjptpsf;F - <Wbfl;l vjph;kiwg; ehw;bghUs; - ehd;F + bghUs;
te;J va;jpdhd; - tpidbar;rk; vk;kU';Fk; - Kw;Wk;ik bgabur;rk;
khlKk; Mlu';Fk; - vz;Qk;ik brtpaWj;J - brtp + mWj;J
epd;gzp (epdJ gzp) - Mwhk; ntw;Wikj; bjhif nrto - gz;g[j;bjhif
bra;Fd;W/ Mlu';F - tpidj; bjhif g[ide;njhk; - jd;ikg; gd;ik tpidKw;W. ,s';fdp - ,sik + fdp
,iwth - tpsp. Rw;wpa gh'fh; - bgabur;rk; ftp g[ide;njhk; - ,uz;lhk; ntw;Wikj; bjhif
miHj;jp (miHg;gha;) - Kd;dpiy xUik ka';fp/ gpz';fp - tz';fp/ ca';fp - ,Uf;F Mguzk; - ,Ubgabuhl;L gz;g[j;bjhif ahbjdpy; = ahJ + vdpd;
tpidKw;W tpidbar;r';fs; ew;wha; - gz;g[j;bjhif
brw;w rpiy- tpidbar;rk; bgha;ah bjhGfpd; = bgha;ahJ + xGfpd;
tUf - tpa';nfhs; tpidKw;W nt';flkhatd; - VHhk; ntw;Wik cUg[k; gaDk;
gzpe;J/ tisj;J/ g[ijj;J - tpidbar;r';fs; fhzPh; - Vty; tpidKw;W cld;bjhf;f bjhif g[we;J]a;ik = g[wk; + J]a;ik
,Uj;jp (,Ug;gha;) - Kd;dpiy xUik tpidKw;W nrhdhL - nrhH ehL vd;gjd; k%c bgU';bja;tk; - gz;g[j; bjhif. விz;zg;gKz;L - tpz;zg;gk; + cz;L
njDk; kPDk; - vz;Qk;ik tpl;lths; - bgabur;rk; 16.விைடக்ேகற்ற வினாைவத் ேதந்து எடுத்தல்:

khjth; (kh+jth;) - chpr;brhw;bwhlh; kjpbawpj;J thbdwpe;J - ,uz;lhk; ntw;Wikj; சுHpbts;sk; - tpidj;bjhif. ஆறு வைக வினாவும் அதற்கு விைடயாக எட்டு வைக
mike;j fhjy; - bgabur;rk; bjhiffs; td;fhak; - gz;g[j; bjhif விைடகளும் குறிப்பிடப்பட்டுள்ளன.
rPh;j;jjJ - xd;wd; ghy; tpidKw;W J]';Fk; kjp - bra;a[k; vd;Dk; tha;ghl;Lg; ,iuj;jpLk; nrid - vjph;fhyg; bgabur;rk;
ஆறு வைக வினாக்கள்:
jHP,a (jGtpa) - brhy;ypir msbgil bgabur;rk; je;jghy;/ file;j ghayhd; - ,we;j fhyg;
fhh;Fyhk; (fhuJ Fyhk; -nkff;Tl;lk;)- Mwhk; nghp";rp/ KJKurk; - gz;g[j; bjhiffs; bgabur;r';fs;. அறிவனா:அதிக ெதr(தவ மறவ
ntw;Wikj; bjhif nghh; Kurk; -VHhk; ntw;Wik cUg[k; gaDk; kyh;fhy;; - ctikj;bjhif ெதr( ளனரா என அறிய வனவ .ஆசிrய
cld; bjhf;f bjhif. td;fhdfk; - gz;g[j; bjhif மாணவrட ேகC ேகவ இ(த வைகைய சா(த .
czh;j;Jthd; (czh;j;Jgtd;) - jiu - Mfbgah; ( Msg;bgWk; ehl;ow;F Mfp mUe;jtk; - gz;g[j;bjhif எ.கா சிலபதிகாரைத இயறியவ யா என ஆசிrய
tp[idahyiza[k; bgah;/ te;jJ) jhdjh;kk; - ck;ikj; bjhif மாணவrட வனத.
ghh;j;j fz;iz - bgabur;rk;. gilg;guRuhkd; - ,uz;lhk; ntw;Wik cUg[k; nga;f;f'fs; - Mwhk; ntw;Wikj;bjhif அறியாவனா:தா அறியாத ஒ*ைற மறவrட
jPh;fpnyd; (eP';f khl;nld;)/ gaDk; cld; bjhf;f bjhif. mikj;j/ bfhLj;j/ epd;w rgpj;j - bgabur;r';fs;
ேகC8 ெதr( ெகாSத.மாணவ ஆசிrயrட
bra;Fbtd; (bra;;ntd;) jd;id xUik bghUt['; Fil/ tUk; bgUkhs; - bra;a[k; vDk; bre;jHy;/ bte;jHy; - gz;g[j;bjhiffs;
வனவ ?எ.கா இ(த பாடலி* ெபா யா ?
tpidKw;Wfs;. tha;ghl;Lg; bgabur;r';fs;. MFf - tpa';nfhs; tpidKw;W
X';fpa[ah; - xU bghUl; gd;bkhHp MFf MFf - mLf;Fj;bjhlh; ஐயவனா:\ரதி ெதrவ பாபா? கயறா? என
jPuhf;fhjd; - <Wbfl;l vjph;kiwg; bgabur;rk; cauz;lk; - tpidj;bjhif வனத
kyh;e;j fz;zd; - bgabur;rk; bkhHp jUkzp/ gizjU gUkzp/ tUkzy;/ jPz;ld;kpd; - 6d;dpiyg;gd;ik Vty; tpidKw;W ெகாள வனா:ஒ ெபாைள வா9 ெபாC8
,dpa ez;g - Fwpg;g[g; bgabur;rk; epjpjU ftpif - tpizj;bjhiffs; nghh;Fwp - VHhk; ntw;Wik cUg[k; gaDk;cld;
ேகC வனா.இத* வைல யா ?வணகேர ப<
beLehtha; (beLik + ehtha;) - gz;g[j;bjhif bjhf;f bjhif.
brtpaWj;J (brtpia mWj;J) ,uz;lhk; உளதா?என வனத
jhkiu eadk; (jhkiu nghd;w fz;fs; ) - fz';fzk; - mLf;Fj;bjhlh;
ntw;Wik bjhif. ெகாைடவினா:இலாத ஒவ ஒ ெபாைள
ctikj; bjhif
btz;japh; - gz;g[j;bjhif vdgnth- Xfhuk; tpdh தானமாக த ெபாC8 வனவ ேகாைட வனா
edpfoJ - chpr;brhw;bwhlh; fha. kha - bgabur;r';fs; .எ.கா அணய ஆைட உளதா?
,yf;fzf;Fwpg;g[ : ehHpif thuk; - ck;ikj; bjhif gphpj;jwpjy; :-:- ஏவ வனா:;ஒ ெசயைலU ெசவதகாக ஏ
nfL/ nfhs; : Kjdpiy jphpe;j bjhHpw;bgah;. ciuj;jpLk; re;jdk; - bra;a[k; v;Dk; tha;ghl;Lg; ேநாகி வனவப8 வனா.கைட ெச*
vz;Qaph; - Mwhk; ntw;Wikj; bjhif (vdJ je;Ja;kpd; - je;J + ca;kpd; ெபாைள வா9கி வகிறாயா?.திறைள
bgabur;rk;.
caph;) jhgjh; cs;sk; - Mwhk; ntw;Wikj; bjhif மனபாட ெச வC'களா?எ* வனவ
tpy;byGjp - tpy; + vGjp
ed;Djy; - gz;g[j; bjhif rpw;wd;id - gz;g[j;bjhif கCடாயமாக ெசய ேவ8 எ* ஏ ேநாகி
epd;nfs - ehd;fhk; ntw;Wikj; bjhif. jhH;gpwg;g[ - tpidj;bjhif g{l;Lkpd; - g{l;L +kpd; வனவப8த.
ky;yy; - chpr;brhw;bwhlh;/ beLkjpy; - khy;fHy; - Mwhk; ntw;Wikj;bjhif
gz;g[j;bjhif எவைக வைடக:
fHy; - (jpUtof;F Mfpte;jJ ) - kUg;g{rp - kUg;g[ + Crp
சுட்டு விைட:திUசி ெசZ வழி யா ? எ*
jhdpahF bgah;
th';Ftpy;/ cah;Jiy – tpidj; bjhif khh;nghiy - khh;g[ + Xiy வன ெபா, இ(த வழியாக ெசZ9க எ*
khiykjp - VHhk; ntw;Wik cUg[k;
:C'காC8 வைட.
Fiwah - <Wbfl;l vjph;kiwg; bgabur;rk; gaDk; cld;bjhf;f bjhif. vkbjd;W - vkJ + vd;W
kjpf;F";rp - ,uz;lhk; ntw;Wik cUg[k; மைற விைட:வன வனாவ எதி மைற
gaDk; cld; bjhf;f bjhif. ெபாள4 வைட இ(தா அத மைற வைட
,iynty; -ctikj; bjhif bkha;apiy - bkha; + ,iy
<rDk; nghjDk; - vz;Qk;ik எ* ெபய.கைட ெசவாயா எ* வன ேபா
me;jpfhiy - ck;ikj; bjhif ehw;fuzk; - ehd;F + fuzk; ெசல மாCேட* எ* Rத.

kUg;g{rp/ khh;nghiy –cUtfk;
ifk;kiy - cUtfk;
ேநவிைட:வன வனாவ ேநமைற பதி tpdh thf;fpak; : - vjph;kiw thf;fpak; : - - (v.fh) ahh; fy;tpr;bry;tk; bgWfpwhh;fnsh
தத.கைட ெசவாயா எ*ற ேகவ mth;fs; thH;tpy; வள; bgWth;.
tpisahl;Lg; nghl;oapy; btd;wth; ahh; ? jkpurp g[Jitf;Fr; brd;wpலs;
ெசேவ* எ* றிப8த.
- neh;f;Tw;W/ maw;Tw;W thf;fpa';fs; : -
ஏவல் விைட:ேகCகப8 ேகவ பதிலாக ghujpahh; v';F Mrphpauhfg; gzpahw;wpdhh;? ,dpad; czt[ cz;oyd;
கCடைள ெதான4ய பதிலள4த.கைட - neh;f;Tw;W : - xUth; Twpaij mth; Twpagona
ெசவாயா?எ* ேகC ெபா, நEேய ெச எ*
,j;bjhlh;fs; tpdhg; bghUis czh;j;Jfpd;wd. ,j;bjhlh;fs; bray; epfHhikia
vdnt/ ,j;jifa thf;fpak; tpdh thf;fpak; czh;j;Jfpd;wd. ,t;thW bjhHpy; epfHhjij TWtJ. nkw;nfhs; FwpaPL ,lk; bgWk;, jd;ik/
றிப8த.
vdg;gLk;. czh;j;jptUk; thf;fpa';fs; vjph;kiw Kd;dpiyg; bgah;fs; ,lk; bgWk;.
வினா எதி வினாதல் விைட:
ேகCகப8 வனாவ ம வனா
thf;fpa';fshFk;.
czh;r;rp thf;fpak; : - - maw;Tw;W : - xUth; Twpaij mg;gona Twhky;
வனத.கைட ெசவாயா எ*ற ேகவ mayhh; TWtJ nghy; Twtjpy; nkw;nfhs;
,tw;wpy; nkny Twg;gl;l cjhuz';fs;
ெசலாம இேபனா?எ* வனத. Fw;why mUtpapd; mHFjhd; vd;nd ! FwpaPL ,lk; bgwhJ. jd;ik/ Kd;dpiyg;
bghUs; khwpa vjph;kiw thf;fpaj;jpw;F
உற்றது உைரத்தல் விைட:ஒ ேகவ ேகC cjhuz';fs; cld;ghl;L thf;fpaj;jpd; bghUs; bgah;fs; glh;f;ifg; bgahpy; khwp mika[k;.
ெபா, அத பதிலாக நட(த நிக=ைவ kyh;f; fz;fhl;rpapy; vj;jid mHfhd kyh;fs; khwhky; vjph;kiw mikg;gpy; mike;Js;s
றிப8த.கைட ெசவாயா எ*ற ேகவ g{j;Jf; FY';fpd;wd ! neh;f;Tw;W
thf;fpa';fs; bghUs; khwh vjph;kiw vdg;gLk;.
கீ ேழ வ,( வCேட*,வலிகிற எ* பதி ,jw;F rpy vLj;Jf; fhl;Lf;fs;.
Rத. ,j;bjhlh;fs; tpag;g[ czh;r;rpia “ehis ehd; kJiu bry;ntd;” vd;W ed;khwd
உறுவது கூறல் விைட:ேகCகப8 ேகவ
btspg;gLj;Jfpd;wd. jkpHurp g[Jitf;Fr; bry;yhky; ,y;iy
பதிலாக நடக ேபா நிக=ைவ ,dpad; czt[ cz;zhky; ,y;iy. Twpdhd;.
Iaேகா! ,stHfdhhpd; kiwt[ <L
றிப8த.கைட ெசவாயா எ*பத கா
bra;atpaYnkh? ,dp mikg;g[ tif thf;fpa';fs; gw;wpf; maw;Tw;W
வலி எ* Rத.
Fwpg;gplyhk;.
இனெமாழி விைட:ஒ வனா ேகCகப8 ெபா, ,j;bjhlh; mty czh;r;rpia kWehs; jhd; ம ைர ெசவதாக ந*மாற*
அத வைடயாக அதேனா8 ெதாட<ைடய czh;j;JfpwJ ,t;thW ctif/ mtyk;/ mr;rk;/ - jdpthf;fpak;/ bjhlh;thf;fpak;/ fyit Rறினா*.
ஒ*றிைன பதிலாக அள4த. ,uf;fk;/ ,Hpt[/ btFsp/ tpag;g[ nghd;w thf;fpak; nghd;wit.
பாC8 பாட ெதrMமா?எ*ற ேகவ ஆட czh;r;rpfis btspg;gLj;JtJ czh;r;rp neh;f;Tw;W ‘ehd; g[j;jfk; bfhz;L
ெதrM எ* பதி அள4த. thf;fpak; vdg;gLk;. - neh;f;Tw;W/ maw;Tw;W thf;fpa';fs; tUfpnwd;’ vd;W bry;tp njhHpaplk; Rறினாs;.
17.எவ்வைக வாக்கியம் எனக் கண்டறிதல்:
Vty; thf;fpak; - bra;tpid/ brag;ghl;L tpid அயற்கூற்று;
thf;fpa tif : - thf;fpa';fs;
brhw;fs; gy bjhlh;e;J epd;W bghUs; jpUf;Fwisg;go jhd; g[j;jfk; bfhz;L tUtjhf ெசவ
_j;njhh; brhy; nfs;. - - jd;tpid/ gpwtpid thf;fpa';fs; ேதாழியட Rறினா s;
jUtJ brhw;bwhlh; vdg;gLk;. ,jid thf;fpak;
vd;Wk; TWth; . ,j;bjhlh;fs; Kd; ,Ug;gtiu Vt[jy; jdp thf;fpak; : - neh;f;Tw;iw maw;Tw;whf khw;w : -
thf;fpak; vd;gij fUj;Jtif thf;fpak;/ bghUspy; mike;Js;sd. ,t;thW gpwiu Vt[jy;
my;yJ gpwUf;Ff; fl;lisapLk; Kiwapy; - xU v,tha; my;yJ xd;Wf;F nkw;gl;l 1. Kd;dpiy tpspg;bgaiug; glh;f;ifg;
mikg;g[ tif thf;fpak; vd ,Utifg;gLk;. v,tha; xU gadpiyiaf; bfhz;L Koa[k;.
miktJ Vty; thf;fpak; vdg;gLk;. ,jidf; bgauhf;f ntz;Lk; ( v.fh. ntyh-ntyd;)
fUj;Jtif thf;fpak; :-:- fl;lis thf;fpak; vd;Wk; TWth;. (v.fh) jpU.tp.f. bgz;fisg; nghw;wpdhh;. 2. Vty; tpidia tpidbar;rkhf;f
ntz;Lk;
thf;fpa';fspy; mike;Js;s fUj;jpw;nfw;g cld;ghl;L thf;fpak; :-:- - fk;gd;/ ts;Std;/ ,s';nfh Mfpnahh;
,aw;ifiag; nghw;wpdh;. (go -gof;Fமா)
mtw;iwr; bra;jp thf;fpak;/ tpdh thf;fpak;
czh;r;rp thf;fpak;/ Vty; thf;fpak; vd jkpHurp g[Jitf;Fr; brd;whs;
- bjhlh;thf;fpak; : - 3. neh;f;Tw;W Twpatiua[k; thf;fpaj;jpy;
tifg;gLj;jyhk; (cld;ghl;L thf;fpak; vjph;kiw ,dpad; czt[ cz;lhd;. ,izj;Jf; bfhs;s ntz;Lk;.
thf;fpak;) - jdp thf;fpa';fs; gy bjhlh;e;J tUk;. xh;
,it xt;bthd;Wk; xt;bthU bjhHpy; v,tha;/ gy gadpiyfisg; bgw;W tUk;. ,yf;fzj;ij gof;khW ntydplk;
bra;jp thf;fpak; :-:- epfH;e;jikia czh;j;Jfpd;wd. ,';'dk; Mrphpah; Twpdhh; ( maw;Tw;W)
(v.fh) murd; g[ytiuf; fz;lhd;; mtiu
ftpauR ghpR bgw;whd; bjhHpy; epfH;r;rpia czh;j;jp tUtJ cld;ghl;L tuntw;whd;/ ghpR tH';fpdhd;.
thf;fpak; vdg;gLk;. ciuahly; neh;f;Tw;wpid bra;jp
MlyuR rpwg;ghfr; brhw;bghHpthw;wpdhd;. - fyit thf;fpak; : -
,t;tpU thf;fpa';fSk; Fwpg;gpl;l bra;jpfisj; - xU Kjd;ik thf;fpak; xU Jiz
bjhptpf;fpd;wd. ,t;thW bra;jpia czh;j;Jk; thf;fpaj;Jld; nrh;e;Jk; xd;Wf;F nkw;gl;l Jiz
thf;fpak; bra;jp thf;fpak; MFk;. thf;fpa';fSld; nrh;e;Jk; tUk;.
maw;Tw;whf khw;w : - tiffs;: czh;j;jptUk; thf;fpa';fs; vjph;kiw
thf;fpa';fshFk;. ெச(தமி, :ைவM ேபால - ஒைம
neh;f;Tw;W : - bra;tpid:
vGtha;/ brag;gLbghUs;/ gadpiy vd;w bray; my;yJ bjhHpy; epfH;tijj; தாைய கட ேசைய ேபால -அதிக மகி=Uசி
,Uk;bghiw : J]Jt ! f,kyj;jpy; nrhHd; Fwpj;j thpirapy; thf;fpak; mikjy; ntz;Lk;. bjhptpg;gJ cld;ghl;L thf;fpak; MFk;.
ehSf;F Kd;dnu gila[ld; காதிேப* vd;W brag;gLbghUnshL I vd;w ,uz;lhk; ntw;Wik மைழ காணா பய ேபால வா8த--வத
brhy;. cUigr; nrh;f;f ntz;Lk;. (I-cUg[/ kiwe;Jk;/ bray; my;yJ bjhHpy; epfHhikiaj;
bjhptpg;gJ vjph;kiw thf;fpak; MFk;. ேவலிேய பயைர ேம(த ேபால-- நயவ+சக
btspg;gl;Lk; tUk;)
maw;Tw;W : -
cld;ghL vjph;kiw அனலி வ,(த <, ேபால -ேவதைன
,Uk;bghiw J]Jtdplk;/ nrhHd; Fwpj;j brag;ghl;Ltpid:
brag;gLbghUs;/ vGtha;/ gadpiy vd;w 1. fy;tpr; bry;tj;ij 1. fy;tpr; bry;tj;ij
ehSf;F Kd;dnu/ jhd; fGkyj;jpy; fhj;jpUf;fg; பதைர மா த9க ேபால-- ெபைம, மதி<
thpirnahL thf;fpak; mika ntz;Lk;. midtUk; nghw;Wth; nghw;whjth; vtUk;
nghtijj; bjhptpf;FkhW Twpdhd;. ,yh;.
vGthnahL ‘My;’ vd;w _d;whk; ntw;Wik நாM FைனM ேபால -பைக
neh;f; Tw;W maw;Tw;W cUigr; nrh;f;f ntz;Lk;. gadpiynahL gL/ 2. FLk;gj;jiytpf;F 2. bghWg;g[ ,y;yhj
gl;lJ vDk; brhw;fir; nrh;f;if ntz;Lk;. bghWg;g[ cs;sJ. FLk;gj;jiyவ ,y;. ; அைல ஓ(த கட ேபால –அைமதி
,J/ ,it mJ/mit (gL - Jiz tpid) 3. jpUts;Stiu 3. jpUts;Stiug;
,d;W md;W midtUk; nghw;Wth;. nghw;whjth; ,yh;. ப:மரதாண ேபால – எள4தாகபதித
,g;bghGJ mg;bghGJ bra;tpid brag;ghl;L tpid 4. Mrphpah;fSf;F 4. Mrphpah;fSf;F *றி* ேமலிCட வள ேபால-பய[ைடைம,
,jdhy; mjdhy; khzth;fs; tFg;ig tFg;g[/ khzth;fshy; vd;Wk; bry;thf;F vd;Wk; bry;thf;F கன4யப கா கவ(த -
ehis kWehs; J]a;ik bra;jdh; J]a;ik bra;ag;gl;lJ. cz;L. ,y;yhky; ,y;iy.
அறியாைம,ேதைவயற ெசய
new;W Kd;dhs;
ehd;/ ehk;/ eh';fs; jhd;/ jhk;/ jh';fs; Mrphpah; ,yf;fzk; ,yf;fzk;/ Mrphpauhy; 19.உவைமயால் விளக்கப்ெபறும் ெபாருத்தமான
இைலமைறகா ேபால-ெவள4ப8த
eP mtd;/ mts; fw;gpj;jhh;. fw;gpf;fg;gl;lJ. ெபாருைள ேதந்து எடுத்தல்:
jr;rd; ehw;fhypia ehw;fhyp jr;rdhy; அக=வாைர தா9 நில ேபால-ெபாைம ஆைலய அகபCட க< ேபால- *ப
maw;
maw;Tw;iw neh;f;Tw;whf khw;w : - bra;jhd;. bra;ag;gl;lJ.
ehlhff;fiy"h;f; ehl;Lg;gw;W ehlff; ந*பா கல(தEைமயா திrத ேபால-தவறான ர9 ைகய அகபCட Fமாைல ேபால -
fPiu th';fp tUkhW jhahh; kfdplk; ehl;Lg;gw;iw tsh;j;jdh;. fiiy"u;fshy; நபகளா ெக8த நாச,ேக8
Twpdhh; tsh;f;fg;gl;lJ
- may;Tw;W. மரபாைவ நாணா உய மCட ேபால- ெசவட* காதி ஊதிய ச9 ேபால -பயன4*ைம
(bra;tpid thf;fpaj;jpy; vGthahf ,Ug;gJ மய9த
1. glh;f;ifaha; ntw;Wik cUg[ Vw;wpUf;Fk; ஞாய கட தாமைர ேபால – மகி=Uசி
brag;ghl;L tpid thf;fpaj;jpy; brag;gL
bgaiu (kfdplk; - kfd; + ,lk;) ‘kfnd’ vd bghUshf khwp miktijf; fhzyhk;) அ8த காC8 பள49 ேபால-ெவள4பைட நEேம எ, ேபால-நிைலயற
tpspf;Fk; brhy;yhf ( miHf;Fk; bghUspy; )
khw;w ntz;Lk;. cld;ghl;L thf;fpak;/ vjph;kiw thf;fpak;: அதி Fதாேபால – அrய ெசய பழ ந,வ பாலி வ,(த ேபால-மி(த
2. ‘tUkhW’ vd;Dk; tpid vr;rj;ij th vd cld;ghl;L thf;fpak; :-:- அ'யற மர ேபால - வ=த
E இ*ப,மகி=Uசி
Kd;dpiy Vty; tpidahf khw;w jkpHurp g[Jitf;Fr; brd;whs; ெபா*மல மண ெபற ேபால –
இல காத கிள4 ேபால - ஏமாற
ntz;Lk;.,t;thW khw;wpaikj;jy; kfnd! ‘fPiu ெபாCெசவ உைடயவ அறிUெசவ
th';fp th’ vd neh;f;Tw;whf mika[k;. ,dpad; czt[ cz;lhd;. ேத'ெகாட .
உடZ உய ேபால -ஒைம,ெநக.
3. ,jDld; Twpath; bgaiua[k; ‘vd;W’ ,it xt;bthd;Wk; xt;bthU bjhHpy; உமி தி ைக வலித ேபால-வெசய
E
epfH;e;jikia czh;j;Jfpd;wd. ,';'dk; கட மைட திற(தாேபால -ெவள4ேயத
vd;Dk; brhy;iya[k; nrh;j;jy; ntz;Lk;.
bjhHpy; epfH;r;rpia czh;j;jp tUtJ cld;ghl;L கணலாதா* க ெப இழ(த ேபால-
பகலவைன கட பன4 ேபால - யர நE9த
‘kfnd ! fPiu th';fp th” vd neh;f;Tw;whf thf;fpak; vdg;gLk;. கிைடத வாைப இழ( தவ<
mika[k;. உள9ைக ெநலிகன4 ேபால – ெதள4
vjph;kiw thf;fpak; : -
கைறயா* <ெற8க கநாக ' <(த
3. ,jDld; Twpath; bgaiua[k; ‘vd;W’
jkpழurp g[Jitf;Fr; brd;wpலs; கடலி கைரத ெப9காய ேபால--பயனற . ேபால – அ மd ற
vd;Dk; brhy;iya[k; nrh;j;jy; ntz;Lk;.
,dpad; czt[ cz;oyd; ெகா8 ேதளா ெகாC8வேத* - அதிக அUசி வாதாேபால-ஒேர சீராக
‘kfnd ! ‘fPiu th';fp th’ vd;W jhahh;
பரUசிைன..வத
Twpdhh; - neh;f;Tw;W. ,j;bjhlh;fs; bray; epfHhikia அவைல நிைன உரைல இ'தாேபால-
czh;j;Jfpd;wd. ,t;thW bjhHpy; epfHhjij இ'ேயாைச ேகCட நாக ேபால ந8க--பய கவன
ேதா*றி மைறM வானவ ேபால – te;Js;sJ. vdnt/ ,~J mobaJifj; bjhil ,d nkhidahf tUk; vGj;Jfs;:
அைர கிணறிைன தா'யவ* ேபால-ஆப vdg;gLk;. capbuGj;J:
நிைலயாைம
m/ M/ I/ xs - Xhpdk;
ஆபைசத ர9- ேவதைனய சித Kuz; bjhil: ,/ </ v/ V - Xhpdk;
ெதாCடைன \ மணேகண ேபால - அறி
monjhWk; Kjw;rPh; Kuz;glj; bjhLg;gJ c/ C/ x/X- Xhpdk;
ஆழ ெதrயாம காைல வCட ேபால- mo Kuz; bjhil vdg;gLk;.
ப:ேதா ேபாதிய <லி ேபால - நயவ+சக
திCடமிடாைம ,d;gk; tpiHahd; ,Lk;ig ,ay;bgd;ghd; caph;bka;baGj;J:
20.ேமாைன,எதுைக,இையபு இவற்றுள் ஏேதனும் Jd;gk; cWjy; ,yd; - Fws; 615. "/ e - Xhpdk;
இ+சி தி*ற ர9 ேபால-வழித k/ t - Xhpdk;
ஒன்ைற ேதந்து எடுத்தல்: bjhil ,g;ghlypy; Kjyoapy; ,d;gk; vd;Wk;/ j/ r - Xhpdk;
இ' வ,(த மர ேபால-ேவதைன kyh;fisj; bjhLg;gJ nghynt rPh;fspSk; ,uz;lhk; moapy; Jd;gk; vd;Wk; Kuz;gl;l bka;baGj;JfSs; mtw;wpd; th;f;f
mofspSk; nkhid Kjypad mikaj; brhw;fs; te;Js;sd. vdnt/ ,~J mo vGj;JfSk; tUbkd mwpa ntz;Lk;.
இைப கட கா(த ேபால-கவUசி
bjhLg;gJ bjhil vdg;gLk;. (bjhil- Kuz;bjhil vdg;gLk;.
எள4 எெண ேபால- ஒள4(
bfhL;f;fg;gLtJ/ bjhil - khiy). ghtpd; rpy vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfs;:
Xirapd;gj;jpw;Fk; rpwg;gpw;Fk; ,j;bjhil ,iag[j; bjhil: kdj;bjhL tha;ik bkhHpapd; - k.th
இத/மைற( இத
ntz;LtjhFk;. bjhilaw;w ghl;L monjhWk; ,Wjpr;rPh; xd;wptuj; bjhLg;gJ ahbka;ahf; fzltw;Ws; ,y;iy
eilaw;Wg;nghFk; vd;gJ gHbkhHp. mo ,iag[j; bjhil vdg;gLk;. vdj;njhd;Wk; - ,/v
சி சி இ(த பழ <ள4- ஏமாற
bjhil vl;L tifg;gLk;:
1. nkhidj;bjhil “bfhz;ly; nfhg[uk; mz;ilapy; TLk; rhjdj; njhL jr;rh; - rh/j
ஏைழ ெபற ெசவ ேபால –மகி=Uசி 2. vJifj; bjhil bfhofs; thdk; goju _Lk; khepjp tUe;jpj; njo - kh/t
3. Kuz; bjhil fz;l nguz;lj; jz;liy ehLk;
கட*பCடா ெந+ச ேபால -கலக,வத
4. ,iag[j; bjhil fdf Kd;wpy; mdk;tpis ahLk;.” Ie;jtpj;jhd; Mw;wy; mfy; tpRk;g[
5. msbgilj; bjhil ,g;ghlypy; monjhWk; ,Wjpr;rPh; xd;wp dhh;nfhkhd; - I/ M/ m
கான மயலாட அ க8 ஆ8 வா*ேகாழி-
6. ,ul;ilj; bjhil te;Js;sjhy; mo ,iag[j; bjhil Mapw;W.
ெபாறாைம,தா=,உயவ*ைம
7. me;jhjpj; bjhil Xstpa be";rj;jhd; Mf;fKk; - xs/ M
8. bre;bjhil msbgilj; bjhil:
டதி இCட வள ேபால –இக=Uசி
mtw;Ws; Kjy; Ie;J bjhilf;fhd monjhWk; Kjw;rPh; msbgLj;J tUtJ nkhidj; bjhlh; monkhid/
நE ெந< ேபால -வலத ,பைக
tpsf;f';fisf; fhz;nghk;. msbgilj; bjhil vdg;gLk;. ,iznkhid/ bghHpg;g[ nkhid/ x%c nkhid/
bfLg;gJ]ck; bfl;ghh;f;Fr; rhh;tha; kw;wh';nf TiH nkhid/ nkw;fJtha; nkhid/
சிதறிய 6 ேபால –பயன4*ைம 1. nkhidj; bjhil: vLg;gJ]ck; vy;yhk; kiH - Fws; 15 fPH;f;fJtha; nkhid/ Kw;W nkhid vd vz;
bra;a[spy; monjhWk; Kjy; vGj;J tifg;gLk;.
சீrய நாக ேபால- ேகாப xd;wptuj; bjhLg;gJ monkhidj; bjhil ,g;ghlypy; bfLg;gJ]ck;/ vLg;gJ]ck; vd ,tw;wpy; mo nkhid jtph;j;j kw;w
vdg;gLk;. ,uz;lofspYk; msbgLj;J te;Js;sikahy; vGk; bjhil tpfw;gk; vdg;gLk;.
பாப* வா ேதைர ேபால- பரUசிைனய vz;zpj;Jzpf fUkk; Jzpe;jgpd; msbgilj; bjhil vdg;gLk;.
இ( மd ள இயலாைம vz;Qtk; vd;g jpGf;F mo nkhid:
- Fws; 467 bjhil tpfw;g';fs;: monjhWk; Kjw;rPh; KjbyGj;J xd;wp
பா மண மாறாத ழ(ைத ேபால – ெவள4 ehd;F rPh;fSila Xuoapy; bghHpg;g[/ tUtJ mo nkhid MFk;.
,f;Fwl;ghtpy; Kjy; moapd; xUc/ TiH/ nkw;fJtha;/ fPHf;fJtha;/ Kw;W (v-L) cs;sj;jhw; bgha;ah bjhGjpd;
மல மண6 ேபால – ஒைம Kjw;rPhpYs;s Kjy; vGj;Jk; (v) ,uz;lhk; Mfpad tuj; bjhLg;gJ bjhil tpfw;gk; cyfj;jhh; cs;sj;Js; vy;yhk; csd;.
moapd; Kjw;rPhpYs; Kjy; vGj;Jk; (v) xd;wp vdg;gLk;. ,t;ntHk; nkhid/ vJif/ ,iag[/
ேவ< அர: ேபால - ஒைம te;Js;sjhy;/ ,J nkhidj;bjhil. Kuz;/ msbgil Mfpa Ie;J bghUe;jj; bjhil ,iz nkhid:
tpfw;gk; Kg;gj;ije;J tifg;gLk;. Kjy; ,U rPh;fspYk; (1/2) tUk; nkhid
ேசறி பற(த ெச(தாமைர ேபால - கீ = 2. vJifj; bjhil: ,iz nkhid vdg;gLk;.
நிைலய இ( வ(தாZ மதிகப8த monjhWk; KjbyGj;J msbthj;J nkhid:
(Xirapy;) epw;f/ ,uz;lhk; vGj;J xd;wptuj; nkhidf;F KjbyGj;njad;wp mjw;Fhpa (v-fh) foe;j foe;bjhuhh; bra;jhh;f;F mitjhk;
கிள4பைள ேபால - ெசா*னைத ேகC8 bjhLg;gJ mobaJifj; bjhil vdg;gLk;. ,dbtGj;JfSk; xd;wp tUk;. ,jid Koe;jhYk; gPiH jUk;.
ெசத,ெசா(த அறிவ*ைம mfu Kjy vGj;bjy;yhk; Mjp ,dnkhid vd;Wk; fpis nkhid vd;Wk;
gftd; Kjw;nw cyF. tH';Fth;. bghHpg;g[ nkhid: (1/3)
கா(த மா8 கப9ெகாைலய ,f;Fwl;ghtpy; Kjy; mgpapDk; ,uz;lhk; Xuoapy; Kjw;rPhpYk; _d;whk; rPhpYk; tUk;
பா(தாேபால - ேவக moapYk; ‘f’ vd;Dk; ,uz;lhk; vGj;J xj;J nkhid bghHpg;g[ nkhid.
(v-fh) g[idah Xtpak; nghy epw;wYk;
Kw;bwJif: (1/2/3/4) ,d;gj;ijg; gw;wpg; gpwh;f;Ff; Twtpayhjjha; rPh;:
x%c nkhid: (1/4) rPh; Jg;ghh;f;Fj; Jg;gha Jg;ghf;fpj; Jg;ghh;f;Fj; mth;jk; mfj;jhnyna czuf; Toajhd mfk; mirahyhdJ rPh;/ Xuirr; rPh; Kjy;
bgha;ika[k; tha;ik ,lj;j g[iu jPh;j;j Jg;gha J]c kiH. vdg;gl;lJ. ehd;firr; rPh; tiu cs;sd.
Kuz; bjhil:
TiH nkhid: (1/2/3) rPh; Kw;gfy; bra;apd; gpw;gfy; tpisa[k; g[wg;bghUshtJ g[wj;jhh;f;Ff; Twf; Xuirr;rPh;: 2
jhdk; jtkpuz;Lk; j';fh tpaDyfk; Toajha; mike;j mwk;/ bghUs; gw;wpf; Twf; rPh; - tha;ghL
thdk; tH';fh bjdpd;. moKuz;: ToajhFk;. neh; - ehs; neh;g[ - fhR
bfLg;gJ]ck; bfl;lhh;f;Fr; rhh;tha; kw;wh';nf epiu - kyh; epikg[ - gpwg;g[
nkw;fJtha; nkhid: (1/3/4) rPh; vLg;gJ]ck; vy;yhk; kiH. ahg;gpyf;fzk;
,Unrh; ,Utpida[k; nruh ,iwtd; ahg;g[ vd;gjw;Fg; g[yth;fshy; bra;ag; <uirr;rPh;-4:
monjhWk; Kjw;brhy; Kuz;glj; bgWk; bra;a[s; vd;gJ bghUs;. bra;a[s; rPh; tha;ghL
Kw;W nkhid: (1/2/3/4) bjhLg;gJ moKuz;. ,aw;Wtjw;Fhpa ,yf;fzk; ahg;gpyf;fzkhFk;. neh; neh; njkh - ,aw;rPh;
bgw;whh; bgwpd; bgWth; bgz;oh; ahj;jy; - bra;jy;/ fl;Ljy; epiu neh; g[spkh - Mrphpat[hpr;rPh;
bgU";rpwg;g[ ,iz Kuz;: (1/2) vGj;J/ mir/ rPh;/ jis/ mo/ bjhil epiu epiu fUtpsk; - mftYhpr;rPh;
bgha;k;ika[k; tha;ik ,lj;j g[iujPh;j;j vd;gd ahg;gpd; cWg;g[fs; MFk;. neh; epiu Ttpsk; - tpsr;rPh;
vJifj; bjhil: ed;ik gaf;F bkdpd;.
jhdk; jtkpuz;Lk; j';fh tpaDyfk; vGj;J:
thdk; tH';fh bjdpd;. bghHpg;g[ Kuz;: (1/3) KjbyGj;Jk; rhh;bgGj;Jk; Mfpa jis:
• KjbyGj;J msbthj;jpUf;f/ ,uz;lhk; bry;tUj;J Xk;gp tUtpUe;J vGj;Jfs;. 1. kh Kd; epiu - bebuhd;whrphpaj;jis
vGj;J xd;wptuj; bjhLg;gJ vJifj; ghh;j;jpUg;ghd; 2.tpsKd;epiu - epiubahd;whrphpaj;jis
bjhilahFk;. ,g;ghlypy; vJif ey;tpUe;J thdj; jth;f;F. mir: 3. kh Kd; epiu / tps Kd; neh; - ,aw;rPh;
monjhWk; te;jjhy; ,~J x%c Kuz;: (1/4) mir vGj;jhyhdJ/ mirahyhdJ rPh;/ btz;lis
mobaJifahFk;. g[wj;J]a;ik ePuhd; mika[k; mfe;J]a;ik mirahdJ neuir kw;Wk; epiuair vd ,U 4. fha; Kd; neh; - btz;rPh; btz;lis
tha;ikahw; fhzg; gLk;. tifg;gLk;. 5. fha; Kd; epiu - fypj;jis
• ,nj nghd;W Xuoapy; rPh;fs; njhWk;
TiH Kuz;: (1/2/3) 6. fdp Kd; epiu - xd;wpa t";rpj;jis
vJifbgw;W tUtJ rPbuJifahFk;.
fUkplw;wd; br";riled; btz;zPw;wd; neuir: 7. fdp Kd; neh; - xd;whj t";rpj;jis
(v-fh) brhy;Yf brhy;ypw; gaDila brhy;yw;f.
vd;Dk; Fwpy; jdpj;Jk;/ Fwpy; xw;bwLj;Jk;/ beoy;
nkw;fJtha; Kuz;: (1/3/4) jdpj;Jk;/ beoy; xw;bwLj;Jk; tUtd mo:
,izbaJif:
,izbaJif: (1/2)
btz;tj; njhWk; nrahpf; fU';fDk; neuirahFk;. mo Ie;J tifg;gLk;.
bgha;ahik bgha;ahik Mw;wpd; mwk;gw
fPH;f;fJtha; Kuz;: (1/2/4) (v-fh.) 1. brhy; f (neh; neh;) • ,UrPhpidf; bfhz;lJ - Fwso
,Uf;ifa[k; epiya[k; Ve;bjHpy; ,af;fKk; brhy; - Fwpy; xw;bwLj;J te;j neuir
bghHpg;bgJif: (1/3) • Kr;rPhpidf; bfhz;lJ - rpe;jo
Kw;WKuz;: (1/2/3/4) f - Fwpy; jdpj;J te;j neuir.
njhd;wpd; g[fnHhL njhd;Wf m~jpyhh; • ehw;rPhpidf; bfhz;lJ - msto
Jth;tha;j; jP";brhYk; cte;bjdpd; 2. ngh dhd; (neh; neh;)
njhd;wypd; njhd;whik ed;W.
KdpahJ ngh - beoy; jdpj;J te;j neuir • I";rPhpidf; bfhz;lJ - beoyo
x%c vJif: (1/4) dhd; - beoy; xw;bwLj;J te;j neuir. • MWrPh; Kjy; bfhz;lJ - fHpbeoyo
,iag[j; bjhil:
Jizeyk; Mf;fk; jGck; tpideyk;
bfhz;ly; nfhg[uk; mz;ilapy; TLk; epiuair: btz;ghtpd; <w;Wr; rPh;:
ntz;oa vy;yhk; jUk;.
bfhofs; thdk; goju _Lk; Fwpy; beoy; jdpj;J/ Fwpy; beoy; neh; - ehs;
fz;l nguz;lj; jz;liy ehLk; xw;bwLj;Jk;/ ,U Fwpy; ,ize;J ,U Fwpy; epiu - kyh;
TiH vJif: (1/2/3)
fdf Kd;wpy; mdk;tpis ahLk;. xw;Wld; tUtd epiuair MFk;. neh;g[ (neh; neh;) - fhR/ ,jid neh;g[ mir
fgw;W gw;ww;whd; gw;wpid mg;gw;iwg;
bra;a[spd; moapYk; rPh;fspYk; ,Wjp vd;gh;.
gw;Wf gw;W tplw;F.
vGj;njh/ mirnah rPnuh xd;wp tUtJ ,iag[j; (v-fh.) gy - ,U Fwpy; ,ize;J te;j epiuair.
bjhil vdg;gLk;. ,iag[j; bjhila[k; gy kyh; - ,U Fwpy; ,ize;J xw;Wld; te;j epiug[ (epiu neh;) - gpwg;g[/ ,jid epiug[
nkw;fJtha; vJif: (1/3/4)
epiyfspy; tUk; ehl;Lg;g[wg; ghly;fspy; epiuair. mir vd;gh;.
mHf;bfhz;l vy;yhk; mHg;nghk;
fhzyhk;. gyh - Fwpy; beoy; ,ize;J te;j
,Hg;gpDk; gpwgaf;Fk; ew;gh yit.
epiuair. btz;ghtpd; <w;wo/ <w;Wr;rPiu/ <uirr;
bghUs; ,yf;fzk;: fyhk; - Fwpy; beoy; ,ize;J rPuhff; bfhs;sf; TlhJ. btz;ghtpd; <w;woapd;
fPH;f;fJtha; vJif: (1/2/4)
ek; ,yf;fpa';fSf;Fg; ghLbghUs;fshf xw;bwLj;J te;j epiuair. <w;Wr;rPh; neh; neh; vdwpUg;gpd; njkh vd;nwh
xGf;fk; tpGg;gk; juyhd; xGf;fk;
miktd mfg;bghUs;fSk; g[wg;bghUs;fSk; epiuneh; vd;W ,Ug;gpd; g[spkh vd;nwh tha;ghL
caphpDk; Xk;gg; gLk;.
MFk;. mtw;Ws; mfg;bghUhtgJ xj;j md;g[ila TWjy; TlhJ. mtw;Wf;Ff; fhR/ gpwg;g[ vd;;nw
jiytDk;/ jiytpa[k; jhnk jk;Ks; EfUk; tha;ghL Tw ntz;Lk; vd;gij kwj;jy; TlhJ.
Mrphpag;ghtpd; tif: jw;Fwpg;ngw;w mzp: tpsf;fk;:
fhR/ gpwg;g[ Mfpa ,U rPh;fSk; nehpir Mrphpag;gh/ ,izf; jd;+Fwpg;g[+Vw;wk; - jw;Fwpg;ngw;wk;. g[yth; gyUk; ghhp xUtidna
Fw;wpaYfuj;ij ,Wjpahf ciladthf mika Fwshrphpag;gh/ epiy kz;oy; Mrphpag;gh/ mo (Fwpg;g[ - kdf;fUj;J) g[fH;fpd;wdh;. ghhp xUtd; kl;Lkh ifk;khW
ntz;Lk;. Kw;wpaYfuk; rpwg;ghdjd;W/ vdpDk; kwpkz;oy; Mrphpag;gh vd ehd;F tifg;gLk;. ,ay;ghf epfGk; epfH;r;rpapd; kPJ ftp"d; fUjhky; bfhLf;fpd;whd;. khhpa[k; jhd; ifk;khW
Vw;Wf; bfhs;sg;gLk;. jd; fUj;ij Vw;wpf; TWtJ jw;Fwpg;ngw;w fUjhky; bfhLj;J ,t;t[yfk; g[uf;fpd;wJ vd;gJ
mzp: mzpahFk;. ,g;ghlw; bghUs;. ,J ghhpia ,fH;tJ nghyj;
ghtif: “mzpapy;yhj ftpij gzptpy;yhj tdpij” njhd;wpdhYk; ghhpf;F epfuhff; bfhLg;ghhpy;iy
btz;gh/ Mrphpag;gh/ fypg;gh/ t";rpg;gh (v-fh.) “nghUHe; bjLj;j Mbuapy; beL';bfho vd;W g[fH;e;jjhFk;.
vd ehd;F tifg;gLk;. mzp brhy;yzp bghUszp vd ,U thuy; vd;gdnghy; kwpj;Jf; iffhl;l”
tifg;gLk;. rpnyil/ klf;F/ gtkfk;/ jphpg[ -rpyg;gjpfhuk;. ,ul;LwbkhHpjy; mzp:
btz;ghtpd; bghJ ,yf;fzk;: Kjypad brhy;yzpapd; tiffs;. ctik/ xU brhy;nyh/ brhw;bwhlnuh ,U bghUs;
1. Xir: btz;gh brg;gnyhir bgw;W tUk;. cUtfk; Kjyhdit bghUszpira; tpsf;fk;: gl tUtJ ,ul;Lw bkhHpjy; mzpahFk;.
2. mo: <w;wo rpe;joahft[k; Vidaofs; nrh;e;jitahFk;. mzp vd;gjw;F mHF vd;gJ fhw;wpy; bfhof; mirjy; ,ay;ghd ,jidr; rpnyilazp vd;gh;. xU brhy;
mstoahft[k; ,Uf;Fk;. bghUs; bra;a[spy; mike;J fplf;Fk; brhy;yHF/ epfH;r;rpapid nfhtyDk; fz;zfpa[k; kJiu gphpglhky; jdpj;J epd;W gy bghUs; jUtJ
3. rPh;: ,aw;rPUk; btz;rPUk; tUk;. ntw;Wr; bghUsHF Kjypatw;iw tiuaWj;Jf; TWtJ efU; g[Fk;nghJ kjpw;Rthph; cs;s bfhofs; bk;bkhHpr; rpnyil vd;Wk; brhw;bwhlh; gy
rPh;fs; tuhJ. mzp ,yf;fzkhFk;. mire;J bfhz;oUf;fpdwd. mth;fs; kJiu tifahfg; gphpf;fg;gl;Lg; gy bghUl;fisj;
efUf;Fs; te;jhy; nfhtyd; bfhy;yg;gLthd;/ jUtJ gphpbkhHpr;rpnyil vd;Wk; bgah; bgWk;.
4. jis:
jis ,aw;rPh; btz;lisa[k; btz;rPh; gpd;tUepiyazp: fz;zfp bgUe;JaUWths; vd;W fUjp brk;bkhHpr;rpnyil:
btz;lisa[k; tUk;. ntw;Wj; jisfs; tuth. bra;a[spy; Kd;dh; te;j brhy;Yk; kjpw;RthpYs;s bfhofs; ‘tuhjPh;’ vd;W jlj;Jf;
bghUSk; gy Kiw gpd;dUk; tUtJ ifairg;gjhf ,s';nfhtofs; Fwpg;gpLfpwhh;. (v-fh) “t";rpnad; vd;wtd;jd; CUiuj;jhd;
5. Kot[: <w;woapd; <w;Wr;rPh; ehs;/ kyh;/ gpd;tUepiyazpahFk;. mJ brhy; gpd;tUepiy/ ahDktd;
fhR/ gpwg;g[ vd;Dk; tha;g;ghLfSs; xd;wpidf; bghUs;gpd;tUpeiy/ brhy;bghUs; gpd;tUepiy t";rg;g[fH;r;rp mzp: t";rpahd; vd;gjdhy tha;neh;e;njd; -
bfhz;L Koa[k;. vd _d;W tifg;gLk;. xd;widg; g[fH;jiyg; nghy gHpj;jYk;/ t";rpahd;
gHpg;gJ nghyg; g[fH;jYk; t";rg; g[fH;r;rp t";rpnad; t";rpnad; vd;Wiuj;Jk;
btz;ghtpd; tif: brhy;gpd;tUepiyazp:
Uepiyazp: mzpahFk;. t";rpj;jhd;
Fws; btz;gh/ nehpir btz;gh/ ,d;dpir bra;a[spy; Kd;dh; te;j brhy; ntW t";rpaha; t";rpahh; nfh”
btz;gh/ g~bwhil btz;gh/ nehpirr; rpe;jpay; bghUspy; gpd;dUk; gy Kiw tUtJ g[fH;tJ nghyg; gHpj;jy;:
btz;gh/ ,d;dpirr; rpe;jpay; btz;gh vd brhy;gpd;tUepiy mzpahFk;. ,g;ghlYs;s t";rpnad; vd;Dk; brhy;
btz;gh MW tifg;gLk;. njth; midah; fath; mtUe;jhk; ehd; t";rpkh efiur; nrh;e;jtd; vd;w xU
(v-fh.) cs;s Kilik cilik bghUSilik nktd bra;bjhGf yhd;. bghUSk; t";rpf;f khl;nld; vd;w xU bghUSk;
epy;yhJ eP';fp tpLk;. jUfpd;wJ. ,t;thW xU brhy; gphpglhky; epd;W
,f;Fwl;ghtpy; ‘cilik’ vd;Dk; brhy; tpsf;fk;: gybghUs; jUtjhy; ,J brk;bkhHpr;
Mrphpag;gh bghJ ,yf;fzk;: bgw;wpUj;jy;/ cila bghUs; vd ntWgl;l fath;fs; jk;kdk; tpUk;g[k; bray;fisj; rpnyilahFk;.
1. Xir:
Xir Mrphpag;gh mftnyhir bgw;W tUk;. bghUspy; gy Kiw te;Js;jhy; ,J brhy; jLg;ghhpd;wpr; bra;J Kog;gjhy; jhk; tpUk;g[k;
2. mo:
mo mstofisf; bfhz;lJ. gpd;tUepiy mzpahFk;. bray;fisr; bra;a[k; njth;fSf;F xg;ghdth;fs; gphpbkhHpr; rpnyil:
3. rPh;: ,ah;rPh; gapd;Wk; maw;rPh; tputpa[k; tUk;. vd;gJ ,f;Fwl;ghtpd; bghUs;.
fUtps';fdp/ Ttps';fdp Mfpa ,U bghUs;gpd;tUepiyazp: fath;fs; njth;fSf;F xg;ghdth;f; vd;W “MtYld; ghtyUk; MWfhy; tz;odKk;
t";rpa[hpr;rPh;fk; tuhJ. bra;a[spy; xnu bghUs; jUk; gy brhw;fs; g[fHg;gLtJ nghyj; njhd;wpDk; njth;fs; fhtyiur; R{H'; fiyirna”
4.. jis:
jis Mrphpaj;jis gapd;Wk; gpw jis tUtJ bghUs; gpd;tUepiy mzpahFk;. cah;e;j bray;fisna bra;th;. fath;fs; ,g;ghly; mofspy; cs;s fhtyh; vd;w
fye;Jk; tUk;. ,Hpe;j bray;fisna bra;th; vd;gJ Fwpg;ghy; brhy; gphpglhky; epd;W kd;dida[k;/ mr;brhy;ny
5. Kot[
Kot: <w;woapd; <w;Wr;rPh; ‘V’fhuj;jpy; KotJ (v-fh) “mtpH;e;jd njhd;wpayh;e;jd fhah bgwg;gLtjhy; ,J fath;fisg; g[fH;tJ nghyg; fh + myh; vd;W gphpe;J epd;W nrhiyapd; fz;
rpwg;g[ gilj;jJ. gpw <Wfisf; bfhz;Lk; befpH;e;jd neh;Kif Ky;iy - gHpj;jyhFk;. cs;s kyiua[k; Fwpg;gjhy; ,J gphpbkhHpr;
Koa[k;. kfpH;e;jpjH; tpz;ld; bfhd;iw tphpe;j rpnyilahFk;.
6. rpWik/ bgUik: fUtpisbfhz;ld fhe;js; Fiy” gHpg;gJ nghyg; g[fH;jy;:
ghl;od; mst[ _d;wor; rpWika[k; ,g;ghly; kyh;jy; vd;Dk; bghU; juf;Toa ,y;bghUs; ctikazp:
ghLnthd; cs;sf;fUj;jpdst[ bgUika['; mtpH;jy;/ myh;jy;/ befpH;jy;/ tps;sy;/ tphpjy; “ghhp ghhp vd;W gy Vj;jp “Fd;bwGe;J brd;wbjdf;
bfhz;lJ. Mfpa gy brhw;fs; te;Js;sikahy; ,J xUtw; g[fH;th; bre;ehg;g[yth; Fsph;f';if fiuaDfp”
bghUs;gpd;tUepiyazp MFk;. ghhp xUtD ky;yd; Fd;W vGe;J ele;jijg; nghd;W gujd;
khhpa[ Kd;Oz; LyFg[ug;gJnt” f';iff;fiuia mile;jhd; vd;gJ ,g;glhypd;
bghUshFk;. Fd;W vGe;J elg;gJ vd;gJ
cyfpy; eilbgwhj brayhFk;. Mdhy;/ fk;gh; gpd;dh;/ xU fhuzj;jhy; xd;wpypUe;J kw;bwhd;W gue;jJkhd g[fiHf; bfhz;l jkpH;ehL vd;gJ khe;jh;f;F ,dj;jpay;g jhFk; mwpt[ -
mijg; gujDf;F ctik fhl;oa[s;shh;. ntWgl;lbjdf; fhl;LtJ ntw;Wik mzpahFk;. ,jd; bghUs;. ,jpy; g[fH; kpft[k; rpwg;gpj;J/ bghUs; (ctnkak;)
“jPapdhw; Rl;lg[z; cs;shWk; Mwhnj cah;j;jpf; Twg;gl;Ls;sJ. nrh;e;jjd; ,ay;ghjy; - bghJj;jd;ik.
,t;thW g[ytd; cyfpy; ,ay;ghf ,y;yhj ehtpdhw; Rl;l tL” ,g;ghlypy; ctika[k; bghUSk;
bghUis my;yJ epfH;r;rpia ctikahf;fpf; jPapdhy; Rl;l g[z; clk;gpy; njhd;wpdhYk; ,t;thW xU bghUspd; cah;it/ kpft[k; (ctnkaKk;) jdpj;jdpahf epw;f/ ,ilapy;
TWtJ ,y;bghUStikazp MFk;. cs;ns MwptpLk;. Mdhy; ehtpdhy; jPa cah;j;jp/ rpwg;gpj;J mHFglf; TWtJ cah;t[ ‘nghy’ vd;Dk; ctk cUg[k; kiwe;J te;Js;sJ.
brhw;fshy; Rl;lJ tLthfp eP';fhjpUf;Fk; vd;gJ etpw;rp mzpahFk;. ,t;thW ctkhdk; xU bjhlhft[k; ctnkak;
Vfnjr cUtf mzp: ,f;Fwl;ghtpd; bghUs;. (bghUs;) ,d;bdhU bjhluhft[k; mika
gpwtpg; bgU';fly; ePe;Jth; ePe;jhh; “kPJah;e;j ,Unjhs;fs; xspia thhp ,ilapy; ctk cUg[ btspg;gilahf ,y;yhky;
,iwt donruh jhh;. jP cliyr; RLk;/ jPr;brhy; cs;sj;ijr; tPRfpd;w Fd;w';fs;” ghlg;gLtJ vLj;Jf;fhl;L ctik mzp MFk;.
RLk;. RLk; jd;ikahy; jPa[k;/ jPr;brhy;Yk;
,iwtd; mobaDk; g[iziar; nrh;e;jth; xw;Wik cilad. Mdhy; jPg;g[z; MwptpLk;. ,g;ghlyofspy; ntydpd; “,U njhs;fSk; cUtf ctikj; bjhif:
gpwtpg; bgU';fliy ePe;Jth;. mjidr; nruhjth; jPabrhy; cs;sj;jpy; ijj;J Mwhj tLthfj; xsp tPRk; kiyf; Fd;Wfs;’ nghd;wit vdj; ‘kyh;Kfk;’ - ,j;bjhlhpy; ‘kyh;’ xg;gplg;gl;l
mf;fliy ePe;jhky; Jd;g[Wth; vd;gJ njhd;Wk;. ,~J ,uz;ow;FKs;s njhs;fspd; Mw;wiyg; ghujpjhrd; kpifglf; bghUs; ctik - ctkhdk;.
,f;Fwl;ghtpd; bghUs;. ntw;WikahFk;. ,t;thW xw;Wikiaf; Twpg; Twpa[s;shd;. ‘Kfk;’ ngr vLj;Jf; bfhz;l bghs; - ctnkak;
gpd; ntWgLj;jpf; fhl;LtJ ntw;Wik mzpahFk;. bghUs;.
jpUts;Sth; gpwtpiag; bgU';fly; vd epuy; ep
epiw mzp: ctik mzp: nghd;w xg;gpLtij czh;j;Jk; brhy; - ctk
cUtf'; bra;Js;shh;. mjw;nfw;g ,iwtd; md;g[k; mwDk; cilj;jhapd; ,y;thH;f;if cLf;if ,He;jtd; ifnghy M';nf cUg[
moia kuf;fykhf cUtfk; bra;a ntz;Lk;. gz;g[k; gadk; mJ. ,Lf;fz; fistjhk; el;g[. ‘kyh; Kfk;’ vd;gjpy; ‘ctk cUg[‘ ,y;yhjjdhy;
mt;thW bra;ahjjhy; ,~J Vfnjr cUtf mzp ,y;thH;f;ifapd; gz;g[ md;g[ fhl;LtJ. “cLj;jp ,Uf;Fk; Mil ,Lg;ig tpl;L ctikj; bjhif vd;Wk; TWth;.
(xU gFjp kl;Lk;)ahFk;. ,t;thW g[yth;/ ,y;thH;f;if gad;/ mwk; bra;jy; vd;gJ ,jd; befpGk;nghJ mtdJ if tpiue;J brd;W kyh; nghd;w Kfk; vd;gjpy; ctk cUg[k;
bra;a[spy; xU bghUis cUtf"; bra;J fUj;J. mijg;gw;wp rhp bra;a[k;. mijg; nghy btspg;gilahf te;Js;sJ.
mjw;nfw;g ,izahdbjhU kw;bwhU bghUis ,f;Fwl;ghtpy; md;g[k; mwDk; Kjyoapy; ez;gDf;Fj; Jd;gk; te;jt[ld; tpiue;J brd;W bghJthf ctikj; bjhlh;fspy;
cUtf"; bra;ahJ tpl;LtpLtJ Vfnjr cUtf mike;jd. mr;brhw;fnshL Kiwahfg; fhg;gnj rpwe;j el;ghFk; vd;gJ ,f;Fwl;ghtpd; ctkhdk; ntwhft[k;/ ctnkak; ntwhft[k;
mzpahFk;. bghUe;Jk; thpirg;go gz;g[/ gad; vd;Dk; fUj;J. njhd;Wfpd;wd.
brhw;fs; mLj;j moapy; mike;jd. ,jpypUe;J ‘kyh; Kfk;’ vd;gjpy; ctk cUg[ kiwe;J
gpwpJ bkhHpjy; mzp: md;ng gz;ghft[k;/ mwnd gadhft[k; cilaJ. ,jpy; ‘cLf;if ,He;jtd; if’ vd;gJ (bjhf;fp) te;Js;sJ. ,jpy; ‘ctik’ vdg;gLk;.
gPypbka; rhfhLk; mr;rpWk; mg;gz;lk; ,y;ywk; vdg;bghUs; bfhs;s KofpwJ. ,t;thW ctik. ctkhdk; Kd;Dk; ctnkak; vdg;gLk; ‘bghUs;’
rhy kpFj;Jg; bgapd; brhw;fs; thpirg;go epw;gJ epuy; epiw vdg;gLk;. ‘,Lf;fz; fistJ el;g[‘ vd;gJ gpd;Dk; mike;Js;sd
g[yth; jhk; Twf;fUjpa bghUis ctikia Vw;Fk; bghUs; (ctnkak;)
btspg;gilahff; TwhJ/ mjndhL xj;j ,ay;g[ etpw;rp mzp: ெபாருளிலக்கணம்
ntbwhd;wpd; kPJ Vw;wpf; Twp/ fUjpa bghUl;fis Kaw;rp jpUtpid Mf;Fk;;/ Kaw;wpd;ik ‘nghy’ vd;gJ ctk cUg[. அகப்ெபாருள்,புறப்ெபாருள் என்று ெபாருள் இலக்கணம்
czh;j;JtJ gpwpJ bkhHpjy; mzp vdg;gLk;. ,d;ik g[Fj;jp tpLk;. cjt[jy; - bghJj; jd;ik.
ctikiaf; Twp ctnkaj;ijg; bgwitg;gJ இரு வைகப்படும்.
,t;tzpahFk;. ,jid xl;lzp vd;Wk; ,e;jf; Fwspy; Kaw;rp vy;yhtif ,t;thW xU bghUnshL kw;bwhU
tH';Fth;. cah;ita[k; bfhLf;Fk;. Kaw;rp ,y;yhj bghUis ,iza itj;J xg;g[ikg;gLj;jpf;
nkny fz;l Fwspy; kapw;gPyia mst[f;F nrhk;gy; bfhoa tWikaila tz;lhf;fptpLk; TWtJ ctik mzpahFk;. ,jpy; ctk cUg[ mfg;bghUs;:
nky; tz;oapy; Vw;wpdhy; mijj; jh';fhJ vd;gJ ,f;Fwl;ghtpd; bghUs;. btspg;gl te;jpUf;fpwJ vd mwpayhk;. (nghy) mfg;bghUs; gw;wpa xGf;fnk
tz;oapd; mr;R Kwpe;JtpLk;. ,J Fwl;gh jUk; vLj;Jf;fhl;Ltik mzp: mfj;jpizahFk;. jpiz vd;gjw;F xGf;fk;
neuhd bghUshFk;. ,jd; _yk; kd;dd; ,t;thW cs;sij cs;sthW/ ,ay;ghd vd;W bghUs;.
vt;tst[ typika[ilatdha; ,Ue;jhYk;/ Kiwapy; mHFglg; bghUs; tps';FkhW TWtJ epyj;jpapy;ghy; ePh;jphpe;J mw;whFk;
gifth;fis vspath;fs; vd;bwz;zpg; bgUf;fpf; ,ay;g[ etpw;rp mzp vdg;gLk;. ,jidj; jd;ik khe;jh;f;F ,dj;jpay;g jhFk; mwpt[. Fwp";rp/ Ky;iy/ kUjk;/ bea;jy;/ ghiy/
bfhz;nl ,Ue;jhy;/ mtDf;Fj; Jd;gk; neUk;. mzp vd;Wk; TWth;. iff;fpis/ bgUe;jpiz vd mfj;jpizfs; VG
njhy;tp cz;lhFk; vd;gJ ehk; bgWk; ‘jhd; nrh;e;j epyj;jpd; ,ay;g[f;F Vw;g tifg;gLk;. mtw;Ws; Fwp";rp/ Ky;iy/ kUjk;/
bghUshFk;. ts;Sth; ,jpy; ctikia kl;Lk; (etpw;rp/ ethWjy;/ TWjy;) jz;zPh; jd; jd;ik ntWgl;L epw;Fk;. mJnghy bea;jy;/ ghiy vd;gd “md;gpd; Ie;jpiz” vd
Twpg; bghUis czur; bra;Js;shh;. kf;fSila mwpt[k; mtuth; nrh;e;j ,dj;jpd; tH';fg;gLk;.T* அகெபா
cah;t[ etpw;rp mzp: ,ay;g[f;F Vw;g mika[k; vd;gJ ,f;Fwspd; Rறப8.6தெபா,உrெபா,கெபா.
ntw;Wik mzp: thd; g[fH; bfhz;l jkpH;ehL fUj;J.
g[yth; xU bra;a[spy; ,U ,g;ghlyoapy; g[fHpd; kpFjpiaf; fhl;l epyj;jpay;ghy; ePh;jphpe;J mw;whFk; -
bghUl;fSf;Fhpa xw;Wikia Kjypy; Twpg; ‘thd;g[fH;’ vd;Dk; bjhlh; ifahsg;gl;Ls;sJ. ctik
thdst[f;F cah;e;jJk;/ thd; nghyg;
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Kjw;bghUs;: குறிஞ்சி கூடலும் கூடல் நிமித்தமும்(புணதலும்
புணதல் நிமித்தமும்) fUg;bghUs; Fwp";rp Ky;iy kUjk; bea;jy; ghiy
epyKk; bghGJk; vd Kjw;bghUs; ,U
tifg;gLk;. முல்ைல:
KUnfrd; jpUkhy; ,e;jpud;
இருத்தலும் இருத்தல் நிமித்தமும் (காத்து இருத்தல்) bja;tk; tUzd; bfhw;wit
(nrnahd;) khnahd; (nte;jd;)
epyk;: மருதம்:
Fwp";rp - kiya[k; kiy rhh;e;j ,lKk; ஊடலும் ஊடல் நிமித்தமும்
Ky;iy - fhLk; fhl;ilr; rhh;e;j ,lKk; Cud;/ nrh;g;gd;
kUjk; - taYk; tay; rhh;e;j ,lKk; btw;gd; njhd;wy; cHth; gujtd;
ெநய்தல்: vapdh;
bea;jy; - flYk; fly; rhh;e;j ,lKk; kf;fs; Fwtd;/ Mah; cHj;jpah;/
guj;pah; vapw;wpah;
ghiy - twz;l RuKk; Ruk; rhh;e;j ,lKk; இரங்கலும் இரங்கல் நிமித்தமும் Fwj;jpah; Ma;r;rpah; filah;
filr;rpah; ckzh;
bghGJ: பாைல
bgUk;bghGJ/ rpWbghGJ vdg; bghGJ kPd;/ cg;g[ ;iwahly;
,Utifg;gLk;. பிrதலும் பிrதல் நிமித்தமும்.
kiybey;/ bre;bey;/
czt[ tuF/ rhைம khw;whf bgw;w Tல tUk;
jpiz btz;bza;
கருப்ெபாருள்:
bghUs; bghUs;
bgUk;
bgUk;bghGJ:
மக ,இைறவ*,உண,மக ெபா, ேபா typapHe;j
,sntdpw;fhyk;/ KJntdpw;fhyk;/ g[yp/ fuo/ Kay;/
உCபட மறவைற பறி றிப8வ கெபா tpy';F vUik/ ePh; eha; Kjiy / Rwh ahid
fhh;fhyk;/ Fsph;fhyk;/ Kd;gdpf;fhyk;/ rp';fk; khd;,g[yp
ஆ.
gpd;gdpf;fhyk; vd MW tifg;gLk;.
Fwp";rp Ky;iy br';f, ePh;,
,sntdpw;fhyk; - rpj;jpiu/ itfhrp g{
fhe;jd; njhd;wp jhiH ,bea;jy; Futk;, ghjphp
jhkiu
KJntdpw;fhyk; - Mdp/ Mo
fhh;fhyk; - Mtzp/ g[ul;lhrp bfhd;iw/ g[d;id,
Fsph;fhyk; - Ig;grp/ fhh;j;jpif
kuk; mfpy;,nt';if bfhah fh";rp/ kUjk; ,Yg;ig, ghiy
"hHk;
Kd;gdpf;fhyk; - khh;fHp/ ij
gpd;gdpf;fhyk; - khrp/ g';Fdp ehiu/
gwit கிள4, fhl;Lf; nfhHp
ePH;f;nfhHp/ flw;fhfk;
g[wh
rpWbghGJ : xU ehspd; MW TWfs; TWfs kapy; gUe;J
fhiy - fhiy 6 kzp Ky; 10 tiu kapy; md;dk;
ez;gfy;; - 10 kzp - 2kzp tiu
எw;ghL 2- 6 (எw;ghL - vy;+ghL/ vy; - "hapW/ ghL-
gho/ ng%h;
Ch; rpWFo gl;odk; ghf;fk; FWk;g[
kiwa[k; neuk;) nrhp _J]h;
khiy 6-10 tiu
ahkk; 10 - 2 tiu kidf; tw;wpa Rid
ePh; mUtp ePh;, fhl;lhW kz; fpzW/ fpzW
itfiw 2-6 tiu RideP fpzW,bgha;if cth;f;fHp
jpiza[k; bghGJk;
kzKHh/
jpiz bgUk;bghGJ rpWbghGJ giw bjhz;lfk; VWnfhl;giw kPd; nfhl;giw Jo
bey;yhp fpiz
Fwp";rp Fsph;fhyk;/ ahkk;
Kd;gdpf;fhyk; gz; Fwp";rp Ky;iy kUjk; brt;tHpg; gz; g";Ruk;
Ky;iy fhh;fhyk; khiy
VW j,jy; bey;mhpjy;,fis kPd;
kUjk; MwbgUk; bghGJfs; itfiw bjhHpy; ேத*,fpH';F epiu nka;j;jy; எ8த cg;g[
tHpg;gwp
bea;jy; MW bgUk; vw;ghL
bghGJfs;
ghiy ,sntdpy;/KJntdpy; ez;gfy;
gpd;gdp
உrப்ெபாருள்:
மக ,தைலவ* தைலவய* உணUசிக பறி
றிப8வ உrெபா.
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g[[wg;bghUs;fs;:mwk;/ bghUs;/ tPL gw;wpa[k; fy;tp/ 7. Jk;igj; jpiz: பிrவு-ஆ

tPuk;/ bfhil Kjypad gw;wpa[k; TWtJ gifnte;jh; ,UtUk; jj;jk; gilfSld; 9. g[we;JWg;g[ vy;yhk; vtd;bra;a[k; ahf;if
g[wg;bghUshFk;. jd;dyk; fUjhJ btw;wp xd;iwna fUjp Kg;ghy; (jpUf;
(jpUf;Fws); mfj;JWg;g[ md;gp yth;f;F
Cf;fj;njhL nghhpLjy; Jk;igj; jpizahFk;. md;g[lik bghUs; : be";rpy; md;g[ ,y;yhjth;f;F iffhy;
btl;rp/ fue;ij/ t";rp/ fh";rp/ behr;rp/ ,jw;F Jk;igg; g{it R{Ljy; kug[. 1. md;gpw;Fk; cz;nlh milf;Fk;jhH; Mh;tyh; nghd;w cly; cWg;g[fshy; vd;d gad;?.
cHpi"/ Jk;ig/ thif/ ghlhz;/ bghJtpay;/ g[d;fzPh; g{ry; jUk;
iff;fpis/ bgUe;jpiz vdg; g[wj;jpizfs; 8. thifj; jpiz: bghUs; : md;ig milj;J itf;f jhH;g;ghs; 10. md;gpd; tHpaJ caph;epiy m~jpyhh;f;F
gd;dpuz;L tifg;gLk;. nghhpLk; nte;jUs; btw;wp bgWgtd; ,y;iy. md;g[f;Fhpatdpd; Jd;gj;ijg; ghh;j;jJnk vd;g[njhy; nghh;j;j clk;g[
thifg;g{it R{o kfpH;thd;. ,J thifj; ed; md;g[ fz;zPuhf btspg;gl;L epw;Fk;. bghUs; : md;g[ bra;tJjhd; clk;gpy; capy;
1. btl;rpj; jpiz: jpizahFk; ,Ug;gjw;F milahsk;. md;gpy;yhjth; clk;g[
gif ehl;od; kPJ nghh; bjhL;ff tpUk;g[k; 2. md;gpyhh; vy;yhk; jkf;Fhpah; md;g[ilahh; btWk; njhyhy; _lg;gl;l vYk;g[jhd;. m';F caph;
murk; me;ehl;oYs;s gRf;Tl;l';fSf;F 9. ghlhz; jpiz: vd;g[k; chpah; gpwh;f;F ,y;iy.
nghuhy; Jd;gk; neuf; TlhJ vd;gj;wfhfg; ,J kd;ddpd; g[fH;/ typik/ bfhil/ bghUs; : md;gpy;yhjth; vy;yhg; bghUSk; jkf;F
ehl;oYs;s gRf; Tl;l';fis fth;e;J tur; ,uf;fk; Kjypatw;iwg; g[fH;jy; ghlhz; kl;Lk; chpaJ vd;W vz;Qgth;. md;g[ gz;g[lik
bra;thd;. mt;thW epiuftur; bry;Yk; tPuh;fs; jpizahFk;. cilatnuh jk; cly;/ bghUs;/ Mtp Mfpa
btl;rpg;g{itr; R{or; bry;th;. mJnt btl;rpj; midj;Jk; gpwUf;bfd vz;zpLth;. 1. vz;gjj;jhy; va;jy; vspbjd;g ahh;khl;Lk;
jpizahFk;. 10. bghJtpay; jpiz: gz;g[lik vd;Dk; tHf;F
btl;rp Kjy; ghlhz; <whf cs;s 3. md;nghL ,iae;j tHf;Fvd;g MUaph;f;F bghUs; : ahhplj;Jk; vspikahfg; gHfpdhy;
2. fue;ijj; jpiz: g[wj;jpizf; bfy;yhk; bghJthf cs;sdt[k; vd;nghL ,iae;j bjhlh;g[ gz;g[lik vd;Dk; ed;bewpia miljy; vspJ.
btl;rp tPuh;fshy; fth;e;J bry;yg;gLk; mtw;Ws; Twg;glhjdt[k; Mfpa bra;jpfisf; bghUs; : clk;nghL caph; ,ize;J ,Ug;gJ nghy/
jk; ehl;L Mdpiufis kPl;fr; bry;nthh; TWtJ bghJtpay; jpizahFk;. thH;f;if bewpnahL md;g[ ,ize;J ,Uf;fpwJ. 2. md;g[lik Md;w Fogpwj;jy; ,t;tpuz;Lk;
fue;ijg; g{itr; R{or; brd;W kPl;gh;. mJ gz;g[lik vd;Dk; tHf;F
fue;ijj; jpizahFk;. 11. iff;fpisj; jpiz: 4. md;g[ <Dk; Mh;tk; cilik mJ<Dk; bghUs; : md;g[ilatuhfj; jpfH;jy;/ cah;e;j
iff;fpis vd;gJ xU jiyf; fjhjy;. ez;g[vd;Dk; ehlhr; rpwg;g[ Fog;gpwg;g[ Mfpa ,t;tpuz;Lk; gz;ghshpd; ,ay;g[.
3. t";rpj; jpiz: ,J Mz;ghw; Tw;W/ bgz;ghw; Tw;W vd ,U bghUs; : md;g[ tpUg;gj;ijj; jUk;. tpUg;gk;
kz;zhirahy; gifth; ehl;ilf; tifg;gLk;. midthplKk; el;g[ bfhs;Sk; bgU";rpwg;igj; 3. cWg;bghj;jy; kf;fshg;g[ md;why;
ifg;gw;wf; fUjpg; nghUf;Fr; bry;Yk; murd; jUk;. btWf;fj;jf;f
t";rpg;g{it R{or; bry;thd;. mJ t";rpj; 12. bgUe;jpiz: bgUe;jpizahtJ gz;bghj;jy; xg;gjhk; xg;g[
jpizahFk;. bghUe;jhf;fhkk;. ,J Mz;ghw; Tw;W/ 5. md;g[w;W mkh;e;j tHf;F vd;g itafj;J bghUs; : clk;ghy; xj;jpUj;jy; kf;fnshL xg;g[ik
bgz;ghw;Tw;W vd ,U tifg;gLk;. ,d;g[w;whh; va;Jk; rpwg;g[ md;W. bghUe;jj;jf;f gz;ghy; xj;jpUe;jhny
4. fh";rpj; jpiz: bghUs; : md;nghL bghUe;jpa thH;f;if bewpiaf; kf;fshff; bfhs;sj;jf;f xg;g[ikahFk;.
Xh; murd; jd; ehl;od; kPJ nghh; Fwpj;J filgpoj;jth; cyfj;jpy; kfpH;r;rp cilath; Mth;.
te;j khw;wurndhL vjph; brd;W nghh; g[hpjy; 4. eabdhL ed;wpg[hpe;j gaDilahh;
fh";rpj; jpizahFk;. mtd ;fh";rpg;g{it R{or; 6. mwj;jpw;nf md;g[rhh;g[ vd;g mwpahh; gz;g[gh uhl;Lk; cyF
bry;thd;. kwj;jpw;Fk; m~nj Jiz bghUs; : neh;ikiaa[k;/ mwj;ija[k; bfhz;L
5. cHpi"j; jpiz: bghUs; : md;g[ mwj;ij kl;Lk; rhh;e;jJ vd;W gpwh;f;F cjt ntz;Lk;. mj;jifa gz;ghsiuna
khw;wurdpd; nfhl;ilia ehw;g[w"; R{H;e;j TWnthh; mwpahjth;/ tPuj;jpw;Fk; md;g[jhd; Jiz. cyfk; nghw;Wk;.
bghGJ jd; gilfld; mjDl; g[Fe;J mjidf;
ifg;gw;Wjy; MFk;. nfhl;ilia 7. vd;gpyjid btapy;nghyf; fha[nk 5. eifa[s;Sk; ,d;dhJ ,fH;r;rp gifa[s;Sk;
Kw;WifapLjy; cHpi" MFk;. tPuh;fs; md;gp yjid mwk; gz;g[s ghlwpthhh; khl;L
cHpi"g; g{itr; R{Lth;. bghUs; : vYk;gpy;yhj caph;fis btapy; tUj;jp bghUs; : tpisahl;lhf xUtiu ,fH;e;J ngRjYk;
mHpg;gJ nghy; md;gpy;yhj caph;fis mwk; tUj;jp Jd;gj;ij jUk;. gpwUila ,ay;ig mwpe;J
6. behr;rpj; jpiz: mHpf;Fk;. elg;gthplj;jpy; gifiaapUg;gpd; ey;y gz;g[fs;
gifaurdhy; Kw;Wifaplg;gl;l jk; ,Uf;Fk;.
kjpiy mk; kjpYf;Fhpa murd; cs;spUe;J
btspna ,Uf;Fk; giftnuhL nghhpLjy;. kjpy; 8. md;gfj;J ,y;yh caph;thH;f;if td;ghw;fz; 6. gz;g[ilahh;g; gl;Lz;L cyfk; mJtpd;nwy;
fhf;Fk; tPuh; behr;rpg; g{it R{Lth;. tw;wy; kuk;jsph;j; jw;W kz;g[f;F kha;tJ kd;
bghUs; : ghiy epyj;jpy; cs;s thog;nghd kuk; bghUs; : cyfk; gz;g[ilath;fshny epiybgw;W
jsph;f;fhJ. mJnghy be";rpy; md;g[ ,y;yhj ,Uf;fpwJ. ,y;iybadpy; ,t;t[yfk; kz;nzhL
kdpjh; thH;f;if jsph;f;fhJ. kz;zhfg; ngha;tpLk;.
tpl;Lg; gphpa[k;nghJ ,dp ,tiu vg;nghJ fhz;nghk; bghUs; : brtpf;Fzthfpa ey;ywpt[ fpilf;fhj bghUs; : nfs;tpapd; thapyhf brtpr;Rit
7. muk;nghYk; Th;ikanuDk; kuk;nghy;th; vd vz;zpg; gphptJk; g[ythpd; ,ay;ghFk;. bghGjpy; tapw;Wf;Fk; rpwpjst[ czt[ czuhJ/cztpd; thapyhf tha;r;Rit kl;Lnk
kf;fl; gz;(g[) ,y;yhjth; mspf;fg;gLk;. czUk; kf;fs; ,we;jhYk; vd;d? thH;e;jhYk;
bghUs; : muk; nghd;w Th;ikahd mwpt[ilatuhf 5. cilahh;Kd; ,y;yhh;nghy; Vf;fw;Wk; fw;whh; vd;d?
,Ug;gpDk; kf;fSf;Fhpa gz;g[ ,y;yhjth; filanu fy;yh jth; 3. brtpa[ztpd; nfs;tp cilahh; mtpa[ztpd;
Xuwpt[ila kukhfnt fUjg;gLthh;. bghUs; : bry;th;Kd; ViH ,ue;J epw;gJ nghyf; Md;nwhnuh blhg;gh; epyj;J mwpt[lik
(muk; - thisf; Th;ikahf;Fk; fUtp) fw;wth;Kd; gzpe;J fw;gtnu cah;e;jth;/ gzpe;J bghUs; : brtpa[zthfpa nfs;tpapid cilath;
fy;yhjth; jhH;e;jth;. ,t;t[yfpy; thH;e;jhYk; mt;t[tpidf; bfhs;Sk; 1. mwptw;w'; fhf;Fk; fUtp brWthh;f;Fk;
8. ez;ghw;wh uhfp eakpy bra;thh;f;Fk; njth;fSf;F epfuhth;. cs;sHpf;f yhfh muz;
gz;ghw;wh uhjy; fil 6. bjhl;lidj;J CWk; kzw;nfzp khe;jh;f;F bghUs; : xUtDf;F mwpt[ mHpt[ Vw;glhky;
bghUs; : el;g[f;bfhs;s ,ayhjtuha;j; jPik fw;widj;J CWk; mwpt[ 4. fw;wpyd; MapDk; nfl;f m~bjhUtw;(F) ghJfhf;Fk; fUtp gifth;fshYk; mHpf;f Koahj
bra;gthplj;jpYk; gz;g[ilatuha;g; gHf ,ayhjJ bghUs; : kzw;gh';fhd ,lj;jpy; njhz;lj;njhz;l Vw;fj;jpd; Cw;whe; Jiz ghJfhg;g[ muz; MFk;.
,Hpthd brayhFk;. ePh; Ruf;Fk;. mJnghy kf;fs; E]y;fisf; fw;f fw;f bghUs; : xUtd; fw;f tha;g;g[ ,y;yhky; ,Ue;jhYk; ;
mth;jk; mwpt[ tsUk;. fw;whhplk; nfl;lwpa ntz;Lk;. thH;f;ifapy;
9. efy;ty;yh; my;yhh;f;F khapU "hyk; jsh;r;rpa[Wk;nghJ mf;nfs;tpawpt[ mtDf;F 2. brd;w ,lj;jhw; brytplh jPbjhhP,
gfYk;ghw; gl;ld; wpUs; 7. ahjhDk; ehlhky; Cuhkhy; vd;bdhUtd; Cd;Wnfhy; nghyj; Jizahf epw;Fk; ed;wpd;gh Ya;g;g jwpt[
bghUs; : gpwnuhL gHfpg; ngrp kfpH ,ayhjth;f;F rhe;Jiza[k; fy;yhj thW bghUs; : kdk; nghFk; nghf;fpy; nghfhky;
kpfg;bghpa ,t;t[yfk; gfypYk; ,Ushfnt bghUs; : fw;wtDf;F ve;j ehLk; jd; ehlhFk;. ve;j 5. ,Gf;fy; cila[Hp Cw;Wf;nfhy; mw;nw jPikiaj; jtph;j;J ed;ikia bra;tJ mwpt[
njhd;Wk;. CUk; jd; CuhFk;. ,jid mwpe;Jk; rpyh; xGf;fk; cilahh;tha;r; brhy;
rhFk;tiu fw;fhky; ,Ug;gJ Vd;? bghUs; : tHf;Ffpd;w epyj;jpy; Cd;Wnfhy; 3. vg;bghUs; ahh;ahh;tha;f; nfl;gpDk; mg;bghUs;
10. gz;gpyhd; bgw;w bgU";bry;tk; ed;ghy; cjt[tJnghy/ ey;byhGf;fk; kpf;f bghpnahhpd; bka;g;bghUs; fhz;g jwpt[
fye;jPik ahy;jphpe; jw;W 8. xUikf;fz; jhd;fw;w fy;tp xUtw;F tha;r;brhw;fs; thH;f;iff;F vd;Wk; cjt[k;. bghUs; : ve;j bra;jpia ahh; TwpdhYk;
bghUs; : gz;gpyhjtd; bgw;w bgU";bry;tkhdJ VH;ika[k; Vkhg;g[ cilj;J mr;bra;jpapd; cz;ik mwpe;J mjid Vw;f
ghj;jpuj;jpd; jd;ikahy; ey;y ghy; jphptJ bghUs; : xU gpwg;gpy; jhd; fw;Wf;bfhs;Sk; 6. vidj;jhDk; ey;yit nfl;f midj;jhDk; ntz;Lk;.
nghd;wJ. ey;ywpt[/ ,dp vGk; gpwtpfSf;Fk; ghJfg;g[j; jUk;. Md;w bgUik jUk;
bghUs; : vtUk; mwp"hpd; ey;Yiufis nfl;f 4.vz;bghUs; thfr; bryr;brhy;yj; jhd;gpwh;tha;
fy;tp 9. jhk;,d; g[WtJ cyF,d; g[wf;fz;L ntz;Lk;. me;ey;Yiw vt;tst[ rpwpnjahapDk; Ez;bghUs; fhz;g jwpt[
fhKWth; fw;wwpe; jhh; mjid gpd;gw;WgtUf;F epiwe;j bgUikia mJ
1. fw;f frlwf; fw;git fw;wgpd; bghUs; : jh';fs; ,d;gk; mila[k; fy;tpahy; njoj; jUk;. bghUs; : nfl;gth;fSf;F g[hpa[k; tifapy;
epw;f mjw;Fj; jf cyfk; ,d;gk; miltijf; fz;L/ fw;wth; vspikahd Ez;ikahd fUj;Jf;fisa[k;
bghUs; : E]y;fisf; Fw;wkwf; fw;fntz;Lk;. nkd;nkYk; fw;f tpUk;g[th;. 7. gpiHj;Jzh;e;Jk; ngijik brhy;yhh; TWtnj mwpt[ilahh; rpwg;g[.
fw;wgo elf;f ntz;Lk;. ,iHj;Jzh;e; (J) 5. cyfe; jHP,a bjhl;gk; kyh;jY';
10. nfoy; tpGr;bry;tk; fy;tp xUtw;F <z;oa nfs;tpath; Tk;gY kpy;y jwpt[
2. vz;vd;g Vid vGj;bjd;g ,t;tpuz;Lk; khly;y kw;iw ait bghUs; : El;gkhf Ma;e;jwpe;j nfs;tp bghUs; : cyfk; jGtp elg;gnj mwpt[/ bjspt[k;
fz;vd;g thGk; caph;f;F bghUs; : xUtDf;F mHpahj bry;tk; fy;tpahFk;. mwpt[ilath; jtwhf czh;e;jpUe;jhYk; fyf;fk; khwp khwp tuhky; ,Ug;gnj mwpt[.
bghUs; : vz;Qk; vGj;Jk; Mfpa ,t;tpuz;Lk; fy;tp jtpu kw;w bry;t';fs; vy;yhk; bry;t';fs; xUbghGJk; ,Hpbrhw;fisf; Twkhl;lhh;. 6. lt;t Jiwt Jyf Kyfj;njh
kdpjh;fSf;F ,U fz;fs; vdf; TWth;. MfhJ. kt;t Jiwt jwpt[
(vz; - vz;fs;/ fzpjk;/ vGj;J - ,yf;fz 8. nfl;gpDk; nfshj; jifant nfs;tpahy; (mDgtk; tha;e;j bghpath;fs; elg;gJ nghy;
,yf;fpa';fs;) nfs;tp njhl;fg; glhj brtp elg;gnj mwpt[ilik MFk;)
bghUs; : nfs;tpahy; Jisf;fg;glhj brtpfSf;F 7. mwpt[ilahd; Mt jwpthh; mwptyhh;
3. fz;cilath; vd;gth; fw;nwhh; Kfj;jpuz;L 1. bry;tj;Js; bry;tk; brtpr;bry;tk; nfl;Fk; jd;ik ,Ug;gpDk; nfshj brtpfshfnt m~jwp fy;yh jth;
g[z;cilah; fy;yhjth; mr;bry;tk; fUjg;gLk;. (bra;a[k; braypd; gpd; tpist[ mwpe;J
bghUs; : fy;tp fw;wth; fz; cilath;/ fy;yhjth; bry;tj;Js; vy;yhk; jiy ; bra;gth;mwptilath;/ mt;thW bra;ahjth;
Kfj;jpy; ,uz;L g[z;Qilath; Mth;. bghUs; : bry;t';fSs; rpwe;jJ nfs;tpr; bry;tk;. 9. Ez';fpa nfs;tpa uy;yhy; tz';fpa mwptpy;yhjth;)
mJnt bry;t';fs; midj;jpw;Fk; Kjd;ikahdJ. thapd uhjy; mhpJ 8. m";Rt j";rhik ngijik m";Rt
4. ctg;gj; jiyf;To cs;sg; gphpjy; bghUs; : El;gkhfpa nfs;tpawpt[ ,y;yhjth; j";ry; mwpthh; bjhHpy;
midj;nj g[yth; bjhHpy; 2. brtpf;Fzt[ ,y;yhj nghH;J rpwpJ gzpthd brhw;fisg; ngRtjpy;iy.
bghUs; : mwptpy; rpwe;j g[yth;fSld; tapw;Wf;Fk; <ag; gLk; 10. brtpapd; Rita[zuh tha[zh;tpd; khf;fs; (gag;glntz;oatw;Wf;F gag;glt[k;
ngrpg;gHFk;nghJ kfpH;r;rpahf ,Ug;gJk;/ mth;fis mtpapDk; thHpDk; vd; gaf;Tlhjtw;Wf;F gag;glhkYk; ,Uj;jy; mwpt[
9. vjpujhf; fhf;Fk;mwptpdhh;fpy;iy
mjpu tUtnjhh; neha; gpwg;g[j;njhWk; gpwtpfspYk; jd; gaidj; je;J ,Gf;fk; - xGf;fk; ,y;yhjth; bghiwa[ilik
(gpd; tu ,Ug;gij Kd;dnu mwpe;J mjidj; bfhz;nl ,Uf;Fk; vd;gJ ,jd; fUj;J 1. mfy;thiuj; jh';Fk; epyk; nghyj; jk;ik
jLg;gtUf;F mjph;r;rp jUk; Jd;g';fs; tuhJ. ctikazp 4. kwg;gpD nkhj;Jf; bfhsyhFk; ghh;g;ghd; ,fH;thh;g; bghWj;jy; jiy
10. mwpt[ilahh; vy;yh Kilahh; mwptpyhh; 7. ahfhth uhapDk; ehfhf;f : fhthf;fhy; gpwg;bghGf;f'; Fd;wf; bfLk;. (epykhdJ jd;idj; njhz;Lgtiua[k; jh';FtJ
vd;Dila nuD kpyh; nrhfhg;gh; brhy;ypGf;fg;gl;L xUtd; jhd; fw;w fy;tpia kwe;jhYk; mjid nghyj; jk;ik ,Hpt[g;gLj;Jnthiug; bghWj;Jf;
(fy;tp nfs;tpfshy; epuk;gpa mwpt[ilath;fs; gpw (xUtd; vijf; fhf;fj; jtwpdhYk; jdJ ehf;iff; kPz;Lk; fw;W bfhs;s ,aYk;. Mdhy; xGf;fk; bfhs;tnj rpwe;j gz;g[)
bghUl; bry;t';fisg; bgwhtpl;lhYk; vy;yhk; fhf;f ntz;Lk;. ,y;iybad;why; brhy; Fw;wj;jhy; Fiwe;jhy;/ mjDila Fog;gpwg;gpd; rpwg;g[ mHpe;J
cilath;fshfnt kjpf;fg;gLthh;; Jd;gg;gLth;.; nghFk;. mzp : ctik mzp.
8. xd;whDe; jPr;brhw; bghUl;ga Dz;lhapd;
mlf;fKilik ed;whfh jhfp tpLk;. 5. mGf;fhWilahd;fz; Mf;fk; nghd; wpy;iy 2. bghWj;jy; ,wg;gpid vd;Wk; mjid
(jPik gaf;Fk brhw;fshy; gpwh;f;F tUk; Jd;gk; xGf;fk; ,yhd;fz; cah;t[. kwj;jy; mjpdpDk; ed;W
1. mlf;fk; mkuUs; ca;f;Fk; ml';fhik xd;nwahdhYk;. xUtd; bra;j gy ew;bray;fshy; (bghwhik cilatdplk; bry;tk; epiyf;fhJ
MhpUs; ca;j;J tpLk; mtDf;F tUk; ed;ik jPikahfnt Koa[k;.) mJ nghy;xGf;fk; ,y;yhjtdplj;jpy; cah;t[ bghUs; : gpwh; bra;a[k; Jd;g';fisg; bghWj;Jf;
(mlf;fk; cilatd; njtUs; itf;fgLthd;. ,Uf;fhJ. bfhs;Sjy; rpwe;jJ. mj;Jd;gj;ij kwe;J tpLjy;
mlf;fk; ,y;yhjtd; eP';fhj ,Uspy; (eufj;jpy;) 9. jPapdhw; Rl;lg[z; cs;hWk; Mwhnj mijtplr; rpwe;jJ.
ehtpdhw; Rl;ltL. mzp : ctik mzp.
js;sg;gLthd;)
2. fhf;f bghUsh mlf;fj;ij/ Mf;fk; (jPapdhy; Rl;lg[z; MwptpLk;/ Mdhy; 3. ,d;ika[s; ,d;ik tpUe;bjhuhy; td;ika[s;
ehf;fpdhy; ngrpajhy; Vw;wg;gl;l jGk;g[ vg;nghJk; 6. xGf;fj;jpd; xy;fhh; cunthh;,Gf;fj;jpd; td;ik klthh;g; bghiw
mjdpD] c'; fpy;iy caph;f;F Vjk; gLghf; fwpe;J
(mlf;fj;ij xU bry;tkhf kjpj;Jf; fhf;f MwhJ.)
,yf;fzf;Fwpg;g[ bghUs; : xGf;fk; jtWjyhy; Vw;gLk; Fw;w';fis bghUs; : tpUe;jpdh;fis tuntw;f ,ayhJ
ntz;Lk. xUtDf;F ed;ik jUtJ ,ijtpl ntW ed;Fzh;e;j kdtypik kpf;nfhh;/ mt;bthGf;f
xd;Wk; ,y;iy.; ,e;j jpUf;Fws; - ntw;Wikazpapy; jtph;f;Fk; epiy/ tWika[s; bfhoa tWikahFk;.
mike;J cs;sJ. (jPg;g[z; fL";brhy;yhy; bewpapypUe;J rpwpJk; tpyf khl;lhh;. mJnghy/ mwptw;whh; bra;a[k; jP';Ffisg;
3. brwptwpe;J rPh;ik gaf;Fk; mwptwe; cz;lhfpa g[z; ,uz;Lk; RLifahy; xd;nw vd;W bghWj;Jf; bfhs;Sjy; typika[s; rpwe;j
Twp xw;Wikg;gLj;jpg; gpd; jPg;g[z; MwptpLk;. 7. xGf;fj;jpd; va;Jth; nkd;ik ,Gf;fj;jpd; typikahFk;.
jhw;wp il'fg;bgwpd; va;Jth; va;jhg;gHP
(rKjhaj;jpy; ml';fp elg;gnj mwpt[ilik ehtpdhw; Rl;lJ MwhJ vd;W ntWgLj;Jjyhy;
ntw;Wikazp Mapw;W. (xGf;fk; cilath; nkd;ik milth; : xGf;fk; mzp : vLj;Jf;fhl;L ctikazp’
vd;gJ mwpe;J xUtd; bray;gl;lhy; mtd; ,y;yhjth; milaf;Tlhj gHpia milth;)
rhd;nwhuhy; ed;F ghuhl;lg;gLthd;)
10. fj';fhj;Jf; fw;wl';f yhw;Wthd; brt;tp 4. epiwa[ilik - eP';fhik ntz;od;
mwk;ghh;f;Fk; Mw;wpd; EiHe;J 8. ed;wpf;F tpj;jhFk; ey;byhGf;fk; bghiwa[ilik
4. epiyapw; wphpah jl';fpahd; nwhw;wk; jPbagGf;fk;
kiyapDk; khiag; bghpJ (nfhgk; bfhs;shky; mwpt[k; mlf;fKk; nghw;wp xGfg;gLk;.
cilatid mila ntz;Lk; vd;W mwf;flt[s; vd;Wk; ,Lk;ig jUk;.
fhyk; ghh;j;jpUg;ghh;. ey;byhGf;fk; vd;gJ ed;ik vd;Dk; bghUs; :
,t;thH;f;ifapy; ,Ue;J bfhz;nl bka;/ tpist[fisg; bghWtjw;fhd tpijahFk;.
tha;/ fz;/ _f;F brtp Mfpa Ie;J bghwpfisa[k; ew;Fz';fs; ek;ik tplL eP';fhjpUf;f
xGf;fKilik : jPbahGf;fnkh vg;bghGJk; Jd;gj;ijna ntz;Lkhdhy;/ bghWikiag; nghw;wpf; fhj;jy;
jk; g[yd;fspd; tHpahf bewp jtwpr; bry;y tplhky; tpisthfj; jUk;
mlf;Fk; ,y;ywj; jhdpd; bgUkpj;njhw;wk; cah;e;j 1. xGf;fk; tpGg;gk; juyhd; xGf;fk; ntz;Lk;.
rpfu';fis cila tskhd kiyia tplg; gd; caphpDk; xk;gg;gLk;
(xUtw;F midj;Jr; rpwg;g[fisa[k; jUtJ 9. xGf;fk; cilath;f; bfhy;yhnt jPa 5. xWj;jhiu xd;whf itahnu itg;gh;
kl';F bghypt[ilajhFk;. tGf;fpa[k; thahw; brhyy;
xGf;fnk. Mjyhy; mt;bthGf;fj;ij caphpDk; bghWj;jhiug; bghd;nghw; bghjpe;J
nkyhdjhff; fUjpf; fhj;jy; ntz;Lk;.; (ey;byhGf;fk; cilnahuhy; jtwpa[k; jk;
5. vy;yhh;f;Fk; ed;whk; gzpjy; : mtUs;Sk; thahy; jPik jUk; brhw;fisr; brhy;y ,ayhJ)
bry;th;f;nf bry;te; jifj;J bghUs; : gpwh; bra;a[k; jP';fpizg; bghWj;Jf;
2. ghpe;njhk;gpf; fhf;f xGf;fk; bjhpe;njhk;gpj; ,yf;fzf; Fwpg;g[ : brhyy; - bjhHpw;bgah;. bfhs;shky; jz;og;gtiur; rhd;nwhh; xU
(brUf;F ,y;yhky; mlf;fkhf thH;jy; kf;fs;
vy;yhh;f;Fk; ed;ik gaf;Fk; vd;whYk; fy;tp/ njhpDk; m~nj Jiz. bghUl;lhf kjpf;fkhl;lhh;. Mdhy; bghWj;Jf;
(vk; Kiwapy; Muha;e;J ghh;j;jhYk; xGf;fnk ey;y 10. cyfj;njh blhl;l xGfy; gyfw;Wk; bfhs;gtiu bghd; nghy; kjpj;J kdj;Js; itj;Jg;
bry;tk;/ gjtp Kjypatw;iwath;fspdlk; fy;yhh; mwptpyh jhh;.
mlf;fkhdJ kw;bwhU rPhpa bry;tkhff; fUjg;gLk;. Jiz MFk;. xGf;fj;ija[k; fhg;gJ fodkhdhYk; nghw;Wth;.
vg;ghLgl;lhtJ mjid tpUk;gp fhj;jy; ntz;Lk;. (cah;e;jhnuhL bghUe;jp thGk; fy;tpiaf;
fy;yhjth;. vt;tst[jhd; fw;wpUe;jhYk; 6. xWj;jhh;f; bfhUehis ,d;gk; bghWj;jhh;f;Fg;
6. xUika[s; Miknghy;Ie;jlf;f yhw;wpd; mwptpy;yhjtnu Mthh;)
vGika[k; Vkhg; g[ilj;J 3. xGf;f Kilik Foik ,Gf;fk; bghd;Wk; Jiza[k; g[fH;
(Mikiag; nghy; ,y;ywj;jhd; xUtd; ,g;gpwg;gpy; ,Hpe;j gpwg;gha; tpLk;
Ie;J bghwpfisa[k; mlf;f ty;ytdhapd; (xGf;fk; cs;stnu cah; Foapdh;/ mt;bthGf;fk; bghUs; : gpwh; bra;a[k; jPikiag; bghWj;Jf;
mt;thw;wy; mtDf;Fg; gpd;dh; tUfpd;w ,y;yhjth; ,Hp Foapdh;) bfhs;shJ jz;oj;jth;f;F xU ehs; kl;Lk; Mdhy;
,d;gk; fpl;Lk;. bghWj;Jf; bfhz;lthpd; g[fH; cyfk; ,jpy; ctikmzp ,lk; bgw;Ws;sJ. bghUSzh;e;J bghUj;Jf. bra;ahik bra;ahik ed;W
cs;s tiuf;Fk; epiyj;J epw;Fk;. 4. eFjw; bghUl;ld;W el;ly; kpFjpf;fz; 1. ngijahh;el;g[ - (m) cLf;if ,He;jth; if
nkw;brd;W ,oj;jhw; bghUl;L nghd;wJ bghUs; : bgha; brhy;yhik vd;Dk; mwj;ij
7. jpwdy;y jw;gpwh; bra;apDk; nehbehe;(J) 2. gz;g[ilahsh; bjhlh;g[ - ,iltplhky; filgpoj;jhy; ntW ve;j
mwdy;y bra;ahik ed;W bghUs; : el;g[ vd;gJ rphpj;Jg; ngrp kfpH;tJ (M) tsh;gpiw nghd;wJ mw';fisa[k; bra;a ntz;oaJ ,y;iy.
kl;Lkd;W : ez;ghplj;Jj; jtW fhQk; nghJ 3. mwpt[ilahh; el;g[ - (,) etpy; njhWk; E]y; eak;
bghUs; : bra;aj;jfhj Jd;gr; bray;fisg; gpwh; mtiuf; foj;Jiuj;Jj; jpUj;jp ey;tHpg;gLj;JjYk; nghd;wJ 8. g[we;J]a;ik ePuhd; mika[k; mfe;J]a;ik
jdf;F bra;jhYk; mjw;fhf tUe;jp mwj;jpw;F MFk;. 4. ,Lf;fz; fisa[k; el;g[ (<) nja;gpiw nghd;wJ. tha;ikahy; fhzg;gLk;.
khwhd bray;fisr; bra;ahjpUj;jy; ey;yJ. 5. g[zh;r;rp gHFjy; ntz;lh czh;r;rpjhd; tpil : 1</ 2 ,/ 3 M/ 4 m
el;gh';fpHik jUk;. bghUs; : cly;J]a;ik ePuhy; cz;lhFk;. cs;sj;
8. kpFjpahd; kpf;fit bra;jhiuj; jhk;jk; bghUs; : ,Uthpd; el;gpw;Fr; nrh;e;jpUj;jYk; tha;ik J]a;ik tha;ikahy; btspg;gLk;.
jFjpahd; btd;Wtply; beU';fpg; gHFjYk; njitapy;iy. xj;j 1. tha;ik vdg;gLt(J) ahbjdpd; ahbjhd;Wk;
kdt[zh;nt el;g[hpikiaf; bfhLf;Fk;. jPik ,yhjbrhyy; 9. vy;yh tpsf;Fk; tpsf;fy;y rhd;nwhh;f;F
bghUs; : brUf;fpdhy; jPik bra;jhiua[k; jkJ 6.Kfef el;gJ el;gd;W be";rj;J bghUs; : tha;ik vdg; nghw;wg;gLk; gz;g[ bgha;ah tpsf;nf tpsf;F
bghWikapdhy; btw;wpf; bfhs;sy; ntz;Lk;. mfef el;gJ el;g[ vJbtdpy; mJ kw;wtUf;F jPik juhj brhw;fisg; bghUs; : g[w ,Uis ePf;Fk; tpsf;if tpl mf
bghUs; : Kfk; kl;Lk; kyUk;go el;g[f; bfhs;tJ ngRjy; ,Ug;il nghf;Fk; bgha;ahikna rhd;nwhh;f;F
9. Jwe;jhhpd; J]a;ik cilah; ,we;jhh; tha; el;ghfhJ. cs;sk; kfpGk;go md;ghf ele;J tpsf;fhFk;.
,d;dhr; brhy; nehw;fpw; gth; bfhs;tnj el;g[. 2. bgha;ika[k; tha;ik ,lj;j g[iu jPh;e;j
7. mHptpdit ePf;fp MWa;j;J mHptpd;fz; ed;ik gaf;F bkdpd; 10. ahk;bka;ahf; fz;ltw;Ws; ,y;iy
bghUs; : tuk;g[ fle;J ngRnthhpd; bfhoa my;yy; cHg;gjhk; el;g[ vidj;bfhd;Wk;
brhw;fisa[k; bghWj;Jf; bfhs;gth; gw;ww;w bghUs; : gpwh;f;F Fw;wkw;w ed;ikiaj; jUkhapd;/ tha;ikapd; ey;y gpw
JwtpahhpDk; nkyhdth;. bghUs; : mHpitj;jUk; Jd;g';fspypUe;J ez;gid bgha;a[k; cz;ikahff; fUjg;gLk;.
tpyf;fp/ ey;tHpapy; brYj;j ntz;Lk;. mtDf;F bghUs; : ahk; cz;ikahff; fz;l bghUs;fSs;
10. cz;zhJ nehw;ghh; bgahpah; gpwh;brhy;Yk; mHpt[ neUk;nghJ cldpUe;J jhDk;mjpy; 3. jd; be";R mwptJ bgha;aw;f bgha;j;jlhd; vt;tifapYk;cz;ikia tpl rpwe;jitahfr;
,d;dhr;brhy; nehw;ghhpd; gpd; g'nfw;W mHptpypUe;J kPl;f ntz;Lk;. jd; be";nr jd;idr;RLk;. brhy;yj; jf;fit ntwpy;iy.
;.
bghUs; : cz;zh nehd;g[ ,Uf;Fk; bghpath;fis 8. cLf;if ,He;jtd; ifnghy M';nf bghUs; : jd; be";rk; mwpe;J bgha;Twf; TlhJ ,dpait Twy;
tpl jk;ik ,fH;nthhpd; brhw;fisg; bghWj;Jf; ,Lf;fz; fistjhk; el;g[ Twpd; jd; be";rnk jd;id tUj;Jk;. 1. ,d;brhy;yhy; <uk; mis ,g; goW ,ythk;
bfhs;gth; nkyhdth; Mthh;. 4. cs;sj;jhy; bgha;ah bjhGfpd; cyfj;jhh; brk;bghUs; fz;lhh;tha;r; brhy;
bghUs; : cLj;jpa Mil eGt[k;nghJ if cs;sj;Js; vy;yhk; Csd;.
el;g[ jd;idawpahky; jhnd brd;W fhf;Fk;: bghUs; : md;g[ fye;J t";rk; mw;witahfpw
mJnghy/ ez;gd; Jd;g[Wk; nghJ tpiue;J brd;W bghUs; : xUtd; jd; cs;sk; mwpa bgha;apy;yhky; brhw;fs; bka;g;bghUs; fz;lth;fspy; tha;rbrhw;s;
1. braw;fhpa aht[s el;gpd; mJnghy; mj;Jd;gj;jpypUe;J mtid fhg;gnj el;g[. elg;ghdhdhy;/ mj;jifatd; cyfj;jhh; ,d;brhw;fs;.
tpidf;fhpa aht[s fhg;g[ cs;s';fspy; vy;yhk; ,Ug;gtd; Mthd;.
9. el;gpw;F tPw;wpUf;if ahbjdpd; bfhl;gpd;wp 2. mfdkh;e;J <jypd; ed;nw Kdfkh;e;J
bghUs; : el;igg; nghy; bra;J bfhs;tjw;F mhpa xy;Yk; tha; Cd;Wk; epiy 5. kdj;bjhL tha;ik bkhHpapd; jtj;bjhL ,d;brhypd; Mfg;bgwpd;
cwt[fs; vJt[k; ,y;iy. me;j el;igg; nghyr; jhdk; bra; thhpd; jiy.
bra;fpd;w braYf;Fr; rpwe;j ghJfhg;g[ ntW bghUs; : el;gpw;Fr; rpwe;j epiy vJbtd;why;/ bghUs; : cs;sk; tpUk;gp xUtUf;Ff; bfhLj;J
vita[k; ,y;iy.; vg;nghJk; ntWgLjy; ,y;yhky;/ ,aYk; bghUs; : kdj;njhL bghUe;jpa tha;ik ngRgtd; cjt[[tJ ey;yJ : Kfk; kyh;e;J xUtiug; ghh;j;J
2. epiwjPu ePuth; nfz;ik gpiwkjpg; bghGbjy;yhk; cjtp bra;J jh';Fjy;. jhdk; jtk; bra;fpwth;fisf; fhl;oYk; ,dpa brhw;fis TWjy; mij tplt[k; ey;yJ;
gpd;ePu ngijahh; el;g[ 10. ,izah; ,th;vkf;F ,d;dk;ahk; vd;W cah;e;jtdhf fUjg;gLthd;.
bghUs; : mwpt[ilahh; el;g[ tsh;gpiwnghy; ehSk; g[idapDk; g[y;byd;Dk; el;g[
tsUk;/ mwptpyhh; el;g[ nja;gpiw nghy; ehSk; 6. bgha;ahik md;d g[fH; ,y;iy va;ahik 3. Kfj;jhd; mkh;e;jpdpJ nehf;fpmfj;jhdhk;
nja[k; bghUs; : ,th; vkf;F ,j;jifa md;gpdh; : ahk; vy;yh mwKk; jUk;. ,d;brh ypdnj mwk;
3. etpy;bjhWk; E]y; eak; nghYk; gapy;bjhWk; ,th;f;F ,j;Jizr; rpwg;g[ilath; vd;W
gz;g[ilahsh; bjhlh;g[ g[fH;e;Jiuf;ff TlhJ. mt;thW g[fH;e;Jiuj;jhy; bghUs; : bgha;ahik/ xUtDf;F vy;yhg; g[fiHa[k; bghUs; : - Kfj;jhy; tpUk;gp ,dpika[ld; nehf;fp
bghUs; : el;g[r; rpwg;g[ ,Hf;Fk;. jUk;/ m~J mtd; tUe;jhknyna mtDf;F vy;yh cs;sk; fye;j ,d;brhw;fisf; TWk; jd;ikapy;
gz;g[ilahshpd; el;g[ gHfg; gHf ,d;gk; eyd;fisa[k; jUk;. cs;snj mwkhFk;.
jUk;. mJnghy ey;y E]y;fspd; bghUs; fw;ff; fw;f 4. ,d;g[W]ck; Jt;thik ,y;yhFk; ahh;khl;Lk;
,d;ge;jUk;. 7. bgha;ahik bgha;ahik Mw;wpd; mwk;gpw ,d;g[W]ck; ,d;brh yth;f;F
bghUs; : fdpfs; ,Uf;Fk;nghJ fha;fis tpUk;gp cd;gijg; Cf;fk;cilatd; fhyj;ij vjph;ghh;j;J vjphpf;F Jizahf ,Ug;nghhpd; typikaa[k;
vy;yhhplKk; ,d;gk; jUk;,dpa brhw;fisg; nghd;wJ. ml';fpapUg;gjhdJ. Ml;Lf;flh gifiaj; Muha;e;J braypy; <LgLjy; ntz;Lk;.
ngRnthhplk; Jd;gk; jUk; tWik mQfhJ. jhf;Ftjw;Fg; gpd;th';Fk; jd;ikiag; nghd;wJ.
fhykwpjy;
fhykwpjy (2) xypt jwpt jwpe;jjd; fz;j'fpr;
5. gzpt[ilad; ,d;brhyd;Mjy; xUtw;F mzp : ctikazp. bry;thh;f;Fr; bry;yhj jpy;
mzpay;y kw;Wg; gpw braiy epiwntw;Wtjw;fhf fhyj;ij mwpjy;
bghUs; : gzpt[ilatdhft[k;/ ,d;brhy; (7) bghs;bsd M';nf g[wk;ntuhh; fhyk;ghh;j; bghUs; : xU braiy nkw;bfhs;Sk;nghJ Koa[kh
ngRtdhft[k; tps';Ftnj xUtDf;F 1. gfy;bty;Yk; Tifiaf; fhf;if ,fy;bty;Yk; Js;nth;g;gh; xs;sp ath;. vd;gJk; mj;Jiw gw;wpa mwpt[ jdf;F cs;sjh
cz;ikahd mzpfydhFk;. cly; mHFf;fhf nte;jh;f;F ntz;Lk; bghGJ vd;gJ Muha;e;J bra;nthUf;F KoahjJ vd;W
mzpa[k; gpw vy;yhk; cz;ikahd mzpfyd;fs; bghUs; : mwpt[ilahh;/ gifth; jP';F bra;j clnd xd;Wk; ,y;iy.
MfhJ. bghUs; : gfw;bghGjpy; jd;dpYk; typa nfhl;lhd; rpdj;ij btspg;gLj;j khl;lhh; mtiu bty;Yk;
(Me;ijia) fhf;if btd;WtpLk;. mJnghyg; fhyk; tUk; tiu/ mr;rpdj;ij kdj;jpDs; kiwj;J (3) cilj;jk; typawpahh; Cf;fj;jpd; Cf;fp
6. my;yit nja mwk;bgUFk; ey;yit gifia bty;yf; fUJk; nte;jh; fhyk; mwpe;J itj;jpUg;ghh;. ,ilf;fz; Khpe;jhh; gyh;
eho,dpa brhypd; bray;gl ntz;Lk;.
8. brWeiuf; fhzpd; Rkf;f ,Wtiu bghUs; :
bghUs; : gpwh;f;F ed;ikahdtw;iw eho ,dpik mzp - vLj;Jf;fhl;L ctikazp fhzpd; fpHf;fhk; jiy xU braiyr; bra;nthh; jkJ Mw;wypd;
cila brhw;fisr; brhy;ypd;/ ght';fs; nja;e;J msit mwpahky;/ kd vGr;rpahy;/
Fiwa mwk; tsh;e;J bgUFk;. 2. gUtj;njh blhl;l bthGfy; jpUtpidj; bghUs; : giftiuf; fhQk;nghJ gzpthf ,Uf;f typika[ilnahUld; nkhjp/ braypd; ,ilapnyna
jPuhik ahh;f;F'; fapW ntz;Lk;. mg;gifth;f;F Kot[ fhyk; tUk;nghJ jsh;e;J njhy;tpiaj; jGtpnahh; gyh;. Mfnt
7. ead;<d;W ed;wp gaf;Fk; gad;<d;W mth; epiyik jiyfPHha; khWk;. brhe;j Mw;wiy itj;nj vjida[k; bra;a Kw;gly;
gz;gpd; jiygphpahr; brhy; bghUs; : fhyj;jpw;Fg; bghUe;jpa braiy ntz;Lk;.
nkw;bfhs;tnj bry;tj;ij eP';fhky; epw;FkhW 9. va;jw; fhpa jpiae;jf;fhy me;epiyna
bghUs; : gpwh;f;F ed;ikahd gadj;ij je;J ey;y fl;L(k;) fapwhFk;. bra;jw; fhpa bray;. (4) mike;jh'; bfhGfhd; mstwpahd;jd;id
gz;gpypUe;J eP';fhj brhw;fs;/ tH';FnthDf;Fk; tpae;jhd; tpiue;J bfLk;.
,d;ik je;J ed;ik gaf;Fk;. 3. mUtpid vd;g csnth fUtpahw; bghUs; : fpilj;jw;F mhpa tha;g;g[f; fpilj;j
fhyk; mwpe;J brapd; bghGJ mt;tha;g;igg; gad;gLj;jpf; bghUs; : vjphpfSld; rhJh;akhf gHfp elf;fj;
brhw;bghUs;: ead;<d;W ey;y gd;fisj; je;J/ bfhz;Lmg;nghnj braw;fhpa bray;fisr; bjhpahky;/ jdJ Mw;wiy czut[k; ,y;yhky;/
jiygphpahr; brhy; - eP';fhj brhw;fs;. bghUs; : jFe;j fUtpfnshL Vw;w fhykwpe;J bra;jply; ntz;Lk;. vjphpia kjpf;fhky; ele;J bfhs;Sk; murd;
bray;gl;lhy; braw;fhpa bray;fs; vita[kpy;iy.; 10 bfhf;bfhf;கf; Tk;g[k; gUtj;J kw;wjd; tpiuthff; bfl;L mHpthd;.
,yf;fzf;Fwpg;g[ : mUtpid - gz;g[j;bjhif Fj;bjhf;f rPh;j;j ,lj;J
8. rpWika[s; eP';fpa ,d;brhy; kWika[k;
mwpe;J - tpidbar;rk; (5) gPypbga; rhfhLk; mr;rpWk; mg;gz;lk;
,d;ika[k; ,d;ge; jUk;;.
bghUs; : rhy kpFj;Jg; bgapd;.
4. "hyk; fUjpD'; ifTLk; fhyk; tha;g;gw;w fhyj;jpy; bfhf;ifg; nghy mikjpahff;
bghUs;: gpwh;f;F Jd;gk; tpistpf;Fk;
fUjp ,lj;jhw; brapd; fhj;jpUf;f ntz;Lk;. chpa fhyk; tha;j;jJk; bghUs; :
rpWikapypUe;J eP';fpa ,dpa brhw;fs; kWikf;Fk; bfhf;ifg; nghy; tpiue;J braiy bra;J Koj;jy; kapypd; njhifna MdhYk; mjpf ghuj;ij
,k;ikf;Fk; tH';FnthDf;Fk; ,d;gk; jUk;;. bghUs; : fhykwpe;J/ ,lj;njhL bghUe;jr; ntz;Lk;. Vw;wpdhy; tz;oapd; ,Uk;ghfpa mr;R Kwpe;J tpLk;.
bray;gl;lhy; cyfj;ijna mila tpUk;gpDk; - mzp - ctik mzp typik,y;yh vspath;fs; jhd; vd;W fUjp
9. ,d;brhy; ,dpjPd;wy; fhz;ghd; vtd;bfhnyh ifTLk;. gynuhLk; gif bfhz;lhy; kpFe;j
td;brhy; tH';F tJ. typawpjy; typika[iltdhapDk; typik ,y;yhky;
5. fhyk; fUjp ,Ug;gh; fy';fhJ (gif bty;Yjypy; bfhLj;jy;/ ,d;brhw; Twjy;/ cs;sth;fs; xd;W nrh;e;jhYk; njhy;tp
bghUs;: ,dpa brhw;fs; ,d;gk; cz;lhf;Ftijf; "hyk; fUJ gth; ntWgLj;jy;/ xWj;jy; vd;Dk; ehy;tif milthh;fs;.
fz;l gpd;Dk;/ xUtd; fL";brhw;fisg; ngRtJ cgah';fSs; xWj;jy; Fwpj;njhh; ehy;tif
Vndh?. bghUs; : cyfk; KGtija[k; Msf; fUJgth; typikiaa[k; mwpe;J bray;gLjy;) (6) Edpf;bfhk;g nuwpdh u~jpwe; J]f;fp
mjw;Fhpa fhyj;ij vjph;ghh;j;Jf; fy';fhky; Daph;f;fpWjp ahfp tpLk;
10. ,dpa csthf ,d;dhj Twy; fhj;jpUg;ghh;. 1. tpidtypa[e; jd;typa[ khw;whd; typa[e;
fdp ,Ug;gf; fha;fth;e; jw;W. Jiztypa[e; J]f;fpr; bray; bghUs; :
6. Cf;fk; cilahd; xLf;fk; bghUjfh; bghUs; : kuf;fpisapy; Edpapy; Vwp epw;nghh;/
bghUs;: ,d;gk; jUk; ,dpa brhw;fs; ,Uf;Fk; jhf;fw;F ngUe; jifj;J. jhd; bra;a ,Uf;Fk; xU bray; jpwida[k;mjid me;Edpiaa[k; fle;J nkny Vwpd;/ mr;bray;
nghJ- Jd;gk; jUk; fL";brhw;fisg; ngRtJ/ bghUs; : Kof;f tpUf;Fk; jdJ typikaa[k; mjw;F capUf;nf Mgj;J Vw;gLj;Jk; vjphpfis bty;y
,ila{W tpistpf;Fk; vjphpapd; typikiaa[k;
fUJk; xUtd;/ xU mst[f;F nky; vjphpfis Mfnt bjhz;Ls;s'; bfhz;lth; bra;a[k; (7) kUe;jhfpf; jg;gh kuj;jw;whw; bry;tk; ed;ik flypd; bghpJ
Juj;jpdhy; jdf;nf me;j Kot[ nehpLk;. cjtpfis gaid vjph;ghh;;g;gjpy;iy. vdnt bgUe;jif ahd;fl; god;.
ntw;Wg;bghUs; itg;gzp kiwe;J te;jJ. ifk;khW 4. jpizj;Jiz ed;wp brapDk;
(7) Mw;wpd; mstwpe;J <f mJbghUs; nt;zlhk; flg;ghL vd;Dk; bghJg; bghUis bghUs; : gidj;Jizahf;
nghw;wp tH';Fk; bewp khhpkhl;L vd;dhw;W'; bfhy;nyh cyF vd;w bgUe;jd;ika[ila xUtdplk; bry;tk; bfhs;th; gad; bjhp thh;
rpwg;g[g; bghUs; vLj;Jf;fhl;Ltjhy; ntw;Wg; bghUs; te;J j';Fkhdhy; mr;bry;tk; vy;yh
bghUs; : itg;gzp vdyhk;. cWg;g[fshYk; gad;glj; jf;f kUe;J kuj;Jf;F 5. cjtp tiuj;jd; Wjtp cjtp
jdJ bghUis gpwUf;Ff; bfhLf;Fk; nghJ xg;ghFk;. brag;gl;lhh; rhy;gpd; tiuj;J
jdJ trKs;s bghUspd; msit mwpe;J (2) jhshw;wpe; je;j bghUbsy;yhe; jf;fhh;f;F
bfhLg;gJ bghUis rpijf;fhky; ngzpf;fhf;Fk; ntshz;ik bra;jw; bghUl;L (8) ,ldpy; gUtj;Jk; xg;g[wtpw; bfhy;fhh; 6. kwtw;f khrw;whh; nfz;ik Jwtw;f
Kiw MFk;. tUthapd; fhy;gFjpia gpwh;f;F fldpw; fhl;rp ath; Jd;gj;Js; Jg;ghahh; el;g[.
tH';fp thH;tJ bewpahFk;. bghUs; : jdJ Kaw;rpahy; rk;ghjpj;j bghUs;
; KGtJk; jFjp cilath;fSf;F cjtp bra;J/ bghUs; : 7. vGik vGgpwg;g[k; cs;Sth; j'; fz;
(8) Mfh wyptpl;o jhapD'; nfoy;iy mth;fis kfpH;tpg;gnj mwpt[ilahh; flik jdJ bry;tk; RU';fpa fhyj;jpYk; gpwUf;F tpGke; Jilj;jth; el;g[.
nghfh wfyhf; fil. ghLgl;L njoa bry;tj;ijj; jhk; khj;jpunk cjtp bra;a[k; gz;g[ilahh; jkJ <if Fzj;ij
mDgtpf;fhky; gpwh;f;F bfhLj;J cjt[nthnu nkd; tplhh;. 8. ed;wp kwg;gJ ed;wd;W ed;wy;y
bghUs; : kf;fshth;. jd;nw kwg;gJ ed;W
bghUs; tUk; tHpfs; rpythf ,Ue;jhYk; (9) eaDlahd; ey;Th;e;jh dhjy; bra[k; ePu
brytpd';fs; bgUfhky; ,Ue;jhy; vf;nfLk; (3) g[j;nj Syfj;J kPz;Lk; bgwyhpnj bra;ah jikfyh thW 9. bfhd;wd;d ,d;dh brapDk; mth; bra;j
,y;iy. xg;g[utp dy;y gpw. xd;W ed; Js;sf; bfLk;.
bghUs; :
(9) mstwpe;J thHhjhd; thH;f;if bghUs; : xg;g[ut[ nghd;w bray; ,t;t[yfpy; bfhLj;J kfpGk; ,ay;g[ila 10. ve;ed;wp bfhd;whh;f;Fk; ca;t[z;lhk;
csnghy ntbwhd;Wkpy;iy. Mjyhy; ,';Fk;mhpjhapw;W. ey;yth;fSf;F tWik vd;gJ czt[k; gpw ca;tpy;iy
,y;yhfpj; njhd;whf; bfLk;. gpwh;f;F cjtp bra;tJ xd;nw nkyhd mwk;. bghUs;fSk; ,y;yhik md;W. ,e;epiyia bra;ed;wp bfhd;w kfw;F.
bghUs; : tWikahff; fUj khl;lhh;fs;. Mdhy; gpwh;f;F
jd; iftrk; cs;s bghUspd; vy;iyia (4) xj;j jwpthDaph; thH;thd; : kw;iwahd; cjt[k; epiy ,y;yhJ nghapw;nw vd;W vz;zp rhd;whz;ik
mwpe;J jf;fthW thHj; bjhpahjthW thH;f;if brj;jhUs; itf;fg; gLk;. tUe;Jk; epiyna cz;ikahd tWikahFk;. 1. fld; vd;g ey;yit vy;yhk; fldwpe;J
btspna tskhff; fhzg;gl;L gpd;g[ ,y;yhky; rhd;whz;ik nkw;bfhs; gth;f;F
kiwe;J nghFk;. tut[k;/ bryt[k; xj;J bghUs; : brhw;bghUs; :
,Uf;Fk;goahf xUtd; thHf; fw;Wf; bfhs;s cyfpaiy mwpe;J vspath;fSf;Fj; eaDilahd; - xg;g[uthsd; 2. Fzeyk; rhd;nwhh; eynd gpw eyk;
ntz;Lk;. bjhz;L bra;nthnu capnuhL thH;gtuhff; ey;Th;e;jhdhjy; - tWik tha;g;gLjy; ve;eyj; Js;sJ] c kd;W
fUjg;gLth;. mt;thW bra;ahjth; ,we;jtuhf
(10) cstiu J]f;fhj xg;g[u thz;ik itf;fg;gLthh;. (10) xg;g[utp dhy;tU'; nfbldp d~bjhUtd; 3. md;g[ ehz; xg;g[ut[ fz;nzhl;lk;
tstiu ty;iyf; bfLk; tpw;Wf;nfhs; jf;f Jilj;J. tha;ikbahpL
bghUs; : bghUspd; mst[ mwpahky; gzj;ij thhp Ie;J rhy;(g[) Cd;wpa J]z;
,iwj;jhy; thGk; tsk; RU';fp tpiutpy; nfLk; (5) CUzp ePh; epiwe; jw;nw cyfthk; bghUs; : (Vfnjr cUtf mzp)
tpisa[k;. nguwp thsd; jpU kw;wth;fSf;F cjt[tjhy;ekJ bry;tk;
bghUs; : mHpe;J tpLk; vd;W cah;Fzk; gilj;jth;fs; 4. bfhy;yh eyj;jJ nehd;ik gpwh; jPik
xg;g[utwpjy; CUzpapy; cs;s jz;zPh; ghH; nghfhky;/ fUjkhl;lhh;fs;. mHpt[ vd;gJ xU nghJk; fUjhJ brhy;yh eyj;jJ rhy;g[.
1. ifk;khW ntz;lhf; flg;ghL khhpkhl; ePz;l fhyk; j';fp vy;nyhh;f;Fk;/ jg;ghky; jd;idna tpw;whtJ gpwh;f;F cjtp bra;th;. (vLj;Jf;fhl;L ctik mzp)
bld;dhw;W'; bfhy;nyh cyF. gad;gLk;. mJ nghy vy;nyhuhYk; kjpf;fg;Lk;
xUtdJ bghUSk; mtdplk; bry;nthh;f;F vy;yhk; bra;ed;wpawpjy; : 5. Mw;Wthh; Mw;wy; gzpjy;mJ rhd;nwhh;
bghUs; : gad;gLk; vd;gjhk;. khw;nwhiu khw;Wk; gil
ifk;khW fUjhJ kiHiag; bghHpa[k; nkfj;jpw;F 1. bra;ahkw; bra;j cjtpf;F itafKk;
kf;fs; vd;d ifk;khW bra;fpd;wdh;? xd;Wk; (6) gad;kuk; cs;qh;;g; gGj;jw;whw; bry;tk; thdfKk; Mw;wy; mhpJ 6. rhy;gpw;Ff; fl;lis ahbjdpd; njhy;tp
,y;iy ed;kf;fs; bra;a[k; cjtp mj;jifanj. eaDila ahd;fl; god; Jiyay;nyhh; fz;Qk; bfhsy;.
gjpYf;F vjph; ghh;j;Jr; bra;akhl;lhh;fs;. bghUs; : cyf ePjpfis mwpe;j xUtdplk; bry;tk; 2. fhyj;jp dhw;bra;j ed;wp rpwpbjdpDk; 7. ,d;dhbra; jhh;f;Fk; ,dpant
flikbadf; fUjpr; bra;th;. j';Fkhapd; mJ CUf;F eLnt bghJ ,lj;jpy; gHf "hyj;jpd; khzg; bghpJ. bra;ahf;fhy;
ntw;Wg; bghUs; itg;gzp (gad; fUjhJ bra;a[k;) jUk; kuk; gGj;J epw;gjw;Fr; rkk;. vd;d gaj;jnjh rhy;g[.
kiHf;F cyfk; vd;d ifkhWk; bra;fpd;wd. 3. gad; J]f;fhh; bra;j cjtp ead; J]f;fpd;
8. ,d;ik xUtw;W ,sptd;W rhy;bgd;Dk; (mwptpw; rpwe;j bghpnahiur; rhhe;;J elf;f vz;zpa nja;j;Jr; brd;W விைனத்திட்பம்:
jpz;ika[z;lhfg; bgwpd; ty;yhUf;F gifth; bra;af;Toa jP';F ahbjd;Wk; 1. tpidj;jpl;gk; vd;g bjhUtd;kdj;jpl;lk;
,y;iy. (bry;tk; vd;Dk; mizah tpsf;F mjid kw;iwa vy;yhk; gpw
9. CHp bgahpDk; jhk; bgauhh; cilath; epidj;j ,l';fSf;bfy;yhk;brd;W
rhd;whz;ikf;(F) 7. ,of;Fe; Jizahiu Ms;thiu ahnt gifik vd;Dk; ,Uisg; nghf;Fk;) 2. Cbwhuhy; cw;wgpd; xy;fhik Mbwd;gh;
MHp vdg;gL thh;. bfLf;Fe; jifik ath;. ,t;tpuz;od;
4. mwdPDk; ,d;gKk; <Dk; jpwdwpe;J Ma;e;jth; nfhs;
10. rhd;wth; rhd;whz;ik Fd;wpd; (jPadtw;iwf; fz;lhy; ,oj;Jj; jpUj;jk; jPjpd;wp te;j bghUs;
,Uepye;jhd; bghpnahiuj; Jizahff; bfhz;L thH;gtiuf; 3/ filf; bfhl;fr; bra;jf;f jhz;ik ,ilf;
jh';fhJ kd;ndh bghiw. bfLf;Fk; typika[ilath; vtUkpyh;) (gpwUf;Fj; jP';fpd;wp ey;tHpapy; <l;oa bghUs; bfhl;fpd; vw;wh tpGke; jUk;
mwj;ija[k; bfhLf;Fk; ,d;gj;ija[k; jUk;)
bghpnahiuj; Jizf;nfhly; 8. ,og;ghiu ,y;yhj Vkuh kd;dd; 4. brhy;Yjy; ahh;f;Fk; vspa mhpathk;/
(ed;bdwpapy; brYj;Jk; bghpnahiuj; Jizahff; bfhLg;ghh; ,yhD'; bfLk;. 5.mUbshLk; md;bghLk; thuhg; bghUshf;fk; brhy;ypa tz;zk; bray;.
bfhs;Sjy;) (Fw;wk; fz;l ,lj;J ,oj;Jj; jpUj;Jk; g[y;yhh; g[us tply;
1. mwdwpe;J _j;j mwpt[ilahh; nfz;ik bghpnahhpd; ghJfhg;igj; njof; bfhs;shj murd; mUSk; md;g[k; bghUe;jhky; gpwtHpapy; 5. tPbwa;jp khz;lhh; tpidj;jpl;lk; nte;jd; fz;
jpwdwpe;J njh;e;J bfhsy; jd;idf; bfLf;Fk; gifth;fs; ,y;iy vdpDk; tUk; bry;tj;ijg; gw;whky; ePf;Fjy; ntz;Lk;. Cbwa;jp cs;sg; gL
jhnd bfl;lHpthd;)
(mwbewpia mwpe;J mwptpy; bjspe;j 6. cWbghUSk; cy;F bghUSe;jd; xd;dhh;j; 6. vz;zpa vz;zpah'; bfa;Jg vz;zpahh;
Kjph;r;rpa[ilnahh; el;gpid Muha;e;J mwpe;J 9. Kjypyhh;f; Tjpa kpy;iy kjiyahk; bjWbghUSk; nte;jd;bghUs jpz;zpah; Mfg; bgwpd;
Vw;Wf; bfhs;Sjy; ntz;Lk;). rhh;gpyhh; fpy;iy epiy muRhpikahy; te;j bghUSk; kf;fs; 7. cUt[fz; bls;shik ntz;Lk; cUs;
-vLj;Jf;fhl;L ctik mzp thpahfj; jUk; bghUSk;/ giftiu btd;W bgUe;njh;f; fr;rhzp ad;dhh; cilj;J
2. cw;w neha; ePf;fp cwhmik Kw;fhf;Fk; bfhz;l jpiu bghUSk; murDf;Fhpa bghUshFk;.
bgw;wpahh;g; ngzpf; bfhsy; (KjyPL ,y;yhj tzpfh;f;F mjdhy; tUk; Cjpak; 8. fy';fhJ fz;l tpidf; fz; Js';fhJ
(jkf;F te;Js;s Jd;gj;ijg; nghf;fp ,dp/ nkYk; xd;Wkpy;iy. mJnghy;/ jk;ikj; jh';fpf; 7. mUbsd;k md;gpd; FHtp bghUbsd;D"; J]f;f'; foe;J bray;
Jd;gk; tuhjthW Kd;djhfnt fhf;Fk; fhg;ghw;Wk; bghpnahh; Jizapy;yhjth;f;F epiyj;j bry;tr; brtpypahy; cz;L 9. Jd;gk; cwthpDk; bra;f Jzpthw;wp
jd;ika[ilnahiug; nghw;wp el;ghf;fpf; bfhs;Sjy; jd;ik ,y;iy. (md;g[ vd;Dk; jha; bgw;w mUs; vd;Dk; FHe;ij/ ,d;gk; gaf;Fk; tpid
ntz;Lk;) bghUs; vd;Dk; tsh;g;g[j; jhahy; ngzg;gLk;)
10) gy;yhh; gif bfhsypw; gj;jLj;j 10.vidj;jpl;g bka;jpaf; fz;Qk;
3. mhpatw;Ws; vy;yh mhpnj bghpnahiug; jPikj;nj 8. Fd;nwwp ahidg;nghh; fz;lw;why; jd; tpidj;jpl;lk;
ngzpj; jkuhf; bfhsy; ey;yhh; bjhlh;if tply; ifj;bjhd; ntz;;lhiu ntz;lh JyF.
(mwptwpe;j bghpnahiug; nghw;wp cwthfpf; Wz;lhfr; bra;thd; tpid
bfhs;Sjny xUth; bgw ntz;oa mhpa ngWfSs; (ey;yth; xUthpd; el;igf; iftpLtJ/ jpUf;Fws; - (jpU+Fws;) rpwe;j Fws;
vy;yhk; mhpa ngwhFk;) gyiug gifj;Jf; bfhs;tij tpl gd;kl';F jPik (jd; ifg;bghUisf; bfhz;L xUtd; btz;ghf;fspdhy; Mfpa E]y; Mjyhpd; ,g;bgah;
cilajhFk;. bra;a[k; brayhdJ Fd;wpd; nky; ,Ue;J bfhz;L bgw;wJ. Fws; - ,uz;lo btz;gh. jpU.rpwg;g[
4. jk;kpw; bghpahh; jkuh xGFjy; ahid; nghiuf; fhz;gjw;F xg;ghdJ. milbkhHp. Fws; vd;gJ Fwl;ghit czh;j;jhky;
td;ika[s; vy;yhk; jiy bghUs; bray; tif mg;ghf;fshy; Mfpa E]iy czh;j;Jtjhy;
(jk;ikf; fhl;oYk; mwptpw; rpwe;j 1. bghUsy; ytiug; bghUshfr; bra;a[k; 9. bra;f bghUisr; brWeh; brUf;fWf;Fk; MFbgah; ,J jkpHpy; tH';Fk; gjpbdz;
bghpnahiu cwtpduha; Vw;W elj;jny bghUsy;y jpy;iy bghUs; v~fjdpw; Thpa jpy; fPH;fzf;F E]y;fSs; xd;W. ,e;E]y; mwj;Jg;ghy;/
typikfSby;yhk; rpwe;jjhFk;) (bghUisj; njo nrh;j;jy; ntz;Lk; mJ bghUl;ghy;/ fhkj;Jg;ghy; vd _d;W bgUk;
(xU bghUl;lhf kjpf;fhjtiua[k; gpwh; kjpf;FkhW gifthpd; brWf;if mWf;Fk; cWjpahd gphpt[fisf; bfhz;lJ.
5. NH;thh;f;fz; zhf xGfyhd; kd;dtd; bra;tjpy; bghUSf;F ,izahdJ gilf;fyk;. mjidtplf; Th;ikahd fUtp
NH;thiur; NH;e;J bfhsy;. ntbwhd;Wkpy;iy) -brhw;bghUs; tUepiy mzp ntbwhd;Wkpy;iy. mwj;Jg;ghy; :ghaputpay;
: / ,y;ywtpay;/
(jf;f tHpfis Muha;e;J TWk; cs;sJ.
mwp"h;fisna cyfk; fz;zhff; bfhz;L 10. xz;bghUs; fhHg;g ,aw;wpahh;f; bfz;bghUs; Jwtwtpயy,; Cழிay; vd ehd;F ,ay;fisa[k; 38
elj;jyhy; kd;dDk; mj;jifnahiu Muha;e;J 2. ,y;yhiu vy;yhU vs;Sth; bry;tiu Vid apuz;Lk; xU';F mjpfhu';fisa[k;
el;ghf;fpf; bfhs;s ntz;Lk;) vy;yhUk; bra;th; rpwg;g[ (rpwe;j bghUis ey;tHpapy; kpFjpahf <l;oath;f;F
(bry;tk; mw;wtiu vy;nyhUk; ,fH;th;: bry;tiu kw;iwa mwDk; ,d;gKk; Mfpa ,uz;Lk; xU nruf; bghUl;ghy; :
6. jf;fhh; ,dj;jdha;j; jhbdhGf vy;nyhUk; rpwg;gpg;gh;) ifTLk; vspa bghUl;fns. murpay;/ m';ftpay;/ xHpapay; vd _d;W
ty;yhidr; ,ay;fisa[k; 70 mjpfhu';fisa[k;
brw;whh; braf;fple;j jpy; 3. bghUbsd;Dk; bgha;ah tpsf;fk; ,UsDf;Fk;
fhkj;Jg;ghy; : Ik;gJ ghly;fs; jpiz-Ie;J mfj;jpizfs; mwE]y;fs;

fstpay;/ fw;gpay; vd ,uz;L ,ay;fisa[k; Ky;iyj;jpizia Kjyhff; bfhz;l ehyoahh; :
25 mjpfhu';fisa[k; bfhz;lJ Ie;jpiz _thjpahh; 70 fPH;fzf;F E]y;
VGgJ ghly;fs; - ntshz; ntjk;/ ehyo ehD]W/ ehyoahh; vd;Wk;
-jpUf;Fws;/ Kg;ghy;/ bgha;ahbkhHp/ tha[iw Ie;jpiz VGgJ: tH';fg;gLk; E]y;
thH;j;J cj;juntjk;/ bja;tE]y;/ jpUts;Stk;/ jpizbkhHp fz;zd; 50 _thjpahh; - ghz;oa ehl;L rkd Kdpth;fs; ,aw;wpaJ
jkpH;kiw/ bghJkiw/ jpUts;Stg;gad;/ Ik;gJ nre;jdhh; ghly;fs; kzkfd; TWk; cWjpbkhHpfis kzkfs; bjhFj;jth; gJkdhh;.
bghJkiw/ KJbkhHp vdg; bgy bgah;fspy; Xh; Vl;oy; vGjpg; bgWk; tHf;fk;. - mjpfhuk; tFj;jth; gJkdhh;
miHf;fg;gLfpwJ. jpizkhiy fdp _jhtpah; 50 eLfy; tHpghL/ Ik;gilj; jhypiaf; Kg;ghyha; gFj;jth; jUkh;.
E]w;iwk;gJ ghly;fs; FHe;ijfSf;F mzptpj;jy; gw;wpa gHf;f tHf;fk; - mwj;Jg;ghy; 13 mjpfhuk;/ bghUl;ghy; 24 mjpfhuk;/
- jpUts;Stiu ehadhh;/ njth;/ Kjw;ghtyh;/ ைகe;epiy g[y;yh';fhldhh; 60 fhkj;Jg;ghy; 3 mjpfhuk;.
bja;tg; g[yth;/ ehd;Kfdhh;/ khjhDg';fp bre;ehg; ghly;fs; jpizbkhHp
jpizbkhHp Ik;gJ: - bkhj;jk; 40 mjpfhu';fSk; 12 ,ay;fSk; cs;sd.
nghjhh;/ bgUehtyh;/ bgha;apy; g[yth; vdg; gy fz;zd; nre;jdhh;. - Jwtwapay; Kjypy; cs;sJ.
bgah;fshy; ghuhl;Lfpd;wdh;. g[wE]y;: kapy; brhy;/ klthd; brhy; vd;Dk; ghly; -gjpbdd; fPH; fzf;fpy; xnu bjhif E]y; ehyoahh;.
fstHp ehw;gJ - bgha;ifahh; - 40 ghly;fs; mz';F brhy;/ Ma; kapy; brhy;nyh fd';FiH/ - #p.a[.nghg; M';fpyj;jpy; bkhHp bgah;j;Js;shh;.
- jpUf;FwSf;Fj; jUkh;, kzf;Flth;/ jhkj;jh;/ khjh; bfhy; khYbkd; be";R” vd;w jpUf;Fws; -Kj;jpiuaiug; gw;wpf; TWk; E]y;.
mwE]y;fs;: rhay; xl;o mike;Js;sJ.
er;rh;/ ghpjp/ ghpnkyHfh;/ jpUkiyah;/ ky;yh; ftpg;
nkw;nfhs; :
bgUkhs;/ fhsp';fh; Mfpa gjpd;kh; (gj;J ngh;) ciu
ehyoahh; rkz 400 jpizkhiy E]w;iwk;gJ: - fy;tp mHnf mHF
vGjpa[s;sனh;. Kdpth;fs; jpizf;F 30 ghly;/ 150 ghly; - fy;tp fiuapy; fw;gth; ehs; rpy Muha;e;J
ehd;kzpf;foif tpyk;gp 101 ,e;E]ypd; fUj;Jf;fs; Re;judpd; mikt[ila fw;gnt ePh; xHpa ghy; cz; Fufpd;
- ts;Std; jd;id cyfDf;nf je;J thd;g[fH; ehfdhh; njthuj;jpYk; ,lk; bgw;Ws;sJ. bjhpe;J.
bfhz;l jkpH;ehL - ghujpahh;. ,d;dh ehw;gJ fgpyh; 40 -; ெபrேயா nfz;ik gpiw nghy ehSk; thpir
-ts;Stidg; bgw;wjhw; bgw;wnj g[fH; itafnk - ,dpait g{hp";nre;jdhh; 40 ifepiy : thpiah e(;Jk;
ghujpjhrd; ehw;gJ g[y;y';fhldhh; ,jw;F Ie;jp\z mWgJ vd;w - thD]h; kjpak; nghy itfYk;/ nja[nk jhnd
Kg;ghy; jpUts;Sth; 1330 bgah; cz;L. rpwpnahh; el;g[.
- fhyk; fp.K.31 vdf; bfhz;L jpUts;qtuhz;L jphpfLfk; ey;yhjdhh; 100
fzf;fplg;gLfpwJ Mrhuf;nfhit bgUthapy; 100 g[wE]y;: ehd;kzpf; foif
-cj;jpuntjk;/ bja;tE]y;/ bgha;abkhHp tha[iw Ks;spath; - foif vd;why; Jz;L (gFjp) vd;w bghUs;/
thH;j;J/ jkpH;kiw/ bghJkiw/ jpUts;qtg; gad;/ gHbkhHp _d;Wiuadhh; 400 fstHp ehw;gJ ,jd;Mrphpah; bgha;ifahh; bkhj;jk; fl;Ltlk; ( Necklace ) vd;w bghUSk; Mguzk;
jpUts;Stk;. rpWg";r _yk; fhhpahrhd; 100 40 ghly;fs;. vd;w bghUSk; cz;L.
mwk;-38 KJbkhHpf; TlY]h; fpHhh; 100 - g[wg;bghUs; gw;wpf; TWk; E]y; - xt;bthU ghlypYk; ehd;F kzpahd fUj;JF;fs.
-bghUl;ghy; -70 fh";rp - fsk; ghLtjpy; nghh;fsk; ghLjy;/ Vh;fsk; ghLjy; tpsk;gpehfdhh; - 104 ghly;fs;
- ,d;gk; -25 Vyhjp fdpnkjhtpahh; 80 vd ,uz;L cz;L ,J nghh;fsk; ghLjy; gw;wpaJ. - #p.a[. nghh; (7/100) ghly;fis M';fpyj;jpy; bkhHp
-ghpnkyHfh; ciu kpfr; rpwe;jJ - xt;bthU ghlYk; ml;lfsj;J (my;yJ) bgaj;Js;shh;.
yj;jPd; - tPukh Kdpth; (,d;dpiy - bgha;ifahh; -45) bghUjfsj;J vd;w Kofpd;wJ.
b#h;kd; - fpuhy; mfE]y;fs;: - ,e;E]y; nrhHidr; rpwg;gpf;fpwJ. nkw;nfhs; :
M';fpyk; - #p.a[.nghg; fhh; ehw;gJ: - nrhHd; br';;கணானா; milf;fg;gl; nrud; - “ahh; mwpthh; ey;yhs; gpwf;Fk; Fo”
gpbu";R - Vhpay; kJiu fz;zd; Tj;jdhh;. fizf;fhy; ,Uk;nghd;w/ nghh; ele;j ,lk; -,e;epyj;jJ kz;zhjy; ntz;od;mirapLf
mfj;jpiz/ Ky;iyj;jpiz
tlbkhHp - mg;gh jPl;Rjh; ghtif- btz;gh
f,kyk;/ rpiw - Flthapw; nfhl;lk;. jd;ndhL bry;tJ ntz;od; mwk; bra;J
,e;jp - gp.o b#apd; - ,r;nrud; jhd; FHtpயwg;gpDk; Cd;wo gpwg;gpDk; bty;tJ ntz;od; btFsp tpnly;”
jpUkhy;/ gyuhkd;/ rptd; Mfpa -,sikg; gUtj;J fy;yhik Fw;wk; ts;skpy;yh
bjY';F - itj;aehj ehjh; vd;w ghliy vGjpatd;.
,iwth;fisf; TwpapUg;gjd; _yd; rkag; nghH;jj;J ts;sd;ik Fw;wk;.
kiyahsk; - nfhtpe;jk;gps;is - ,e;E]y; ehy;tifg; gila[s; ahidg; gilia
bghiwapd; Kd;ndhoauhff; fz;zd; Tj;jdhh; “<d;whnshL vz;zf; flt[Sk; ,y;”
M';fpyk; - uh#h#p/ nf.vk;.ghyRg;gpukzpak gw;wpf; TWfpwJ.
epfH;fpd;whh;. kidf;F tpsf;fk; klths;
- fhh;j;jpif jpUtpHh gw;wpf; TWfpwJ.
Ky;iyj;jpiz xGf;fk; - ,Uj;jy; gw;wp klthSf;F tpsf;fk g[jy;th;
gjpbzd; fPH;f;fzf;F E]y;fs;: - fyp';fj;J guzp nghd;w gpw;fhy E]y;fSf;F
TWtJ.fhh; ehw;gJ ehlfk; gh';F bfhLj;jJ. g[jy;th;f;F tpsf;fk; fy;tp
mfE]y;fs;: tHpfhl;oahf mike;j E]y;
Ie;jpiz Ik;gJ: fy;tpf;F tpsf;fk; g[fy; rhh; tczh;t[
fhh; ehw;gJ fz;zd; 40 Mrphpah; - khwd; bghiwad;
Tj;jdhh; ghly;fs; - epyj;Jf;F mzp bey;Yk; fUk;g[k;
fhyk;-fp.gp.2-Mk; E]w;whz;L Fsj;Jf;F mzp jhkiu
Ie;jpiz khwd; bghiwah; 50
bgz;Qf;F mzp ehzk; ,jd; gHpbkhHpfs; midj;Jk; ,yf;fpa bgah;f;fhuzk; : Mj;jpkhiy mzpe;j rptbgUkhidf; Fwpf;Fk;
gHpbkhHpfs; MFk;. KJbkhHp = _j;njhh; brhy; bjhluhy; E]Yk; ‘Mj;jpNo’ vdr; Rl;lg;gLfpwJ.
,d;dh ehw;gJ - fgpyh; : fh";rp = kfsph; ,ilazp ‘mwk; bra tpUk;g[
Mrphpah; - fgpyh;/ bkhj;;jk; 40 ghly;fs; bjhy;fhg;gpah; gHpbkhHpia ‘KJbrhy;’ vd;W _j;njhh; brhw;fs; gytw;iwf; nfhh;j;j nfhhit MWtJ rpdk;
-Jd;gk; bray;fis bjhFj;Jf; TWk; E]y; Fwpg;gpLfpwhh;. KJbkhHpf; fh";rp vd;w miHf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,ay;gJ funty;
- bkhj;jk; 164 ,d;dr; bray;fs; - r';f fhy kd;dh;fs;/ g[yth;fs;/ _nte;jh;fis <tJ tpyf;nfy;’
gw;wpa Fwpg;g[fisf; bfhz;l E]y; nkw;nfhs;fs; :
nkw;nfhs; : -gjpbdd; fPH;fzf;F e]y;fSs; tuyhw;iw “Mh;fyp cyfj;J kf;fl;bfy;yhk; bfhd;iw nte;jd;
-cz;zhJ itf;Fk; bgUk;bghUs; itg;g[ ,d;dh” kpFjpahff; TWk; E]y;. xjypw; rpwe;jd;W xGf;fk; cilik” ,e;j E]Yk; mfu epuy;mikg;gpidf; bfhz;Ls;sJ
-“jPika[ilahh; mUfp[y; ,Uj;jy; ,d;dh” ePjp E]y;fSs; jpUF;Fws;/ EyoahUF;F mLj;J -“tz;ikapw; rpwe;jjd;W tha;ik cilik” 91 xw;iw thpg;ghfs; mike;jJ.
-“Cidj; jpd;W Cidg; bgUf;fy; Kd;dpd;dh” g[fH; bgw;w E]y;. -“nkijapw; rpwe;jjd;W fw;wJ kwthik”
-“,d;dh bghUs; ,y;yhh; td;id gphpt[“ “,sikapw; rpwe;jd;W bka;g;gpzp ,d;ik” md;ida[k; gpjht[k; Kd;dwpt[ bja;tk;
nkw;nfhs;: Myak; bjhGtJ rhyt[k; ed;W
,dpait ehw;gJ : -mzpbay;yhk; Milapd; gpd; Vyhjp ,y;ywk; my;yJ ey;ywk; md;W
g{j";nre;jdhh;/ 40 ghly;fs; -,iwj;njhWk; CWk fpzW -kUe;jhy; bgah; bgw;w E]y; <ahh; njl;ilj; jPahh; bfhs;th;
- flt[s; thH;j;J rptd;/ jpUkhy;/ gpuk;kd; vd;w -fld; bfhz;Lk; bra;thh; fld; - Vyhjp vd;gjw;F Vyj;ij Kjyhf cilaJ vd;W
_tiua[k; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ. -fw;wypd; nfl;lny ed;W bghUs;. -bfhd;iw nte;jd; bry;td; mo,iz
- bkhj;jk; 124 ,dpa bray;fs;. -Fytpr;irf; fy;yhky; ghfk; gLk; -bgah; fhuzk; vd;Wk; Vj;jpj; bjhGnthk; ahnk
- “Cidj;jpd;W Cidg;’ bgUf;fhik Kd; ,dpnj” Fd;wpd; nky; ,l;l tpsf;F Vyk; - 1 g';F vd;w flt[s; thH;j;J Kjy; mo bfhz;L
- “xg;g Koe;jhy; kid thH;f;if Kd; ,dpnj” jdpkuk; fhlhjy; ,y; ,yt';fg;gl;il - 2 g';F bfhd;iw nte;jd; vd;W ,e;j E]y;
- “tUtha; mwpe;J tH'fy; ,dpJ” -திp';fis eha; Fiuj; jw;W ehfnfruk; -3 g';F miHf;fg;gLfpwJ.
-epiw Flk; ePh; jJk;gy; ,y; kpsF - 4 g';F
திhpfLfk; -EzYk; jd; thahy; bfLk;. jpg;gpyp - 5 g';F _Jiu
-kUe;jpd; bgauhy; g[fH;bgw;w E]y; Rf;F - 6 g';F ‘thf;Fz;lhk;’ vdj; bjhl';Ftjhy;
-Rf;F/ kpsF / திg;gpyp rpW g";r _yk; :- Mrphpah; fhhpahrd; vd Vyk; Kjyhd MW bghUl;fisa[k; ‘_Jiuf;F’ ‘thf;Fz;lhk;’ vd;Wk; bgah;.
- ey;yhjdhh;/ 100 ghly;fs; flt[s; thH;j;Jld; 97 பாடக bgho bra;j kUe;J fyitf;F Vyhjp vd;W bgah;. - flt[s; thH;j;J eP';fyhf 30 btz;ghf;fs; cs;sd.
- xt;bthU ghlypYk; _d;whk; moapy; ,k;_d;Wk; - kUe;jhy; bgah; bgw;w E]y; ,e;j MW kUe;JfSk; clYf;F ed;ik gaf;Fk;.
(my;yJ) ,k;_th; vd tUfpwJ - g";rk; vd;why; Ie;J/ _yk; vd;why; nth; mJ nghy; cs;sj;jpw;F ed;ik gaf;Fk; ghly;fs;. nkw;nfhs; :
- ntuhy; bgah; bgw;w E]y;/ fz;l'; fj;jhp nth; bey;Yf;F ,isj;j ePh; . . .
nkw;nfhs; சிவ, ைண ேவ/ சி ெந+சி ேவ/ rpWky;yp nth;/ nkw;nfhs; : fitahfpf; bfhk;ghfp . . .
- be";rk; ml'Fjy; tPlhFk; bgUky;yp nth;/ “jha; ,He;j gps;is jiy ,He;j fhd kapyhlf; fz;oUe;j thd; nfhHp
-ntshz; vd;ghd; tpUe;jpUf;f cz;zhjhd; -njhy; fd;iwf; fhl;og; gRitg; fwf;Fk; gHf;fk; bgz;lhl;o
- jhshsd; vd;gtd; fld;gl thHhjhd; bfhoaJ vd;W TWfpwJ. tha; ,He;j thH;tpdhh;/ tzpfk; ngha; ,He;jhh; ey;tHp :
- bfhz;lhd; Fwpg;gwpths; bgz;lhl;o. ghYk; bjsp njDk; ghFk; gUg;g[k;” vdj; bjhl';Fk;
ifj;\ bghUs; ,He;jhh; fz; ,yth;f;F <e;jhh;
nkw;nfhs;
fhs : “fz;tdg;g[f; fz;nzhl;lk; fhy; flt[s; thH;j;Jg; ghly; bfhz;lJ ,e;j E]y;;
itj;J tH';fp thH;thh;”
Mசாuf;nfhit : வன<U ெசலாைம”;
-flt[s; thH;j;J eP';fyhf 40 btz;ghf;fs; cs;sd.
bgUthapy; Ks;spahh; 100 ghlyf;s “E]w;F ,iae;j brhy;ypd; tdg;ng tdg;g[” nkw;nfh; :
,d;dpiy :
- md;whl thH;f;ifapy; bra;a[k; rpW bray;fis “ngijf;F ciuj;jhYk; bry;yhJ czh;t[“ ntjhsk;nrUnk bts;sUF;F g{f;Fnk
,d;dpiy vd;Dk; E]iyg; ghoath; bgha;ifahh;
ve;j Kiwapy; bra;a ntz;Lk; vd TWtJ. cz;gJ ehHp cLg;gJ ehd;F KHk;
-mwj;Jg;ghy;/ bghUl;ghy;/ ,d;gj;Jg;ghy;/ tPl;oyf;
KJbkhHpf; fh";rp fl;ghy; vd ehd;F tifg;ghLfis ,e;E]y;
nkw;bfhs; Mrphpah; TlY]h; fpHhh; (I';FEW]iwj; Kr;r';fk;:
bfhz;lJ.
“gfy; bjw;F nehf;fhh; ,uh tlf;F nehf;fhh; bjhFj;jth;) -- bkhj;jk; 100 ghly;fs; - r';fk; vd;w brhy; bjhy;fhg;gpaj;jpy; ,y;iy.
- ,jw;F ciu vGjp btள4யCடவp t.c. rpjk;gudhh;. - r';fk; vd;w brhy;iy Kjd; Kjypy;
gfw;bgha;ah; jPa[Ds; ePh;” - gj;J gphpt[/ gphpt[f;F gj;J ghly; xsitahh; ePjpE]y;fs; :
-xt;bthU gj;Jk; ‘Mh;fyp cyfj;J’ gad;gLj;jpath; kzpnkfiy Mrphpah; rPj;jiyr;
Mj;jpNo (fp.gp 12) rhj;jdhh;.
gHbkhHp vd;W bjhl';FfpwJ. -109 xw;iw thpg; ghf;fs; bfhz;lJ. mfuepuy;
Kd;Wiu miuahdhh; -xt;bthU ghlYk; xt;bthU thpapidf; bfhz;l - r';fk; gw;wpa Fwpg;g[ 7-k; E]w;whz;ilr; nrh;e;j
bfhz;L vGjg;gl;l Kjy; ,yf;fpak; kw;Wk; ePjp jpUeht[f;furh; njthuj;jpy; tUfpwJ.
-34 mjpfhu';fspy; 400 ghly;fisf; bfhz;lJ. ghly;fs;. E]y; ,J.
-xt;bthU ghl;od; ,WjpapYk; xU gHbkhHp - Kr;r';fk; gw;wpa tphpthd bra;jpia - tuyhw;wpy;
-Mj;jpNo mkh;e;j njtid Kjypy; brhd;dth; ,iwadhh; mfg;bghUs;
cs;sJ. Vj;jp Vj;jpj; bjhGnthk; ahnk
vd;gJ Mj;jpNoapd; flt[s; thH;j;J
,iwadhh;. fstpay; vd;w E]ypd; ciuahrphpah; mfj;jpak;: epyj;jpDk; bghpnj thdpDk; caph;e;jd;W bea;jy;/ வis/ Mk;gy;/ r';fk; bts;sk; தமிழி*
ef;fPuh; Mthh;. 12000 E]w;ghf;fs; ePh;Df; Mus tpd;nw rhuy; ேபெரக
103 Ew;ghf;fs;
Kjw;r';fk;: 12 gFjpfs;/ vGj;J/ brhy;/ bghUs;/ ahg;g[/ re;jk;/ I';FWE]W: 3-6 mo fypj;bjhif:
,Ue;j ,lk; - bjd; kJiu (g~Wsp Mw;w';fiu) tHf;fpay;/ murpay;/ mikr;rpay;/ ghh;g;gdtpay;/ Ie;Jngh; mfE]y; - bkhj;jk; 150 ghly; (flt[s;
murh;fs;: fha;r;rpd tGjp Kjy; fL';nfhd; n#hjpltpay;/ fe;jh;tk;/ Tj;J. kUjk; - Xuk; nghfpahh; thH;j;J)
tiu: (89 ngh;) ew;wpiz ey;y FWe;bjhif I';FWE]W bea;jy; - mk;_tdhh; bjhFj;jth; - ey;ye;Jtdhh;
ghly; ,aw;wpa murh;fs;: VG ngh; xj;j gjpw;Wgj;J X';F ghpghly; Fwp";rp - fgpyh; flt[s; thH;j;J - rptd; (ghoath;
549 g[yth; - 4440 Mz;Lfs; g[yth;fs; - 4449 fw;wwpe;njhh; Vj;Jk; fypnahL mfk;g[wk; vd;W ghiy - Xjyhe;ijahh; ey;ye;Jtdhh;)
,j;jpwj;j vl;Lj; bjhif. Ky;iy - ngadhh; Ie;jpiz E]y;
E]y;fs;: vl;Lj;bjhifa[s; mfE]y; - 5 ghiy/ Fwp";rp/ kUjk;/ Ky;iy/ bea;jy;
bgUk; ghpghly;/ KJehiu/ KJ FUF/ g[wE]y;: 2 bjhFj;jth;: g[yj;Jiw Kw;wpa TlY]h; fpHhh;. ghiyapy; 35 ghly;fs; - bgU';fLf;nfh
fshpah tiu/ mfj;jpak;. mfKk;/ g[wKk;- ghpghly;. bea;jy; jpizapy; cs;s ெநா';gjJ - me;jhjp Fwp";rp - fgpyh; (29 ghly;fs;)
,yf;fz E]y; - mfj;jpak; Kiwapy; mike;Js;sJ. ,e;jpu tpHh Fwpj;Jf; kUjk; - kUjdps ehfdhh; (35 ghly;fs;)
fhyj;jhy; Ke;jpaJ - g[wehD]W
TWk; vl;Lj; bjhif E]y;. Ky;iy - nrhHd; ey;YUj;jpud; (17 ghly;fs;)
g[yth;fs;: bea;jy; - 33 ghly;fs; (ey;ye;Jtdhh;)
ew;wpiz:z Mrphpag;gh - movy;iy - 9 mo-12mo
mfj;jpah;/ rptd;/ KUfd;/ Fngud; (epjpapd; gjpw;W gj;J: VW jGt[jiyg; gwpf; TWk; E]y;
400 ghly;fs; - mfk;
fpHtd;) ,jpy; cs;s xt;bthU ghlYk; ghly; bgauhy; bgah; bgUe;jpizg; ghly;fs; ,lk; bgw;w xnu r';f
bjhFj;jtd; - bjhpatpy;iy
bjhFg;gpj;jtd; - gd;dhL je;j khwd; tGjp bgw;w E]y;. E]y;.
,ilr;r';fk;: gj;J + gj;J/ gj;J + ,d; + ,w;W + gj;J = gjpw;Wg;gj;J Xu';f ehlf mikg;g[.
flt[s; thH;j;J - ghujk; ghoa bgUe;njtdhh;
btz;nlh; brHpad; Kjy; Klj;jpUkhwd; nru murh;fs; gj;J ngiu/ egUf;F 10 fw;wpe;njhh; Vj;Jk; fyp
jpUkhiyg; gw;wpaJ
tiu ghly;fs; tPjk; ghLtJ. mfehD]W
btsthy;fSk; fst[ fhQk; vd;w mwptpay;
cz;ikiaf; TWk;. ,jw;F ,Uk;g[f; fliy vd;w bgah; cz;L. 13 Kjy; 31 mofs;
E]y;fs;: Kjy; gj;Jk; ,Wjpg; gj;J fpilf;ftpy;iy. 400 ghly;fs; Mrphpag;gh
bgU';fsp/ FUF/ btz;ghsp/ tpahH khiy/ tzpfh;fSf;F வழ9கபCட
gl;lk; - fhtpjp/ vl;o xt;bthU ghlypYk; Jiw tz;zk;/ J]f;F bjhFj;jth; - cUj;jpu ச*ம
mfj;jpak;/ bjhy;fhg;gpak;/ khg[uhzk;/ g{jg[uhzk;/ nghd;wit ,lk; bgw;wpUf;Fk;. bjhFg;gpj;jtd; - ghz;oad; cf;fpug; bgUtGjp
,irE]y; tpsf;fk;. bjhz;o - nru ehl;Lj; JiwKfk;
khe;ij -nru ehl;Lj; JiwKfk; flt[s; thH;j;J - ghujk; ghoa bgUe;njtdhh;.
kUTh;g;gl;odk; - ghz;oa ehl;Lf; flw;fiu efuk; ,U jiyKiw: beLe;bjhif vd;w bgah; cz;L.
filr;r';fk;:
Klj;jpUkhwd; Kjy; cf;fpug; bgUtGjp குறுந்ெதாைக: 4-8 mo vy;iy
mfj;jpiz - Mrphpag;gh 1.) cjpa";nruy; _d;W gFjpfs;:
tiu. 2.) ,Uk; bghiw எ*ற இர8 ேசர வச9க
ghly;fs; - 400
bjhFj;jth; - g{hpf;nfh பறி இ(த A றிப8. fspw;wpahid epiw (120 ghly;fs;) (1-120)
E]y;fs;: ghly;fs; midj;Jk; ghlhz;jpiziar; rhh;e;jJ. kzpkpilg; gtsk; (121-300) 180 ghly;fs;
vl;Lj; bjhif/ gj;Jghl;L/ Tj;J/ thp/ bjhFg;gpj;jtd; - bjhpatpy;iy.
flt[s; thH;j;J - ghujk; ghoa bgUe;njtdhh; ghpghly; nghy; ,irnahL mike;j ghly;. epj;jpyf; nfhit (301-400 ghly;fs;)
Fw;wpif nghpir. சrபாதி- (ெசபாதி) பாடக பாைல திைண
bkhj;j fhyk;: 9990 Mz;Lfs;. (KUfidg; gw;wpaJ) fhpfhyd; kfs; Mjpk(jp ghpghly;: பாடகளா ஆன .
- ,il/ filr; r';fj;jpw;F chpath; - mtd; fztd; nru kd;d Ml;ldj;jp 25 - 400 mo ghtifahy; bgah; bgw;w E]y; - 1/3/5/7/9/... . . . . ghiyj; jpiz
Klj;jpUkhwd; - FHy; msfk;/ bfhz;il/ gdpr;ir/ J";ir/ ghpghly;. 2/8/12/18 . . . . . Fwp";rp
- Kj;jkpH; ,yf;fz E]y; - mfj;jpak; kfsph; Te;jy; xg;gidfs; Kjy; ,irg;ghly; E]y;. 4/14/24/34. . . . Ky;iy
- ,aw;wkpH; ,yf;fz E]y; - bjhy;fhg;gpak; - Xhp/ F";rp/ FLkp - Mzpd; Ko vl;Lj; bjhif E]y;fSs; mwk;/ bghUs;/ 6/16/26/36/ . . . . .kUjk;
- ,irj;jkpH; ,yf;fz E]y; - KJehiu ,d;gk;/ tPL vd;w ehd;ifa[k; TWk; E]y;. 10/20/30/40/ . . . . bea;jy;
- ehlfj;jkpH; ,yf;fz E]y; - ,e;jpu fhspak;/ bfh';Fnjh; thH;f;if m";rpiwj; Jk;gp vl;Lj; bjhifapy; ghz;oah;fisg; gw;wpf; Flnthiyj; njh;jy; Fwpj;Jf; TWk; E]y;
g";rkug[. fhkk; brg;ghJ fz;lJ bkhHpnkh” TWk; E]y; - ghpghly;/ fypj;bjhif. 22 ghly;fs; mfehD]W
g[yth; jiyth; - mfj;jpah; (jpUkhy;-6/ KUfd;-8/ itif-8-) fpilj;jit tuyhw;Wr; bra;jpfis mjpfkhff; TWk; mf
mfjj;pa khzth;fs; 12 ngUk; nrh;e;J vGjpa E]y; aha[k; "ha[k; ahuhfpanuh bkhj;jk; 70 ghly;fs; (jpUkhy;-8/ KUfd;-31/ E]y;.
gd;dpU glyk; (,J xU g[w E]y;) ve;ija[k; Ee;ija[k; எKiwf; nfsph; fhLfpHhh;(fhsp)-1/ itia-26/ kJiu. tlehl;L bra;jpfis (ee;jh;fs;/ nkhhpah;
ahDk; ePa[k; vt;tHpawpJk; ehd;/ Mkhk; nghd;w brhw;fs; ,jpy; kl;Lnk gilbaLg;g[)
brk;g[yg; bgay; ePh;nghy cs;sd. (vl;Lj;bjhifapy;) jpUkz Kiwfs; (86/136 ghly;)
md;g[ila be";rk; jhk; fye;jdnt mk;gh Mly; - ij ePuhly; fe;J - tHpghl;ow;Fhpa kuj;J]z;.
cyfk; njhw;wk; பறி Fwpg;gpLk; E]y;.
g[wehD]W: tdg;g[: 8 tif/ mk;ik/ mHF/ bjhd;ik/ njhy;/ bghUeh; ghoa ahH; ,irapy; fs;tUk; mfg;ghly;fs;:
11 g[wj;jpizfs;/ 65 Jiwfs; tpUe;J/ ,iag[/ g[yd;/ ,iHg[. jpUe;jpajhf TWtJ ,J.Mrphpag;ghthy; MdJ Ky;iyg;ghl;L: 6ைல ஒ,க எ*ப இதZ
Fwpg;glg;gl;Ls;sd. ntlk; jh';fp eog;gth;fs; bghUeh;fs;. இத நிமித6(தைலவைன பr( தைலவ கா
400 ghlyfs; gj;Jg;ghl;L Vh;f;fsk;/ nghh;f;fsk;/ guzp ghLk; ntlk;
இத)
mwk;/ bghUs;/ ,d;gk; _d;iwa[k; TWk; ,tw;wpy; Mw;Wg;gil E]y;fs;-5 jh';fpa Tj;jUk; bghUeh; vd miHf;fg;gl;ldh;.
E]y;. jpUKUfhw;Wg;gil ,g;bghUeh; nghh;f;fsk; ghLnthd;. Xjy;/ gif/ J]J/ bghUs;/ mwg;g[w';fhty;
g[wk;/ g[wg;ghl;L/ g[wk;g[/ jkpHf; fUt{yk; vd;w bghUzuhw;Wg;gil btz;zpg; nghhpd; bgw;w btw;wp gphpt[f;F fhuzk;
ngW bgah;fSk; cz;L. rpWghzhw;Wg;gil Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ. nehpir Mrphpag;gh
g[wk; vd;gJ xUtdpd; tPuk;/ bfhil/ fytp bgUk;ghzh[w;Wg;gil tpUe;njhkgypd; rpwg;gpidf; TWk; E]y; ghoath;: eg;g{jdhh;
Kjypa rpw;gg[fisf; Fwpf;Fk;. Tj;juhw;Wg;gil (m) kiygLflhk; tpUe;jpdh; gphpa[k; nghJ VHo brd;W 103 mofs;-rpwpa E]y;
flt[s; thH;j;J rptd; gw;wpaJ. ,uz;L ghl;L vd;W Koa[k; ghly;fs; tHpaDg;g[jy; kug[. ,jid fhpfhyd; ,tuJ ghly;fs; vJt[k; vl;Lj; bjhifapy;
bgz;fs; cld;fl;il Vwpdh;. g{jg;ghz;oad; Fwp";rpg;ghl;L gpd;gw;wpdhd;. fhzg;gltpy;iy.
kidtp bgUk; nfhg;bgz;L cld; fl;il Vwpdhs;. Ky;iyg;ghl;L jpUkhy; thkddha; mtjhuk; vLj;j fij
fztid ,He;j bgz;fs; ifk;ik nehd;g[ gl;ozg;ghiy rpWghzhw;Wg;gil: ,J mfE]y;. vdnt/ ghl;Lilj;jiytd;
,Ue;jdh;. kJiuf;fh";rp ,y;iy.
beLey;thil/ mfkh/ g[wkh/ rh;r;irf;Fhpa
Fhpa E]y;. Mrphpah;: ey;Y]h; ej;jj;jdhh;. fhh; fhyj;jpy; tpid nkw; btspna brd;w
milahsg; g{ bfho bjhy;fhg;gpak; Tj;jh;/ ghzh;/ bghUeh;/ jiytd;: Xa;kh ehl;L ey;ypaf; nfhlhd;.269 mofs; jiytd; tPl;Lf;F tUtij vz;zp jiytp jdJ
nrud; - nghe;ij (gid) tpy; tpwypah;. ,th;fs; jhk; bgw;w tsj;ij tWikapy; ,d;iwa jpz;otdg; gFjp xa;kh ehL MFk;. be";ir Mw;wp ,Ug;gjhy; ,jw;F be";rhw;Wg;gil
nrhHd; - Mh; (mj;jp) g[yp thLk; gpwUk; bgw ntz;Lk; vd;gjw;fhf vd;w bgah; cz;L.
ghz;oad; - ntk;g[ kPd; mth;fisj; jhk; bghUs; bgw;w ts;syplj;jy; ey;ypaf; nfhldpd; thapy; ,utyh;f;F rFdk; ghh;j;jy;/ tphpr;rp nfl;ly; - ek;gpf;if
tHpg;gLj;JtJ Mw;Wg;gil. milahsk;. filnaG ts;sy;fs; gw;wpf; TWk; ,jpy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.
jiy efuk;: E]y;.
nrud; - t";rp/ JiwKfk; - Krpwp/ bjhz;o jpUKUfhw;Wg;gil: ngfd; - kapYf;F nghh;it Fwp";rpg;ghl;L; :
nrhHd; - ciwa{h;/ j";rht{h;(gpw;fhyk;)/ gj;Jg;ghl;oy; fhyj;jhy; gpe;ja E]y;. ghhp - Ky;iyf;F njh; 261 mofs;
g[fhh; (JiwKfk;) flt[s; thH;j;jhff; fUjp Kjypy; fhhp - ,utyh;f;F Fjpiu nehpir Mrphpag;gh
ghz;oad; - kJiu/ JiwKfk;- bfhw;if/ itf;fg;gl;lJ. Ma;tz;oud; - ePykzp ehfk; je;j rptyp';fk; kiya[k; kiyrhh;e;j epyKk;/ Fwp";rp
bjhz;o (mfehD]W) Mrphpah; ef;fPuh; rptDf;F tH';fpdhd;. ,jid bgU';Fwp";rp vd;Wk; TWth;.
gy;ytd; - fh";rpg[uk;/ JiwKfk; - 317 mofs; mjpakhd; - xsitf;F bey;ypf;fdp
khky;yg[uk; ghlg;gl;ltd; KUfd; es;sp - kdjpy; cs;sij Twp eifj;jy; Mhpa murd; பufj;jDf;F jkpH; mwpt[Wj;jf;
Mw;Wg;gil E]y;fs; ghprpy; bgwr; fhhp - ,utyh;f;F ehLfis ghprhf je;jJ. fgpyh; ghoaJ ,J.
ghujg;nghhpy; nrhW bfh8j;jtd;: bry;nthuhy; bgah; bgWk;. jpUKUfhw;Wg;gil filnaG ts;sy;fs;: mwj;bjhL epw;wy; vd;w Jiwapy; ghlg;gl;lJ.
bgU";nrhw;W cjad; nruyhjd; kl;Lk; ghprpy; bfhLg;nghdhy; bgah; bgw;wJ. ghhp - gwk;g[kiy ,';F jkpH; vd;gJ mfg;bghUs; vd;W
Mrphpag;ghthy; MdJ. ngfd; - bghjpdpkiy bghUs;.
bjhy;fhg;gpak;: MWgil KUfd; nfhapy; gw;wpf; Xhp - bfhy;ypkiy
bjhd;ikahd fhg;gpaf; Foapy; gpwe;jth; fhzg;gLfpwJ. Ma; - bghjpif kiy Tj;juhw;Wg;gil (my;yJ) kiygLflhk;:
bjhy;fhg;gpah;. Kjy;:- jpUg;gu';Fd;wk; mjpad; - jfLh; kiyf;F ahidia ctkpj;J kiyapy;
epyk; jUtpw;ghz;oad; mitapy; ,lk; bgw;wJ. ,uz;lhtJ:- jpUr;bre;J]h; Fkzd; - Kjpukiy cz;lhFk; Xirfisf; flhk; vd;W Twpajhy;
fhyk; fp.K. 50 E]w;whz;L vd;gh;. _d;whtJ:-
htJ:- jpUMtpdd; Fo - ,jid itahg[hp es;sp; - njhl;okiy ,e;E]y; kiygLflhk; vd;W bgah; bgw;wJ.
mjpfhuk; - 3 / vGj;J/ brhy;/ bghUs; vd;Wk; miHg;gh;. itahtp vd;gJ ngfidf; Tj;jd; xUtd; gpw Tj;jh;fis
,ay; - 27/ (mjpfhuj;jpw;F 9 ,ay;) Fwpf;Fk;. bgருk;ghzhw;Wg;gil: Mw;Wg;gLj;Jtjhy; Tj;jhw;Wg;gil vdg;gLfpwJ.
ehd;fhtJ: jpUntufk; (jpUg;gjp (v) Rthkpkiy) ghzhW vd;w bgaUk; cz;L. g[yth;: bgU';bfsrpfdhh;
E]w;gh - 1610 jiytd;: ed;dd; nra; ed;dd;
Ie;jhtJ:-
htJ:- kiy ehl;L kf;fs;/ ,th;fs; Fuit Mo 500 thpfs;
tz';Fjy;/ Fd;W njhwhly; - jpUj;jzp. ghoath;: foaY]h; cUj;jpu'; fz;zdhh;. bjhz;L: 9 vd;w vz;izf; Fwpf;Fk;
vl;Ltif bka;g;ghLfs;: MwhtJ:-
MwhtJ:- KUfd; vGe;jUSk; ,l';fSk; ,uzpa Kl;lk; - kJiu mUnf
ghlg;gl;ltd; - bjhz;ilkhd; ,se;jpiuad;
kUl;if/ mr;rk;/ bgUkpjk;/ btFsp/ ctif/ mtdplk; mUs; bgWk; Kiwfs;/ gHKjph;nrhiy. Midkiyg;gFjp
eif/ mGif/ ,sptuy;. jpU.btஃfh.,se;jpiuadpd; jiyefuk;.( இ*ைறய fhl;oYs;s gyhg;gHj;jpw;Ff; Tj;jhpd;
mo tiuaiw cilaJ gh. bghUeuh
bghUeuhw;Wg;gil: கா+சி<ர) kj;jsk; ctikahfpwJ.
mo tiuaiw ,y;yhjJ: E]y;/ ciu/ gprp/ Mrphpah; - Klj;jhkf; fz;zpahh; Tj;jh;fs; vLj;Jr; brd;w ,irf;
KJbkhHp/ ke;jpuk;/ Fwpg;g[. gprp - tpLfij/ ghl;Lilj; jiytd; - fhpfhyr; nrhHd; ,e;E]ypy; ePh;g; bgaw;W vd;w efh; gw;wp fUtpfs;:njhy; fUtp - KHt[/ MFsp/ gjiy (xU
gz;zj;jp (ehl;Lg;g[wg; ghly;) 248 mofs; TWfpwJ. gf;fk; kl;Lnk)
ePh;g;bgaw;W vd;gJ ,d;iwa khky;yg[uk; Jis
Jisf;fUtp - nfhL/ FHy;/ J]k;g[
euk;g[f; fUtp - ahH; ft[e;jpaofs; - rkzj;Jwtp -nghuhl;l fhg;gpak; -fhg;gpaj; jiytd; rPtfd;. மன்னனுக்கு மகனாக,
f";rf; fUtp - ghz;oy; khjphp - ,ilf;Fy khjh; - kJiu - g[ul;rp fhg;gpak; அரசியின் வயிற்றில் உருவானவன் சீவகன். எனினும்
jpizfs;: (bjhy;fhg;gpak;) மாதவய* ேதாழி -tae;jkhiy -fz;zfp tHpghnl gpw;fhy khhpak;kd; tHpghl;ow;F விதி வசத்தால் சுடுகாட்டில் பிறக்கிறான். பின்ன
mfk; g[wk; -kJiuf;F fhty; bja;tk; kJuhgjp fhuzk;. வணிகன் ஒருவனின் வட்டில்
" வளகிறான். அச்சணந்தி
Fwp";rp btl;rp - fz;zfpf;F nfhapy; fl;oatd; br'Fl;Ltd; என்னும் ஆசானிடம் கல்வி பயின்றான். இவன் சிறந்த
Ky;iy t";rp - rpiy vLj;j nghJ cld; ,Ue;jth;fs; ,y';if kzpnkfiy ேதாற்றப்ெபாலிவு ெகாண்டவன். மிகுந்த அறிவு
kUjk; cHpi" kd;dd; fathF/ nrhH kd;dd; bgUew;fps;sp/ fdf Mrphpah; - Tythzpfh; rPj;jiyr; rhj;jdhh; நிரம்பியவன், பல்ேவறு கைலகளிலும் வல்லவன், சிறந்த
bea;jy; Jk;ig வrah;. mofs; - 4286 வரன்.
" இவன் எட்டு மங்ைகயைர மணந்து ெகாள்கிறான்.
ghiy thif - fz;zfpnfhapypd; Kjy; Fசாr njte;jp fhij - 30 “tpHhtiwf; fhij Kjy; bgsj;jpuk; இவ்வாறு பல மணம் புrந்தவன் ஆனாலும், இவன் ஒரு
iff;fpis fh";rp -,uhkd; jpUkhypd; mtjhuk; vdf; TWk; Kjy; mWf vdg; ghit nehw;w fhij” காமுகனாக அன்றி சிறந்த மன அடக்கம்
bgUe;jpiz ghlhz; fhg;gpak; ntW bgah; - kzpnkfiy Jwt[ Kjy; rkaf; ெகாண்டவனாகேவ சித்தrக்கப்படுகிறான். இவ்வாறு பல
g[wg;bghUs; btz;gh khiy TWk; jpizfspy;: -eugyp bfhLF;Fk; gHf;fk; gw;wp TWfpwJ fhg;gpak;/ mwf;fhg;gpak;/ rPh;j;jpUj;jf; fhg;gpak;/ ெபண்கைள மணம்புrந்ததன் மூலம், பணபலத்ைதயும்,
btl;rp/ fue;ij/ t";rp/ fh";rp/ cHpi"/ rpyg;gjpfhuk;. Fwpf;nfhs; ,yf;fpak;/ g[ul;rp fhg;gpak; (guj;ijapd; பைடபலத்ைதயும் ெபருக்கிக் ெகாண்டு அரசபதவிைய
behr;rp/ Jk;ig/ thif/ ghlhz;/ iff;fpis/ kfைள mwj;jpd; jiytpahft[k; khw;wp fhl;oajhy;) அைடகிறான். 30 ஆண்டுகள் ந" தியுடன் ஆட்சி ெசய்த
bgUe;jpiz/ bghJtpay; _d;W cz;ikfs; : grpg; gpzp kUj;Jtf; fhg;gpak;/gR nghw;Wk; fhg;gpak;. சீவகன், ஆட்சிப் ெபாறுப்ைப மகனிடம் அளித்துவிட்டுத்
- murpay; gpiHj;njhh;f;F mwk; Tw;whFk;.
• jkpH; ,yf;fpak; - CH;tpid cWj;J te;J Cl;Lk;. nkw;nfhs; : துறவறம் பூண்டு முத்தி ெபறுகிறான் . முக்கிய
ciuசாy; gj;jpdpia cah;e;njhh; Vj;Jth;. -tpidapd; te;jJ tpidf;F tpisthவJ பாத்திரங்கள்

Ik;bgUk; fhg;gpak; - nfhy;epiy jphpe;jpod; nfhs; tpiy jphpa[k;
காபய ெபா வாக ெதாட நிைல ெசM,ெந8
rpyk;gpd; g[fH; : -cz;o bfhLj;njhh; caph; bfhLj;njhnu • சீவக*
இலகிய எ* அைழகப8கிற .6த இர8
- be";rk; ms;Sk; rpyg;gjpfhuk; vd;;nwhh; -“mwk; vdg;gLtJ ahbjdf; nfl;gpd; • சUச(த* (த(ைத(, வசயமாேதவ (தா(
காபய9க ச9க கால,மவய காலதி
kzpahuk; gilj;j jkpH;ehL - ghujpahh; kwthJ ,Jnfs; kz;Qaph;f; bfy;yhk;. • க( கட* (வள< த(ைத), :ந(ைத (வள<
எ,தபCடாZ மறைவ ேசாழக காலதி
எ,தபCடதா ேசாழ காலைத காபய கால உz;oa[k; ciwa[Sk; my;yJ fz;ljpy;”. தா)
- ahkwpe;j g[ythpny fk;gidg; nghy • ந(தCட*, ந<ல*, வ<ல* (வள< த(ைதய*
எ*ப. ts;Stidg; nghy; ,s';nfhit nghy; fij khe;jh;fs; மக)
• rpyg;gjpfhuk; - rpyk;g[ + mjpfhuk; g{kpjdpy; ah';fDnk gpwe;jpy;iy cjaFkhud; - murFkhud; - kzpnkfiyia kzk; • சீதத*, <திேசன*, ப 6க*, ேதவதத*
mofs; -5001 -ghujpahh; g[hpa tpUk;g[gtd; (நபக)
Mrphpah;-,s';nfhtofs; ,ir ehlfnk rpyg;gjpfhuf; fijapd; cUtk;. kzpnkfyh bja;tk; - kzp gy;ytj;jPt[ • கா(தவதைத, ணமாைல, ப ைம, ேகமசr,
jPtjpifapd; cjtpahy; mKjRugp (nfhKfpg; கனகமாைல, வமைல, :ரம+சr, இலகைண
- ,katuk;gd; beL";nruyhjdpd; ,isa kfd;. Ie;jpid mikg;g[ Kiw : bgha;if) fz;blLg;g[. (சீவக* மைனவய)
-_d;W fhz;lk; Kg;gJ fhij Fwp";rpj; jpiz - Fd;w Fuit mwtztofspd; mwpt[iug;go Mjpiuaplk; Kjd; • அUசண(தி (ஆசிrய)
g[fhh; fhz;lk; - k';fy thH;j;Jghly; Kjy; Ky;iyj; jpid - Ma;r;rpah; Fuit Kjypy; gpr;irnaw;whs; • கC'ய9கார* (பைகவ*)
ehLfhz; fhij tiu gj;J fhijfs; kUj;jJiz - ehLfhz; fhij mKRugp - Kw;gpwtpapy; Mg[j;jpudplk; ,Ue;jJ.
bea;jy; jpiz - fhdy; thp -kUjp/ tprhif - gj;jpdpg; bgz;fs; E]y; rpwg;g[ :
kJiuf; fhz;lk; : ghiy jpiz - ntl;Lt thp. fharz;oif fztd; fh";rdd; -#p.a[.nghg; ,jid ,ypal;/ Xorpa[ld; xg;gpl;Ls;shh;.
fhLfhz; fhij Kjy;fl;Liuf;fhij Koa jkpH;f;ftp"h;fspd; ,sturd; vd;W jpUj;jjf;f
13 fhijfs;. gy;ntW bgah;fs; :-:- rPtfrpe;jhkzp :-:- njtiug; g[fH;e;J ghuhl;oa[s;shh; #p.a[.nghg;
- rpyg;gjpfhuk; - jpUj;jf;f njth; epiyahik Fwpj;J vGjpa E]y;’ -midj;J rkaj;jtUk; tpUk;gpfw;w rkzf;
t";rpf; fhz;lk; :-:- - jkpH; Kjy;fhg;gpak; ehptpUj;jk; fhg;gpak;.
Fd;w Fuit Kjy; tue;jUfhij Koa 7 -ciuapilapl;l ghl;Lilr; bra;a[s; -tpUj;jghthy; ,aw;wg;gl;l Kjy; fhg;gpak;
fhijfs;. -Kj;jkpH; fhg;gpak; (tpUj;jghy; ty;yth; - fk;gh;) tisahgjp :
-Kjd;ik fhg;gpak; -kzE]y;/ fhkE]y;/ Kf;jp E]y; vd;w bgah;fSk; - Mrphpah; bgah; bjhpatpy;iy
fij khe;jh;fs; . -gj;jpdpf; fhg;gpak; cz;L. - rkzf; fhg;gpak;
jiytd; - nfhtyd; jiytp - fz;zfp -ehlff; fhg;gpak; -13 ,yk; gf';fisa[k; 3145 ghly;fisa[k; -tpUj;jhg;ghypy; MdJ.
Mly; k';if – khjtp – nfhtdpd; je;ij – -Fokf;fs; fhg;gpak; (bj.bg.kPdhgl;rp Re;judhh;) bfhz;lJ. -fpilj;jit 72 பாக.
khrhj;Jthd; -g[Jikf; fhg;gpak; - (eLfy; tHpghL ெப;fSf;F -Kjy; ,yk;gfk; ehkfs; ,yk;gfk; -_yE]y; itrpf g[uhzk; 35 tJ rUf;fk;
fz;zfpapd; je;ij - kheha;fd; vLj;jjhy;); -filrp ,yk;gfk;Kf;jp ,yk;gfk; -etnfho ehuhazd; gw;wpa E]y;
- bghJik fhg;gpak; / xw;Wik ehl;oak;/ _nte;jh;
khjtpapd; jha; - rpj;jpuhtjp fhg;gpa, jkpH; njrpaf; fhg;gpak;.
-xl;lf;Tj;jh; ftpaHF ntz;o tisahgjpia நிைலயாைமைய உண( ற ேமெகாவேத இ Nshkzp : rka ,yf;fpaj; jfty;fs;/
epidj;jhh; vd;W jf;fahfg;’ guzpapd; கைதய* சார. பறவU :ழலி இ( வ8பC8 6தி Mrphpah; njhyh bkhHpj;njth; ,aw;bgah; M';fpyk;/ tzpfj;jpd; bkhHp/ ,yj;jpd;
jpd;
ciuahrphpah; bjhptpf;fpwhh;. ெபவத றவ* இ*றியைமயாைம பறி ேப:வேத th;j;jkhd njth;.12 சக9கள4 2131 rl;lj;jpd;bkhHp
bkhHp fpnufk; ,irapd; bkhHp/
bkhHp/ gpbu";R
இ கைதய* ேநாகமாக ெதrகிற . வதபாகளா இயறபCட இ(Aஆகத . J]jpd;bkhHp/
bkhHp/ ,j;jhyp fhjypd; bkhHp என்றால்
nkw;nfhs; : மகா<ராணைத த,வய பாகவததி வ . jkpழ் பக்தியின்; bkhHp
bkhHp –kiwj;
kiwj;jpU jdp ehaf mofs;
mofs
bghiwapyh mwpt[ - nghfg; g[zh;t[ ,yh cjazFkhu fhtpak; : பலராம*, கன* ேபா* இகாபயதிZ திவCட*
,sik Mrphpah; bgah; bjhpatpy;iy fe;jpahh; vd;gh;. வசய* எ*[ இ வடநாC8 ேவ(தகள4* வரலாறாக rka kWkyh;r;rpf; fhyk; - gy;yth; fhyk;
_yE]y; - bgU';fhij இ(A உள பாகவத6 ;ளாமணM கைத . gf;jp ,yf;fpa fhyk; - gy;yth; fhyk;
Fz;lynfrp : நிக=Uசிகள4 ஓரள ஒ உளனசிரவணெபேகாலா .
fhz;l';fs; -6/ tpUj;jhg;ghfக.;; 369 irtg; bghpnahh; ghoa ghf;fs; jpUkiwfs;
Mrphpah; ehjFj;jdhh; .கெவC' இ(A பறிய றி< உள vdg;gLk;.
bgsj;j fhg;gpak; -Nhpa Fyj;jpy; gpwe;j E]y; cjazd; vdg;gl;lhd;
இ(Aலி* பாயர த றிப*ப', கிஒ*பதா .ப. ,it 12 jpUkiwfs;
-Fz;lynfrp RUz;l jiyKoia cilats; vd;W AறாைடU ேச(த அவன4 ;ளாமண மாறவம* 1/2/3/ jpUKiwfs; - jpU"hd rk;ge;jh;
இ(Aலி ஆ காட9க உளனஉ+ைச காட-,
bghUs; Fz;lynfrp tUj;jk;/ mfy ftp vd;w ntW எ*[ பா'ய* அைவகளதி அர9ேகறிய எ* 4/5/6 jpUKiwfs; - jpUeht[f;furh;
இலாவண காட, மகத காட, வதவ காட,
bgah;fSk; cz;L. ெதrகிற இ சிகாபய வைகய இ(தாZ . 7 - Re;juh;
நரவாகன காட ம
-fhsd; vd;w fs;tid kzk;g[hpa gj;jpiu vd;w ெப9காபய ப<க மி(த Aலாக கதப8கிற . 8-k; - மாணகவாசக; - jpUthrfk;/ திேகாைவ எ*ற
ற காடஇகாபயதி* 6தபதி உதயண* .
tzpf Fyg; bgz; tpUk;g[fpwhs;. திமணதி ப* திUசிறபலேகாைவ;
வரலாைறM, பபதி அவன மகனாகிய நரவாகனன bgU';fij :
gj;jpiu rpdk; bfhz;oUe;j ntisapy; fhsid 9-k; jpUKiw - jpUtpirg;gh - 9 ngh; ghoaJ
வரலாைறM Mrphpah; bfh';Fnts;
‘fs;td; jhnd’ vd;W Twp tpLfpwhs;. gj;jiuia
bfhy;ல kiya[r;rpf;F miHj;Jr; bry;fpd;whd;.
Rகிற . -cjazd; tuyhw;iw jkpழிy; Twpa Kjy; E]y; jpUg;gy;yhz;L - ேச(தனா ghoaJ
anrhju fhtpak; : -rkz fhg;gpak;- ,jw;F bfh';Fnts; khf;fij vd;w -jpUkhdpifj; njth;
mtdJ NH;r;rpia mwpe;J bfhz;l gj;jpiu
Mrphpah; - btz;zhtZilahh; nts; bgaUk; cz;L. ணாC'ய எ*பவரா பராகித -fUt{h; njth;
‘jw;bfhy;ypia Kw;bfhy;’ எ* தன கணவைர - caph;bfhiy jPJ vd;Wk; czh;j;Jk; E]y; ெமாழிய எ,தபCட பரககதா எ*[ இலகியைத -nre;jdhh;
ெகாைல ெசவா.ப*ன அவ தன மயைர நEகி <த -VGtif euf';fs; gw;wp TWk; E]y; -g{e;Juj;jp fhlt ek;gp
த,வ ஆகபCடேத ெபருங்கைத ஆ. ேசாழ
றவயாகிறா.அேபா வள(த 6'ேய :8 ,Uspd; ,Us;/ ,Us;/ g[if/ nrW/ kzy;/ காலைதU ேச(த இைத ஆகியவ . ெகா9ேவள4 -fz;luhj;jpj;jh;
இபதா அ டலேகசி எ* அைழகப8கிற . guy;/ kUs;. 5 சக9கள4 320 வதபாகளா ஆன எ*பவராவாஇவ ஒ . சமண. ெகௗசாப நாC8 -ntz;lhl;ofs;
-fiy"uhy; ‘ke;jphp Fkhhp’ vd;W இத* ஆசிrய ெபய ெதrயவைலஇராசமா<ர . அரசன4* மகனான உதயண* எ*பவன4* கைதேய இ . -jpUntyp mKjdhh;
jpiug;glkhf;fg;gl;lJ. அரச* மாrதத* உயகைள பலியC8 வ(தா* . -g[Unlhj;jk ek;gp
அவ[ உயெகாைல தE எ* உண வதகாக கைதயைமப்பு :உதயணன4* தா க இ(தேபா ,
nrjpuhah;
I";rpW fhg;gpa';fs; எ,தபCட காபய இ பறவகம ., சிறி*பதி* சரப எ*[ ஒ பறைவ அரமைனய இ( 10-k; jpUKiw : jpUke;jpuk; - jpU_yh;
midj;Jk; rkzf; fhg;gpa';fns. சிைம, ேபr*பதி* ெபைம, ஒ,கதி* உய அவைள \கிU ெச* வ<லாசல எ*[ இடதி
11-k; jpUKiw - jpUthythilahh; -Iaofs;
ேபா*றவைற வவrப இ(Aஇ ஒ . வடெமாழி ேபாC8வC8U ெசகிற . அ9ேக உதயண* பறகிறா*.
fhlth; nfz;.
ehfFkhu fhtpak; : Aலி* த,வஎள4ய நைடM நயமான பாகS . இதிலி( , உதயணன4* வரதE
E ரU ெசயக, அரசனாத,
-fhiuf;fhy; mk;ikahh; -nrukhd; bgUkhs;
Mrphpah; bgah; bjhpatpy;iy. fe;jpahh; xUth; கால .உைடய A இ 13-ஆ Aறா8இைச . பல ெபகைள மணத எ*பவறிfடாக ற
-fy;ylnjt ehapdhh; - gl;odj; jofs;
vGjpdhh; vd;gh;. காமைத \8 எ*பைதM, கமதி* FYவைரயான கைதைய Rகிற இகாபய.
-ef;fPu njt ehapdhh; - ek;gpahz;lh; ek;gpfs;
- ehfg";rkp nehd;gpd; rpwg;igg; TWk; E]y; வைளகைளM எ8திய< இகைத - fgpy njt ehadhh;
-,e;E]Yf;F ehfg";rkp fij vd;w bgaUk; உதர<ராணதி இ( எ8கபCட எ* <Cப(த - guz njt ehadhh;
உதயணகுமார காவியம்
cz;L.kzj;ija[k; nghfj;ija[k; kpFjpahff; கைதய* தமி= வ'வ எ* இத* ஆசிrய guz njt ehadhh;
TWk; rkz E]y;. நாககுமார காவியம் அல ெவணாவZைடயா ேவ எ* Rேவா உ8. - mjpuh mofs;
இேத உதயணன4* கைதைய உதயணமார காவய6
நாகபஞ்சமி கைத எனப8 இ(A, தமிழி ேதா*றிய -vk;bgUkhdofs;
Rகிறெதன4[ இலகியU :ைவ *றியத
சி காபய9கள4 ஒ*றாஇைத எ,தியவ யா . ePynfrp : ெபாC8 அ ஐ+சி9காபய வrைசய
எ*ற ப*ன4வரா பாடபCட .
சிேராணக .எ*ற தகவக கிைடகவைல நாC8 ePynfrp vd;why; fUj;j Te;jiya[ilats; vd;W 12. bghpa g[uhzhk; - nrf;fpHhh;
ைவகபCட . காட9க
ம*னன4* ேவ8ேகாS இண9கி ெகௗதம எ*பா bghUs;.
அவ[ கைத R பா9கி இ(A அைமகபC8 -ePynfrpj;jpul;L vd;w ntW bgaUk; cz;L. jpUKiwfisj; bjhFj;jtd; - ek;gpahz;lhh; ek;gp/
Aபr :அகவபாவா பாடபC8ள இ(AZ
உள .170 வதபாகளா ஆகபCட இ(A ஐ( -Fz;lynfrp vd;w E]Yf;F khw;whf vGjg;gl;l jpUKiwfisj; bjhFg;gpj;jtd; - Kjyhk;
ப*வ ஐ( காட9க உளன.
சக9களாக பrகபC8ள . Mjpj;jd; my;yJ 2.k; Mjpj;jd; my;yJ - Kjyhk;
E]y;. 10 சக9கள4 894 பாகளா ஆன பதா.ப.கி .
uh#uh#d; vd;W TWth;.
AறாைடU ேச(த .காபய தைலவ நEலி . 1. உ+ைச காட
சமண சமய Aலான நாகமார காவய அU சமய Kjyhk; uh# uh#d; - jpUKiw fz;l nrhHd; vd
பைழயfr ேபMவ இ( 6ன4Uச(திர எ*கிற 2. இலாவாண காட
ெகாைககைள Aலி வளக 6ப8கிற . இளைம miHf;fg;gLfpwhd;.
சமண 6ன4வரா ேபைம நE9கி அவேக 3. மகத காட
காலதி இ*ப பதிேலேய தன காலைத
மாணவயாக சமண றவயாக ஆகி 4. வதவ காட
கழித நாகமார* தன இதி காலதி வா=வ*
ெபௗதகைள வாதி ெவ*ற கைதேய இகாபய. 5. நரவாண காட
jpU"hdrk;ge;jh; : nkw;nfhs; : திUசிறபலேகாைவ பா'னா.இதி நாயக* நாயகி -jpU <';nfha; kiy vGtJ
,aw;bgah; ஆSைடய பைள P பற(த ஊ:சீகாழி “Tw;whapd thW” - Kjy; gjpfk; பாவதி பாடபCட அக இலகியமாக அைம( -jpUtH";RHp Kk;kzpf;nfhit
,jw;F ‘khrpy; tPiz khiy kjpaKk;” இ.மாணகவாசகr* திவாசக பறி ஜி.M.ேபா -திஎ,Rறிைக
njhzpg[uk;/ gpukg[uk;/ ntQg[uk; vd;w bgah;fSk; -ehkhh;Fk; Foapy;nthk; ekid m";nrhk;” அவக திவாசகதி உகா ஒவாசகதி -nfhgg;gpurhjk;
cz;L. - ,d;gnk ve;ehSk; Jd;gk; ,y;iy”. உகா எ*கிறா. -fhbul;L
- ghoait 16000 gjpf';fs; fpilj;jit 384 -Kd;dk; mtDila ehkk; nfl;gpd; ேமேகா: -nghw;wp fypbtz;gh
gjf';fs; - 23 gz;fspy; ghoa[s;shh; - vd; fld; gzp bra;J fplg;gnj -நமUசிவாய வா=க நாத* தா வா=க தி6காபைட இர*8 A அைமப
-220 Ch;fSf;F brd;W ,iwtid tHpgl;lth; -jkpnHhL ,irg;ghly; kwe;jwpnad; -ஆதிM அ(த6 இலா அCெப+ேசாதி ப பாC' ஆபைட Aலாக பதிேனாறா
-ahH;Kwp gjpfk; ghoath;. -Ml;Ltpj;jhy; MbuhUth; Mlhjhnu தி6ைறயZ இட ெபள .
-ெத*னா8ைடய சிவேன ேபாறி
-jpUeht[furUf;F mg;gh; vd;w gl;lk; bfhLj;jth; mlf;Ftpj;jhy; MbuhUth; ml';fhjhnu”
,th;. - ve;ehl;lth;f;Fk; இைறவா nghw;wp”
ek;gpahz;lh; ek;gp :-:-
kJiu : Td; ghz;oaid epd;w rPh; Re;juh; : - thdhfp kz;zhfp tspahfp xspahfp
-jkpH; tpahrh; ,th; ,aw;wp 8 E]y;fSk; 11-k;
beLkhwdhf;fpdhh; -fapyhaj;jpy; ,tUf;F MyhyRe;judhh; vd;W - cw;whiu ahd; ntz;nld; ngh; ntz;nld;
jpUKiwapd; ,Wjpapy; nrh;j;Jf; bfhz;lhh;.
-g{k;ghit jpUg;gjpfk; ghodhh;. bgah; -mk;ikna mg;gh xg;gpyh kzpna
-g[y;yhfpg; g{lhfpg; g[Gthfpa kunkhfpg; gy; kpUfk; - nfhapy; jpUg;gz;zpய வ;Uj;jk;
,tuJ njthuj;jpw;F jpUf;filf;fhg;g[ vd - jpUehtY]h; - jpUj;bjhz;lh; jpUte;jhjp
rpwg;gpf;fg; gLfpwJ. - td; bjhz;lh;/ jk;gpuhd; njhHh; gwitaha; ghk;ghfp
,th; ghoa jpUr;rpw;wrpyf; nfhit - ehafd; ehafp - Vfhjr khiy
-,iwtndna kidtpaplk; J]J mDg;gpath; -tpehafh; ,ul;il kzpkhiy
-,iwtDf;F njhHd; - jk;gpuhd; njhHd;. ghtk; bfhz;lJ.
fjt[ jpwf;fg;ghoaJ : ,uf;fk; ஒd;wpலிh; -jpUr;rig வ Uj;jk;
-guit - r';fpypahh;- ,tuJ kidtpfs;. -jpUKk; kzpf;nfhit
-,th; ghoa jpUj;bjhz;ilj; bjhif bghpa gpd;gw;wpa khh;f;fk;
kd;dd; neha; jPh;f;fg;ghoaJ. -MSil gps;isahh;
g[uhzj;jpy; _y E]y;. jpU"hdrk;ge;jh; - rj;g[ju khh;f;fk; - fphpia
ke;jpukhtJ ePW - jpUt[yhkhiy
- mjd; Kjyo jpUeht[f;furh; - (moik) jhrkhh;f;fk; - rhpia
Re;juh; (nrhH) rfkhh;f;fk; - nahf khh;f;fk; -jpUf;fyk;gfk;
ey;yth;f;F ehq
ehqk; nfhS
nfhSk; ,y;iy vd ghoaJ “jpy;iy thH; me;jzh; jk; moahh;f;Fk; monad;” -jpUj;bjhif jpUte;jjhjp
-Re;jUld; el;g[ bfhz;oUe;j MH;thh; jpUk';if khzpf;fthrfh; - (rw;FU (khzt rd; khh;f;fk; -
“ntapU njhsp g';fd;” "hdk; khh;f;fk;.
“fhjyhfp frpe;J fz;zPh; ky;fp” MH;thh;” gl;ozj; jofs;
- ,th; nahf Kiw vd;w rfkhh;fj;jpdh;.
10-
10-k; jpUKiw : ,aெபah; - jpUbtz;fhlh;
rpwg;g[fs; : -fphpia vd;w rw;g[j;jpu khh;f;fk; jpU_yh; - xd;nw Fyk; XUtnd njtd; (இவrட; nre;jdhh; fzf;fuha; gzpahw;wpdhh;.
-ahH;kwp பதிக ghoath; nkw;nfhs; :
-clk;ig tsh;j;njd; caph; tsh;j;njnd -nfhapy; ehd;kzpkhiy
-,aw;ifia mjpfkhகg; ghoath; -gpj;jh பைற ;' ெபமாேன அளாளா– Kjw;ghly;
- bghd;dhh; nkdpand g[ypj;njhiy miuf;flj;J -jpUf;f,ky Kk;kzpf;nfhiy - (rk;ge;jh; Fwpg;g[)
-Mjpr';fuh; jk; E]yhd “brse;jh;ayfhp”யy; fhiuf;fhy; mk;ikahh; : -jpUtpil kJ]h; Kk;kzp nfhit
- “jk;khid mwpahj rhjpahUk; csnuh”
jpU"hd rk;ge;jij ‘jpuhtpl rpR’ vd;W ,aw;bgah; - g[dpjtjp fztd; - gukjj;jd; -jpUntfk;gKilahh; jpUte;jhjp
<க=( ளா. -(fapiy) nga[U bfhz;lhh; fapiy kPJ -jpUbthw;wpa{h; xUth xUபஃ
மாணிக்கவாசக:
;. jiyahnyna ele;J brd;whh;. ; 12-
12-k; jpUKiw
இயெபய ெதrயவைல.
jpUeht[f;furh; ,iwtdhy; mk;ikna vd miHf;fg;gl;lhh;. nrf;fpHhh; 63 ehad;khh;fisg; gw;wp tphpj;Jiuj;j
பா'ய* அrமதன பா'யன4ட அைமUசரா
,aw;bgah; - kUs; ePf;fpahh; - jpUthy';fhl;oYk; ,iwtidj; fhzj; bghpa g[uhzk; gd;dpuz;lhk; jpUKiw
இ(த ேபா ெத*னவ* பரமராய எ*
ntW bgah; : jpUeht[furh; jiyahnyna ele;J brd;wdh;. rk;ge;jh; mk;ik -nrf;fpHhhpd; ,aw;bgah; mUz;bkhHpj; njth;.
அைழகபCடா.திவாதgரா,அ
thrPfh;/ mg;gh;/ MSil muR/ jhz;lf nte;jh; jiyahy; ele;j gFjpia fhyhy; kpjpf;f kWj;jhh;. -meghar; nrhHdplk; mikr;ruha; ,Ue;jth;.
வாசக,மாணகவாசக எ* அைழகபCடா.பா'ய
jUknrdh;. - 63 ehad;kh;fSs; mkh;e;j nfhyj;jpy; cs;sth; mikr;ruha; ,Ue;j nghJ cj;jk nrhH
ம*னனா திைர வா9க அ[பபCட இவ பாதி
bgw;nwhh; g[fHdhh; - khjphpahh; fhiuf;fhy; mk;ikahh;. gy;ytuhad; vd;w gl;lk; cz;L.
வழிய சிவன4* திவைளயாடலா ேகாய
jkf;if – jpyftjpahh; கC'னா.இவகாக சிவ* நrைய பrயாகினா(திைர).
bjhz;lh; rPh; guthh; vd;w bgaUk; cz;L.
gpwe;j Ch; - jpUth_h; E]y;fs; :- - bghpag[uhzj;jpw;F ,th; ,l;l bgah; jpUj;bjhz;lh;
இள9ேகாவ ப* நாC8<ற பாட வ'வதி
-gjpfj; bjhil ghoa ghd;ikahy; eht[f;furh; jpUthy';fhl;L _j;j jpUg;gjpfk; 2 E]y;fs;/ g[uhzk; / jpUj;bjhz;lh;khf;fij vd;Wk;
6கிய வ ெகா8தவ.63நாய*மாகS இவ
vdg;gl;lhh;. jpUtjpifapy; rptdhy; eht[f;furh; vd jpU,ul;ilkzpkhiy/mw;g[jj;jpUte;jhjp/ miHf;fg;gLfpwJ.
இடெபறவைல. அமாைன, ெபா:ண, Fவலி,
miHf;fg;gl;lhh;. -,tuJ ghly; kl;Lnk _j;j jpUg;gjpfk; vd;W -,jd; Kjy; E]y; Re;juh; ghoa jpUj;bjhz;lh;
ஊச, ப,ெதேளண,ேதாேணாக,சாழ,-இைவ
- rkz rkaj;jpy; “jUknrdh;” vd;w bgahpy; rpwg;gpf;fg;gLFpwJ fl;lis fypj;Jiw vd;w bjhif.
மகள4r* ஆCட9க. g[Jtif ahg;ig gilj;jth;.
tps';fpdhh;. இவ எ,திய திவபாைவ மாகழி மாததி - வழிE]y; ek;gpahz;lh; ek;gp ghoa jpUj;bjhz;lh;
-jpUeht[f;furh; rhpia vd;Dk; jhrkhh;fj;jpdh;. ைசவகளா பாடப8கிற . jpUte;jhjp.
ef;fPudpd; E]y;fs; :
பாைவ பா'ய வாயா ேகாைவ பா8க எ* - jpUKUfhw;Wg;gil -cyெகyhk; vd;W ,iwtd; mobaLj;J bfhLf;fg;
றிபCடதா திேகாைவ எ*ற -fapiy ghjp fhsj;jp ghjp me;jhjp ghlg;gl;l E]y; bghpa g[uhzk;.
jpUtpisahlw;g[uhzk;. Kjy; E]y; - Re;jh; fypbtz;gh - kPdhl;rpak;ik nkw;nfhs; ,aw;gh

g[uhzk; vd;why; tuyhW. rptbgUkhdpd; gps;isj; jkpH;/ kJiuf; fyk;gfk;/ ePjpbewp VWkapy; VwptpisahLk; Kfk; Xd;nw Kjy; jpUte;jhjp/ ,uz;lhk; jpUte;jhjp/ _d;whk;
jpUtpisahly; fiyf; gw;wpf; TWk; E]y;. tpsf;fk;. jpUth%h; ehd;kzpkhiy/ rpjk;gu <rDld; "hdbkhHp ngRk; Kfk; xd;nw/ jpUte;jhjp/ ehd; Kfd; jpUte;jhjp/ jpUtpUj;jk;/
-,iwtdpd; jpUtpisahly; gw;wp Kjypy; Twpa Kk;kzpf;nfhit/ rpjk;gur; bra;a[l; nfhit/ jpUthrphpak;/ bghpa jpUte;jhjp/ jpUvG
E]y;fs; fy;yhlk;/ Re;ju ghz;oak;. ,ul;il kzpkhiy rptg;gpufhrh;: Tw;wpUf;if rpwpa jpUkly;/ bghpa jpUkly;.
fy;yhlk Mrphpah; fy;yhldh;. -fhrp fyk;gfk;/ rfyfyh ty;yp khiy. Ch;: Jiw k';fyk;
-,th; gpuge;j nte;jh; vd;W miHf;fg;gLfpwhh;. Mrphpah; - jpUbey;ntyp bts;spak;gpyj; jk;gpuhd; bgha;ifahh;
-Kjd; Kjypy; jpUtpisahlw; g[uhzk; ghoath; E]y;fs; : gpug[yp';f yPiy/ ehy;th; ehd;kzpkhiy/
bgUk;gw;w g[ypa{h; ek;gp/. ,th; ghoa jpUtpisahlw; ,uhkyp';f mofs; : ePnuhl;lfakf me;jhjp/ jpUbt';iff; nfhit/ Ch;/ fh";rpg[uk; - jhkiug; bgha;if
g[uhzk; திவாலவாMைடயா திவைளயாட <ராண -kDKiw fz;l thrfk; #PtfhUz;l xGf;fk; jpUbt';iff; fyk;gfk;. r';fpd; mk;rk;
-mLj;J jpUtpisahlw; g[uhzk; ghoath; gu";n#hjp ciueil E]y;fs;. - ed;bdwp vd;w ePjp E]y; ,aw;wpath; - ghoaJ Kjyhk; jpUte;jhjp
Kdpth;. -rd;khh;f;f r';fk;/ rj;jpa jUkrhiy/ rj;jpa "hd - fw;gid fs";rpak;/ fw;gid Cw;W/ ftpjh rh;t - Kjyhk; jpUte;jhjp 100 ghly;fs;
rig/ rpj;jp tshfk; nghd;wit epWtpa epWtd';fs;. bgskp - Kjd; Kjyhfj; jpUkhypd; gj;J mtjhu';fisg;
-,J Myh!;a kfhj;jpak; vd;w tlbkhHp E]ypd; -jkpH; ,yf;fpaj;jpw;Fs; kpfg; bghpa Mrphpa tpUj;jk; - fpwpj;jt kjj;jpw;F vjpuhf VRkj epuhfuzk; vd;w ghoath;
jGty;. • நூலாசிrய ghoath; - 1596 mofs; bfhz;l Mrphpak;. E]iy ,aw;wpath;.
-,tUf;F jpU.mUl;gpufhr ts;syhh; vd;W nkw;nfhs;
bgahpl;lth; bjhGt{h; ntyha[j Kjypahh; ,tnu itztk;
இ(Aைல இயறியவ பர+ேசாதி 6ன4வ. இவ
jpUtUl;ghit bjhFj;jth; - bkhj;jk; -12 bjhFj;th; ehjKzp - ehthapuj; itak; jfspah/ thh;flny bea;ahf.
த+ைச மாவCட திமைறகாC' -,tuJ ghl;il kUl;gh vd;wth; MWKf ehtyh;. jpt;tpa gpuge;jk;.
ேதா*றியவ. ைசவேவளாள ஆசிrய மரப - ,tiu g[ul;rpj; Jwtp vd;gh;. jpuhtpl rhfuk; vd;w ntW bgah;fSk; cz;L. g[{jj;jhH;thh;
பற(தவ. - ghujpahh; ,tiu g[J bewp fz;l g[yth; vd;W
nghw;Wfpwhh;. 4 gphpt[fs; - kfhgypg[uk; - FUf;fj;jp kyhpy; gpwe;jhh;
• நூலின் அைமப்பு nkw;nfhs; - Kjyhapuk; - fjha[jj;jpd; mk;rkhf gpwe;jth;
-mUl;bgU";n#hjp/ jdpg; bgU';fUiz - bghpa jpUbkhHp - ,uz;lhk; jpUte;jhjp (100 ghly;fs;)
68 படல9கSட* 3363 பாடக ெகாட
-“mg;gh ehd; ntz;Ljy; nfl;L mUs;g[hpa ntz;Lk;. - jpUtha; bkhHp - bgUe;jkpHd; vd;W jd;idf; Twpf; bfhs;Sk;
- ‘cs;bshd;W itj;J g[wbkhdW ngRnthh; - ,aw;gh MH;thh;
திருவிைளயாடற் புராணம், ம ைர, Rட,
cs;sf; fythik ntz;Lk;. nkw;nfhs;:
திவாலவா எ*ற 3 காட9கைள உைடய .
jpUkhypd; Ik;gilfs; md;ng jfspah Mh;tnk bea;ahf
jha[khdth; rf;fuk; - Rjh;rdk;
• நூலின் சிறப்பு tpy; - rhu';fk; ngahH;thh;
- tp#au';fehj brhf;fyp';f ehaf;fhplk; fzf;fuhf ths; - ee;jfk;
இைறவன4* 64 திவைளயாடகைளM ,Ue;jth;. jz;L - ெகௗnkhjfp kapyhg;g{h; - brt;ty;ypg; g{tpy; gpwe;jhh;.
காபயU:ைவMட* Rகிற . - cgepljf; fUj;Jf;fisj; jkpHpy; kpFjpahfg; r';F - gh";rrd;dpak; - jpUkhypd; ee;jfk; vd;Dk; thspd; mk;rk;
ghoath; Kjyhapuk; ; -T*றா jpUte;jhjp (100 ghly;fs;)
mhpr;re;jpu g[uhzk; - tPuftpuhah; - rkuf rd;khh;f;f fUj;Jf;fis Kjypy; Twpath; ேமற்ேகாள்:”திருக்கண்ேடன்,ெபான்ேமனி கண்ேடன்”
fe;j g[uhzk; - fr;rpag;gg rpthr;rhypah; gpd;dh; ,jid ts;syhh; tphpthff; Twpdhh;. bghpahH;thh; jpUbkhHp
Th;k g[uhzk; - mjp tPuuhk ghz;oad; - guhguf; fz;zp/ ve;ehl;fz;zp/ Mde;jf; fspg;g[. (jpUg;gy;yhz;L cl;gl) jpUkHpirahH;thh;
fh";rp g[uhzk; ( Kjw; fhz;lk;) - rpt"hd Kdpth; ehr;rpahh; jpUbkhHp
fh";rp g[uzhk; ( 2-tJ fhz;lk;) fr;rpag;g Kdpth;) mUzfphpahh; bgUkhs; jpUbkhHp Ch; - jpUkHpir
jpUr;re;j tpUj;jk; - rf;fuj;jpd; mk;rk;
jyg[uhzk; vd;w nfhapy; g[uhzk; - ckhgjp rptk; ‘Kj;ijj; jU’ vd;W KUfd; mobaGj;Jf; bfhLf;f jpUg;gs;sp vGr;rp - rf;fuj;jhH;thh;/ gf;jp rhfuh; vd;W ntW bgah;fSk;
,tnu jyg[uhzk; ghLk; kuig bjhl';fp itj;jth;. jpUg;g[fH; ghoath;. mkyனாjpgpuhd; ,tUf;F cz;L.
-jyg[uhzk; ghLtjpy; g[fH; bgw;wth; kPdhl;rp Re;juk; - ghoait jpUg;g[fH;/ Re;jh; my';fhuk; Re;jh; fz;zp Ed; rpWj;jhk;g[ - ,th; irtj;jpy; ,Ue;jnghJ rptthf;fpah; vd;w
gps;is. mDFjp/ Re;jh; m(;jhjp/nty; tpUj;jk/; rpj;juhf ,Ue;jhh;.
kapy;வUj;jk; bghpa jpUbkhHp - ghoait ehd;fhk; jpUte;jhjp vd;w ehd;Kfd;
Fku Fuguh; : -re;jf; fs";rpak;/ yaf; fs";rpak; vdg;gLtJ jpUk';if MH;thh; ghly;fs; jpUte;jhjp
-gpwe;j Ch; $itFz;lk; jpUg;g[fH;. - KUfrpj;jh; vd;W miHf;fg; gLfpwhh;. jpUtha; bkhHp - jpUkHpir MH;thhpd; rPld; fdpfz;zd; vd;gth;
-Ie;J taJ tiu Cikapy; ,Ue;J jpUr;bre;J]h; ek;khH;thh; ghly;fs; Mthh;.
KUfd; mUshy; ghLk; jpwd; bgw;wth;.
ek;khH;thh; ghoait : jpUkhiy/ jpUg;gs;sp vGr;rp/ - ,aw;bgah; tp\;Drpj;jh; fPjh gh\;ak;/ ntjhe;j jPgk;/ ntjhe;j
Ch; MH;thh; jpUefh; vd;w jpUf;FUTh; ,th; je;ij jpUkhy; jpUg;gs;sp vGr;rp - bjhz;luog; bgho ntWbgah; : gl;lh; gpuhd;/ fpHpaWj;j MH;thh; rhuk;/ ntjhe;j r';fpufhk;/ jkpHpy; xU E]Yk;
khwd;fhhp/ guhe;jfd; beL";riladpd; mikr;rh; MH;thh; - ,thpd; tsh;g;g[ kfs; Mz;lhs; vGjtpy;iy.
- அவ தியான ெசத g[spakuj;ij Mjpnr\dpd; rptd; jpUg;gs;sp vGr;rp - khzpf;fthrfh; ghoait : jpUg;gy;yhz;L/ jpUbkhHp - ntjhe;j njrpfh; tpsf;Fk; bewp tlfiy/
mtjhuk; vd;gh;(தி<ள4 ஆ=வா) ghujkhjh jpUg;gs;sp vGr;rp - ghujpahh; - gps;isj;jkpH; vd;w rpw;wyf;fpa tifapd; ,uhkhD# h; bjd;fiy
- rlnfhgh; vd;W miHf;fg;gl;lhh; jpUkhny ek; -“gr;irkh kiy ேபா; nkdp gtstha; Kd;ndho - ,uhkhD]#h; E]w;we;jhjp jpUtu';fuj;J mKjdhh;
- rlf;nfhgd; vd;W miHj;jikahy; ‘ek;khH;thh;’ fkyr;br';fz;” - mk;g[ypg; gUtj;jpy; rhk jhd ngj jz;lk; vd;w - itzt rka kWkyh;r;rpf;F cWJiz
vd;W mikg;gpy; ghLk; Kiwia Kjd; Kjypy; ,uhkhD]#h;
miHf;fg;gLfpwhh;. jpUk';ifahH;thh; njhw;Wtpj;jth;.
- jpUthrphpak;/ jpUtha;bkhHp/ jpUtpUj;jk;/ bghpa - bjhl;oy; ghl;L vd;w jhyhl;Lg; ghl;lhfpa fz;zd; esbtz;gh
jpUte;jhjp vd;Dk; ehd;F E]y;fisg; ghoa[s;shh;. - jpUf;FiwaY]h; - jpUk';if ehL/ nrhHehL jhyhl;nl gps;isj; jkpH; ,yf;fpa tifapd; - g[fnHe;jpg;g[yth;
vdnt ,tiu ntjk; jkpH; bra;j khwd; vd;gh; - ehl;oy; gpwg;g[. Kd;ndho E]y; - Mjhpj;jtd; re;jpud; Rth;கி100 ghlYf;F xUKiw
(ehjKdp) - tpy;ypd; mk;rk; - jd;id anrhijahfg; ghtpj;Jg;ghoa MH;thh;. ts;siyg; ghoa[s;shh; ( fk;gh;. 1000 ghlYf;F
- ,tuJ E]y;fSs; jpUtha; bkhHpia jpuhtpl - ,aw;bgah; - fypad; - ,uhkid FHe;ijahfg; ghtpj;Jj; jhyhl;Lg; xUKiw)
ntjk; vd;gh;. - je;ij bgah; - ePyd; ghoath; FynrfuhH;thh;. - esbtz;gh _d;W fhz;l';fs; - Rak;tuf;fhz;lk;/
- ek;khH;thh; cly; vd;Wk; kw;wth;fs; cWg;g[k; - kidtp - FKjty;yp fypbjhlh; fhz;lk;/ fypeP';F fhz;lk; - bkhj;jk; -
vd;Wk; TWth; Mz;lhs; 425 ghly;fs;
- itztj;J khzpf;fthrfh; vd;W Twg;bgWthh; ntW bgah;fs; - fyp ehld;/ fypfd;wp/ mUs;khhp/
- guh';Frh; - gwrkak; vd;w ahidf;F m';Frk; gufhyd;/ Fiwayhsp/ k';ifah; nfhd;/ - $tpy;ypg[j;J]h; esdpd; tuyhw;iwf; TWtJ ,uz;L
nghd;wth;. k';ifnte;jd; - bghpahH;thhpd; tsh;g;g[ kfs; 1. esbtz;gh
- ,th; Mz;l ehL jpUthypehL - g{kfs; mk;rk; 2. ieljk; mjptPuuhk ghz;oad; ( ieljk; g[yth;f;F
kJu ftp MH;thh; - JHha; (Jsrp) tdj;jpy; fz;blLf;fg;gl;lts;. xsljk;)
MW E]y;fs; - khiyR{l;o bfhLj;jhy; nfhij vdg;gl;lhs;
Ch; - ghz;o ehL jpUf;nfhqh; - ,iwtDf;F kidtpahdjhy; ehr;rpahh; fk;gh; :
- ,th; ek;khH;thhpd; rPlh; bghpa jpUbkhHp/ jpUbeLe;jhz;lfk;/ jpUf;FWe; - Mz;ltidna Mz;ljhy; Mz;lhs; Mdhh; - nju,e;J]hpy; gpwe;jhh;
- mtiu kl;Lnk ghoath; jhz;lfk;/ jpUvGTw;wpUf;if. rpwpa jpUkly; / - ,iwtd; Mz;lhs; jpUkzk; -திu';fk; - ehif khtl;lj;jpy; kapyhLJiwf;F mUfpy;
- ,th; ghoa ghly;fs; ‘fz;zpEz; rpWj;jhk;g[ ‘ bghpa jpUkly;. ghoait : jpUg;ghit/ jpUbkhHp cs;sJ fk;ghpd; je;ijahh;Mjpj;jd;
vd;Dk; ghlypd; Kjy; thpahy; bgah; bgw;wJ. - Kjd; Kjyhf kly; vd;w rpw;wpyf;fpa tifiaj; jpUg;ghitna ntjk; midj;jpw;Fk; tpj;J vd;W - ,uz;lhk; Fnyhj;J';fd; fhyj;jpy; thH;e;jth
bjhl';fpath;. ,thpd; kly; bjhy;fhg;gpa Twpath; - ,uhkhD#h; ;
Fynrfu MH;thh; mfbewpf;F KuzhdJ. - fw;g{uk; ehWnkh fkyg;g{ ehWnkh? - jpUbtz;bza; ey;Y]h;r; rilag;g ts;sy;
- jhz;lfk; ghoa MH;thh;’ - thuzk; Mapuk; R{H ty";bra;J Mjhpj;jhh;
Ch; - nruehl;Lj; jpUt";irf;fdk; - jpUtujd; vd;w -ehl;Lg;g[wg;ghly; gphpt[f;fSf;F ,lk; bfhLj;J ehuzd; ek;gp elf;fpd;whd; vd;W vjph; - fhyk; 12-k; E]w;whz;L
kd;ddpd; kfd;. ghoath;. - ehuhaznd ekf;F giw jUthd; - bra;ed;wp kwth ,ay;gpdh;. rilag;g ts;siy
- bfhy;ypf; fhtyd;/ Tly; ehafd;/ nfhHpf;nfhd; - khh;fHpj; jp';fs; kjp epiwe;j ed;ehshy;’ Mapuk; ghly;fSf;F xU ghly;fs; vd;W
vdf; Twpf;bfhs;tjhy; ghz;o/ nrhHehLfSf;Fk; jpUg;ghzhH;thh; Mr;rhhpah;fs; ghoa[s;shh;.
jiytuha; ,Ue;jhh; vdj; bjhpfpwJ. jpUkhy; - irtj;jpy; ghzFoapy; gpwe;jth; jpUePyfz;l MH;thh;fisj; bjhlh;e;J itztk; tsh;j;jth;fs;
gf;jpahy; muR Jwe;jhh;. யா=பாண. - Kjy; Mr;rhhpahh; ehjKdp - rlnfhguhe;jhjp/ VbuGgJ ruRtjp me;jhjp/
- mjw;Fk; gygo nkny brd;W jpUnt';flkiyapy;; - பாண 'ய பற(ததா jpUtu';ff; nfhapDs; - itzt ,Wjp Mr;rhhpah; kzths khKdp jpUf;if tHf;fk; Mfpad fk;gh; ,aw;wpa gpw
gwitaha;/ kPdha;/ Mwha; bfhokukha;/ goaha; bry;y ,ayhJ fhtphpf;fiuapy; epd;W ghoath; - Kf;fpakhdth; ,uhkhD#h; E]y;fs;.
gpwf;Fk; ngW fpilf;f ntz;Lk; vd ntz;Lfpwhh; - ,tiu cnyhf fhu';fs; Kjypa me;jzh;fs; - ntjk; midj;jpw;Fk; tpj;J jpUghit vd;W
- ,th; jkpHpy; bgUkhs; jpUkhHpa[k; - tlbkhHpapy; fy;yhy; moj;jdh;. gpd;dh; cnyhf fhu';fnu Twpath; ,uhkhD#h; -ra';bfhz;lh;/ xl;lf;Tj;jh;/ g[fnHe;jp Mfpnahh;
Kfe;j khiya[k; bra;Js;shh;. njhspy; J]f;fpr; brd;whh;. - ,uhkhD#hpd; FU jpUf;nfhl;oa{h; ek;gp ,th; fhyj;Jg; g[yth;fs; fk;gd; tPl;Lf; fl;Lj;jwpa[k;
- ,uhkDf;F jhyhl;Lg; ghoath; FynrfuhH;thh; - jpUtu';fehjidf; fz;L ,th; ghoa gjpfk; - ,uhkhD#hpd; rPlh; Tuj;jhH;thh; ftpghLk;: btz;gh ghLtjpy; ty;yth;. tpUjg;gh
- fz;zdplk; gf;jp bfhz;lth; bghpahH;thh; mkydhjp gpuhd;’
‘mkydhjp - FUtpd; fl;lisia kPwp jpt;tpa ufrpaj;ij ghLtjpy; ty;yth;.
- bgUk;ghyhd MH;thh;fs; fz;zdplk; gf;jp (jpUke;jpuk;) midtUf;Fk; brhd;dth;
bfhz;lவக bghpahH;ths; ,uhkhD#h;/ kf;fSf;Fr; brhd;d ,lk; fy;tpapw; bghpath; fk;gh;.
Ch; --$tpy;ypg[j;J]h; jpUf;nfhl;oa{h;.
bjhz;lulog; bghoahH;thh; - fUlhH;thh; mk;rk; - itztj;jpd; tsh;g;g[jha; ,uhkhD#h; E]y;Fwpg;g[ : ahkwpe;j g[ythpny - ghujpahh;
Ch;- jpUkz;l';Fo - bghpa jpUto vd;gJk; fUld; - tprp\;lhj;itj;ijj; njhw;Wtpj;jth; ,uhkhD#h; ,uhkdJ tuyhw;iwf; TWk; E]y;
,aw;bgah; - tpg;uehuhazd; - rpwpa jpUto vd;gJ mDkd; - ,uhkhD]#h; ,aw;wpa E]y;fs; $ gh\;ak;/ ,uhkhazk; vdg;gl;lJ.
ckWg;g[ytd; - rPjf;fhjp ts;sy;/ mg[y; fhrpk; rpd;dr; rPwh : - 77 tajpy; bfhilf;fhzypy; caph; ePj;jth;
-thd;kPfp Kdpth;tlbkhHpapy; vGjpa kiuf;fhah; gD] mfkJ kiuf;காயh; vd;gth;egpfs; ehaj;jpd; vy;yp!;
,uhkazj;ij jGtpf; fk;gh; mjidj;jkpHpy; njk;பாtzp jpUthH;t[ KGtija[k;gho Koj;jhh;. m~J rpd;dr; 1796y; brd;id khtl;l Ml;rpah; jpUts;qhpd; glk;
,aw;wpdhh;. rPwh vd;W tH';fg;gLfpwJ. cs;s j';f ehzak; btspapl;lth;.
- fk;gh; ,jw;F ,uhkhtjhuk; vd bgahpl;lhh;. Mrphpah; - tPukh Kdpth; #p.a[. nghg;
fhz;lk; bgUk;gphpt[/ glyk; vd;gJ mjd; cl;gphpt[ fpwpj;jtKk; jkpHk; ,';fpyhe;J ehl;odh; - 19tJ tajpy; jkpHfk;
-fk;guhkhazk; ghyfhz;lk;/ mnahj;jpah fhz;lk;/ ,aw;bgah; : fhd!;lhd;oa[!; n#hrg; bg!;fp te;jhh;. kfhtpj;Jthd;. ,uhkhD]#f; ftpuhahplk;
ntW bgah; - ijhpa ehjh; ,uhgh;l; -o - behgpyp (,j;jhyp ehl;odh; 1577 - 1656) jkpH; gapd;whh;.
Muz;a fhz;lk;/ fpl;fpe;jh fhz;lk;/ Re;ju
fhz;lk;/ a[j;j fhz;lk; vd MW fhz;l';fis kJiu r';fk; (Madura Christian Mission ) – 1605y; - Poet of Tamil land, The lives of Tamil Saints
E]w;bgah;f;F fhuzk; : Muk;gpj;jth; jj;Jt nghjfh;/ ke;jpu khiy/ Mj;Jk vd;Dk;
cilaJ.113 படல9கைளM 10569 பாடகைளM ,naRtpd; je;ijahd Nirf;F ,l;l eph;zak;/ "ndhgnjr fhz;lk;/ VRehjh; rhpj;jpuk;/ E]y;fis ,aw;wpdhh;.
ெகாட .
bgauhfpa njk;ghtzp vd;Dk; bganu E]Yf;F RFz tptuzk;. - Elementory Tamil Grammer jpU.tp.f. ,jd; _yk;
- - jpUf;Fwisa[k;/ fk;guhkazj;ija[k; jkpHh;f;Ff; Mapw;W. njk;gh+mzp-njk;ghtzp -thlhjkhiy. jkpH; ,yf;fzk; gapd;Ws;shh;.
fjp vd;gh;. tPukhKdpth; - kzpnkfiy/ rpt"hdnghjk; M';fpyk;
Nைசapd; ifapy; ,Ue;j nfhy; mtuJ epiwapd;
- bgU';fhg;gpaj;jpw;Fhpa ,yf;fzk; bgw;wJ bkhHpbgah;g;g[
fhuzkhf thlhJ (njk;ghJ) ,Ue;jJ (Nir
bghUs;/ mzp/ eil Mfpatw;why; rpwe;jJ. ,j;jhyp ehl;lth; Rg;ujPgf; ftpuhah; ,lk; jkpH; - fy;yiwapy; jkpH; khztd; vd;W vGjf; Twpath;
vd;gJ tsd; vd;W khw;wpdhh; tPukh ;Kdpth;) 3
- brhw;Rita[k;/ bghUl;Rita[k; jkpH; gz;ghL gapd;wth; fhd;!;lhd;oa!; n#hrg; bg!;fp bgh;rpty;
fhz;l';fs; 3615 ghly;fs; 36 gly';fs; bfhz;L
kpsph;e;Js;sJ. ,aw;bgah;- njk;ghtzp - VRtpd; tsh;g;g[j;je;ij - 2000 jkpH;g; gHbkhHpfisj; jpul;o
tpUj;jg;gh bfhz;L ghlg;gl;lJ.
mnahj;jpah fhz;lk; ,uz;lhk; fhz;lk;. ,jpy; J]atsdhh; mfuhjpia btspapl;lth;.
gjpd;_d;W gly';fs; cs;sd. ,jpy; Ffg; glyk; -tPukh Kdpt; இயெபய;- fhd;!;lhd;od; n#hrg; - rpw;wpyf;fpak; jpUf;fhtY]h;;f; fhk;gfk;/
VHhk; glyk; ,jw;F f';ifg; glyk; vd;Wk; bg!;fp fpj;njhpak;khs; mk;khid/ milf;fy ehafp <Hk;
bgaUz;L. ,j;jhypbkhHpapy; fhd;!;lhd;od; vd;w bgaUF btz;fலிg;gh/ md;id m,';fy; me;jhjp/ - ey;Y]h; "hdg;gpufhrh;
ijhpa ehjh; vd;W jkpH;bkhHpapy; khw;wpf; fUzhfug; gjpfk;. ,tuJ ,aw;bgahpid - jdpehah; mofshh; - Tamil Culture vd;w M';fpy
tpy;ypg[j;J]uhh; ghujk; bfhz;lhh;. jkpHரwp"h;fs; ijhpaehjh; vd;w bgaiu fhd;!;lhd;oa!; vd;w ,yj;jpd; bkhHpf;F ,jH; Tamil Culture
இைணயான ijhpaehjh; vd;W khw;wpf; bfhz;lhh;. jkpH;ehl;Lf; fpwpj;jth;fs;
tPukh Kdpth; vd;W khw;wp itj;தன.
,aw;wpath; tpy;ypg[j;J]h; - kfd; tue;jUthh; jkpH; அறிஞக; ,jid tPukh Kdpth; vd;W ntjehaf rh!;jphpfs;
Ch; rdpa{h; rPwhg;g[uhzk; :-:- khw;wpdh;. bgj;ynfk; Fwt";rp/ "hdjr;rd; ehlfk;
re;jg;gh ghLtjy; ty;yth; re;jg;gh ,aw;Wtjpy; rPwh vd;gjw;F thH;f;if vd;gJ bghUs;. g[uhzk;
mUzfphpahhplk; njhw;wth;. ciueil kha{uk; ntjehafk; gps;is
vd;gJ tuலாW vdnt rPwhg; g[uhzk; vd;gjw;F
- Mjhpj;jtd; - tf;fghif tugjpahl; bfhz;lhd; thkd; fij/ gukhh;j;j FU fij (jkpழிd; Kjy;
egpfs; ehafj;jpd; thH;f;if tuyhW vdyhk;.
- ,J xU tHp E]y; Vsd E]y;) - gpujhg; Kjypahh; rhpj;jpuk;/ RFzRe;jhp rhpj;jpuk;
,e;E]y; tpthjj;Jf; fhz;lk;/ Eg[t;tj;Jf; fhz;lk;/
- Ie;jhk; ntjk; - kfhghujk; ,yf;fzg;gzp - சவசமய சமரச கீ தைன
Ap#;uj;Jf; fhz;lk; vd;w _d;W
- tpy;ypghuj;jpw;F ghapuk; vGjpath; tue;jUthh; bjhd;D]y; tpsf;fk; - Fl;oj; bjhy;fhg;gpak; Ie;J
- 10 gUtk;/ 4350 ghly;fs; bgU';fhz;l';fisa[k; 92 gly';fisa[k; 5027
tpUj;jghf;fisa[k; bfhz;lJ. rPwhg; g[uzhj;jpy; ,yf;fz E]y; H.A. fpU\
fpU\;zg;gps;is
- tpahrh;ghuj;jpy; 18 gUt';fs; ( Kjy; 10 bfhLj;jkpH; ,yf;fzk; (ngr;Rj; jkpH;)
egpfs; ehafj;jpd; thH:t[ Kw;wpYkhf gho epiwt[ #hd; gdpad; vGjpa The Pilgrims Progress vd;Dk;
gUt';fis kl;Lk; tpy;yp ghodhh;/ gpw - fhy;Lbty;ypd; xg;gpyf;fz Kd;ndho
bra;ag;gltpy;iy. E]iyj; jkpHpy; ‘,ul;rzpa ahj;hpfk;’ vd;w bgahpy;
gUt';fisg; ghoath; mu';fehjf; ftpuhah; - rJufuhjp - 96 tif rpwwpyf;fpa';fs; jkpH; btspapl;lhh;.
- Kjd;Kjyhf jkpHpy; ghujk; ghoath; - ghujk; mfuhjpapd; je;ij
-rPwhg;g[uzhj;ij ,aw;wpath; ckWg;g[yth; ,th; - ,tiu fpwpj;jtf; fk;gh; vd;gh;
ghoa bgUe;njtdhh;. - vGj;Jr; rPuikg;g[ - v/ ஒ vGj;Jf;fs;
vl;lag[uk; foif K;Jg; g[ythpd; khzth;. bra;F - ,th; vGjpa ,l;urza kndhfuk; - fpwpj;jth;
- kfhghujk; jkpH;g;gLj;Jk; kJuhg[hpr;r';fk; rPfd; ghy;L
mg;Jy; fhjph; kiuf;fhah; vd;w ts;sy; njthuk;
itj;Jk; rpd;d kD]h;r; brg;ngL. b#h;kd; ehl;odh; jkpH; fw;gpj;jth; vy;ya;ah
- bjs;shW vwpe;j ee;jp th;kd; fhyj;jpy; njhd;wpaJ rPjf;fhjpapd; ntz;Lnfhspd; tz;znk
ckWg;g[yth; rPwhg;g[uhzj;ij எ,த
- ju';fk;ghoapy; rkag;gzp - Kjy; அச்சகம் j";ir Mgpufhk; - gz;'jh;
ghujbtdgh.
ெதாடங்கியவ;; - fUzhkph;jrhfuk; - jkpHh;fs; 103 gz;fisf;
bjhl';fpdhh;. E]y; Kw;Wg; bgWk;Kd;dnu rPjfhjp
- jk;gpuhd; tzf;fk;’ vd;w E]y; fz;lwpe;jdh;.
g[yth;-Mjhpj;jth;fs; kiwe;jhh;. gpd;dh; mg[y;fhrPk; vd;w ts;sலி*
cjtpahy; rPwhg;g[uhzk; epiwt[ bgw;wJ. - Inuhg;gh brd;w nghJ kiyaபh; vd;gtiu cld;
fgpyiu Mjhpj;jtd; - ghhp
miHj;Jr; brd;whh; M. tuFz ghz;oad;
Xsitahh; - mjpakhd; -ckWg;g[yவh; KJbkhHp khiy vd;w vz;gJ
ghf;fshy; Mfpa E]iya[k; gilj;Js;shh;. fhy;Lbty; : ghzh;if tHp vdg;gLk; ahH; E]y;
bgU";rpj;jpudhh; - Fkzd;
jpuhtpl bkhHpfspd; xg;gpyf;fzk; ( mah;yhe;J
fk;gh; - rilag;gts;sy;
ehl;Lf; fhuh;) bey;iy tuyhW
njtneag; ghthzh; - flt[s; thH;j;J/ fl;oaf;fhud; tut[/ - b#a';bfhz;lhh; - jpUth%h; khtl;lk; nkw;nfhs; :-:-
23 bkhHp ty;Ydh; -,e;jpahy; jkpH; vt;thW bfLk;? jiytd;. cyh/ jiytp ge;jhLjy;/ jiytp jPg';Fo vd;w Ch;f;fhuh;
jkpH;bkhHp tuyhWk; tlbkhHp tuyhWk;/ brk;bkhHp jiytidf; fz;L fhkk; bfhs;Sjy;/ - b#a';bfhz;lh; Kjy; Fnyhj;J';f nrud; - gy;ahid kd;dPh; gLepiw je;Ja;kpd;
(M';fpy E]y;) jkpH; tuyhW Fwj;jp tUjy;/ kiytsk; TWjy;/ Fwp nrhHdpd; mitf;fsg; g[yth;
nrhHd; - nrh;e;j g[wtpd; epiwjd; jpUnkdp
brhy;yy;/ ghpR bgWjy;/ rp';fd; rp';fp - guzpf;nfhh; bra';bfhz;lhh; vdg;
,!;yhkpak; jkpGf;F Mw;wpa bjhz;L ciuahly;/ thHj;J nghd;w gFjpfs; ,lk; gygl;lilr; brhf;fehjg; g[yth; ghz;oad; - kUg;g{rpahf kw';fdy;nty; kd;dh;
ckWg; g[yth; rPwhg;g[uhzk;. ,th; vGjpajpy; Eg[t; bgWk;. ghuhl;oa[s;shh;.
tpj;Jf; fhz;lk; Kw;Wg; bgwhky; ,Ue;jJ - Kjy; Fwt";rp E]y; Fw;whyf; Fwt";rp. - b#a';bfhz;lhh;/ ,irahapuk;/ cyh/ kly; brhw;bghUs; : -
( tpyhjj;Jf; fhz;lk;/ Eg[t;tpj;Jf; fhz;lk;/ - vJif nkhidahYk;/ re;j mHfhYk; Mfpa E]y;fisa[k; ,aw;wpa[s;shh;.
Ap#puj;Jf; fhz;lk;) fw;gidj; jpwj;jhYk; gog;nghiuf; fth;tJ - fyp';fj;Jg; guzpapy; 599 jhHpirfs; jkpH;tpLJ]J
- குமரகுருபர இயற்றிய மீ னாட்சியம்ைம குறம் cs;sd. 96 rpw;wpyf;fpya';fSs; J]Jk; xd;W/
rpd;drPwh--mfkJ kiuf;fhah; - Xl;lf;Tj;jh; ,e;E]iyj; bjd;jkpH;j;
குறவஞ்சி இலக்கியத்தின் முன்ேனாடி. fybtz;ghtpy; cah;jpizg; bghUisnah
- bja;tg;guzp vdg; g[fH;e;Js;shh;. m~wpidg; bghUisnah J]J mDg;g[tjhfg;
Fz';Fo k!;jhd; rhfpg[ - vdf;F kpf tpUg;gkhd ,yf;fpak; xd;W
R{gpg; g[yth; nkw;nfhs;:- ghLtJ J]J ,yf;fpak;
cd;bld;why; mJ fyp';fj;Jguzpna
,!;yhkpaj; jha[khdth;; - thdu';fs; fdpbfhLj;J ke;jpbahL vd;whh; nguwp"h; mz;zh. - bjhil th';fp th vd;W TWk; ,yf;fpak;
epuhkaf; fz;zp/ guhguf; fz;zp/ uFkhd; fz;zp/ bfh";Rk; • ெகாப்பத்துப்பரணி
- J]J ( bjhil – khiy )
kndhd; kzpf; fz;zp
- Xlf;fhz;gJ g{k;g[dy; bts;sk;. - இேபா கிைடகி*ற பரண AகS - vfpdk; (md;dk;) kapy. fps;is ( fpsp)/
- Fw;whyf; Fwt";rpia vGjpath; jphpTl ெதா*ைமயான ெகாப பரண. பரண nkfk;/ g{it ( ehfz tha;g;gwit) gh';fp
#t;thJg;g[yth;
uhrg;gf; ftpuhah;. AகS மிக பழைமயான 6த (njhHp) Fapy;/ be";rk;/ bjd;wy;/
ehiff; fsk;gfk;/ kjPdj;J me;jhjp/ பரணி ேலா 9க* மd பாட
gpukuk;(tz;L) nghd;w gj;ija[k; J]jhf
bkhiAjPd; Mz;lth; gps;isj;jkpH;.tir mDg;g[th;.
ெபற கலிங்கத்துப் பரணியா.
guzp 96 tif rpw;wpyf;fpa';fSs; xd;W - gj;J J]ija[k; ghoath; kPdhl;rp Re;juk;
ghLtjpy; fhs nkfg; g[ytiu xj;jth; அத 6(ைதய ெகாப்பத்துப் பரணி.
gps;is.
- nghh;f;fsj; bja;tkhd; bfhw;witiag; இரடா இராேச(திர ேசாழ* (கி.ப. 1051 - - jkpHpd; Kjy; J]J ckhgjp rpthr;rhhpahh;
ftpf;fs";rpag;g[yth;
ghLk; E]y; guzp. 63), ேமைலU சாSகிய ம*னனான ,aw;wpa be";R tpLJ]J. jkpH; tpLJ]J vd;w
ckWg;g[ythpd; kfd;. egp mtjhu mk;khid
- “Miz Mapuk; mkhpil btd;w ஆகவமல[ட* ெகாப எ*ற இடதி E]y; ,uz;L cz;L. xU E]iy vGjpath;
nkj;jh - Mfhaj;Jf;F mLj;j tPL - rhfpj;a mfhjkp khdtDf;F tFg;gJ guzp” ேபாrC8 ெவ*றா*. இேபா பறி mkph;jk; gps;is. ,d;bdhU E]iy vGjpath;
tpUJ bgw;wJ. - njhw;nwhuhy; bgah; bgWk; Xnu rpw;wpyf;fpak; கீ =கட Aகள4 காணப8கி*றன. bgah; bjhpatpy;iy.
guzp - கலி9க பரண (194) - Mrphpah; bgah; bjhpahj jkpH;tpLJ]jpy;
rpw;wpyf;fpa';fs; - guzp 13 cWg;g[fisf; bfhz;lJ. வகிரம ேசாழ[லா (19 - 20)
jiytp xUj;jp kJiur; brhf;fehjhplk;
Fwt";rp: - flt[s; thH;j;J/ filj;jpwg;g[/ fhL ghoaJ/ jkpiHj; J]J mDg;g[fpwhs;.
வரE ேசாழிய (உைர ேமேகா, ப*ன4
nfhtpy; ghoaJ/ njtpiag; ghoaJ/ ee;jpf;fyk;gk;
nga;fisg; ghoaJ/ ,e;jpurhyk;/ ,uhr ஆசிrய ச(த வத)இ]வா ேபா
Fwt";rp vd;gjw;Ff; Fwth; Fyg; bgz; (Fwj;jp)
vd;W bgah;. ghuk;ghpak;/ nga;Kiwg;ghL/ mtjhuk;/ ெவ*ற இராேச(திர* மd ஒ பரண fyk;gfk; : -
fhspf;Ff; Tsp TwpaJ/ nghh; ghoaJ/ fsk; பரப(த பாடெபற ெசதி இராசராசன்
- “fl;oDk; fH';fDk;” vd;w bjhy;fhg;gpa gy;tifg; ghf;fisa[k; fye;J ghlg;gLk;
ghoaJ Mfpad. உலாவZ உளதாக 6. அணாசல
E]w;ghtpd; mog;gilapy; njhd;wpa rpw;wpyf;fpak; fyk;gfk;.
- tpz;/ kz;/ eufk; vd;w _d;iwa[k; ghLtJ Rகிறா.
,yf;fpak;. guzp - me;jhjpj; bjhil mikag; ghlg;gLk;
- Fwk; Fwj;jpg;ghl;L vd;w ntW bgah;fSk; - ,uz;loj; jhHpirahy; ghlg;gLtJ guzp Kj;bjhs;shapuk;: - rpw;wpyf;fpak; fyk;gfk;.
cz;L. fyp';fj;Jg; guzp :-:- - mfg;bghUSk; g[wg;bghUSk; fye;J
- Fwt";rp Xh; mf ,yf;fpa E]y;. _nte;jh;fisg; gw;wpa _d;W bjhs;shapuk; ghlg;gLk; ,yf;fpak; fyk;gfk;.
- ghl;Lilj; jiytd; cyh bry;Yk;nghJ Kjy; guzp E]y; fyp';fj;Jg; guzp/ Kjyhk; ghly;fisf; bfhz;lJ. MapDk; ,e;;E]y; - fyk; -12/ gfk; -6 - 18 cWg;g[fs; ,lk; bgWk;.
fz;L fhjy; bfhz;L jtpf;Fk; jiytpf;Ff; Fnyhj;J';fdpd; gilj;jsgjp fUzhfuj; KGikahff; fpilf;ftpy;iy. g[wj;jpul;L vd;Dk;
bjhz;ilkhd; kw;Wk; fyp';f kd;dd; Mde;j th;k - g[a tFg;g[/ jtk;/ tz;L/ mk;khid/ Ch;/
Fwj;jp xUj;jp Fwp brhy;tjhf miktJ E]y; thapyhf 108 btz;ghf;fSk; giHa ciu Cry;/ ghz;/ kj';F/ kl';F/ iff;fpis/
Fwt";rp ,yf;fpak;. nrhl';fDf;Fk; ele;j nghh; gw;wpf; TWtJ E]y;fspy; nkw;nfhs;fshf rpwg;g[/ gilr;rpwg;g[/ rpj;J/ fsp/ kwk;/ fhyk;/ ,u';fy;/ rk;gpujk;/
- nrhpbkhHpa[k; brk;bkhHpa[k; fye;j fyp';fj;Jg;guzp nghh;j;jpwd;/ bfhz;l Kjypa bra;jpfis fhh;/ J]J nghd;w 18 cWg;g[fisf; bfhz;lJ
,yf;fpak; (gs;S nghd;W) ,g;ghly;fs; tpsf;Ffpd;wd. Rpwe;j ,yf;fpa eaKk; fyk;gfk;.
- ,aw;wkpH;/ ,irj;jkpH; ,uz;Lk; fye;j - ,jid ,aw;wpath; b#a';bfhz;lh; fw;gid tsKk; epiwe;j E]yhf Kj;bjhs;shapuk;
,yf;fpak; Fwt";rp. - guzp ghLtjpy; ty;yth; b#a';bfhz;lh;. jpfH;fpwJ. ,;e;E]ypd; Mrphpah; bgah; bjhpatpy;iy.
- ghly; vz;zpf;if xt;bthUtiug;ghLk; கடலி \கி எறி(தா* எ* Kjw;gs;S E]y; Kf;Tlw;gs;S
nghJk; khWgLk;. - Kjy; cyh E]y; nrukhd; bgUkhs; ehadhh; சில வரலாக R. இ]லாவ இUெசதி - bjhy;fhg;gpah; Fwpg;gpLk; vz;tif tdg;gpy;
vGjpa jpUf;fapyha "hd cyh (Mjp cyh/ இட ெபள . ப*னாள4 இ ம*னன4*
g[yd; vd;Dk; ,yf;fpa tif gs;Stpw;Fg;
njth; - 100 ghly; mikr;rh; -70 ghly; bja;tPf cyh vd;w ntW bgah;fs; cz;L) bghUe;Jk; vd;gh;.
மக* கடலிலி( திமாைல ெகா8வ(
Kdpth; - 95 ghly; tzpfh; - 50 ghly; - jpUbey;ntypf;Fr; rpwpJ tlfpHf;fpy;
மd 8 திைலய பரதிCைட ெசவததாக jd;bghUis (jhkpuguzp)/ rpw;whW/
kd;dh; - 90 ghly; ntshsh; - 30 ghly;
Xl;lf;Tj;jh; tpf;fpuknrhHd;/ ,uz;lhk; Rவ. Tவ உலாகள4 இ]லாவ* சிற< nfhjz;luhk MW Mfpa _d;W MWfSk;
- murh; kPJ 100 ghly;fs; bfhz;L ghlg;gl;l Fnyhj;J';fd;/ ,uz;lhk; ,uhruhrd; vd;w _thpd; என பாதா அத எ,(த பைழய உைரைய fyf;Fk; ,lj;jpw;F tlf;nf cs;s rpw;W]h;
E]y; ee;jpf; fyk;gfk;. mitapy; mitf;fsg; g[ytuha; ,Ue;jhh;. ,e;j Rறலா. Kf;Tly;. ,jw;F MR{h; tlfiu ehL vd;w
- _d;whk; ee;jpth;kdpd; bgUikiag; _thpd; mitapy; mitf;fsg;g[ytuha; ,Ue;jhh;. bgah; cz;L. _j;jgs;spapd; Ch; ,J.
nghw;Wk; E]yhf ,e;E]y; ee;jpf;fyk;gfk; ,e;j _th; gw;wpa cyhf;fns _th; cyh vd;W bjw;Fg; gFjpapy; kUjPrh; tPw;wpUf;Fk; Ch;
• இராசராசன் உலா
vdg; bgah; bgw;wJ. ,e;E]ypd; fhyk; fp gp 9k; miHf;fg;gLfpwJ. xl;lk; (ge;jak;) itj;Jg; kUJ]h;. ,isags;spapd; Ch;. ,jdhy;
E]w;whz;L. ghLjy; ty;yth; vd;gjhy; xl;lf;Tj;jh; vdg;gl;lhh;. irtk;/itztk; vd ,Ukidtpfisj;
இ , ஒCடRத பா'ய T*றாவ
- Kjy; fyk;gf E]y; ee;jpf;fyk;gfnk jpUkzk; bra;j gs;sd; mHfh; FLk;gd;
- ,jid vGjpath; bgah; bjhpatpy;iy. • விக்கிரமேசாழன் உலா உலாவா. பரம*
mtd; bgUik Twy;/ ehl;L tsk;/
- ee;jpf; fyk;gfj;jpy; bjs;shw;Wg;nghh; btw;wp ேசாழ ல ெபைம, தைலவ* ெபைம, ெதாட9கி இரடா இராசராச* வைர உள Fwpnfl;ly;/ kiH ntz;o tHpgly;/
kpFjpahfg; ghlg;gl;Ls;sJ. பள4ெய,த,தைலவ* நEரா' அல9கr வரலாகள4, மாப 96(வஜயாலUேசாழ*) < kiHf;Fwpnahh;jy;/ Mw;wpy; ePh;tut[ Kjyhd
- fyk;gfj;jhy; ,we;j kd;dd; _d;whk; ெகாSத, யாைனமd வத, ெகாட ம*ன* 6த இபாC8ைடதைலவ* gy cWg;g[fisf; bfhz;lJ gs;S
ee;jpth;kd;. யாைனய* வரU
E ெசயக உCபட பல வைரMள அரசக 6ைற பற=Uசி இ*றிU ,yf;fpak;
- mwk; itj;Jg; ghlg;gLk; ,yf;fpak;. ெசதிகைள ெகா8ள . வகிரமைன அவ ெசாலபC8ளன.
- ,e;E]iy ,aw;wpath; ahh; vd;W
<க=வைத ேகS9க: bjhpatpy;iy ,jd; ehlf tot Mrphpah;
nkw;nfhs; : - . . . . . . . . . . . பாத்திபதம் vd;dapdhg;g[yth;.
ெதால்ைலத் திருமரபுக்ெகல்லாம் ெதாழுகுலமாம்
gjpbjhW g[ay;bkhHp jUkzp giz jU. மாடப் புகாருக்கும் வஞ்சிக்கும் காஞ்சிக்கும் தில்ைலத் திருநடனம் சிந்தித்து fhtor;rpe;J :-:-
கூடற்கும் ேகாழிக்கும் ேகாமாேன
cyh: - ,jidg; ghoath; brd;dpFsk; mz;zkiy
(பாத்திப = அரச)
bul;oahh;.
cyh tUk; jiytd; kPJ VG gUtg; (காவr FபC'ன , வ+சி நக
bgz;fSk; fhjy; tag;gLtjhf mika[k; கா+சி மாநக ம ைர உைறo xl;lf;Tj;jh; ,th; vGjpa kw;w E]y;fs; : tPiu me;jhjp/ nfhkjp
rpw;wpayf;fpak; cyh MFk;. ,J 96 tif தைலவேன - எ*ப _d;W nrhHkd;dh;fspd; mitf;fsg; g[yth;
me;jhjp/ tPiug;gps;isj; jkpH; Kjypad. காவடிச்
rpw;wpyf;fpa tifa[s; xd;W. இத* ெபா) லெபைம அல பாரபrய (tpf;fpuknrhHd;/ ,uz;lhk; Fnyhj;J';fd;/
சிந்து இைச பாவைகள4 ஒ*றாகிய சி( பாவைக
R பதியஇ]லகி 6ைறயாக
,uz;lhk; uhIuhId);
வ'வ9கள4 ஒ*. கலபக உபாக வ சி( ேவ.
- cyhtpy; Kd;bdGepiy/ gpd;bdGepiy
அைனவைரM (பரம*, காசிப* ெதாட9கி
vd;w ,uz;L epiy cz;L. ,aw;wpa E]y;fs;
- Kd;bdG epiyapy; jiytdpd; For;rpwg;g[/ வகிரம* வைர) றிபC8ளா. இதி சி( எ*ப இைசதமி= பாபா8கள4 ஒ*றா. அ
<l;o vGgJ/ ehyhauf; nfhit/ _th; cyh
பரா(தக* ெதாட9கி வகிரம* வைரய ஐ( இைச உ<களா ஆன யா<. எ8< 1, ெதா8< 1,
kug[/ ePjp/ <if/ jiytid ePuhl;Ljy;/ Fnyhj;J';fd; gps;isj; jkpH; - Kjy; gps;isj;
ey;yzp g{l;Ljy;/ jiytd; cyh g[wg;ghL றிபCட அரசக ஒவப* ஒவரா உ< 3 எ* 5 உ<கைள ெகாட ‘சி( ’ பாட.
jkpH;,jf;fahfguzp vd;w tPugj;jpuguzp ( ntW (அைவ பலவ, அaபலவ, T* கணக அட9கிய
Kjyhdit ml';Fk;. 6ைறயாக அரசாடவக ஆவ. கெவC8க
- gpd;bdG epiyapy; bgah;) சரண ஆ.)
வாயலாக
- Tj;jD]hpy; fiykfSf;F nfhapy; fl;oath;.
இத தக சா*க கிைட ளன. - ftpr;rf;futh;j;jp/ ftpuhl;rjd;/ fhsf;ftp Mfpa
ngij - 5-7 taJ காவ'U சி( பலவM அaபலவM இ*றிU
gl;l';fis bgw;wth;. சரண9கSrய கணகைள மாதிர ெப வ.
bgJk;ig - 8-11 taJ
• குேலாத்துங்க ேசாழன் உலா Kf;Tlw;gs;S :-:- அணாமைல ெரC'யா காவ'U சி( எ*[
k';if - 12-13 taJ
kle;ij - 14-19 taJ சிறிலகியதி பலராZ ேபாறப8 Aலா.
mhpit - 20-25 taJ இ , இரடா ேலா 9க* மd ஒCட gs;S :-:-

bjhpit - 26-32 taJ Rத பா'ய இரடாவ சிறபான Aலா. இ காவ' ஆCடதி பாடப8 இைச
nghpsk;bgz; - 33-40 taJ ெதாடகதி லெபைம ெசாலபC8ள .
96 tif rpw;wpyf;fpa';fSs; xd;W பாவைகயா. தமி= நாC'ேல பைடகால ெதாடக
- cHth; thH;itf; TWtJ. ேபணபC8 வ ஒ நாCடா வழகிZள இைச
இராமா[ச வரலாறி ேலா 9கேசாழ*
vd;w vGtifg; bgz;fSk; fhjy; bfhs;tJ nghy; - kUjepy E]y; மரேப காவ'U சி( எனலா. 6காலதிேல 6க
அவ ெதாைல ெகா8ததாக,
ghlg;gLtJ gpd;bdGepiy. - Vry; ,lk;bgWk; ,yf;fpak; ெபமான4* வழிபாC'காக பா எ8 வபவக
திைலய எ,(தள4ய(த ெபமாைள - cHj;jpg; ghl;L vd;w ntWbgaUk; vz;L ஆட பாடகSட* ஆலய9கைள ேநாகிU ெசவ
வழக. அப'U ெசZ ெபா, அவகள4* ghlyhy; ghl;Lilj; jiythpd; braw;fhpa -25 tajpnyna Fw;wyh Fwt";rpf;F ,izahd ehl;lhgp khdKs; _l;oa rpdj;jP/
ஆCடதி பாடப8 பாட வைககள4லி( bray;fis vLj;J ,ak;g[tJ gps;isj; jkpH;. bgj;jnyfk; Fwt";rpia ,aw;wpmHpahg; g[fH;
இகாவ'U சி( எ*ற பாவ'வ ேதா*றி உவாகிய . ,~J Mz;ghw; gps;isj; jkpH;/ bgz;ghw; bgw;whh;
gps;isj; jkpH; vd ,Utifg;gLk;. -gpw E]y;fs; "hdj; jr;rd; "hdt[yh/ Muhzjpe;jk;. gh";rhyp rgjk;:
ெச*ன4ள அணாமைல ெரC'யா காவ'U சி(ைத ,e;jpu khefiu Mz;L te;j ghz;lth;
6த* 6தலி அறி6கப8தினா. Mz;ghw; gps;isj; jkpH; : mHfh; fps;is tpLJ]J kz;lgk; xd;wif; fl;o/ mjpy; nts;tp elj;jpdh;.
fhg;g[/ br';fPiu/ jhy;/ rg;ghzp/ Kj;jk;/ J]J 96 tif rpw;wpyf;fpa';fSs; xd;W mt;stpapy; fye;J bfhz;l nguurh;fSk;
jpUnt';flj;je;jhjp : - tUif/ mk;g[yp/ mk;khid/ fH';F (ePuhly;) Cry; jiytd; xUtidf; fz;L fhjy; bfhz;l jiytp/ rpw;wurh;fSk; md;gspg;g[fs; tH';fpaijf; fz;L
xw;iwg;gil khjj;jpy; 3 khjk; Ky; 21 khjk; xUj;jp jd; fhjiya[k; ghpthw;wika[k; btspg;gLj;j bghwhikf; bfhz;lhd; mj;jpdhg[u kd;d
rpw;wpyf;fpa tiffSs; xd;W me;jhjpahFk; tiu gj;J gUt';fs;/ gUtj;jpw;F ,uz;L khj';fs; tpUk;gpj; jiytd;ghy; J]J mDg;g[tjhfg; ghLtJ Jhpnahjjd;.
me;jk; vd;w brhy;Yf;F ,Wjp vd;Wk; Mjp vd;w vd ghlg;gLtJ ,e;j ,yf;fpak;. J]J ,yf;fpakhFk;. nkYk; mtd;/ gh";rhypad; eifg;g[f;Fk;
brhy;Yf;F Kjy; vd;Wk; bghUs;. xt;bthU g[s;spUf;F ntqhpy; (itj;jPRtud; nfhtpy;) Mshdjhy; ghz;lth; thH;it vg;goahtJ mHpf;f
ghlypYk; cs;s ,Wjp vGj;njh/ mirnah rPnuh vGe;jUspapUf;Fk; KUfg; bgUkhdpd; bgah; -btz;lis tputpa fypbtz;ghthy; J]J ntz;Lk; vd vz;zpdhd; mjw;fhfj; Jhpnahjdd;.
monah mjw;F mLj;J tUk; ghlypd; Kjyhf Kj;JF; FkhuRthkp mth; kPJH ghlg;gl;ilahy; ,J ,yf;fpak; ghlg;bgw ntz;Lk;. md;dk;/ kapy;/ fpsp/ jd; khk;d rFdpapd; cjtpia ehodhd;.
tUk;go mikj;Jg; ghLtJ me;jhjp vdg;gLk;. Kj;Jf;Fkhu Rthkp gps;isj; jkpH; vdg; bgah; Fapy;/ tz;L/ be";rk;/ Kfpy;/ bjd;wy;/ khd;/ jkpH;
,jidr; brhw;bwhlh; epiy vd;Wk; tH';Fth;. bgw;wJ. Kjypatw;Ws; VnjDk; xd;iwj; J]jhf mDg;g[th;. rFdp/ “ehKk; xU kz;lgk; mikj;J
mjidr; fhd ghz;ltiu miHg;nghk; : jUkidr;
jpUnt';flj;jpy; nfhapy; bfhz;oUf;Fk; bgj;jynfk; Fwt";rp -jpUkhypU";nrhiy kiyapy;nfhapy; Njhlr; bra;J ehk; epidj;jij Kog;nghk;”vd;whd;
jpUkhypd; mUis ntz;og; ghlg;bgw;w me;jhjp bfhz;oU;Fk; mHfhplj;J gygl;lilr; mjpy; bfsuth;fs; btd;wJk; gh";rhypia
E]y;. cyhg; nghe;j kd;didnah brhf;fehjg; gps;is vd;w g[yth; fpisia JJ mtkhpahij bra;jJk; mjw;F gh";rhyp bra;j
bjatj;ைதnah fz;L jiytp ikapy; bfhs;tJk;. tpLtjhf mij;Jg; ghoapUg;gJ mHfh; rgjj;ija[k; ghujpahh; vGjpa[s;shh;.
- ,e;E]iyg; ghoath; gps;isg; bgUkhs;
Ia';fhh; Mthh;. 17k; E]w;whz;oy; njhd;wpa mjdhy; kdk; eyptJk; tPjpapny Fwj;jp tUtJk; fps;istpLJ]J MFk;.
- gh";rhyp rgjk; ghujpahhpd; Kg;bgUk;
,th; mHfpa kzths jhrh; vdt[k; jiytp mtis miHj;Jf; Fwpf;nfl;f Kw;gLtk;
-fhg;g[ btz;gh xd;iwa[k; 239 fz;zpfisa[k; fhg;gpa';fSs; xd;W. ,J tpahrh; vGjpa
miHf;fg;gl;lhh; bja;tf;ftp vd;W Fwj;jp jdJ rJug;ghLFisbay;yhf tphpj;Jk;
cilaJ. ghl;od ;,uzடofisf; fz;zp vd;gh;. kfhghuj;ij jGtp vGjg;gl;lJ. gh";rhyp rgjk;
bghUs;gLk; “jpt;tpaftp” vd;w bgauhYk; jdJ kiytsk;/ ehlLtsk; gw;wpg; g[ide;jJk;
-brhf;fehjg; gps;is kugpdh; gygl;lilf; fzf;F ,U ghf';fshy; bfhz;lJ. ,J NH;r;rpr; RUf;fk;/
,tiu miHj;jdh;. ,th; ,aw;wpa vl;L jiytpapd; ifiag; g[fH;e;Jk; iff;Fwp/ Kff;Fwp/
vd;Dk; xUtifg; gzpia bra;J te;jdh;. ,th; Njhl;lr; moikr; rUf;fk;/ Jfyphpjy; rUf;fk;/
E]y;fis m\;l gpuge;j';fs; vd;w “m\;lg; gy;ypbrhy; Kjypatw;whd; kdf;fUj;ijf;
gpuge;jk; fw;wtd; miug;gz;ojd;” vd;gh;. fz;Lzh;e;J ciuj;jYk; jiytp kfpH;e;J je;ijahh; bgah; brhf;fyp'fk; gps;is. rgjr; rU;fk; vd Ie;J rUf;f';fisa[k; 412
- 1623 Kjy; 1659 tiu kJiuia Mz;l thpiraspj;jYk; Fwtdhnt rp';fd; tUifa[k; -kJiuKk;kzpf;nfhit/ bjd;wy; tpLJ]J vd;gd ghly;fisa[k; bfhz;lJ.
jpUkiy ehaf;f kd;dhpd; mitapy; Xh; Fwtd; Fwj;jp Mfpa ,Uth; ciuahlYk; flt[is ,th; ,aw;wpa ntW rpy E]y;fs;.
mYtyuha; mkh;e;J thH;f;if elj;jp te;j thH;j;jp tpil bgWjYk; Mfpa fhl;rpfs; ehlf Fapy; ghl;L
,th; gpd;dh; ,iwj;bjhz;oy; jd;id totpy; mikf;fg;gl;L ,Ug;gJ Fwt";rp ehlfk; kndhd;kzpak; :
<LgLj;jpf; bfhz;lhh;. MFk;. ypl;l* gpug[ vd;ghh; M';fpyj;jpy; vGjpa ghujpahhpd; Kg;bgUk; fhtpa';fSs; xd;W
‘,ufrpa tHp’ vd;Dk; E]iyj; jHtp mike;jJ. Fapy;ghl;L (gh";rhyp rgjk;/ fz;zd; ghl;L)
Kj;Jf;FkhuRthkp gps;isj;jkpH; ,~J bgj;jynfk; Fwt";rp/ cyhtUk; vdpDk; ,J tHp; E]y; nghy; mikahky; Kjy; E]y; J]j;Jf;Fo khtl;lj;jpy; cs;s vl;lahg[uj;jpy;
kd;dh; ,naRthft[k; njtnkhfpdahfpa jiytp nghy; nghw;Wk; rpwg;g[g; bgw;wJ. ,e;E]y; Ie;J rpd;drhkp IaUf;F ,yf;Fk; mk;ikahUf;Fk;
vGjpath; - FkuFUguh; rPnahd; kfshft[k;/ Fwt";rp tpRthrkhft[k m';f';fisa[k; ,UgJ fhl;rpfisa[k; bfhz;L kfdhk; gpwe;jth;.
,aw;wpa E]y;fs; - fe;jh; fypbtz;gh kPdhl;rp FwpTWjy; jPh;f;fjhprdkhft[k;/ rp';fd; FUthft[k; tps';FfpwJ. ,ilna rptfhkp rhpjk; vd;w Jizf; -njrpa ftp/ kfhftp vd;Wk; nghw;wg;gl;lth;.
mk;ik gps;isj; jkpH; E]td; cgnjrpahft[k;/ mth;fs; gpof;Fk; fij xd;Wk; ,lk; bgw;Ws;sJ. -,e;jpah/ tp#ah vd;w ,jH;fis btspapl;lth;.
kJiuf; fyk;gfk; gwitfshf kf;sk; mjw;Fg; gad;gLj;jg;Lk; -Rnjr rKj;jpud; Mrphpauhf rpy fhyk; tps';fpdhh;.
rfyfyhty;yp khiy tiyahf ,iwthf;F vd;w ew;bra;jpa[k; -,e;E]ypd; Mrphpய bg. Re;juk;gps;is -ghujpahh;ftpijfs;/ gh";rhyprgjk; fz;zd; ghl;L/
jpUth%h; Kk;kzpf;nfhtyd; cUtfpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. Fapy;ghl;L Kjypa ftpijfis kl;Lkpd;wp
ePjpbewp tpsf;fk; Kjypad;. E]y;fs; "hdujk;/ re;jphpifahd; fij/ juhR Kjypa
E]y; bjhif tpsf;fk;/ jpU"hdrk;ge;jh; cileil E]y;fisa[k; vgjpath;. ,tUila
-,jd; Mrphpah; j";ir ntjehaf rhLதிr Mthh;
96 rpw;wpypf;fpa tiffs; xd;W gps;isj;jkpH; fhy Muha;r;rp/ jpUtpjh';Th; gz;ilkd;dh; fhy trdf; ftpijfs; thy;l; tpl;nld;/ fyPy; fpguhd;
jpUbey;ntypapy; njtrfhak; - "hdg;g{ mk;ikahh;
,iwtidnah ey;nyhiuna ghl;Lilj; Muha;r;rp. Kjypa ftp"h;fspd; ftpijfnahL
Mfpnahh;f;F kfdhfg; gpwe;jhh;.
jiytuhff; bfhz;L mtiuf; FHe;ijahfg; xg;gpljf;fj;ift.
-Rthh;l;!; ghjphpahhpd; khzth;.
ghtpj;J ghl bgWtJ gps;isj; jkpH;. gj;JgUt';fs; -j";ir runghrp kd;dUf;F ez;gh;. nkw;nfhs; :
mikj;J gUtj;jw;Fg; gj;JG; ghlbyd E]W nkw;nfhs; :
me;jzh; tsh;f;F"; bre;jHy;jd;dpYk; fhdg;gwit fyfbyD nkhirapYk;
fhw;W ku';fspilf; fhlL kpirapdpYk; 12 gl;ozj;jhh; -jkpH;ehl;oy; ehl;Lg[wg; ghliy Kjd;Kjypy; K. ntW bgah; : jpUeht[furh;,thrPfh;/ mg;gh;/ MSil
13 gj;jpfhpahs; mUzhryk; mth;fs; 1943 -y; fhw;wpy;kpjje;j
muR/ jhz;lf nte;jh; jUknrdh;.
14 nghfh; ftpij vd;w bgahpy; btspapl;lhh;.
fhsnkfg; g[yth;:- 15 fUt{h;r; rpj;jh; bgw;nwhh:; g[fHdhh; - khjphpahh;
Fk;gnfhzj;jpy; mUfpy; cs;s 16 njiuah; -ehl;Lg;g[wg;ghly;fs; jpwdha;t[ - MW mHfg;gd; jkf;if – jpyftjpahh;
ee;jpf;fpuhkk; vdt[k;/ tpGg;g[uk; khtl;lj;jpYs;s 17 jpU_yh; -Vl;;oy; vGjhf; ftpijfs; - md;dhfhK gpwe;j Ch; - jpUth_h;
vz;zhapuk; vdt[k; mth; gwpe;j Ciuf; Fwpg;gpLth;. 18 rpthf;fpah; -kiyaUtp - fp.th.#fe;ehjd; -gjpfj; bjhil ghoa ghd;ikahy; eht[f;furh;
rpj;Jf;fisr; bra;a ty;tyh;fs; rpj;jh;fs; -ghku kf;fspd; guk;giug;ghly;fs; - mH. vdg;gl;lhh;. jpUtjpifapy; rptdhy; eht[f;furh; vd
,aw;bgah; :வரத* vdg;gLth;. rpj;Jfs; vl;L tifg;gLk;. ,tw;iw ts;spag;gh miHf;fg;gl;lhh;.
jpUtu';ff; nfhtpy; klg;gs;spapy; mllkh rpj;jpfs; vd;gh;. -jkpHf ehl;Lg;g[w tpaypd; je;ij vdg; - rkz rkaj;jpy; “jUknrdh;” vd;w bgahpy;
gzpg[hpe;jhh; itzt rkaj;jpy; ,Ue;J irt 1. mzpkh : cliyr; rpwpjhf;fpf; bfhs;Sk; nghw;wg;gLgth; thdkhkiy. tps';fpdhh;.
rkaj;jpw;F khwpdhh;. fhh;nkfk; nghy; ftpij jpwk;. பாட: 10 -jpUeht[f;furh; rhpia vd;Dk; jhrkhh;fj;jpdh;.
bghHpa[k; Mw;wy; bgw;wjhy;/ ,th; fhsnkfk; vd 2. kfpkh - cliyg; bghpjhf;fpf; bfhs;Sk;
jpU"hdrk;ge;jh; :
miHf;fg; bgw;whh;.,th;/ ,UbghUs; mika jpwk;. nkw;nfhs; :
3. fphpkh - fphp-kiy kiy nghd;W cliyj; ,aw;bgah; ஆSைடய பைள P பற(த ஊ:சீகாழி
eifr;Rita[ld; ghLtjpy; ty;yth;. “Tw;whapd thW” - Kjy; gjpfk;
jplkhf;fpf; bfhs;Sk; jpwk;. ,jw;Fnjhzpg[uk;/ gpukg[uk;/ ntQg[uk; vd;w
bgah;fSk; cz;L. ‘khrpy; tPiz khiy kjpaKk;”
nkw;nfhs; : 4. ,yfpkh : ,yF - nyrhdJ cliyg; g";R nghy; -ehkhh;Fk; Foapy;nthk; ekid m";nrhk;”
,nyrhf;fp bfhs;Sk; jpwk;. - ghoait 16000 gjpf';fs; fpilj;jit 384
XLk; RHpRj;jk; cz;lhFk; Jd;dyiur; - ,d;gnk ve;ehSk; Jd;gk; ,y;iy”.
5. gufhkpak; : gu-gpw. gpwh; clypy; g[Fe;J gjf';fs; - 23 gz;fspy; ghoa[s;shh;
-220 Ch;fSf;F brd;W ,iwtid tHpgl;lth; -Kd;dk; mtDila ehkk; nfl;gpd;
,ul;LwbkhHpjy; : xU brhy;nyh bjhlnuh btspnaWk; jpwk;. - vd; fld; gzp bra;J fplg;gnj
6. <rj;Jtk; : xd;wid my;yJ xU braiy -ahH;Kwp gjpfk; ghoath;.
,UbghUs; jUkhW ghLtJ rpnyil vdg;gLk; -jkpnHhL ,irg;ghly; kwe;jwpnad;
cUthf;fp (gilj;jy;) ghJFhj;J (fhj;jy;) epiwt[ -jpUeht[furUf;F mg;gh; vd;w gl;lk; bfhLj;jth;
,jid ‘,ul;Lw bkhHpjy;’ vdt[k; TWth;. -Ml;Ltpj;jhy; MbuhUth; Mlhjhnu
bra;a[k; (mHpf;Fk;) jpwk;. ,th;.
,uz;L+cw+bkhHpfy; - ,ul;Lw bkhHpjy;. mlf;Ftpj;jhy; MbuhUth; ml';fhjhnu”
8. trpj;Jtk; : cyf caph;fisj; jd; tag;gLj;jp kJiu : Td; ghz;oaid epd;w rPh;
jd; mSifg;go elf;fr; bra;a[k; jpwk;. beLkhwdhf;fpdhh;
mHfpa brhf;fehjg; g[yth;:- Re;juh; :
-g{k;ghit jpUg;gjpfk; ghodhh;.
jpUbey;ntyp khtl;lj;jpy; cs;s jr;r -fapyhaj;jpy; ,tUf;F MyhyRe;judhh; vd;W
gjpbdd; rpj;jh;fs; : ,tuJ njthuj;jpw;F jpUf;filf;fhg;g[ vd
ey;Y]hpy; gpwe;jth;. ,Ugj;ije;Jf;Fk; nkw;gl;l bgah;
rpwg;gpf;fg; gLfpwJ.
jdpg;ghly;fis ,aw;wpath; ,th; jk; fhyk; fp.gp.19- - jpUehtY]h;
k; E]w;whz;L jpU_yh; : jpUke;jpuk; ,aw;wdhh;. jpUke;jpuk; jkpHh; - td; bjhz;lh;/ jk;gpuhd; njhHh;
nkw;nfhs; : _thapuk;/ jkpH; _thapuk; vd;W miHf;fg;gLfpwJ. fjt[ jpwf;fg;ghoaJ : ,uf;fk; ஒd;wpலிPh; -,iwtndna kidtpaplk; J]J mDg;gpath;
gp";R fplf;Fk; bgUkiHf;Fj; jh';fhJ. ,th; ghoa jpUke;jpuk; 10 k; jpUKiwapy; ,lk; -,iwtDf;F njhHd; - jk;gpuhd; njhHd;.
bgw;Ws;sJ. jpUke;jpuk; xd;gJ je;jpufshfg; kd;dd; neha; jPh;f;fg;ghoaJ. -guit - r';fpypahh;- ,tuJ kidtpfs;.
ghlk; :9 gFf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ke;jpukhtJ ePW -,th; ghoa jpUj;bjhz;ilj; bjhif bghpa
rpj;jh;fs; : -irt rpj;jhe;jk;/ த வமசி vd;Dk; brhw;fs; Kd; g[uhzj;jpy; _y E]y;.
rpj;jp bgw;wth;fisr; rpj;jh; vd;gh;. rpj;jp Kjypy; jpUke;jpuj;jpy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ey;yth;f;F ehqk; nfhSk; ,y;iy vd ghoaJ - mjd; Kjyo
vDk; brhy; mwpitf; Fwpf;Fk;. Fz;lypdp -xd;nw Fyk; xUntd njtd; “ntapU njhsp g';fd;” “jpy;iy thH; me;jzh; jk; moahh;f;Fk; monad;”
rf;jpiag; bgw;wth;fs; rpj;jh;fs;. -clk;ghh; mHpapd; capwhh; mHpth; clk;ig “fhjyhfp frpe;J fz;zPh; ky;fp” -Re;jUld; el;g[ bfhz;oUe;j MH;thh; jpUk';if
tsh;j;njd; caph; tsh;j;njnd. MH;thh;”
gjpbdd; rpj;jh;fs; : rpwg;g[fs; : -fphpia vd;w rw;g[j;jpu khh;f;fk; - ,th; nahf Kiw vd;w rfkhh;fj;jpdh;.
1. mfj;jpah; ehl;Lg;g[wg;ghly; -ahH;kwp ghoath;
2. ,ilf;fhlh; -,aw;ifia mjpfkhg; ghoath; nkw;nfhs; :
3. cnuhkKdp gH';fhyg; gz;ghl;od; vr;rk; vdf; fUjg;gLk; -Mjpr';fuh; jk; E]yhd “brse;jh;ayfhp”யy; -gpj;jh பைற ;' ெபமாேன அளாளா– Kjw;ghly;
4. fkyKdp ehl;Lg;g[wg; ghly;fs; Vl;oy; vGjhf; ftpijfs; jpU"hd rk;ge;jij ‘jpuhtpl rpR’ vd;W - bghd;dhh; nkdpand g[ypj;njhiy miuf;flj;J
5 rl;ilKdp MFk;. ,it tHptHpahfg; ghlg;gl;L tUk; g[fH;e;Jளா.ெபrய<ராண பைள பாதி <ராண பாதி - “jk;khid mwpahj rhjpahUk; csnuh”
6 bfh';fdh; tha;bkhHp ,yf;fpa';fns. gHbkhHpfs;/
எ* அைழகப8கிற .நாS இ*ன4ைசயா தமி=
7 nfhuf;fh; tpLfijfs; fijg;ghly;fs;/ bjhHpw;ghly;fs; மாணிக்கவாசக:
8 ghk;ghl;or; rpj;jh; Kjypad ehl;Lg;g[w ,yf;fpaj;Js; ml';Fk;. பர< ஞானசப(த* எ* <க=(தவ Re;juh;.
இயெபய ெதrயவைல.
9 fLbtspr; rpj;jh; -bjhy;fhg;gpah; ehl;Lg;g[wg; ghly;fis gz;zj;jp பா'ய* அrமதன பா'யன4ட அைமUசரா
10 mHfzpr; rpj;jh; vd;fpwhh;. jpUeht[f;furh;
,aw;bgah; - kUs; ePf;fpahh; இ(த ேபா ெத*னவ* பரமராய எ*
11 mfg;nga; rpj;jh; அைழகபCடா.திவாதgரா,அ
வாசக,மாணகவாசக எ* அைழகபCடா.பா'ய Ch; - nruehl;Lj; jpUt";irf;fளk; - jpUtujd; vd;w egpfs; ehafj;jpd; thH:t[ Kw;wpYkhf gho epiwt[ fhyk; - 11.12.1882 Kjy; 11.09.1921 - 39 Mz;Lfs;
ம*னனா திைர வா9க அ[பபCட இவ பாதி kd;ddpd; kfd;. bra;ag;gltpy;iy. - ghujp gl;lk; vl;lag[ug[uk; - rk!;jhdg; g[yth;fshy;
வழிய சிவன4* திவைளயாடலா ேகாய - bfhy;ypf; fhtyd;/ Tly; ehafd;/ nfhHpf;nfhd; mspf;fg;gl;lJ.
கC'னா.இவகாக சிவ* நrைய பrயாகினா(திைர). vdf; Twpf;bfhs;tjhy; ghz;o/ nrhHehLfSf;Fk; -rPwhg;g[uzhj;ij ,aw;wpath; ckWg;g[yth; ,th; - b\y;ypjhrd; vd;W jd;id miHj;Jf;
இள9ேகாவ ப* நாC8<ற பாட வ'வதி jiytuha; ,Ue;jhh; vdj; bjhpfpwJ. jpUkhy; vl;lag[uk; foif KJ;Jg; g[ythpd; khzth;. bra;F bfhz;lth;.
6கிய வ ெகா8தவ. gf;jpahy; muR Jwe;jhh;. mg;Jy; fhjph; kiuf;fhah; vd;w ts;sy;
63நாய*மாகS இவ இடெபறவைல. - mjw;Fk; gygo nkny brd;W jpUnt';flkiyapy;; rPjjf;fhjpapd; ntz;Lnfhspd; tz;zgnk
அமாைன, ெபா:ண, Fவலி, gwitaha;/ kPdha;/ Mwha; bfhokukha;/ goaha; ckWg;g[yth; rPwhg;g[uhzj;ij vGj;j bjhl';fpdhh;. g[idg;bgah;fs; : -
ஊச, ப,ெதேளண,ேதாேணாக,சாழ,-இைவ gpwf;Fk; ngW fpilf;f ntz;Lk; vd ntz;Lfpwhh; E]y; Kw;Wg; bgWk;Kd;dnu rPjfhjp kiwe;jhh;. xh; cj;jk njrgpkhdp/ rhtpj;jphp
மகள4r* ஆCட9க. - ,th; jkpHpy; bgUkhs; jpUெமாழிa[k; - tlbkhHpapy; gpd;dh; mg[y;fhrPk; vd;w ts;sydp; cjtpahy; - trd ftpij vGjpath;
இவ எ,திய திவபாைவ மாகழி மாததி Ke;j khiya[k; bra;Js;shh;. rPwhg;g[uhzk; epiwt[ bgw;wJ. - ,thpd; Kd;ndho thy;l; tpl;nமd; (trdf;
ைசவகளா பாடப8கிற . - ,uhkDf;F jhyhl;Lg; ghoath; FynrfuhH;thh; -ckWg;g[yh; KJbkhHp khiy vd;w vz;gJ ftpijapy;)
பாைவ பா'ய வாயா ேகாைவ பா8க எ* இைறவ* - fz;zdplk; gf;jp bfhz;lth; bghpahH;thh; ghf;fshy; Mfpa E]iya[k; gilj;Js;shh;. - ghujpf;F kfhftp gl;lk; bfhLj;jth; t.uh.
றிபCடதா திேகாைவ எ*ற - bgUk;ghyhd MH;thh;fs; fz;zdplk; gf;jp (t.uhkrhkp Ia';fhh; - ghujpapd; ciueil thhpR)
திUசிறபலேகாைவ பா'னா.இதி நாயக* நாயகி bfhz;lவக rpd;dr; rPwh : - 1905;y; rf;futh;j;jpdp vd;w ,jH; bjhl';fpdhh;.
பாவதி பாடபCட அக இலகியமாக அைம( gD] mfkJ kiuf;காயh; vd;gth;egpfs; ehaj;jpd; - ,e;jpah vd;w ,jHpd; Mrphpah;.
இ.
njk;பாtzp jpUthH;t[ KGtija[k;gho Koj;jhh;. m~J rpd;dr; - RnjrKj;jpudpy; Jiz Mrphpauha;
மாணகவாசகr* திவாசக பறி ஜி.M.ேபா அவக rPwh vd;W tH';fg;gLfpwJ. gzpahw;wpdhh;.
திவாசகதி உகா ஒவாசகதி உகா
Mrphpah; - tPukhh Kdpth;
எ*கிறா. vr;.V. fpU\
fpU\;zg;gps;is ghujpapd; Kg;bgUk; J]tpa';fs; : -
ேமற்ேகாள்: ,aw;bgah; : fhd!;lhd;oa[!; n#hrg; bg!;fp KGg;bgah; : bAd;wp My;gpul; fpU\;zg;gps;is
-நமச்சிவாயம் வாழ்க நாதன் தாள் வாழ்க ntW bgah; - ijhpa ehjh; jpUbey;ntyp khtl;lk; fz;zd; ghl;L/ Fapy;ghl;L/ gh";rhyp rgjk;.
-ஆதியும் அந்தமும் இல்லா அருட்ெபருஞ்ேசாதி
fiuapUg;g[ vd;Dk; Chpy; 1827 y; gpwe;jhh;. - ghujp r';fj;ij njhw;Wtpj;jth; fy;fp
-ெதன்னாடுைடய சிவேன ேபாற்றி E]w;bgah;f;F fhuzk; : - "hdujk;/ re;jphpifapd; fij/ juhR -ciueil
- ve;ehl;lth;f;Fk; இைறவா nghw;wp” ,naRtpd; je;ijahfnt Nirf;F ,l;l bgw;nwhh; : r';fu ehuhaz gps;is - bja;t ,yf;fpak; vGjpa[s;shh;.
- thdhfp kz;zhfp tspahfp xspahfp bgauhfpa njk;ghtzp vd;Dk; bganu E]Yf;F ehafpak;ik
- cw;whiu ahd; ntz;nld; ngh; ntz;nld; Mapw;W. njk;gh+mzp-njk;ghtzp -thlhjkhiy. rpwg;g[ : - ghl;Lf;bfhU g[ytd;/ ePLJapy; ePf;fg;gho
-mk;ikna mg;gh xg;gpyh kzpna ,th; vGjpa E]y;fs; : te;j epyh (ghujpjhrd; ghuhl;oaJ)
Nைசapd; ifapy; ,Ue;j nfhy; mtuJ epiwapd;
-g[y;yhfpg; g{lhfpg; g[Gthfp kukhfpg;
kukhfpg; gy; kpUfk; nghw;wpj; jpUtfty;/ ,ul;rzpa ahj;jphpfk;/ jw;fhy,yf;fpaj;jpd; tpobtsள4,; njrpaf;ftp/
fhuzkhf thlhJ (njk;ghJ) ,Ue;jJ (Nir
gwitaha; ghk;ghfp ,ul;rz;a kndhfuk;/ ,ul;rzpaf;Fws;/ ,ul;rzpa
vd;gJ tsd; vd;W khw;wpdhh; tPukh ;Kdpth;) 3 kfhftp
,th; ghoa jpUr;rpw;wrpyf; nfhit - ehafd; ehafp ghy nghjid
fhz;l';fs; 3615 ghly;fs; 36 gly';fs; bfhz;L
ghtk; bfhz;lJ. tpUj;jg;gh bfhz;L ghlg;gl;lJ. ghujpjhrd; : -
-fpwpj;jth; fk;gh; vd;W miHf;fg;gLfpwhh;.
gpd;gw;wpa khh;f;fk; -tPukh Kdpt; இயெபய;- fhd;!;lhd;od; n#hrg; -#hd; gdpad; vGjpa “Pilgrims Progress” ,aw;bgah;
gah : Rg;g[uj;jpdk;
jpU"hdrk;ge;jh; - rj;g[ju khh;f;fk; - fphpia bg!;fp vd;w E]ypd; jGty; ,ul;rz;a ahj;jphpfk;.இவ bgw;nwhh; : fdrig – yl;Rkp mk;khs;
jpUeht[f;furh; - (moik) jhrkhh;f;fk; - rhpia ,j;jhypbkhHpapy; fhd;!;lhd;od; vd;w bgaUf;F எ,திய இரCசணய மேனாகர எ*ற A கிறிதவ Ch; : g[Jr;nrhp
Re;juh; (nrhH) rfkhh;f;fk; - nahf khh;f;fk; ijhpa ehjh; vd;W jkpH;bkhHpapy; khw;wpf; ேதவார எ* அைழகப8கிற . thH;ehs; : 29.4.1891 Kjy; 21.4.1964 tiu
khzpf;fthrfh; - (rw;FU (khzt rd; khh;f;fk; - bfhz;lhh;. jkpHரwp"h;fs; ijhpaehjh; vd;w bgaiu
"hdk; khh;f;fk;. tPukh Kdpth; vd;W khw;wp itj;தன. இ –பதி ,thpd; Kjy; ghly; : -
10-
10-k; jpUKiw : jkpH; mwp"h;fSk; jkpH;j; bjhz;Lk;
jpU_yh; - xd;nw Fyk; XUtnd njtd; “v';bf';F fhzpDk; rj;jpalh - jk;gp
rPwhg;g[uhzk; :-:-
-clk;ig tsh;j;njd; caph; tsh;j;njnd ghujpahh; : -
rPwh vd;gjw;F thH;f;if vd;gJ bghUs;. g[uhzk; ஏ,fly; mts; வணமடா”
அ*< சிவ6 இரெட*ப அறிவலா
vd;gJ tuhW vdnt rPwhg; g[uhzk; vd;gjw;F egpfs;
அ*ேப சிவமாவ யா அறிகிலா
ehafj;jpd; thH;f;if tuyhW vdyhk;. ,e;E]y; ,aw;bgah; Rg;gpukzpak; - Rg;igah vd E]y;fs; : -
அ*ேப சிவமாவ யா அறி(தப*
tpthjj;Jf; fhz;lk;/ Eg[t;thj;Jf; fhz;lk;/ miHf;fg;gl;lhh;.
அ*ேப சிவமா அம(தி(தாேர bgw;nwhh; : - rpd;drhkp Iah; - yl;Rkp mk;khs; ghz;oad; ghpR, vjph;ghuhj Kj;jk;/
Ap#;uj;Jf; fhz;lk; vd;w _d;W nrujhz;ltk;/ mHfpd; rphpg;g[/ FLk;g tpsf;F
bgU';fhz;l';fisa[k; 92 gly';fisa[k; 5027 Ch; - vl;lag[uk;
Fynrfu MH;thh; ,Uz;l tPL/ Fwp";rpj;jpul;L/ fz;zfp/ g[ul;rpf;
tpUj;jghf;fisa[k; bfhz;lJ. rPwhg; g[uzhj;jpy;
fhg;gpak;/ kzpnkfiy btz;gh/ fhjy; epidt[fs;
fiHf;Tj;jpapd; fhjy;/ jkpHr;rpapd; fj;jp/ mikjp
,is"h; ,yf;fpak;/ brskpad;/ ey;y jPh;g;g[/ jkpH; • நாமக கவஞ பாடக மர<கவைத ெதா<க த(தவ. ெசM மர< ,jH;fs; : bjd;wy;/ Ky;iy/ fz;zjhrd;/ fojk;/
,af;fk;/ ,uz;ad; my;yJ ,izaw;w tPud;/ • திறS பrேமலழக மாறாம எ,திவ(த இவ உவைமக தவதி jkpH;kyh;.
fhjyh? flikah? r";rPtp gh;tjj;jpd; rhuy;. • திவSவ தி8கி8வா தன4<க= ஈC'யவ. இதனா இவைர உவைம கவஞ E]y;fs; : -
- ,thpd; gprpuhe;ijயா நாவ(நாடக);/ 1969y; rhfpj;a • திற < உைர எ* சிறப Rவ. :ரதாவ* 6த A சாவ* kh';fdp/ mh;j;jKs;s ,e;Jrkak; gilj;jth;.
mfhjkp • கப[ வாமd கிM 6த. 1955 இ காவய எ*ற வார இதைழ kh'fdp/ Ml;ldj;jp Mjpke;jp - FW';fhg;gpa';fs;
tpUJ bgw;wJ. • கப* கவைத இ*ப வய ெதாட9கினா. இ]வதைழ ெதாட( இலகிய(1958), (kh';fdp - jpUr;rp rpiwapy;)
- Fapy; vd;w ,jiH elj;jpdhh;. • எ*கைத (:யசrத) ஊவல(1963), வமd *(1964), :ரதா(1988) என கவைத Ml;ldj;jp Mjpke;jp ( Mjpke;jp - fhpfhyd; kfs)
• அவ[ அவS (கவைத) வளUசி பல இத=கைள ெவள4யCடா. :ரதாவ* Ml;ldj;jp nrukd;dd; ,ilna cs;s fhjy;
ftpkzp njrpa tpehafk; gps;is • ச9ெகாலி (கவைத) பைட<க - ,naR fhtpak; - jd; thH;ehspd; filrpf; fhtpak;.
• மாம* மக (நாடக) - ,uhrjz;lid - ehlfk; ( fk;gh; - mk;gpfhgjp
bgw;nwhh; - rptjhQgps;is/ Mjpyl;Rkp • அரவைண :(தர (நாடக) • ேத*மைழ (கவைத ெதா<, 1986) tuyhW)
Ch; - nj%h; (ehfh;nfhapy; mUfpy;) • ைற6க (பாட ெதா<, 1976) ehty;fs; : -
thH;ehs; : 27.08.1876 Kjy; 26.09.1954 tiu ghlk; - 2 • சிrப* நிழ (பாட ெதா<)
,thpd; Mrphpah; rhe;jyp';f jk;gpuhd; • :வ :ணா< (பாட ெதா<, 1974) - Fkhpf; fhz;lk; - Mapuk; jPt[ m';faw;fz;zp/
kug[f; ftpij : - • அ6 ேத[, 1983 - nrukhd; fhjyp ( rhfpj;a mfhjkp tpUJ -1980 )
• பாரதிதாச* பரபைர (ெதா.ஆ), 1991 nts9Foj; jpUtpHh/ Cikad; nfhl;il/ tpsf;F
E]y;fs; : - Koaurd; : - • வனாகS :ரதாவ* வைடகS kl;Lkh rptg;g[/ Mapu';fhy; kz;lgk;/ rp';fhhp ghh;j;j
• உதC' உத8 brd;id/ rptf';ifr; rPைம;/ uh#
kyUk; khiya[k;/ Mrpa n#hjp/ eh";rpy; ehl;L ,aw;bgah; Jiuuh#; jpuhtpl ,af;ff; ftp"h;. • எUசி இர
jz;lid/ghhpkiyf;bfho,mdhh;fyp,rptf';ifr;
kUkf;fs; tHp khd;kpak;/ fhe;jqh; rhiy/ njtpapd; • எேபா இபவக
fPh;j;jidfs;/ ck;fa;ahk; ghly;fs;. E]y;fs; : - rPik/ kiythrk; cl;gl 60 E]y;fs; vGjpa[s;shh;.
• கைலஞைர பறி உவைம கவஞ
- Mh;dhy;l; vGjpa “iyl; Mg; Mrpah” vd;w E]ypd; mh;j;jKs;s ,e;Jkjk; vGjpath;.
• சாவ* 6த
bkhHpbgah;g;g[ Mrpa n#hjp. Koaurd; ftpijfs;/ fhg;gpag; ghit/ • சிற(த ெசாெபாழிக
- ghurPf bkhHpapy; ckh;fa;ahk; ghoa %ghajpd; g{';bfho (jkpH; ,af;fg; nghuhl;l tuyhW) jd;tuyhw;W E]y; : -
• :ரதா கவைதக (ைகயடக பதி<)
bkhHpbgah;g;g[ vl;th;l; ghl;!; b#uhy;od; M';fpy tdthrk;/ kdthrk;
• :வ :ணா<
bkhHpbgah;g;g[ mjidj; jGtp vGe;jJ ehlfk; : - Cd;Wnfhy; (gz;ojkzp fjpnur - jpiu ,irg;ghly; _yk; g[fH; bgw;wth;.
• ெசா*னாக
ckh;fa;ahk; ghly;fs;. brl;oahh; gw;wpaJ) g{';bfho jkpHf murpd; tpUJ • தமி=U ெசாலாக
bgw;wJ. cLkiy ehuhazftp : -
- 1940y; ‘ftpkzp’ gl;lk; bgw;whh;. ehமக்கல் கவிஞ • ெதாடாத வாலிப
ெவ.இராமலிங்கம் பிள்ைள(அேடாப 19, 1888 - ஆகLC 24, • ெந+சி நி 9க
thzpjhrd;: - - fiythzh; vd;. v!;. fpU\;zdhy; jpiu
1972) தமிழறிஞ, கவஞ ஆவா .“கதிய*றி • பCடதரசி
cyfpw;F te;jth;.
இரதமி*றி Mதெமா* வ ” ேபா*ற ேதசபதி • பாேவ(தr* காளேமக
,aw;bgah; vj;jpuh#; (v) mu';rhkp - ehl;Lg;g[wg; ghly; bkl;Lfis jpiug;glj;jpy;
பாடகைள பா'ய இவ ேதசியைதM, • <க=மாைல
ghujpjhrd; guk;giu/ ukp vd;W g[idg;bgah; cz;L. mwpKfk; bra;jth;.
கா(தியைதMM ேபாறியவ ..அரசைவ கவஞ’ • ம9ைகயகரசி
- jpuhtpl ,af;ff; ftp"h;.
பதவM, `பம Fஷ’ பCட6 ெபறவ.சாகிய • 6*[ ப*[
E]y;fs; : - - ftpuhah; gl;lk; bgw;wth; - gFj;jwpt[f; ftp"h;.
அகாடமிய* தமி= பரதிநிதியா பணயாறியவ. • வாைத வாச
• வனாகS :ரதாவ* வைடகS
jkpHr;rp/ bfhoKy;iy/ vHpnyhtpak;/ gl;Lf;nfhl;il fy;ahz Re;juk; : -
புகழ்ெபற்ற ேமற்ேகாள்கள் • ெவCட ெவள4Uச
jPh;j;jahj;jpiu/ ,d;g ,yf;fpak;/ bgh';fy;/ ghpR/ - bghJcilikf; fUj;Jf;fis jpiug;glg; ghlypy;
g[Fj;jpath;.
• 'கதிய*றி ரதமி*றி Mதெமா* வ ' ,u tutpy;iy/ rphpj;j Ezh/ ,dpf;Fk; ghl;L vHpy;
fz;zjhrd; : - - vdJ tyJif vd;W ghujpjhrdhy; g[fHg; gl;lth;.
• தமிழ* எ*ேறா இன6* தன4ேய அதேகா tpUj;jk;/ bjhLthdk;.
,aw;bgah; - Kj;ijah mth; nfhl;il ehd; ngl;il vd;W ntof;ifahfr;
ண68' brhd;dth; cLkiy ehuhazftp.
bgw;nwhh; - rhj;jg;gd;/ tprhyl;rp
• 'தமிழ* எ* ெசாலடா தைலநிமி( நிலடா' - g[ytnuW, கவஞேற,பாவல மண vd;w gl;lk;
• 'ைகெதாழி ஒ*ைற கெகா,கவைல
Ch; - rpWTlw;gl;o (fhiuf;Fo mUfpy;)
bgw;wth;. thH;ehs; : 24.06.1927 Kjy; 17.10.1981 tiu -54 taJ fhyk; : - 13.04.1930 - 08.10.1959
உனகிைல ஒ ெகா”
:ரதா: (நவப 23, 1921 - ஜூ* 19, 2006) தமிழக கவஞ .ryfz;lg[uk; fz;zd;jhrd; (gh. fz;zd; - ehlf - kf;fs; ftp"h; vd;W g[fHg;gl;lth;.
எழுதிய நூல்கள் எ,தாள ஆவா. <ரCசி கவஞ பாரதிதாசன4ட Mrphpah;) vd;gnj fz;zjhrd;. bgw;nwhh; : - mUzhr;ryk; gps;is - tprhyhl;rp
ெகாட பதலா பாரதிதாசன4* இயெபயராகிய g[idg;bgah;fs;: - mk;khs;
• மைலகள* (நாவ) :<ரதின எ*பதி* அ'பைடய த* ெபயைர fhiuKj;Jg; g[yth; - tz';fhKo/ fkfg;gphpah/ Ch; : - br';fg;gLj;jhd; fhL/ g[Jf;nfhl;il
• காணாம ேபான கயாண ெப (நாவ) சுப்புரத்தினதாசன் எ* மாறிெகாடா. த* Jg;ghf;fp. jhYf;fh/
• பராதைன (கவைத) மாெபயr* :கமாக :ரதா எ*[ ெபயr பல
- ghujpahuhy; elj;jg;gl;l Fapy; gj;jphpf;ifapy; கலாrயா: brhe;jg; bgah; - nrhk பைட<க: இர8 ரக, தமி= கன4க, தமிழேன
gzpahw;wpdhh;. bghJt[ilikf; ftp"h;, kf;fs; vGj;J fhyfl;lk;/ kWkyh;r;rp fhy Re;juk;.கலாபrயா எ,திய ட பள4ய தைலமக*, தமி= த(த ெபக,வா=ைக வரலா
இலகிய,பபாC'* ப8ழி,எ(திரகலைப,<திய
ftp"h; vd;W miHf;fg;gl;lth;. g[Jf;ftp"h;. ifg;gpoast[ fly;/ nky; nehf;fpa ெகா'ேயற,
g[Jf; ftpijapd; bry;thf;fhd fhyj;jpy; ftpij தட9க.ச9கதமிழr* மன4த ேநய மணெநறிக.
gazk;, fz;zhoa[s;spUe;J - gilg;g[fs;. vGj te;jth;.
kUjfhrp : -
,thpd; Mrphpah; ghgehrk; rptdpd; rnfhjuh; - kdpj ,dj;jpd; mHf;ifj; njhYhpj;Jf; K. nkj;jh : - KGg; bgah; Kfk;kJ nkj;jh gokf;
uh#nfhghiyah;. fhl;Ltdthf ,tuJ ftpijfs; cs;sd ftp"h; g[Jf; ftpij/ tuyhw;W ehtpy;
vdg;gyJiwfspYk; g[fH; bgw;wth;.
- jpiu ,irg;ghly;fs; vGJtjpy; g[fH;bgw;wth;. ஞானRத*:
vGj;Jfhy ftp"h;fs; : -
- khlh;d; jpnal;lhpd; ,ul;ilf; ftp"h;fs;
gpr;r_h;j;jp/ jUK rptuhK/ itjP!;tud;/ f/eh/ - fz;zPh; g{f;fs;/ ehak; xU fhtpak; Kjypa
kUjfhசி - fh.K. b\hpg; பைட<க;இரCைட நிழ,திதி,அைலக இ,த
Rg;gpukzpak;/ grta;யா/ ntQnfhghyd;/ bjhFg;g[fisj; je;jth;.
- jpiuf;ftpj; jpyfk; vd;w gl;lk; bgw;wth;. Fமாைல,நைம அ தபாேதா?,ெசா*னைத ேகCட
rp.R. bry;yg;gh/ eFyd;. - thdk;gho ,af;fj;jth;.
ச*ன கவைத,இ*[ெமா <தக,\கதி அ,ைக.
gRta;ah : - ,aw;bgah; Re;ju uhkrhkp. - ,thpd; - Mfhrj;Jf;F mLj;jtPL vd;w gilg;g[f;F rhfpj;a
ghlk; - 3
mfhjkp tpUJ bgw;Ws;shh; ( 2006)
gilg;g[fs;-eLeprp ehfs;/ ahnuhxUtDf;fhf - ேதவேதவன்: ேதவேதவன் எ*ற <ைனெபயரா
g[Jf;ftpij : - அறியபCட பிச்சுமணி ைகவல்யம் ஒ நவன
E தமி=
,thpd; gilg;g[fs; E]y;fs; : -
இரா.மd னாCசி: கவஞ ஆவா. பU:மண ைகவய எ*ற ெபயr fz;zPh;g; g{f;fs;/ Ch;tyk;/ kdr;rpwF/ Kfj;Jf;F
“ tpUe;nj jhDk; கைதகைளM எ,தி வகி*றா. இவ எ,திய
கவஞ இராமீ னாட்சி . (R.Meenakshi) ஒ தமி= Kfk;/ btspr;rk; btspna ,y;iy/ mth;fs;
g[JtJ fpse;j ahg;gpd; nkw;nw” "ேதவேதவ* கவைதக" எ[ A தமி=நா8 அரசி*
கவஞ . < கவைத பைடப றிபடதகவ. tUfpwhh;fs;/ ele;j ehlfk;/ fhj;jpUe;j fhw;W/
vd;w bjhy;fhg;gpah; TWk; tdg;gpd; 8y; xd;whd தமி= வளUசி ைறய* 2005 ஆ ஆ8கான சிற(த
எ, ’ காலதி இ( எ,த ெதாட9கி இ*வைர
jpUtpHhtpy; xU bjUg;ghlfd;/ ee;jtd ehl;fs;/ xU
tpUe;jpd; fPH; TWth;.
Aகள4 < கவைத எ[ வைகபாC' பr: thdk; ,U rpwF/ ,jaj;jpd; ehw;fhyp.
- Kjd; Kjypy; g[Jf;ftpij vGjpath; thy;l; ெதாட( எ,தி வபவதேபா . ஆேராவ சவேதச
ெபறிகிற .[1 ைகவயதி* 6தகவைத ெதா<
tpl;kd; நகரதி ெதாடாறி வகிறாஇவ எ,திய . “உதய
ள4 கைரேயறாத ேகாபயக 1982 ஆ ஆ8 tuyhw;W ehty; : - nrhH epyh
( g[y;ypd; ,jH;fs; vd;w E]y;) நகrலி( ” எ[ A தமி= வளUசி ைறய* 2006
ெவள4வ(த . இரடாவ ெதா< மி*னெபா,ேத
- jkpHpy; Kjy; Kaw;rp - ghujpahh; - trdf; ftpij ஆ ஆ8கான சிற(த Aகள4 < கவைத எ[
\ர,மாறபடாத வ8,.
E 2005 ஆ ஆ8 அவர <nuhL jkpHd;gd; :
vd;gh;. வைகபாC' பr: ெபறிகிற . [1]
கவைதகSகான 6,ெதா< ேதவேதவ* கவைதக ,aw;bgah; b#fjPrd;
- jkpH;g; g[Jf;ftpijapd; je;ij e.gpr;r_h;j;jp
பைட<க: எ*ற ெபயட* ெவள4யடபCட . ேதவேதவ* -kugpy; g{j;Jg;g[Jikapy; fdpe;jth;
Kjypy; g[Jf; ftpijia btspapl;l ,jH; • ெந+சி,:8Fக , தEபாவள4 பக,
கவைதபறி எ*ற உைரயாட AைலM அலிபாப
kzpf;bfho. மபயண, மd னாCசி கவைதக, வாசைன <, ேமாஜியானா எ*ற நாடக AைலM எ,தி
உதயநகrலி( , ெகா'வள, ெசம மடக ெவள4யC'கிறா. gilg;g[fs; : -
e. gpr;r_h;j;jp : -
,aw;bgah; : e.nt';fl kfhyp';fk; rpw;gp : kug[f; ftpijapy; ,Ue;J g[Jf; ftpijf;F
1970-80 கள4 \ 'ய கைலபட9கSகான njhzp tUfpwJ/ tpoay; bghGJfs;/ R{hpag;
Ch; : Fk;gnfhzk; te;jth;.
திைரபட ச9க ஒ*ைறM நடதிவ(தா. gwitfs;/ ee;jid vhpj;j beUg;gpd; kpr;rk;/
fhyk; : 15.08.1900 - 04.12.1976 tiu ,aw;bgah; : ghyRg;gpukzpad; fhyj;jpw;F xU ehs; Ke;jp/ xU tz;o brd;hpa{
E]y;fs; :
E]y;fs; : epyt[g; g{, rphpj;j Kj;Jfs;/ rh;g;gahfk;/ தமிழக அரசி* தமி=வளUசிகழக வ ெபறவ. tzf;fk; ts;St ,thpd; gilg;g[fs;.
fpspf;F";R/ g{f;fhhp/ tHpj;Jiz/
bksd kaf;f';fs;/ R{hpa epHy;/ Mjpiu/ xU - tzf;fk; ts;St g[Jf; ftpijapy; rhfpj;a
fpspf;Tz;L
fpuhkj;J ejp - rhfpj;a mfhjkp tpUJ ( 2002) ேதவேதவைன பறி ெஜயேமாக* 6,ைமயான mfhjkp tpUJ bgw;w Kjy; E]y; - (2004k; Mz;L)
- jkpH;g;g[Jf; ftpijapd; je;ij/ Kd;ndho
திறனா A ஒ*ைற எ,தியகிறா. mg;Jy;uFkhd; : - thdk;ghof; ftp"h;
- kzpf;bfhoapy; vGjpath;.
rp. kzp : - நவன வதி
E ப* தமி= கவைத-ேதவேதவைன
kWkyh;r;rp fhy vGj;jhsh;/ thH;f;ifapy; midj;J 6*ைவ எ*ற அ(A கவதா பதிபகதா 1998 ஆ - thzpak;gho ,!;yhkpaf; fy;Y]hpg; nguhrphpauhf
rp.R. bry;yg;gh : -
epfH;t[fisa[k; ftpijahf;Fk; gh';F ,thplk; ஆ8 ெவள4யடபCட . tps';fpath;. kugpy; nth; ghh;j;J g[Jikapy; ftp
cz;L. ghh;j;jth;.
kzpf;bfho ,jHpy; vGjpath;.
- ftpf;nfh vd;w gl;lk; bgw;wth;.
- beL';ftpij/ tUk;nghFk;/ Xspr;nrh;f;if. தமிழின4 ெவள4யuடாக ெஜ.ரா*ஸிL கிபா இயகதி - gokf; ftp"h;.
- vGj;J ,jiH 1959y; bjhl';fpdhh;.
ேதவேதவைனபறி யா ஊேர யா ேகள4 எ*ற
fy;ahd;#p : ,aw;bgah; fy;ahzRe;juk; - gilg;g[fs; ெசதிபட 2007 ஆ ஆ8 ெவள4யடபC8ள . E]y;fs; : ghy;tPjp/ neah; tpUg;gk;/ Rl;Ltpuy;/
E]y;fs; : -
- epfH;fhyk; vg;goapUf;fpwJ/ vjph;fhyk; ,Ushfg; Myhgid/ brhe;j rpiwfs;/ gpj;jd;/
nghapd. vit fz;zpw;Fj; bjhpa[k;. சாலினி இளந்திைரயன்: இயெபய கனகச(தr Kl;ilthrpfs;/ mtSf;F epyh vd;W bgah;. 1971-
khw;W ,jak;/ eP ,d;W ,Ue;jhy;/ g[Jf;Fuy;.
Mnyhaid rhfpj;a mfhjkp tpUJ.
jUK rptuhK : -
rhiy ,se;jpiuad; : - - ,thpd; je;ij jpUnt';flk; g[Jitapy; - Rthkp tpg[yhde;jhpd; kj';f R{shkzpa[k; btdp!; bkh;r;rd;l; - thzpg[uj;J tzpfd; ஆக
bgw;nwhh; ,uhikah - md;dyl;Rkp Fonawpdhh;. gpd; jpthdhfg; gjtp cah;t[ kiwkiyaofspd; rhFe;jyKk; ehlfj;ijg; te;jJ
Ch; - jpUbey;ntyp khtl;lj;jpYs;s rhiy eapdhh; bgw;whh;. gw;wpa Muha;r;rp E]y;fs;.
gs;spthry;. - Ja;g;bsf;!; (Duplex) ;Msehd; bkhHp - ehlf Mrphpah; gk;ky; rk;ke;jdhh; jk; ehlfj; jkpH;
- jpy;ypg; gy;fiyf;fHfj;jpy; jkpH;j;Jiw bgah;g;ghdhh;. ,we;J nghdjhy; Mde;ju';fk; vd;Dk; E]ypy; bjhHpy;Kiw mu';Ffisg; gw;wpf; ,thpd; vs;sy; ehlf';fs; : -
tphpt[iuahsuhf jkpH;j;Jiw jiytuha; gps;is mkh;j;jk; gl;lhh;. bkhHp bgah;g;ghsh; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;. rghgjp/ Vkhe;j ,U jpUlh;fs;/ rjprf;jp/
gzpahw;wpdhh;. (Jghrp)ahf gjtp Cw;whh;. itFz;l thj;jpahh;.
fhyk; : 06.09.1930 - 04.10.1998 - Jghrpahfg; gzpahw;wpa fhyj;jpy; 1730 Kjy; 1761 fhyk; njhWk; ehlff; fiy : -
- 1991y; jkpHf murpd; ghnte;jh; tpUJ bgw;whh;. tiu ehl;Fwpg;g[ vGjpa[s;shh;. - VHhk; E]w;whz;oy; knfe;jputh;kdpd; மj;j tpyhrk; Jz;oay; ehlf';fs; : -
gilg;g[fs; : - - ,e;jpahtpd; bgg;gpR vd;W miHf;fg;gl;lhh;. vd;Dk; E]y;.
g{j;jJ khDlk; g[ul;rp KGf;fk;/ ciutPr;R ehl;Fwpg;g[ nte;jh; vdt[k; nghw;wg;gLfpwhh;. - gjpndhwhk; E]w;whz;oy; ,uhruhrnrhHd; kndhfuh/ ,U ez;gh;fs;
Ml;rpf;fhyj;jpy; ,uhruhnrf;fu ehlfk;. .
Mye;J]h; nfh. nkhfdu';fd; : - ghlk; - 5 - kuhj;jpa kd;dh;fs; Ml;rpf;fhyj;jpy; j";irapy; gphpjpkhw; fiy"h; :-:- ehlfg; nguhrphpah;
01.06.1942y; brd;idia mLj;j Mye;J]hpy; ehlff; fiy - ,irf;fiy bjhlh;ghd bra;jpfs; : - ehlf';fs; elj;jg;gl;ld. ,aw;bgah; : R{hpa ehuhaz rh!;jphp
gpwe;jth;. - jkpH; ,aw;wkpH; / ,irj; jkpH/ ehlfj;jkpH; vd - ehaf;f kd;dh;fspd; fhyj;jpy; Fwt";rp/ gs;S thH;f;if: 1870 - 1903.
bgw;nwhh; : k. nfhghy; - kPdhk;ghs;. Kg;bgUk; ghFghL bfhz;lJ. ehlf';fs; ,th; vGjpa ehlf ,yf;fz E]y;/ ehlftpay;
- vz;zw;w ,irg;ghly;fisa[k; ftpij - gjpndHhk; E]w;whz;od; gpw;gFjpapy; K!;yPk; ehlf';fs; : %ghtjp/ fyhtjp/ khdtp#ak;/
ehlf';fisa[k; gilj;Js;shh;. ehlfk; : - kjj;jpd; jhf;fj;jpdhy; behz;o ehlf';fs;. R{h;g;g eif.
- ‘,kak; v';fs; fhyoapy;’ - ftpijj; bjhFg;g[ E]y; ehL +mfk; - ehl;il mfj;jpy; bfhz;lJ ehlfk;. - 18k; E]w;whz;oy; mUzhryf; ftpuhahpd; uhk %ghtjp - mwf;fUj;J epiwe;jJ.
murpd; tpUJ - ‘ey;y cyfk; ehis kyUk;’ vd;w fijia epfH;r;rpia/ czh;it eoj;Jf; fhl;LtJk; ehlfk;/ nfhghy fpU\;z ghujpahhpd; ee;jdhh; fyhtjp - ehlftpaYf;F ,yf;fpak;
ftpijj; bjhFg;g[ E]y; ,tUilaJ. Tj;jhf Mof;fhl;LtJk; ehlfk; vd;gh;. ,jw;F rhpj;jpuk;. khdtp#ak; - fstHp ehw;gjpd; jGty;
ghlk; - 4 Tj;Jf;fiy vd;Dk; bgaUk; cz;L. - fhrp tpRtehj Kjypahhpd; lk;ghr;rhhp tpyhrk;
jkpHpd; Kjy; r_f ehlfk;. ehlf kWkyh;r;rp je;ij : - fe;jrhkp mth;fs;
jkpHf foj ,yf;fpak; : - - gz;ila kug;ghitf; Tj;J bkhk;kyhl;lk; - ypl;ld; vGjpa kiwtHpiaj; jGtp Re;judhh; mwp"h; mz;zh :-:-
tsh;r;rpaile;j gpd;dh; njhy;ghitf; Tj;J/ mth;fshy; ,aw;wg;gl;l knzhd; kzpak;. re;jpnuhjak; - Kjy; ehlfk;/ Xh; ,ut[/
neU : - epHw;ghitf; Tj;J Mfpad kf;fspilna - fjhpd; btw;wp jkpHfj;jpy; elj;jg;gl;l Kjy; njrpa ntiyf;fhhp/ ePjpnjtd; kaf;fk;/ ey;yjk;gp/ rpth#p
neU jd; kfs; ,e;jpufhe;jpf;F tiue;j tHf;fpy; ,Ue;jd. rKjha ehlfk; ( fpU\;zrhkpg; ghtd;) fz;l ,e;J rhk;uh#;ak;.
kly;fs; cyf tuyhwhf cjt[fpwJ.
r';fujhR Rthkpfs; : 1867 -1922 tiu :-:- Mh;. v!;.kndhfud; : -
fhe;jp : - ,yf;fpa';fspy; ehlfk; gw;wpa Fwpg;g[fs; : - - ehlf cyfpd; ,kakiy/ jkpH;ehlfj; jiyik rhzf;fpa rgjk;/ y';nf!;tud;
fhe;jp vGjpa foj';fs; bjhFj;J bjhy;fhg;gpa bka;g;ghl;oapy;/ ehlfg; gh';fpyhd Mrphpah;.
btspaplg;gl;Ls;sd. czh;t[fSf;F ,yf;fzk; tFj;J ,Uf;fpwJ. - gpufyhjd;/ rpWj;bjhz;lh;/ ,ytFrh/ gtsf;bfho nf. ghyre;jh; : -
“Tj;jhl;litf; FHhj;jw;nw” vd;Dk; Fws; tHpahf mgpkd;a[ Re;jhp/ ts;sp jpUkzk;/ rj;jpathd; ePh;f;FkpHp/ bkGFth;j;jp/ vjph;ePr;ry;/ ehzy;/
K.t. : - ehlf mu';fk; ,Ue;j bra;jp bjhpa tUfpwJ. rhtpj;jhp nk#h; re;jpufhe;j/ rh;th; Re;juk;/ #d;dy;fs;/
md;idf;F/ jk;gpf;F/ j';iff;F/ ez;gh;f;F vd - rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpy; ‘ehlfnkj;Jk; ehlff; fzpif’ - rkur rd;khh;f;f rig/ gha;!; fk;bgdp - rJu';fk;.
mwp"h; K.t. vGjpa foj';fs; foj ,yf;fpa';fs; vd;W ehl;oakhFk; khjtpiaf; Fwpg;gpLfpwhh;. ehlff;FGf;fs;
vdg;nghw;wj;jf;fd/ r_f thH;tpaypy; rpf;ifiyj; ghujpjhrd; : -
jPh;f;Fk; rpe;jid nehf;fpy; tiuag;gl;lit. ehlf ,yf;fz E]y;fs; : - gk;ky; rk;ge;jdhh; : - KGg;bgah; jpU"hdrk;ge;jk;. ,uz;ad; my;yJ ,izaw;w tPud;/
- jkpH; ehlfj; je;ij brskpad;, fw;fz;L/ gof;fhj bgz;fs;/ fiHf;
mwp"h; mz;zh : - KWty;/ rae;jk;/ brapw;wpak;/ kjpthzh; - nrf;!;gpahpd; ehlf';fis bkhHpbgah;e;Js;shh;.
Tj;jhoapd; fhjy;/ nrujhz;ltk;/ gprpuhe;ijahh;.
ehlfj; jkpH;/ tpsf;fj;jhh; Tj;J/ FzE]y;/ Tj;J - Tj;jhofs; vd;w bgaiu fiy"h;fs; vd;W khwf;
mwp"h; mz;zh jk;gpf;F tiue;j foj';fs; E]y; Kjypa gy ehlfE]y;fs; ehl;oaj;jpw;Fk; fhuzkhdth;.
,is"h;fisj; jl;o vGg;g ty;yd. o.nf.v!;. rnfhjuh;fs; : -
ehlfj;jpw;Fk; ,yf;fzk; tFj;Js;sd. - RFz tpyhr rig - ehlff; FG
Kj;Jrhkp r';fud;/ rz;Kfk;/ gftjp $ghy
Mde;ju';fk; gps;is : - rz;Kfhde;jrgh/
rpyg;gjpfhuk; ehlfj;jpd; jpiur;rPiyfs; ,aw;wpa ehlf';fs; : -
gad;gLj;jd gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ. gpwbkhHpj; jGty; : - bj.bgh. fpU\ ghtyh: fjhpd; btw;wp/
fpU\;zrhkpg; ghtyh;
- brd;id bguk;g{hpy; (gpuk;g{hpy;) 1709k; Mz;L khh;r; fhspjhrdpd; rhFe;jiy/ khstpfhf;ன4kpj;uk;/
30y; gpwe;jhh;. njrpaf; bfho, gk;gha; bkapy;.
- xU Kf vHpdp/ bghUKf vHpdp/ fue;Jtuy; vHpdp Ah;!th;j;jdhpd; ,ரj;jpdhtsp/ nrf;!;gpahpd;
- _d;W tajpy; jhahh; kiwt[ vd;w jpiur;rPiyfs; gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ. nAk;byl; - mkyhjpj;jdhf/ nkf;gj; - nkfgjpahf
,irf;fiy : -
- vd;ghh; vd;gthplk; fy;tp gapd;whh;. bjhy; fhg;gpaj;திy; ,ir : -
btz;gh/ Mrphpag;gh fலிg;gh/ t";rpg;gh Kj;Jj; jhz;lthpd; jpy;iyj; jpUj;jyf; - rpWfijj; bjhFjpfs; : fghlg[uk;/ g[jpa xsp/ rpj;jp/ fp. uh#ehuhazd; : -
vd;Dk; ehy;tifg; ghf;fis[Mk; gy;ntW fPh;j;jid/ mUzhryf; ftpuhahpd; ,uhkehlff; Mz;ik/ md;W ,ut[/ g[Jikg;gppj;jd; rpWfijfs; fjt[/ fd;dpik/ ntl;o/ mk;kh gps;is/ mg;gh
tz;z';fis[ak; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;. fPh;j;jid- gHikahd fPh;j;jidfs;. gps;is/ ehw;fhyp.
- nfhghy fpU\;z ghujpahhpd; jpUePyfz;l rpWfijfs; : - - fhpry; fijfspd; je;ij
r';f ,yf;fpaj;jpy; ,ir : - ehadhh; fPh;j;jid/ ee;jdhh; rhpj;jpuf; fPh;j;jid/ - flt[Sk; fe;jrhkpg; gps;isa[k;. - tl;lhuf; fijfspd; je;ij.
Fரy;/ Jj;jk;/ ைக;fpis/ ciH/ ,sp/ tpshp/ ,aw;gif ehadhh; rhpj;jpuf; fPh;j;jidfs;. - mfy;ia/ rhg tpnkhrdk;/ Jd;gf; nfzp/ ,thpd; nfhgy;yg[uj;J kf;fs; ehty; 1991y; rhfpj;a
jhuk; vd ,irfs; VHhfj; jkpHh; tiuaiw - mz;zhkiy bul;oahhpd; fhtor; rpe;J. kdpjae;jpuk;/ rpw;gpapd; eufk;/ jpahf mfhjkp tpUJ bgw;wJ.
bra;jpUe;jdh;. - kha{uk; ntjehafk; gps;isapd; rh;t rka rkurf; _h;j;jp/bghd;dfuk;/ fapw;wut[/ fy;ahzp/
Tj;juhw;Wg;gil ,irf; fUtpfs; gw;wpf; fPh;j;jid. epidt[g;ghij ntjhsk; brhd;d fij. bksdp : - jkpHr; rpWfijapd; jpU_yh;.
Fwpg;gpLfpwJ. - ednthil cj;jpiag; gad;gLj;jpath;. ,aw;bgah; : - Rg;gpukzp
,irj; jkpH; rhd;nwhh; : - - jkpHfj;jd; khg;grhd;. mHpahr;Rlh;/ kzf;nfhyk;/ fhjy; miy/ khWjy;
- j";ir Mgpufhk; gz;ojhpd; fUzhkph;j rhfuk;. - rpWfij kd;dd;. gpug";r fhdk;/ kdj;njh;/ rhtpy; gpwe;j rpU\;kp.
njhy; fUtp :-:- Kழt[/ gjiy/ MFsp - mtuJ kfd; tuFzghz;oadpd; ‘ghzh; iftHp
Jisf; fUtp : - FHy;/ nfhL/ J]k;g[ vdg;gLk; ahH;E]y;” gp.v!;. uhikah : -
euk;g[f; fUtp : - ahH; - tpg[yhde;jhpd; ahH;E]y; kzpf;bfho ,jiHr; rpWfij ,jHhf khw;wpath;
f";rf; fUtp : - ghz;oy; - jkpHpir ,af;fk; : - b#afhe;jd; : - - gzk; gpiHj;jJ/ jGk;g[/ epidt[ Kfk;/
ahHpd; cWg;g[fshf gr;ir brwpJis/ nghh;it 1943ty; uh#h rh; mz;zhkiyr; brl;oahhpd; cjak;/ xUgpor; nrhW/ ,dpg;g[k; fhpg;g[k;/ kwf;ftpy;iy/ fhkjfdk;/ el;rj;jpuf; FHe;ij/
tWthya;/ fitfil/ euk;g[/ nfhL/ jpt;t[ vd;w vl;L jkpHpirr; r';fk;. njtd; tUthuh/ Rikjh';fp/ a[frf;jp/ g[jpa bfhj;jdhh; nfhapy;.
cWg;g[fisf; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wdh;. - “bts;is thuzdhh; jw;fhy mfj;jpah;” thh;g;g[fs;/ Rajhprdk;/ FugPlk;/ g[JbrUg;g[f; - kzpf;bfhof;fhyk; 1982 y; rhfp;ja mfhjkp tpUJ
fof;Fk;/ cz;ik RLk;/ xU gponrhW/ ,Uisj; bgw;wJ.
rpyk;gpy; ,ir : - Mw;Wthp/ fhdy; thp/ Cry; thp/ kiwe;J nghd ,ir E]y;fs; : - njo/ jphpr';F brhh;f;fk;/ ,utpy;. - ,tUila vy;yhf; fijfspYk; tUk; xU
ntl;Lt tphpg;ghly;fs; gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ. ,iwadhh; fstpay; ciuapd; _yk;/ - bjd;dpe;jpahtpd; khg;grhd;. ghj;jpuk; F';Fkg; bghl;Lf; Fkhurhkp.
6 ehiu/ KJFUF/ bgUehiu/ bgU';FUF/ g";r
gy;yth; fhyj;jpy; ,ir : - ghujPak;/ rpw;wpif/ nghpir/ ,ir a[f;fk; nghd;w R. rKj;jpuk; : - F. mHfphprhkp :-:-
knfe;jputh;kd; r';fPuzk; vd;Dk; E]y;fspd; bgah;fis mwpe;J bfhs;s KofpwJ. Kjy; rpWfij - “m';nf fy;ahzk; ,';nf
jhsj;ijf; fz;lwpe;jjhy; r';fPuz rhjp fyhl;lh” Kjy; rpWfij - cwf;fk; brhs;thd;.
vdg;gl;lhd;. ghpthjpdp vd;Dk; tPizapYk; jkpHpy; rpWfijfs; : - nghJk; c';f cgrhuk;/ xnu xU nuh#h/ rpf;ftpy;iy/ jtg;gad;/ fhyfz;o/ bja;tk;
ty;ytdhf tps';fpdhd;. ,yt[ fhj;j fpsp/ gyntrk;. gpwe;jJ. ,U rnfhjuh;fs;/ fw;gf tpUl;rk;
rpWfijf;fhd ,yf;fzk; : - tug;gpurhjk;/ md;gspg;g[.
- mkh;e;J xnu _r;rpy; gof;ff; Toad. F.g.uh#nfhghyd; (v) F.g.uh : - - Mz;kfd;/ g[Jcyfk;/ jphpg[uk;/ ,Ubgz;fs;/
- F8kpahd; kiyapy; knfe;jputh;மன4* ,irf;
- bjhlf;fKk; Kot[k; tpWtpWg;ghf ,Uf;Fk; jphpntzp/ "hgfh;j;jk;.
fy;btl;L cs;sJ.
- njitaw;w brhw;fs; TlhJ. Kjy; rpWfij - E]Ud;dp!h - ,thpd; md;gspg;g[ 1970y; rhfpj;a mfhjkp tpUJ
- ,uhrrpk;kd; tPzh ehujd;/ thj;jpa tpj;jpahjud;
- kdpj thH;tpd; rpwpa gFjpiaf; fhl;Lk;. - g[dh; b#d;kk;/ fhzhkny fhjy;/ fdfhk;guk;/ bgw;wJ.
vdg;g[fHg;gl;lhd;.
- xUthpd; kdij rd;dy; _yk; btspna ,Ug;gJ fh";rd khiy/ rpwpJ btspr;rk;/ tpoa[kh/ jpiu.
ghh;g;gJ nghy; ,Uf;f ntz;Lk;. uh#h#p : -
nrhHh; fhyj;jpy; ,ir :-:-
- rpWfijapd; Kd;ndho vl;fh; Myd;ngh. uh#nfhghyhr;rhhp
Mdha ehadhhpd; ,iriaf; nfl;L
- jkpH;r; rpWfijapd; Kd;ndho tPukhKdpth; fy;fp : - fy;fp ,uh. fpU\;z_h;j;jp epue;jubry;tk;/ gps;isahh; fhg;ghw;wpdhh;/
ku';fSk;/ kiyaUtpfSk; fhd;ahWk; flYk;/
t.nt.R.Iah : - - jpU. tp.f.tpd; kPJ bfhz;lgw;wpdhy; fy;fp vd fw;gidf; fhL/ jpf;fw;w ghh;tjp.
,oa[k; KfpYk; Tl mirtw;W epd;wjhfr; nrf;fpHhh;
itj;Jf; bfhz;lhh;. - 1958y; rf;futh;j;jpj; jpUkfd; (ehty;) - rhfpj;a
TWfpwhh;.
tufndhp nt';fl Rg;gpukzpa Iah;. - nfjhhpapd; jhahh;/ fhhpUspy; xU kpd;dy;/ mfhlkp tpUJ. tpahrh; tpUe;J.
- rPtfrpe;jhkzpapy; Ruk";rhp ,yk;gfKk; miyapd; fz;zPh;/ khlj;njtd; Rid/
fhe;jtUjj;ijahh; ,yk;gfKk; ,ir El;g';fis - jkpHpy; Kjy; rpWfijahd “Fsj;j';fiu muR
kuk;” 1913y; vGjpdhh;. ,J “k';ifah;f;furpapd; tPizthzp/ fizahHpapd; fdt[/ jpUbtGe;J]h; rp.R. bry;yg;gh : -
tpthpf;fpd;wd. rptf;bfhGe;J !;tg;gd nyhfk;/ tPidgthdp.
fhjy;” vd;w E]ypy; ,lk;bgw;Ws;sJ. rurhtpd; bghk;ik/ kzy; tPL, mWgJ/
kuhl;oah; fhyj;jpy; ,ir : - rj;ahfpufp/ bts;is.
- iyyhk#;D/ mdhh;f;fyp fhjiy Kjypy; jkpHpy; mwp"h; mz;zh : -
jpUg;g[fH; ghoa mUzfhphp ehjh; 1008
vGjpath;.- jkpH; rpWfijapd; je;ij. gyhgyd;/ fL_";rp/ md;djhdk;/ nga; xog;
nksfh;j;jh gz;fSf;Fk; jpUg;g[fH; ghoa[s;shh;. ehty; : thothry;
nghr;rp/ ,U guk;giufs;/ R{jho/ brt;thiH/ j";ir
ty;ypf; fz;zd; : -
g[Jikg;gpj;jd; : - tPH;r;rp/ gpo rhk;gy;/ g[yp efk;/ uh#hjpuh#h/
fPh;jidfspy; ,ir : - Kjy; rpWfij - re;jpufhe;jf;fy;/
- ,aw;bgah; nrh. tpUj;jhryk;. brhf;fj;jpy; eufk;.
ehl;oaf;fhhp/ bghpa kD\p/ ftpij thH;t[/ jj;Jt
jhprdk;/ Mz; rp';fk;/ thH tpUk;gpatd;.
vd;W ghpj;jwpa Koahj jd;ik ,f;fhyr; rpwg;g[ - ,uh#uh#d; thdsht[k; fl;olj;ij fU';fy;yhy;
(g[ilg;g[r; rpw;g';fs; ) fl;odhd; mtd; fl;Ltpj;j nfhg[u';fisa[k; - bjhy;fhg;gpak; eLjy; tzf;Fk; gw;wpf; TWfpwJ.
- knfe;jputh;kzhy; bra;ag;gl;l tpkhd';fisa[k; Vuhskhd rpw;g';fs; my';fhpj;j
Fiff;nfhapy;fspy; cs;s thapw;fhtyh; nghjpYk; mit fl;olj;jpw;F m';fkhf fl;olj;jpd; eLfy;லிy; nghhpy; tPukuzk; va;jpa tPudJ
cUt';fs;/ rp';fk; Rke;j J]z;fs; ,f;fhyr; bபUkpjj;jpy; kiwe;J fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,njepiy cUtk;/ bgah;/ bgUikf; Fhpa bray;
rpw;gf; fiyf;F vLj;Jf; fhl;Lfs;. jhd; mtd; kfd; vGg;gpa f';if bfhz;l Kjypadtw;iwg; bghwpf;Fk; gHf;fk; ,Ue;jJ.
nrhHg[uj;Jr; rpwg';fSf;Fk;. rpw;gp jhd; brJf;ftpUe;j cUtj;ij tiue;J
7. fiyfs; - rpw;gk; -Xtpk; - ngr;R khky;yg[ur; rpw;g';fs; : ghh;j;j gpd;dnu brJf;fpa kug[ cz;L.
- vdpDk; f';if bfhz;l nrhHg[uj;J bghpa - xtpaf; fiy/ Xt[/ Xtk;/ Xtpak;/ rpj;jpuk;/ glk;/
jpiug;glf;fiy : - Kjyhk; eurpk;kth;kd; fhyk; nfhtpypy; fiykfs; rpw;gKk;/ rz;of;F rptd; glhk;/ tl;oifr; bra;jp vdg;gy bgah;fshy;
kfplhRukh;j;jdp Fif/ Mjptuhகh; kz;lgk;/ mUs;g[hpa[k; rz;Ofg;gjk; gw;wpa rpw;g';fSk; tH';fg;bgWfpwJ.
rpw;gf;fiy : - Kk;_h;j;jp kz;lgtk;/ tuhfh; Fif Mfpait jdpj;jd;ik bfhz;L jpfH;fpd;wd. - Xtpaf; fiy"d; Xtpah;/ Xtpag;g[ytd;/ fz;Qs;
- jkpHyf;fpa';fs; rpw;g';fs; bra;a[k; Kiw g[fH;bgw;wit. tpid"d;/ rpj;jpuf;fhuh;/ tpj;jf tpid"d;/ tpj;jfh;/
bjhlh;e;J tHf;fpy; ,Ue;jd vd;gijf; - jhuhRuj;J IuhtjP!;tuh; nfhapy; rpw;g';fs; fpstp ty;nyhd; vd miHf;g;gl;lhh;.- xtpaf;
fhl;Lfpd;wd. bfhy;ypg;ghit/ fz;zfp rpiy/ - ghiwr; rpw;g';fspy; mh;r;Rdd; my;yJ gfPujd; jpy;iyf; nfhg[ur; rpw;g';fSk; mHFilad fiy"h; FGit Xtpakhf;fs; vd;W miHj;jdh;.
bgUk; khspiffspy; Rij cUt';fs; mikj;jy; jtk; rpwg;ghdJ. vdpDk; fl;olj;jpd; mHfpy; kaf;fk; bgWfpd;wd. Mz;; Xtpah; rpj;jpuh';fjd; vdt[k; bgz; Xtpah;
Mfpatw;iw cjhuzkha; Twyhk;. r';ffhyj;jpy; rpj;jpunrdh vdt[k; bgah; bgw;W ,Ue;jdh;.
kz;zPl;lhsh; vd;w fiy"h;fs; kz; nfhtpy;fspy; rpw;gk; : - tpraefuj;jhh; fhyr; rpw;g';fs; : -
cUt';fisr; bra;jdh;. fh";rpg[uk; ,uz;lhk; eurpk;kd; (v) - Mapu';fhy; kz;lg';fSk; fy;ahz kz;lgk; tiufUtpfs; : nfhy; J]hpif/ Jfpypif/ tl;oif/
uh#rpk;kd; ifyhrehjh; nfhtpypy; rptd; gy;ntW g[fH;bgw;wJ. tz;z';fs; FHg;g[k; gyiff;F tl;oifg; gyif
gy;yth; fhye;bjhl;L/ nfhapy;fspy; gy;tifahd njhw;w';fnshL cs;shh;. njtpah;fspd; - Fjpiuapd; Kd; fhiyj; J]f;Fk; epiyapy; cs;s vdg;bgah;.
rpw;g';fisf; fhzKofpwJ. flt[sh;fspd; gy;tz;zj;njhw;wKk;/ jpUkhy;l/ ehz;Kfd;/ rpw;g';fs;.
jpUt[Ut';fs;/ mf;fhyj;jpa kf;fspd; cUt';fs; KUfd; bfhw;wit cUt';fspd; gy;tz;zj; - bgz;fspd; khh;gf';fs; ,e;jf; fhyj;jpy; Xtpa';fs; tiua[kpl';fs; : -
kw;Wk; tpy';fpd';fs; gwitapd';fs; njhw;w';fSk; ,';Fs;sd. ,Jnghd;w Jzpahy; nghh;j;jg;gl;l epiyapy; miktijf; rpj;jpuf;Tlk;/rpj;jpukhlk;/v,epiy kz;lgk;/
Mfpatw;wpd; cUt';fshFk;.tpy';fpd';fspy; fiymikg;g[ itFe;jg; bgUkhs; / ,uz;lhk; fhzyhk;. vGbjHpy; mk;gyk;.
Fwpg;ghf ahidfspd; cUtj;ijr; brJf;Ftjpy; ee;jpth;kd; nfhtpYk; cs;sJ. - mhpaehj Kjypயா; fhl;oa Mapu9;fhy;
gy;yth;fhyr; rpw;gpfs; if njh;e;jth;fshf kz;lgKk; g[Jkz;lKk;/ kPdhl;rp nfhapYk; ehaf;f - g[wehD]w;wpy; Xtj;jida இlDil tdg;g[ vd
tps';fpapUf;fp d;wdh;. ghz;oah; fhyr; rpw;gk; : - fp.gp. 6/7/8 k; E]w;whz;oy; kd;dh;fspd; bgUikiaf; fhl;Ltd. tPl;od; mHif xtpaj;jpw;F xg;g[ikaha;
- gy;yth; fhyr;Rijf; nfhapy;fspy; Rijrpw;g';fs; cUthf;fg;gl;l jpUbka;ak;/ gps;isahh;gl;o/ - kJiu kPdhl;rp nfhapypy; gpl;rhldh;/ nkhfpdp/ fhl;lg;gLfpwJ.
,Ue;jd (Rij rpw;g';fs; vd;gJ Rz;zhg;ig ed;F Fd;wf;Fo/ jpUg;gu';Fd;wk; vDk; ,l';fspy; fhspapd; eldk;/ rptDila CHpf;Tj;J/
miuj;Jf; fUk;g[rhW/ bty;yr;rhW/ bey;ypf;fhapd; ,tw;iwf; fhzyhk;. jpUf;fypயான fhl;rp ,tw;iw Fwpf;Fk; rpw;gj; - tz;zfhl;rpfs; jPl;lg;gl;l jPiur;rPiyfs; “Xtpa
rhW Kjypatw;iw Cw;wp tr;rpuk; nghy; bra;J J]z;fs; mHFld; tps';Fk;. vHpdp” vd;W miHf;fg;gl;lJ.
mijf; bfhz;L cUtk; bra;jy;. fpgp 8k; E]w;whz;oy; fGFkiy xw;iwf; fy; nfhapy; - Mapu';fhy; kz;lgj;jpy; Kfg;g[j; J]z;fspy;
- br';fw;fshy; Rth;fis vGg;gp mtw;wpd; ghz;oah; fhy cd;dj jd;ikiaf; fhzyhk;. cs;s mhpr;re;jpud;/ Fwtd;/ Fwj;jp gw;wpa - tz;z';fythமy; fhpj;Jz;Lfshy; totk; kl;Lk;
g[w';fspy; fijahyhd cUt';fis mikg;gJ - mjpakhd; ftpd; rpw;gj;ij ehkf;fy; Filtiuf; rpw;g';fs; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fit. tiutjidg; g[idah xtpak; vd;gh;.
kug[. (c.k;) nfhtpypy; fhzyhk;. -ghisa';nfhl;ilaUnfa[s;s fpU\;zhg[uj;jpy; - ML Kjyhd gz;zpuz;L ,uhrpfisa[k;/
jpUtjpiff; nfhapy;. jpUnt';flehjh; nfhapypy; cs;s Fwtd; Fwj;jp tpz;kPd;fisa[k; tiue;j bra;jp beLey; thil
nrhHh; fhyr; rpw;g';fs; : - rpw;g';fs; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fit. ghz;oa ehl;oy; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.
fw;rpw;g';fs; : - Fle;ijf; fPH;f;nfhl;lk;/ rPdpthr ey;Y]h; jpUtpisahly; g[uhz epfHr;rpfisf; Fwpf;Fk;
- r';ffhyj;jpy; ,we;j tPuh;fSf;F fy;ypy; cUtk; Fu';fehjh; nfhtpy;/ gRgjp nfhtpy;/ jpUth%h; rpw;g';fs; ehaf;fh;fs; fhyj;jpy; jhd; Vw;gl;ld. gy;yth; fhyk; : -
brJf;fp tHpgl;ldh; (eLfy;) mwbewpr;ruk; Mfpatw;wpy; ,th;fs; fhyr; rpw;g';fs; knfe;jputh;k gy;ytd; rpj;jpuf; fhug; g[yp vd
- fz;zfp cUtr; rpiy mikf;fg;gl;lJ gw;wp cs;sd. xtpaf;fiy miHf;fg;gLfpwhd;. jl;rpzrpj;jpuk; vd;w Xtpa
rpyg;gjpfhuk; TWfpwJ. E]Yf;F ciu vGjpa[s;shd;.
- gy;yth;fs; fhyj;jpy; rpw;g';fs; nfhapw; gH';fhy kf;fs;/ jk; cs;sf; fUj;Jfisg; - gdkiy/ jpUkiy/ khky;yg[uf; Fiff;
- jkpHfj;jpy; fw;rpw;g';fisj; bjhl';fp itj;j Rth;fspnyna <ilg;g[r; rpw;g';fshfr; g[yg;gLj;j ghiwfspYk; FifspYk; fPwp vGjpdh;. nfhtpy;/khkz;^h;/ fh";rpf; ifyhrehjh; nfhapy;
bgUik gy;yth;fSf;F chpaJ. brJf;fg;gl;ld. Mdhy; nrhHh; fhyj;jpy; rpw;g';fs; jk; vz;zj;ijr; rpj;jpuk; tiue;J btspg;gLj;jpdhh;. nghd;wtw;wpy; gy;yth; fhy Xtpa';fs;
- gy;yth;fs; fl;oa Filtiuf; nfhapy;fspYk; jdpna bra;ag;gl;L mtw;Wf;bfd Rthpy; mike;j - jkpHfj;jpy; ,Ugj;ije;Jf;Fk; nkw;gl;l ,l';fspy; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
fl;Lkhdf; nfhapy;fspYk; vz;zw;w rpw;g nfhl;lj;jpy; bghUj;jg;gl;ld. (khd;/ nghh;/ bra;jy;/ tpy';F ntl;il) - nruh; fhy Xtpa';fs; jpUee;jpf; fiuapy;
cUt';fs; cs;sd. fl;olk; ntW rpw;gk; ntW Mfpatw;iwf; Fwpf;Fk; Fif Xtpa';fs; fpilj;Js;sd.
fz;Lgpof;fg;gl;Ls;sd. - rpj;jd;dthry;/ g[Jf;nfhl;ilf;F mUnf cs;sJ.
vLf;fg; gad;gLk; RUs;/ vjph;r;RUs; vdg;gLk;. 9. cah;rpe;jid

,';F cs;s Xtpa';fs; fpgp 9k;. E]w;whz;oy; bjhlf;f ciuf;Fg; gpwF/ bghUis tphpj;J xyp/ xspg; gjpt[fis jdpj; jdp Rus;fspy; mikg;gh;. 10. fiy ,yf;fpaj;jdpj; jd;ik btspg;ghL
mtdpg nrfu $ty;ygd;
gd vd;w ghz;oa kd;dh; ngRk; Kiw bjhLj;jy; vdg;gLk;. md;wyh;e;j - glg;gpog;g[f;fUtpapy; xuo ePsKs;s glr;RUspy; 11. bkhHpf; nfhl;ghL vd gjpbdhU jFjpf;
fhyj;jpy; kJiu Mrphpah; ,sk;bfsjkd; kyiu mHFgl khiyahfj; bjhLj;Jk; nghd;W gjpdhW gl';fs; tPjk; xd;wd; gpd; xd;whfj; nfhl;ghLfis mwptpay; jkpHpwp"h; KRj;jght[k;
,t;nthtpa';fis tiue;jhh;. ,ilapilna Rit kpf;f brhw;fSk; Fzkpf;f bjhlh;r;rpahf vLf;fg;gLk;. bkhHpty;Yeh;fSk; tiuaWj;Js;shh;fs;.
fUj;Jf;fSk; gpizj; ; ngRtnj bதhLj;jy;
nrhHh; fhy Xtpa';fs; : - vdg;gLk;.
j";irg; bghpa nfhtpypy; fhzyhk;.
-ftpd;kpF fapiyf; fhl;rp fz;fSf;F ngr;rpd; mzpfyd;fs; : - fUj;Jg;glk; : - bjhd;ik : -
tpUe;jspg;gd. nrukhd;/ Re;juh; fapiy bry;Yk; cyfk; njhd;wpanghnj njhd;wpa jkpiH
fhl;rp/ rptbgUkhd; Kg;g[uk; vhpj;j fhl;rp/ Re;juiர xU ngr;Rf;Ff; fUj;Jg; bghypt[k; Kjypy; fUj;Jg;glk; mikj;jth; thy;l; mjd; bjhd;ik fUjp fk;gh; “ vd;WKs bjd;jkpH;”
jLj;jhSk; nfhyk;. ehl;oa kfsph;/ khkd;dh; Funyhira[k; kl;Lnk nghjpad my;y. o!;dp. vd;fpwhh;.
,uhruhrd;/ fUt{h;j;njth; Kjypa Xtpa';fs; ,ilapilna nfl;nghh; Ritf;fj;jf;f ctikfs;/
tuyhw;Wr; rpwg;ig czh;j;Jfpd;wd. vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfs; brhy;yhl;rpfs;/ gy;ntW ghlk; - 8 gpwbkhHpj;jhf;fkpd;ik : -
tifahd eilfs;/ rpWrpW fijfs; Kjypad jkpHpd; bjhd;ik : - gpwbkhHpr; brhw;fis ePf;fpdhYk; jdpj;J
tp#aefu ehaf;f kd;dh;fspd; xtpa';fs; : - mikag; ngRtnj rpwe;j ngr;rhFk ,a';Fk; jd;ik bgw;wJ.
czh;j;Jk; jpwd; : - tPWil brk;bkhHp jkpH;bkhHp cyfk;
jpUtu';fk;/ jpUg;gjp/ jpy;iy jpUth%h;/ brhy;yf; fUJk; bra;jpia Ritgl/ epuy;gl/ nt%d;wpய; ehs; Kjy; caph;bkhHp jha;ik : -
Fle;ij kJiu/ fh";rp Kjypa ,l';fspy; jpwk;gl kw;Wk; bjspthft[k; brhy;y ntz;Lk;. jpuhtpl bkhHpfshd fd;dlk;/ bjY';F/
fhzg;gLfpd;wd. czh;r;rp cs;s ngr;nr capUள ngr;rhFk;. vd;W jkpHpd; bgUikiag; giw rhw;Wthh; kiyahsk;/ JStk; Kjypa bkhHpfSf;Fj;
mg;ngr;nr nfl;nghh; cs;sj;jpy; CLUtpr; brd;W/ ghtynuW bgU";rpj;jpudhh;. jha;bkhHp. gpuhFap Kjypa tlg[ybkhHpfSf;Fk;
nfl;gth;fSila cs;sj;ijg; gzpf;Fk; Mw;wy; jha;bkhHp vd;fpwhh; fhy;Lbty;. Mapuj;bjz;Q]W
ngr;Rf; fiy : - tha;e;jjhf mika[k;. - jpU(;jpa gz;g[k;/ rPh;j;j ehfhPfKk; bghUe;jpa bkhHpfSf;F nth;r; brhy;fisa[k;/ E]w;bwd;gJ
Mafiy mWgj;J ehd;fpy; ngr;Rf; fiya[k; J]a;bkhHp jkpH;r; brk;bkhHpahk; vd;W bkhHpfSf;F cwt[g;bgah;fisa[k; je;Js;sJ
xd;Wk;. Koj;
Koj;jy; : - ghpjpkhw;fiy"h; brk;bkhHpf;F ,yf;fzk; jkpH;.
- ngr;Rk; nkilg;ngr;Rk; ntW ntwhdJ. ngr;rpy; ngr;irj; bjhl';FtjpYk; bghUis tFj;Js;shh;.
czh;e;jij czh;e;jthW bjhptpj;jhy; tphpg;gjpYk; brYj;Jk; ftdj;ij mHFwg; ngr;ir - bjhz;ik/ Kd;ik/ Ez;ik/ jpz;ik/ vd;ik/ jdpj;j*ik : -
nghJkhdJ Mdhy; nkilg; ngr;rpnyh Kog;gjpYk; ftdk; brYj;j ntz;Lk;. xz;ik/ ,dpik/ jdpik/ ,sik/ tsik/jha;ik/ ,ay;/ ,ir ehlfk; vd;w Kg;bgUk;
czh;e;jij czh;j;Jk;’ tifapy; J]a;ik/ Kk;ik/ brk;ik/ ,ad;ik/tpad;ik vd gphpt[fisf; bfhz;lJ jkpH;/ jkpHh; mfk;/ g[wk;
bjhptpf;fntz;Lk;. - nkilg;ngr;rpy; ey;y jkpiHf; bfhz;L kf;fis tUk; gjpdhW brt;tpay; vd;W thH;tpaYf;F ,yf;fzk; tFj;jdh;.
- ngr;rhshpd; be";rpy; cs;s fUj;J nfl;ghhpd; <h;j;njhh; jkpH;j; bjd;wy; jpU.tp.f. nguwp"h; jd;ikfisf; bfhz;lJ brk;bkhHp : mJnt
be";rpy; ghantz;Lk;. kpd;rhuk; ghaf; fk;kp mz;zh/ uh.gp. nrJg;gps;is/ ehtyh; nrhkRe;ju ek;bkhHp vd;ghh; ghthzh;. ,yf;fpa tsk;/ ,yf;fzr; rpwg;g[ : -
fUtpahf cs;sJ nghyf; fUj;ij tpsf;f bkhHp ghujpahh;/ Fd;wf;Fo mofshh; nghd;nwhh;
fUtpahf cs;sJ. Fwpg;gplj;jf;fth;. epiyj;j bkhHp : - r';f ,yf;fpa';fs; jkpHh;fspd; brhj;J/ ,J
- brhy;iy Muha;e;J bjspthfg; ngr ntz;Lk;.
cyfpy; <uhapukhz;Lfl;Fk; nkw;gl;l 26,350 mofisf; bfhz;lJ/ mf;fhyj;nj
jpiug;glf; fiy : -
tuythw;Wj; bjhd;ika[ila bkhHp rpynt. mit ,t;tstpw;F tphpthf cUthf;fg;gl;l ,yf;fpa';fs;
Kf;TWfs; : -
jkpH;/ rPik/ rkw;fpUjk;/ ,yj;jPd;/ <g;U/ fpnuf;fk;/ ntW ve;j bkhHpapYk; ,y;iy vd;fpwhh; brf; ehl;L
ngRk; bghUis xG';F6iwf;Ff; - xspg;glk; vLf;Fk; fUtp 1830y; fz;lwpag;gl;lJ.
fl;LgLj;jpj; bjhlf;fk;/ ,ilg;gFjp/ Kot[ vl;th;L ikgphpl;R vd;w M';fpnyah; Kjypy; xLk; Mfpad. ,tw;wpd; yj;jPDk; <g;Ut[k; tHf;F bkhHp mwp"h; fkpy;Rtygpy;. khf;Rky;yh; (brUkd;)
vdg;gFj;J ngRtijna ngr;R6iw vd;fpnwhk;. Fjpiuia ,af;fg;glkhf vLj;J btw;wp bgw;whh;. xHpe;jd. jkpnH kpft[k; gz;gl;l bkhHpbad;Wk; jdf;nf chpa
,jid vLj;jy;/ bjhLj;jy;/ Koj;jy; vdt[k; - <!;l;kd; vd;gth; glr;RUs; cUthf;Fk; ,yf;fpar; bry;t';fisg; bgw;wpUf;Fk;
Twyhk;. Kiwiaf; fz;lwpe;jhh;. brk;bkhHpj; jFjpg;ghLfs; : - bkhHpbad;Wk; ghuhl;oapUf;fpwhh; r';f
- vord; xUth; kl;Lk; ghh;f;Fk; glf;fUtpiaf; 1. bjd;ik ,yf;fpa';fis kf;fs; ,yf;fpak; vdyhk;.
vLj;jy; : - fz;lwpe;jhh;. 2. gpwbkhHpj; jhf;fkpd;ik
- gpuhd;rp!; brd;fpd;R vd;w mbkhpf;f 1894y; 3. jha;ik bghJikg; gz;g[ : -
ngr;ir bjhl';FtJ vLg;g[/ ngr;rpd; hpU;kz;l; vd;Dkplj;jpy; ,af;fg;gடj;ijg; gyUk; 4. jdpj;jd;ik
bjhlf;fk; ed;whf ,Ue;jhy; jhd; nfl;fpwவrd; ghh;f;Fk; tifapy; totikj;jhh;. 5. ,yf;fpatsk; jkpHh; jkf;bfd thHhJ gpwh;f;Fhpatைர
cs;s';fisf; ftUk;. 6. bghJikg;gz;g[
- jpiug;glk; vLf;fg; gad;gLk; glr;R3s; 7. eLt[epiyik ஏறன;/ xd;nw Fyk;/ jPJk; ed;Wk; gpwh;ju thuh,
bry;Yலா8 vd;w bghUshy; MdJ. glk; 8. gz;ghL/ fiy gl;lwpt[ brk;g[yg;bgay; ePh; nghy md;g[s;sk; bfhz;ldh;.
bjhLj;jy; Kiw : -
jpuhtplk; -jpuhtpl - jpukps- jkp= எ*

- ef;fPuh;/ mfj;jpah;/ fgpyh; Ma;t[ E]y;fs;. - jkpH; ngufuhjp gjpg;gpw;Fj; jiyik tfpj;jth;.
eLt[epiyik : - - fs;sh; rhpj;jpuk; vd;w ciueil E]y;. -g[wj;jpul;L vd;w E]ypd; Mrphpah;.
உவான எ*கிறா கா8ெவ.
-Ma;t[ bewpKiwfisj; jkp,;F mwpKfk;
r';f ,yf;fpa';fs; ,dk; bkhHp/ kjk; uh.gp. nrJg;gps;is : (1896 - 1961) : - bra;jth;.
ghlk; - 9
fle;jit. ,aw;ifnahL ,ae;jit : cyfj;jhh; -M';fpyj;jpy; jkpH;bkhHp ,yf;fpa tuyhW
ciueil : -
Vw;Fk; bghJf; fUj;Jf;fs; cilait. - brhy;ypd; bry;th; vd miHf;fg;gLfpwhh;. CUk; vGjpath;.
kiw kiyaofs; : (1870 - 1950 ) ngUk;/ bre;jkp,k; bfhLe;jkp,k;/ jkpHpd;gk;/
eLtzuR 2004 mf;nlhghpy; jkpiH jpUts;Sth; E]y;eak;/ rpyg;gjpfhu E]y;eak;/ jkpH; gilg;g[fs; :
Rthkp ntjhryk; vd;w bgaiuj; jkpH;gw;wpd;
,e;jpahtpd; brk;bkhHpahf mwptpj;jJ. tpUe;J/ ntYk; tpy;Yk;/ jkpH;ehl;L etkzpfs;. ,yf;fpa jPgk;/ ,yf;fpa cjak;/ ,yf;fpar;
fhuzkhf kiwkiyaofs; vd khw;wp itj;Jf;
jpuhtpl bkhHpfs; : - - jkpH; ,d;gk; rhfpj;a mfhjkp tpUJ bgw;w Kjy; rpe;jidfs;/ brhw;fiy tpUe;J/ fhyh';fhyk;/
bfhz;lhh;.
- jdpj;jkpH; ,yf;fk; njhw;Wtpj;jth;. E]y; (1955) jkpH;r;Rlh; kzpfs;/ jkpHh; gz;ghL/ ,yf;fpar;
,e;jpahtpy; ngrg;gLk; bkhHpf; FLk;g';fs; rpe;jidfs;/ cyf ,yf;fpa';fs;.
- Ky;iyg;ghl;L Muha;r;rp/ gl;odg;ghiy Muha;r;rp
,e;njh - Mrpa bkhHpfs;/ jpuhtpl bkhHpfs;/ jpU.tp.f : -
Fwp";rpg;ghl;L Muha;r;rp/ jpUf;Fws; Muha;r;rp/
M!;jpnuh - Mrpa bkhHpfs;/ rPd-jpbgj;jpy; jkpH;j; bjd;wy;. ghlk; -10
rpt"hdnghj Muha;r;rp/ khzpf;fthrfh;
bkhHpfs; vd ehd;F bkhHpf; FLk;gj;jpy;
tuyhWk; fhyKk;/ jkpHh; kjk;/ jpUthrf tphpt[iu c.nt. rhkpehj Iah;, bj.bgh. kPdhl;rp Re;judhh;.
ml9Ftd. Kjyhd E]y;fis vGjpa[s;shh;. gpwg;g[: - brd;idf;F mUfpy; Js;sk;. 17.09.1953
rp. ,yf;Ftdhh; - jkpH;g;gzp bjhlh;ghd bra;jpfs;.
nfhfpyhk;ghs; fojk;/ ehfehl;lurp Kjyhd Kjy; 26.08.1983.
- ,e;jpahtpy; Mapuj;J Ke;E]Wf;Fk; nkw;gl;l g[jpd';fs; rpwg;g[ kpf;fd. jhk; elj;jpa; c.nt. rhkpehj Iah; :
bkhHpfSk; mjd; fpis bkhHpfSk; "hdnrfuk;vd;w gj;jphpf;ifia mwpt[f; fly; vd;W bgw;nwhh; : - tpUj;jhrydhh;/ rpd;dk;ik
gpwe;j Ch; - jpUth%h; khtl;lj;jpy; cs;s cj;jk
ngrg;gLfpd;wd. Mjyhy; ,e;jpahit bkhHpfspd; khw;wp mikj;Jf; bfhz;lhh;. -fjpiuntyhplk; jkpH; ,yf;fpak;/ irt rpj;jhe;jk;
jhdg[uk; - 19.02.1855 - 28.04.1942 tiu
கhl;rpr; rhiy vd;W Fwpg;gpLfpwhh; gapd;whh;.
r.mfj;jpayp';fk; ghpjpkhw;fiy"h; : (1878 - 1903) ,aw;bgah; - nt';fluj;jpdk;
-,tUf;F tha;e;j ciueil kiy vd cah;e;jJ
Mrphpah; bgah; - kfhtpj;Jthd; kPdhl;rp Re;juk;
jpuhtpl bkhHpf; FLk;g';fs; :-:- tp.nfh. R{hpa ehuhazrh!;jphpghh; vd;w bgaiu vd;fpwhh; bj.bgh. kPdhl;rp Re;judhh;.
gps;is.
23f;F nkw;gl;l jpuhtpl bkhHpfs; cs;sd. ghpjpkhw;fiy"h; vd;W khw;wp mikj;Jf; bfhz;lhh;.
,k;bkhHpfisj; bjd; jpuhtpl bkhHpfs; (jhk; ,aw;wpa jdpg;ghjuj; bjhif vd;w E]ypy; Mrphpah; itj;j bgah; - rhkpehjd; - Mjdhy; mth;
eLj;jpuhtpl bkhHpfs;/ tljpuhtpl bkhHpfs; vd khw;wpdhh;) cj;jkjhdg[uk; bt';flRg;g[tpd; kfdhh; rhkpehjd;
_tifaha;g; gphpg;ghh;. gpwg;g[ : kJiuia mLj;j tpshr;nrhp. ciueilE]y;fs; :
kdpj thH;f;ifa[k; fhe;jpaofSk;/ vd;gjd; RUf;fnk உ.nt.rh vd;W miHf;fg;gl;lhh;.
bgw;nwhh; : nfhtpe;j rptdhh; - ,yl;Rkp mk;khs;.
bjd;jpuhtpl bkhHpfs; : - kJiuj; jkpH;r';fk; : - 4k; jkpH;r';fk; bgz;zpd; bgUik my;yJ thH;f;ifj; Jizeyk;.
,kakiy my;yJ jpahdk; KUfd; my;yJ mHF/ gjpg;gpj;j E]y;fs; :
jkpH;/ kiyahsk;/ fd;dlk;/ FlF JS/ njhlh;/ gh!;funrJgjp jiyikapy; ghz;oj;Jiuj; njth;
irtj;Jwt[/ irtj;jpd; rkurk;/ flt[l; rhl;rpa[k; vl;Lj;bjhif -8 J]J -6
nfhj;jh/ bfhufh/ ,Ush Kd;dpiyapy; cUthdJ. ghpjpkhw;fiy"h;
jha[khdtUk;/ ,uhkyp';f Rthkpfs; jpUt[s;sk; gj;Jg;ghl;L -10 btz;gh E]y;fs; -13
c.nt.rh. ,uhftdhh; Mfpa nguhrphpah;fs; cjtp rPtfrpe;jhkzp -1 me;jhjp -3
eLj;jpuhtpl bkhHpfs; : - bra;jdh;. jkpH;ehLk; ek;khH;thUk;/ ehad;khh; tuyhW/ jkpH;
E]y;fspy; bgsj;jk;/ fhjyh? Koah? rPh;jpUj;jkh? rpyg;gjpfhuk; -1 guzp -2
bjY';F/ nfhz;o/ nfhah/ Tap/ Rtp/ nfhyhkp - ahH;g;ghzk; rpit. jhnkhjudhh; - jpuhtpl rh!;jphp kzpnkfiy -1 Kk;kzpj;njhif -2
gh;#p/ fjgh/ nfhz;lh/ ehaf;fp/ bg';nfh/ ஜjg[. vd;w gl;lj;ij tH';fpdhh;. vd; fld; gzp bra;J fplg;gnj/ ,e;jpaht[k;
tpLjiya[k; jkpH;r;nrhiy/ cs;bshsp/ g[uhz';fs; -12 ,ul;il kzpkhiy -2
- %ghtjp/ fyhtjp Kjypa ehlf';fis cyh -9 gpw gpuge;j';fs; -4
tljpuhtplbkhHpfs; : - ,aw;wpait. nfhit -6
F%f;/ khy;njh/ gpuhFa;. - rpj;jpuf;ftp vd;Dk; E]iy ,aw;wpdhh;. bra;a[s; E]y;fs; :
- jpuhtplk; vd;w brhy;iyg; gad;ghl;ow;Ff; bfhz;L - FkuFUguhpd; ePjpbewptpsf;fj;jpw;F ciu KUfd; mUs;ntl;ly;/ jpUkhy; mUs;
ntl;ly;/ fpwp!;Jtpd; mUs; ntl;ly;/ mUfd; mUnf Fwp";rpg;ghl;ilg; gjpg;gpf;Fk; nghJ njkhF/
te;jth; fhy;Lbty;. vGjpath;.
- jkpiHa[k; mjd; fpisbkhHpfshd kiyahsk;/ - ghpjpkhw;fiy"h;/ K.rp. g{h;zyp';fj;jpdhy; chpik ntl;ly;/ bghJik ntl;ly;/ bghUSk; brk;kzpF, bgU_';fpw;g{ vd;Dk; thpfs;
bjY';F/ fd;dlk; Mfpa bkhHpfis xU bjhl';fp elj;jg;gl;l "hdnghjpdp vd;Dk; mUSk; my;yJ khh;f;fpaKk; fhe;jpaKk;. rpije;jpU(த;d. jUkg[u Mjpd klj;jpypUe;J
fhyj;jpy; jkpspapd; my;yJ jKypf; vd;w ,jiH elj;jpdhh;. "hdnghjpdpapYk; - tpntf bgUKaw;rpf;F gpwF fpilj;த VLFspd; _yk;
miHj;jdh;. rpe;jhkzpapYk; jhd; vGjpatw;iw jkpH; ,jH;fs; :
c.nt.rh fz;lwpe;J gjpg;gpj;jhh;.
- jpuhtplk; vd;w brhy;ny jkpHpypUe;J cUthdJ tpahr';fs; vd;w bgahpy; btspapl;lhh;. njrgf;jd;/ etrf;jp
-thH;f;if tuyhW - vd; ehpjk; vd;w bgahpy;
vd;fpwhh; <uh!; ghjphpahh;. -jhd; jsuhj tajpy; K.t. cjtpa[ld; tsh;r;rpa[k;
vGjpdhh; (bjhluhf Mde;j tpfldpy; vGjpdhh;)
- jkpH; - jpukps - jpuhtpl - jpuhtplk; vd;W e.K. nt';flrhkp ehl;lhh; : ( 1884 - 1964) : - thH;t[k; my;yJ gLf;if gpjw;wy; btwpapl;lhh;.
-c.nt.rh mth;fspd; epidthf 1942 -y; brd;id
cUthapw;W vd;fpwhh; <uh!; ghjphpahh;. rpyg;gjpfhuk;/ kzpnkfiy/ mfehD]W/ bgrd;l; efhpy; c.nt.rh. E]y; epiyak;
jpUtpisahlw; g[uhzk; Mfpa E]y;fSf;F ciu. itahg[hpg;gps;is : bjhl';fg;gl;lJ ,d;Wk; bray;gLfpwJ.
-eLtiuR 2006-k; Mz;L m";ry; jiy btspaplhJ. -bkhHp "hapW , jdpj;jkpH; Cw;W/ bre;jkpH; "hapW, fhyk; - 10.03.1933 - 11.06.1995 -njk;ghtzp ghoath; (,naRtpd; tsh;g;g[j;
je;ijahd J]atsdhh; kPjhd ghly;)
bj.bgh.kPdhl;rp Re;judhh; : ,yf;fpag; bgl;lfk;,,yf;fzr ;brk;ky;,jkpH; E]y;fs; : fdpr;rhW/ Iia/ bfha;ahf; fdp/ ghtpaf; -rJufuhjp vd;w mfuKjypia jkpGf;F Kjd;
(fhyk; 1901-1981) bjd;gl;odk;/ fh";rpg[uk; khd'; fhj;jth; vd;w milbkhHpfshy; bfhj;J/ gs;spg; gwitfs;/ E]whrphpak; Kjyhf tH';fpdhh;. (rJh; - ehd;F. bgah;/ bghUs;/
khtl;lk;, je;ij - bghd;Drhkp fpuhkzp miHf;fg;gLfpwhh;. -ghnte;jh; ghujpjhrdpd; jiy khzhf;fh;
bjhif/ bjhil vd;Dk; ehd; epiy ெகாட .
gilg;g[fs;:fhdy;thp/Fynrfuh;/Fokf;fs; -cyf Kjd;bkhHp jkpH; : ,e;jpa bkhHpfSf;F ,jH;fs; : njd;bkhHp/ jkpH;r;rPl;L/ jkpH; epyk; ,jdhy; jkpH; mfuhjpfspd; Kd;ndho vd;W
_yKk; ntUk; jkpH;/ jpuhtpl bkhHpfSf;Fj; gs;spg;gwitfs; vd;w E]y; F";RfSf;F/ miHf;fg;gLth;.
fhg;gpak,; gpwe;jJ vg;gonah Kjyhd ,tuJ
jha;bkhHp jkpH; vd epWtpah;. gwitfSf;F/ kzpbkhHp khiy vd;Dk; _d;W
E]y;fs;/ -jkpH; vGj;J thp totj;ij jpUj;jp vGj;J
gphpt[fshf mike;Js;sJ.
-cyfpd; Kjy; khe;jd; jkpHd; : jkpHd; njhd;wpa rPh;jpUj;jk; bra;jhh;.
-kJiu fhkuh#h; gy;fiyf; fHfj;jpd; Kjy;
,lk; Fkhpf; fz;lnk vd;gJk; bkhf9rjhuh/ ghlk; -12
Jiznte;jh; (1966-1971) -Fl;oj;bjhy;fhg;gpak; vd;Dk; bjhd;D]y;
Aug;gh ehfhpfk; gHe;jkpHh; ehfhpfk; vd;gJk; #p.a[.nghg; jkpH;j;bjhz;L
-1976-y; gj;kg{சd; tpUJ bgw;whh;. KGg;bgah; - #pahh;#; a[f;nsh nghg; tpsf;fj;ijg; gilj;jhh;. ,jdhy; bre;jkpH; njrpfd;
ghthzhpd; Tw;W.
-bkhHp tpsf;f ,ay;JiwapYk; bgw;nwhh; - #hd; nghg; - bfjhpd; a[shg; vd miHf;fg;gLfpwhh;.
xg;gpyf;fpaJiwapYk; ஈ8பCடா. -jkpiH tlbkhHp ty;yhz;ikapypUe;Jk; fhyk; : 24.4.1820 - 11.02.1908பற(த இட: gpuhd;R -fyk;gfk; mk;khid KJypa rpw;wpypaf;f';fis
rp. ,yf;Ftdhh; :- kPl;gjw;fhfnt ,iwtd; vd;idg; gilj;jhd; vd;W ehl;L vl;th;L jPt[ (,d;W fdlh) ,aw;wpdhh;. jpUf;fhty}h;f fyk;gfk;/ fpj;njhpak;kd;
,aw;bgah; . rp. ,yl;Rkzd; Twpdhh;. nghg;gpd; jikadhh; fpwpj;jt rkaj;ij gug;g[k; rka mk;khid/ milf;fy ehafp btz; fypg;gh/
gpwg;g[ : 17.11.1909 - 03.09.1973 bgw;nwhh; : "hdKj;J - ghpg{uzk; FUthfg; gzpahw;wpath;.
bgw;nwhh; : rp';fhuntyh; - ,uj;;jpdk; mk;ikahh; Ch; - r';fud; nfhtpy; md;id m,';fy; me;jhjp/ fUzhfug; gjpfk;
gpwe;j ,lk; : thH;f;if : 07.02.1902 Kjy; 15.01.1981 tiu Kjyhd rpw;wpyf;fpa';fis ,aw;wpa[s;shh;.
-1842 Kjy; 1849 k; Mz;L tiu fy;tpg; gzpa[k;
tha;nkL/ ntjuhz;ak; tl;lk;/ ehfg;gl;ozk; -bre;jkpH;r; bry;th;/ bre;jkpH; "hapW/ rkag; gzpa[k; Mw;wpa nghg;/ ,';fpyhe;Jf;F
khtl;lk;. jkpH;g;bgU';fhtyh; vd 174 rpwg;g[g;g; bgah;fs;. - gukhh;j;j FU fij vd;Dk;eifr;Rit kpFe;j
brd;whh;. 1850 k; Mz;oy; jpUkzk; bra;J kPz;Lk; fijia vGjpdhh;. ,J jkpழி* Kjy; vs;sy;
bgw;w gl;l';fs; :- jkpHhfk; te;jJ j";rht{hpy; rkag; gzpahw;wpdhh;.
Kj;jkpH; fhtyh; - bre;jkpH; khkzp/ gapw;rp njt neag; ghthzhpd; gilg;g[fs;: ,yf;fpak;.
-,e;jயpd; r";rpif/ ,e;jpahtpd; bjhy;bghUs;
bkhHpf; fhtyh; jkpHh; jsgjp, ,yf;fzr; brk;ky;/ jkpH; tuyhW/ Kjy; jha;bkhHp/ jkpH;ehl;L
Ma;t[ Kjyhd VLfspy; g[wehD]W/ g[wg;bghUs; -ngr;Rj; jkpH; gw;wp bfhLe;jkpH; ,yf;fzk;
jkpH; mhpkh/ ,Ugjhk; E]w;whz;L bjhy; fhg;gpah;/ tpisahl;Lகs;/ jkpHh; jpUkzk;/ tlbkhHp tuyhW, btz;gh khiy/ jkpH;g;g[yth; tuyhW nghd;wtw;iw gilj;jth;.
jkpHh; kjk;/ kz;zpny tpz;/ gz;ilj; jkpHh; vGjpdhh;.
,uz;lhk;ef;fPuh;/,Ugjhk;E]w;whz;L,s';nfhtofs;,
ehfhpfKk; gz;ghLk;/ cah;juf; fl;Liu ,yf;fz -Elementary Tamil Grammer vd;w jkpH;,yf;fz ghlk; -13
Fws; bewpf;fhtyh;.
brhy;yhuhar;rpf; fl;Liufs;/ jpU;Fws; பug;g[iu E]y; btspapl;lhh;. bghpahh; :
-brhw;gpwg;gpay; mfu Kjyp bjhFg;g[fis btsp -jkpH; M';fpy mfuhjp/ M';fpy mfuhjp/ M';fpyk; - bjhz;L bra;J gGj;j gHk;
இதழ்கள்: ச9க இலகிய, சிகைத வ'வZ ஓர9க
bfhzh;e;jhh;. jkpH; mfuhjp btspapl;lhh;. J]ajho khh;gpy; tpGk;
நாடக9களாக ச9கபாடகைள அறி6க ெசதா
-njt neag; ghthzh; bgahpy; brd;id - jpUf;Fws;/ ehyoahh;/ jpUthrfk; g[wg;gbghUs; kz;ilr; Rug;ig cyF bjhGk;
mz;zhrhiyapy; khtl;l ika E]yfk; btz;gh khiy/ kzpnkfiy/ rpt"hd nghjj;ij kdf;Fifapy; rpWj;ij vGk;
பைட<க:
bray;gLfpwJ. M';fpyj;jpy; bkhHp bgah;j;jhh;. vd;W bghpahh; gw;wp
-ghthzh; nfhl;lk;/ mth; KG cUtr; rpiy/ mth; -jpUthrfj;jpw;F cUfh;/ xU thrfj;jpw;Fk; cUfhh; ghnte;jh; ghujpjhrd; ghoனhh;.
• இலவனாr* ெதாகாபய ஆ
bgahpy; E]yfk; nghd;wit mth; gzpahw;wpa ,uhr vd;W Fwpg;gpl;lhh;.
ெமாழிெபய< • ச9க இலகிய ஆ • றSைர•
ghisaj;jpw;F mUfpy; Kwk;g[ vd;w ,lj;jpy; -jdJ fy;yiwapy; ,';nf xU jkpH; khztd;
இலவனாr* கவைத பைட<க mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. cw';fpf; bfhz;oUf;fpwhd; vd vGj ntz;Lbkd -bgz;Qhpik/ bgz;fSf;F brhj;Jhpik,
-05.01.1981 md;W kJiuapy; eilbgw;w Ie;jhtJ bgz;fSf;F muRg; gzp nghd;wtw;iw
ghlk; -11 jdJ ,WjpKறிapy; (capy;) vGjp itj;jhh;.
cyfj; jkpH; khehl;oy; “khe;jd; njhw;wKk; jkpHh; typa[Wj;jpdhh;.
njt neag; ghthzh; : kug[k;” vd;w jiyg;gpy; mth; Mw;wpa brhw;bghHpt[ tPukh Kdpth; :
jkpHpd; bjhd;ikia cyfwpar; bra;jth; mthpd; filrp brhw;bghHpt[. -_l ek;gpf;iffs; njitaw;w rl';Ffis
,aw;bgah; :- fhd;!;lhz;od; n#hrg; bg!;fp
fhy;Lbty;/ jdpj;jkpGf;F tpj;jpl;lth; ghpjp vjph;j;jhh;.
gpwg;g[ - ,j;jhyp ehL.
khw;fiy"h; jkpiHj; jiHf;f bra;j brk;ky; பாtynuW bgU";rpj;jpudhh;
pudhh -kzf;bfhil kWg;g[/ ifk;ik xHpg;g[ ( tpjitfs;
kiwkiyaofs;. jkpiH Mbyd tsh;j;J kWkzk;) nghd;wtw;iw typa[Wj;jpdhh;.
jkpH; bkhHpg; gw;wpdhy; fhd;!;lhz;'* எ*ற ெபயைர
khz;g[wr; bra;jth; njtneag; ghthzh;. ,aw;bgah; : Jiu khzpf;fk; ைதrயனாத எ* மாறி ைவதா,தமி= அறிஞக
Ch; - nryk; khtl;lj;jpYs;s rKj;jpuk; -xGf;fbkd;gJk;/ fw;bgd;gJk; Mz;fs;/ bgz;fs;
இதைன tPukh Kdpth; vd;W khw;wp itj;தன.; இவ;Fk; bgh வாf ,Ufl;L; vd;whh;.
bgw;nwhh; - Jiurhkp - F";rk;khs;
mz;zh : -1937/ 1946/1952/1957/1962 njh;jy;fspy; btw;wp -1990 -k; Mz;L ,e;jpa muR ghuj uj;dh tpUJ -1963 -y; g[tndRth; khel;oy; mfpy ,e;jpa fh';fpuR
-jpuhtpl Kd;ndw;wf; fHfj;ij bjhl';fpath; bgw;wth;. tH';fpaJ. jiyth;
-1967 Kjy; 1969 tiu Kjyikr;rh; -bja;tPfk;/ njrpak; vd ,uz;ila[k; ,U
fz;fshfg; nghw;wpath;. fhkuh#h;
rpWfijfs; :- -ntjhe;j gh!;fh;/ gp[uzt nfrhp/ rd;khh;f;f bgw;nwhh; : Fkhurhkp rptfhkp mk;ikahh;
gyhgyd;/ :L_";rp/ md;djhdk;/ nga;/ rz;lkhUj,; ,e;J g[j rka nkij vdg; ghuhl;L fhyk; - 15.07.1903 Kjy; 2.10.1972
ghlk; -14
Xopg;nghr;R/ ,Uguk;giufs;/ Njho, brt;thiH bgw;wth;.
bka;fz;lhd; g[j;jfrhiy vd;w E]y; epiyak; jkpHfk; - CUk; ngUk;
j";ir tPH;r;rp/ பo rhk;gy;/ g[yp efk;/ uh#hjp uh#h
brhh;f;fj;jpy; eufk;. -tpntfhde;jhpd; J]juhf/ nejh#papd; jsgjpahf brd;W ,bydpd;,fhpghy;o/beg;nghypad;
,aw;inahL ,iae;J thH;e;j jkpH; kf;fs;
rj;jpa rPyuhf/. KUfgf;uhf/ Md;kPf g[j;uhf Mfpnahhpd; thH;f;if tuyhw;iwg; goj;jhh;.
jh';fs; thH;e;j gFjpf;F Ch; vd;W bgahpl;ldh;.
ehty;fs; : jkpHghLk; rpj;juhf/ bjd;ghz;or; rPikapd; KoNlh
-ghgpnyhd; mUfpy; Ch; vd;Dk; bgahpy; xU efuKk;
kd;duhf ePjp tHth neh;ikahsuhf/ g[yikapy; -,sikapy; fh';fpurpy; nrh;e;jhh;. irkd; FG
Fkhpf;nfhl;lk; , ghh;tjp gp.V, ர'nfhd; uhjh/ fgpyuhf typikapy; fhpfhydhf bfhilapy; vjph;g;g[/ cg;g[ rj;jpahfpufk;/ bts;isand
Ch; ek;K vd;Dk; CUk; cs;sJ.
கnghjpg[uf; fhjy;/Fமh!;jhtpd; bgz;/ fyp';fuhzp.
-epytiff; nfw;g fhl;^h;/ kiyas{h;/ kUJ]h;/
fh;zzhf gf;jpapy; gukAk;ruhf ,e;jpaj; jhapd; btspnaW Mfpa nghuhl;l';fspy; g';F bfhz;lhh;.
flY]h; vdg; bgahpl;ldh;.
ed;மகனாக thH;e;jth; Kj;Juhkyp';fh;. -1939-y; jkpH;ehl;Lf; fh';fpuRf; fl;rpapd; jiyth;
ehlf';fs; : -1945 -y; gpufhrk; mikr;ruit/ nk1947-y;
ePjp njtd;kaf;fk;/ re;jpunkhfd;/ Xh; ,ut[/ Fwp";rp epy Ch;fs; :-:-
kdpjdpd; kdepiyia ,Us;/ kUs;/ bjUs;/ mUs; xke;J]h;,uhkrhkp ,ikr;ruita[k; 1949 Fkhurhkp
ntiyf;fhhp/ re;jpnuhjak;/ ,d;g xsp/ brhh;f;f vdf; Fwpg;gpLfpwhh;. mikr;ruit cUthff; fhuzkhf ,Ue;jhh;.
thry;/ fz;zhapuj;jpd; cyfk;. kiyapd; mUnf cs;s Ch;fSf;F
mjdhy; jiyth;fis cUThf;Fgth; vd;W
foj ,yf;fpak; - jkgpf;F (K.t.t[k; jk;gpf;F vd Midkiy/ rpWkiy/ jpUtz;zhkiy/ ehfkiy/
mk;ngj;fh; : miHf;fg;gl;lhh;.
ts;spkiy/ tpuhypkiy vdg; gy Ch;fs; cs;sd.
foj இலf;fpak; vGjpath;.) ,aw;bgah; : gPkhuht; uhk;#P
bgw;nwhh; : ,uhk;#p rf;ghy; - gPkhgha; -1954-y; Kjyikr;rh; gjtp 1963-y; gjtpia tpl;L
Fd;iw mLj;Js;s Ch;fs; Fd;W]h;
Ma;t[ E]y;fs; brhw;bghHpt[fs; : V jhH;e;j fhyk; - 14.4.1891 - 6.12.1956 tpyfpdhh; (fhkuhrh; jpl;lk; _yk;)
Fd;wj;J]h;/ Fd;wf;Fo vd tH';fg;gLfpwJFl;lg;
jkpHfnk: jkpHhpd; kWkyh;r;rp/ Nhpa khia/ ghiw/ rpg;gpg; ghiw/ g{k;ghiw/ kl;lg;ghiw/
nuhkhpg[hp uhzpfs;/ fk;gurd;/ jP gutl;Lk;. bjhHpy; Kd;ndw;wk; :
kzg;ghiw thy;ghiw vdg; bgah;fs; cs;sd.
,jH;fs; : jpuhtpl ehL/ fh";rp Kjy; chpikg; nghh; : -fpz;o mk;gj;J]h;/ ,uhzpg;ngl;il Kjypa
-kiyia Fwpf;Fk; tlr;brhy; fphp. ,jidbahl;o
1927 khh;r; 20 kuhl;oaj;jpy; kfhj;Jk ,l';fspy; bjhHpw;nghl;ilfs; mikj;jy;.
fpU\;zfphp nfhj;jfphp/ rptfphp/ epyfphp vd cs;sd.
gRk;bghd; Kj;Juhkyp';fj; njth; Fsj;jpy; elj;jg;gl;l jz;zPh; vLf;Fk; nghuhl;lk;
-bea;ntyp epyf;fhp Ru';fj; bjhHpw;rhiy/
-Fwp";rp epy kf;fs; gpw ,l';fspy; j';fpa nghJk;
bgw;nwhh; : cf;fpu ghz;oad; - ,e;jpuhzp mk;ikahh; tl;lnkir khehL : ,e;J!;jhd; nghl;nlh gpypk; bjhHpw;rhiy/ fpz;o
jk; epyg; bgaiu kwf;fhJ MH;thh;Fwpr;rp/
fhyk; : 30.10.1908 Kjy; 30.10.1963 1930 Kjy; khel;oy; “miutapw;Wf; f";;rpf;F mWitr; rpfpf;irf; fUtpj;bjhHpw;rhiy/ rh;f;fiu
fy;ypilf; Fwpr;rp/ fs;sf;Fwpr;rp/ bkhlf; Fwpr;rp
Mrphpah; - Fiwtw thrpj;jhd; gps;is my;yw;gLk; Cikfspd; cWg;gpddhf ehd; Miy/ nrhlh cg;g[j; bjhHpw;rhiy/ rpbkz;l;
vdg; bgahpl;lLs;sdh;. Fwp";rp vd;Dk; brhy;ny
jkpH;/ M';fpyk; ty;yik bgw;wth;/ rpyk;gk; Fjpiu ngRfpnwd;. vd;W jd; fUj;ijj; bjhl';fpdhh;. bjhHpw;rhiy/ Mto ,uapy;nt thfdj;
kUtp Fwpr;rpahapw;W.
Vw;wk;/ Jg;ghf;fp RLjy;/ nrhjplk;/ kUj;Jtk; _d;W tl;lnkir khehLFspy; fye;J bfhz;lhh;. bjhHpw;rhiy/ nkl;^h;f; fhfpjj;bjhHpw;rhiy
Ky;iy epy Ch;fs; :
nghd;wtw;iwf; fw;wwpe;jth;. Kjypad ,tuJ Ml;rpapy; bjhl';fpd.
mj;jp (Mh;) ku';fs; NHe;j Ch; Mh;f;fhL
-epyf;fpHhh; xHpg;g[/ Mya EiHt[ nghuhl;lj;jpy; -murpay; rl;lj;ij cUthf;Fk; vGth; FGtpd; vdt[k;/ My ku';fs; epiwe;j Ch; My';fhL
Kd;dpd;wth;. jiytuhf ,Ue;J ,e;jpahtpw;fhd rl;lj;ij -ntshz;ikf;bfd ghrd trjpfs; bra;ag;gl;ld.
vdt[k; fshr; bro epiwe;j gFjp fshf;fhL ,nj
-rkge;jp Kiwia Cf;fkspj;jhh;. cUthf;fpdhh;. -,th; fhyj;jpy; Tl;Lwt[ ,af;fk; nt%d;wpaJ.
nghy; kh';fhL/ gidag[uk;/ fhl;od; eLtpy; thH;e;j
fy;tpg; g[ul;rp :
kf;fs; tpy';Ffspy; ,Ue;J jk;ikf; fhghgw;w
Fw;wg;guk;giur; rl;lj;ij ePf;fpg; ghLg;gl;lhh;. -1946-y; kf;fs; fy;tpf; fHfj;ijj; bjhl';fpdhh; -bjhlf;fg; gs;spfspy; kjpa czt[j; jpl;lk;
ntyp fl;og; ghJfhj;jdh;. mt;t{h;fs; gl;o gho
,d;W rpj;jhh;j;jh cah; fy;tp epiyakhf tsh;r;rp -gs;sp ntiy ehl;fs; 180-y;,Ue;J 200 ehl;fshf
vd;wiHf;fg;gLfpwJ. Ml;ilahk;gl;o/ fhspg;gl;o/
-M';fpnya muR tl ,e;jpahtpy; jpUfUf;F mile;Js;sJ. cah;j;jg;gl;lJ.
nfhtpy;gl;o/ rpWTly;gl;o/ rpd;d bfhy;gl;o/ bghpa
thag;g{l;Lr; rl;lk; nghllJ nghy; bjd;dhl;oy; -gs;sp rPuikg;g[ khehLfs;
bfhy;gl;o Kjypa Ch;fs; cs;sd.
jpyfUf;F ,l;lJ. -,th; vGjpa “,e;jpahtpd; njrpa g';F tPjk;” vd;w -cah;epiyg; gs;sp tiu ,ytrf; fy;tp
E]y; bghUshjhuj;jpy; ,tUf;F cs;s g[yikia -xt;bthU khtl;lj;jpYk; bjhHpw; El;gf; fy;Y]hp
kUj epy Ch;fs; :
-njrpak;fhj;j brk;ky; vd;W jpU.tp.fh ,tiug; btspg;gLj;jpaJ. bjhl';fg;gl;lJ.
epy tsKk; ePH; tsKk; gaph; tsKk; brwpe;j
ghuhl;oa[s;shh;. -mk;ngj;fh; cyfj; jiyth;fSs; xUth;. -j";rht{h;g; gz;izahs; ghJfhg;g[r; rl;lj;ij
kUjeyf; FoapUg;g[k; Ch; vd;nw tH';fg;gl;lJ.
gFj;jpwt[r; brk;ky;. Muha;r;rpapd; rpfuk;/ kf;fspd; jpUj;jp rhFgo bra;a[k;bjhHpyhspf;F 60% g';F
-MW gha[k; Ch; Mw;W]h; ,J kUtp Mj;J]h; vd
khbgUk; tHpfhl;o vd;W bghpahh; ghuhl;oa[s;shh;. fpilf;f tHptif bra;jhh;.
tH';FfpwJ.
jpiuflnyhoa[k; jputpak; njL vd;whh; mQitg; gphpf;f Koa[k; vd;w fUj;J gy

-flk;gkuk; NH;e;j gFjp flk;g{h;/ flk;gj;J]h; xsitahh; rhJவd; thzpgk; bra;a[k; bghUl;L - cyfk; vd;w brhy; cyt[ vd;gjd; moahfg; fhyj;jpw;F Kd;ng jkpHpy; ,lk; bgw;W cs;sJ.
-bjd;id NH;e;j gFjp bj';Th; g[spaku';fs; NH;e;j fly; fle;J brd;w Fwpg;g[ kzpnkfiyapy; உள . gpwe;jJ. cyt[ vd;why; Rw;Wjy; vd;W bghUs; “xsit- mQitj; Jisj;J VH;fliyg; g[fl;o”
gFjp g[spa';Fo/ g[spa';Fsk;/ g[spak;gl;o vd;W M';fpnyah;fs;/ gpyp"Rf;fhuh;fs; jkpHh;fis vydk; jd;ida[k; "hapiwa[k; Rw;wp tpLfpwJ. vd;W Fwpg;gpLfpwhh;.
cs;sJ. moikfshf;fp Typfshf gy ehLfSf;Fk; fk;gh; - Xh; mQtpidf; rj Twpl;l nfhzpDk; Cd;”
-Fsk; Vhp/ CUzp Kjypa ePh; epiyfis cUthf;fp miHj;Jr; brd;wdh;. g";rj;jpd; fhuzkhft[k; -"hyk; vd;w brhy; "hy; vd;Dk; brhy;ygoahfg; vd;W Fwpg;gpLFpwhh;.
mtw;nwhL Ch;g;bgah;ifs[ak; ,izj;jdh;. me;epyg; gilbaLg;gpd; fhuzkhft[k; jkpHfj;ij gpwe;jJ. ‘"hy;’ vd;why; bjh';Fjy; vd;W bghUs;
rPtyg;nghp/ g[spa';Fsk;/ nguht{uzp/ kh';Fsk;/ tpl;LR; brd;whh;fs;. cyfk; gw;Wf; nfhod;wp mz;lbtspapy; ePhpay; mwpt[ :
ntg;nghp vd;gd rpy. bjh';Ftij Fwpg;gpLfpwJ. ePh; kiHahf kz;zpw;F tUtJk; Mtpahfp
gz;ghl;L epiy : -tytd; Vth thD]h;jp (g[wk; -27) tpkhdp ,y;yhj tpz;zpw;Fr; bry;tJkhd RHw;rp vf;fhyj;Jk;
bea;jy; epy Ch;fs; : rp';fg;g{h;/ knyrpah/ gpdh';Fj;jPt[ Mfpa tpkhdj;ijf; Fwpf;fpwJ. ,J braw;iff; nfhshf epfH;e;J bfhz;oUg;gJ ,jid jpUts;qth;.
flw;fiuapy; cUthd ng%h;fs; gl;odk; jPt[fspy; nfhtpy;fs; fl;o tHPghL bra;fpd;wdh;. ,Ue;jpUf;fyhk;.
vdt[k; rpw;W]h;fs; ghf;fk; vdt[k; bgah; rpwpa hPa{dpad; jPtpy; bgUk;ghd;ik jkpHh;fns “beL';flYk; jd;dPh;ik Fd;Wk; joe;bjHpyp
bgw;wpUe;jd. beoa flw;fiuia cila efh;fs; mth;fs; gpbu";Rf;fhuhh;fshy; g[Jr;nrhp/ -thdj;jpy; fhw;wpy;yhg; gFjpa[k; cz;L vd;gij jhd;ey;fh jhfp tpod;”.
fPHf;fiu/ nrhoaf;fiu ePyh';fiu vdg; bgah; fhiuf;fhy; gFjpapy; ,Ue;J “twpJ epiy ,a fhaKk;” (g[wk; 30) vd;w ghly; thp Fws; :17
bgw;wd. kPdth; thHkpl';fs; Fg;gk; vd;Dk; Foakh;j;jg;gl;lth;fs;. czh;j;Jk;. vd;w Fwspy; Fwpg;gpLfpwhh;
bgaiug; bgWfpd;wd.
bkhHpepiy : - fUk;igg; gpHptjw;Fk; ve;jpu';fs; ,Ue;jjhf kUj;Jt mwpt[ :
muRk; Ch;fSk; : ,y';ifapy; 95% f;F ngh; bjhlf;fg;gs;sp gjpw;Wg;gj;jpd; “jPk;gpHp ve;jpuk; ge;jy; tUe;j” vd;w “clk;gpd; mHptpd; capuhh; mHpth;” vd;ghh;
nfhl;il/ NHtpUe;j Ch;fns Kjy; gy;fiyf;fHfk; tiu jkpHpnyna fy;tp thpapd; _yk; czuyhk;. jpU_yh;.
fe;jh;tf;nfhl;il/ nfhl;il/ njtf;nfhl;il/ gapy;fpd;wdh;. “kUe;jhfpj;jg;gh kuj;jw;why;” vd;Dk;
ehl;lurd;nfhl;il/ ePyf;nfhl;il/ gl;Lf;nfhl;il/ - epyj;jpy; ,Ue;J ePiu cwp";rp ,iwf;Fk; jpUf;Fws; thp/ jkpH; kUj;Jtj;jpd; bjhd;ikia
g[Jf;nfhl;il/ vdg; gy Ch;fs; cs;sd. g[Jr;nrhp/ rp';fg;g{h;/ bkhhprpaR/ knyurpah/ MH;Jis fpzW me;jf; fhyj;jpy; ,Ue;jpUf;fyhk; vGj;jpak;g[k; kUe;bjd ntz;lhthk; ahf;iff;F
gp#pj;jPt[fs;/ bjd; mbkhpf;fh/ fdlh/ gphpl;ld; Mfpa vd;gij “me;jf; nfzpa[k; ve;jpuf; fpzWk;” vd;Dk; mUe;jpahJ mw;wJ nghw;wp czpd; .
jpir : ehLfspy; jkpH; xU ghlkhff; fw;gpf;fg;gLfpwJ. bgU';fij thpapd; _yk; czuyhk;. -Fws; .942
jpirapd; go fPGh;/ nkY]h;/ bjd;gH";rp/ bgU';fijapy; tUk; ve;jpahid fpnuf;f vd;w Fws; kUj;Jt cz;ikiaj; bjhptpf;fpwJ.
tlgH";rp -mbkhpf;f ehl;Lg; nguhrphpah;fs; tp.v!.;,uh#d;. bjhd;kj;jpy; Fwpg;gplg;gLk; ouha; nghUld;
#hh;#;.vy;.Ahh;l;/ bfsry;ah Ahh;l;/ rpk;.ypz;l; ,izj;Jg; ngrg;gLk; ve;jpuf; Fjpiua[ld; xj;jJ. mWit kUj;Jtk; :
ghisa';fs; : nAhk;/ ,e;jpuh/ ehh;kd;/ Ahy; rpg;nkd;/ lgps;a{/
ehaf;f kd;dh;fs; 72 ghisa';fshf Fnshj;jp/ n#k;!; gpuh';nfh/ kiwe;j nguhrphpah; fdpkவay; mwpt[ : fz;zpke; jg;gpa fz;zg;gd; tuyhW
ehl;il Mz;ldh;. mjd;go Mug;ghisak;/ V.nfh. ,uhkD#k; Kjypnahh; rpyg;gjpfhuk; gy;tif kzpfisa[k; mjd; CDf;F Cd; vd;w bra;jpiaa[k;/
,uhrg;ghisak;/ fzf;fk; ghisak;/ jd;ikfisa[k; tpsf;FfpwJ. Ch; fhz; fhijahy; “clk;gpil njhd;wpw; bwhd;iw mWj;jjd; cjpuk;
jமி,;Fj;bjhz;lhw;wp cs;sdh;.
Fkhughisak;/ nkl;Lg;ghisak; vdt[k; gy. “xUikj; njhw;wj;J IntW tdg;gpd; Cw;w mly; cwr;Rl;L ntnwhh; kUe;jpdhy; Jauk;
-fhyg;nghf;fpy; bgah;fs; gy rpije;J ngha[s;sd. ,y';Ffjph; tpLck; ey';bfG kzpfSk;” jPh;th;” vd;Dk; fk;gh; thf;F. mWit kUj;JTj;ij
jkpH; Ml;rpbkhHp :
-fy;btl;Lfspy; cs;s kjpiu kUijahf khwp bka;g;gpf;fpd;wd.
,y';if/ rp';fg;g{h;/ knyrpahtpy; Ml;rp
kJiuahf khwpaJ. nfhtd;g[j;J]h; nfhak;g[j;J]h; vd;Dk; thpfspy; Itif kzpfSk; xsptpLk; -kzpnkfiyapd; njhHp Rkjpapd; je;ijia khL
bkhHpahf cs;sJ.
Mf khwp,d;W nfhitahd khwpa[s;sJ. jpwj;jdhy; btt;ntW bgah;fisg; bgw;whYk; Kl;oajhy; mthpd; Fly; rhpe;jJ rhpe;j Fliyg;
mtw;wpd; _yg;bghUs; xd;nw. g[j;jj; Jwtpah; rhp bra;j bra;jpia kzpnkfiy
ghlk; -16
ghlk; -15 vLj;Jiuf;fpwJ.
kz;zpay; mwpt[ : -jpUthrf thpfspy; tUk; “g[y;yhfpg; g{lha;” vd;w
jkpH;bkhHpapy; mwptpay; rpe;jidfs;
cyfshtpa jkpHh;fs; epwj;jpd; mog;gilapy; brk;kz; vd;Dk; thpfs; _yk; ghpzhk tsh;r;rp fhl;lg;gLfpwJ.
(,jidr; brk;g[yg; bgay; ePh; nghy vd;Dk;
fy njhd;wp kz;njhd;whf; fhyj;nj Md;k ,ay; ngRk; jpUthrfk; வணயiya[k;
ghlk; -17
FWe;bjhif thp czh;j;Jk;)cth; epyk;/ kpFe;j
thbshL Kd;njhd;wp _j;j Fo ngRfpwJ. jkpH; kfsphpd; rpwg;g[ : md;dp bgrd;l; mk;ikahh;/
ePiug; bgw;wpUe;Jk; gad;jUtjpy;iy. ,jid
-g[wg;bghUs; btz;ghkhiy. “mz;lg; gFjpapd; cz;ilg; gpwf;fk; “mfy;tply; bghHpe;Jk; cWkplj; Jjth cth;epyk;” _tY]h; uhkhkph;jk;khs;/ lhf;lh;. Kj;Jyl;Rkp bul;o
msg;gUe;j jd;ik tsg;bgU';fhl;rp vd;Dk; g[wehD]w;W thpfs; g[yg;gLj;Jfpd;wd. tpLjiyg; nghuhl;lj;jpy; kfsph; g';F (jpy;iyaho /
-154 ehLfspy; jkpHpdk; gutpa[s;sJ 20 ehLfspy; xd;wDf; bfhd;W ePd;bwHpy; gfhd; vjw;F gad;glh epyk; fsh;epyk; ,jidg; ts;spak;ik/ uhzp k';fk;khs;.
,yl;rj;jpw;Fk; nkw;gl;l jkpHh;fs; thH;fpd;wdh;. gapthf; fsuidaph; fy;yhjth;” vd;fpwh; jpUts;qh;
E]w;bwhU nfhoapd; nkw;gl tphpe;jd”. ,e;jg; jpy;iyaho ts;spak;ik :
jkpHh; g[yk; bgauf; fhuz';fs; : ghlypy; bgUbtog;g[f; bfhs;ifapd; go nguz;lk; bgw;nwhh; : KDrhkp - k';fsk;
mDtpay; mwpt[ :
tphpe;J epw;gij khzpf;fthrfh; Fwpg;gpLfpwhh;.
KDrhkp - g[Jr;nrhpapy; thH;e;jth; kf;fs; eyk;ngQk; ey;y gzpfisf; k';fk;khs; இ(தியாவ* சாப 6 லC:மி ெரC' கல( kpsFk; nkw;fhrpa ehLfspy; ey;y tpiyf;F
bra;Js;shh;. kJiuapy; md;dr; rj;jpuk; fl;odhh;. ெகாடாஅ*ைறய ெச*ைன மாகாண . tpw;fg;gl;ld. jkpHh; fpnuf;fiua[k;
k';fsk; - jpy;iyahoapy; gpwe;jth;
g[jpa rhiyfs; gy mikj;jhh;. fd;dpaFkhhpf;F .சCடசைப 6 லC:மி ேத(ெத8கபCடா cnuhkhdpaiua[k; atdh; vd miHj;jdh;.
kJiuf;Fk; ,ilna mike;j beL";rhiy அத* Tல சCடம*ற fg;gy; :
KDrhkp - k';fsk; n#hfd;!;gh;f;/ bjd; Mg;ghpf;fh
k';fk;khs; rhiy vd miHf;fg;LfpwJ Fjpiufs; ேத(ெத8கபCட 6த ெபமண எ*ற fyk; bra; fk;kpah; vd;w bjhHpyhsh;fs;
gpiHg;g[j; njor; brd;W fha;fwp fil elj;jpdh;
gRf;fs;/ fhisfs; Kjypad ePh; mUe;Jtjw;F ெபைம ெபறா. fg;gy;fisf; fl;odh;. kUj epy murdJ
,th;fSf;F kfshf 1898 -y; ts;spak;ik gpwe;jhh;.
trjpahfr; rhiynahu';fspy; jz;zPh; bjhl;o • 1925-ஆ ஆ8 சCடசைப ைணதைலவராக nfhl;ilahdJ eLf;flypy; bry;Yk; fg;gYf;F
jpwf;f Mizapl;lhh;. ேபாC'ய*றி ேத(ெத8கபCடா.., ேதவதாசி ctikahf g[wehD]w;wpy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.
-fpwpj;jt kj rl;lg;go eilbgwhj திமண9க; -kJiu kPdhl;rp mk;kd; nfhtpypy; Mdpj; jp';fspy; -MHp/ Mh;fy;/ Ke;ePh;/ thuzk;/ bgstk;/ ghiu g[zhp
6ைற ஒழி<, இதார தைடU சCட,
bry;Yg;goahfhJ vd;W bjd;dhg;gphpf;f ePjpkd;wk; C";ry; jpUtpHh eilbgw Vw;ghL bra;jhh;. nghd;wit fliyf; Fwpf;Fk; jkpH;r; brhw;fs;.
ெபகSU ெசா rைம வழ9 சCட,
1913-y; xU jPh;g;ig btspapl;lJ. ,jdhy; m';fpUe;j -kj;jpar; re;ij/ kJiuf; fy;Y]hp cah;epiyg; -fg;gy; / fyk;/ fl;Lkuk;/ ehtha;/ glF/ ghprpy;/ g[iz/
பாய வவாக9கைள தைட ெசM சCட
,e;jpah;fs; ghjpf;fg;gl;ldh;. ,jid எதி நட(த gs;spf; fl;olk; ,uhkehjg[u khtl;l Ml;rpj; ேபா*ற சCட9கள4ைன ெகா8வர பா8பCடா. njhzp/ bjg;gk;/ jpkpy;/ mk;gp/ t'fk;/ kpjit g~wp/
ேபாராCடைத fhe;jpaofs; jiyiknaw;W jiythpd; giHa mYtyfk; Kjypatw;iw xlk; vd;gJ - kuf;fyj;jpw;fhd jkpHpy; cs;s gy
elj;jpdh;. 23.12.1913-y; thyf;!;u!;l; vd;w ,lj;jpy; k';fk;khs; fl;oajhff; TWth;. • அனாைத ழ(ைதகS நல எதிகாலைத bgah;fs;. flypy; bry;Yk; ghpa fg;gy; ehtha;
eilbgw;w nguhl;lj;jpy; ts;spak;ik ifJ உவாக அ]ைவ இல அைடயாறி vdg;gLk;. g[fhh; eufj;jpy; epWj;jg;gll ehtha;fs;.
bra;ag;gl;L _d;W khj fL';fhty; jz;lid jkpHfj;jpd; md;dpbgrd;l;: அைமதவ 6 லC:மி. miyfshy; miyg;g[z;L jwpapy; fl;lg;gl;l ahid
bgw;whh;. 1914 gpg;guthp 22 md;W jdJ 16 tajpy; mwp"h; mz;zh mth;fshy; jkpHfj;jpd; mirtJ nghy; mire;jd vdt[k; mtw;wpd;
kuzk; mile;jhh;. md;dpbgrd;l; vd;W miHf;fg;gl;lth; _tY]h; • அைடயா <ேநா ம வமைன cr;rpapy; bfhofs; mire;J Mod vd;W
,uhkhkph;jk; mk;ikahh;. பரதம ேந 1952-ஆ ஆ8 அேடாப gl;odg;ghiy Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.
,e;j kuzk; gw;wp fhe;jp Fwpg;gpLk; nghJ fhyk; - gpwg;g[ - 1883 மாததி அ'க நாC'னா.
“vd;Dila rnfhjhpapd; kuzj;ij tplt[k; ,wg;g[ - 27.06.1982 ghlk; -19
ts;spak;ikapd; kuzk; vdf;Fg; nghpoahf -njtjhrpfs; FLk;gj;jpy; gpwe;jth;. njtjhrp cznt kUe;J
விருதுகள்
,Ue;jJ” vd;W fhe;jpaofd; kdk; tUe;jpdhh;. Kiwia xHpf;f mUk;ghLgl;lhh;. Rak;g[ vd;gtiu “grp வe;jplg gj;Jk; gwe;Jnghk;” vd;gJ cyfwpe;j
kze;jhh;. 6 லC:மிய* ேசைவகSகாக மதிய அர: பம
-rj;jpaj;jpw;fhf cah;ePj;j mtUila cUtk; vd; cz;ik. vdnt jhd;gprpapd; bfhLikiag;
-1917 -y; Kjy; nghuhl;ly; - kapyhLJiwapy;
fz;Kd; epw;fpwJ. ek;gpf;if jhd; mtuJ Ma[jk;” Fஷ வ ெகா8 ெகௗரவத . grpg;gpzp vd;Dk; ghtp vd;wJ kzpnkfiyf;
njtjhrp Kiwia xHpf;f nghuhl;lk;.
vd;W jpy;iyaho ts;spak;ik Fwpj;J ,e;jpa;d fhg;gpak;. ,g;gpzf;F kUe;J cznt. Mjyhy; jhd;
xg;gPdpad; ,jHpy; fhe;jpaofs; vGjpa[s;shh;. ghlk; -18 “cz;o bfhLj;njhh; caph; bfhLj;njhnu” vdg;
-njtjhrp Kiwia xHpf;f ,tUld; bghpahh;/
g[wehD]Wk; kzpnkfiya[k; TWfpd;wd.
jpU.tp.f. tujuh#@Y/ jUkhk;khs;/ ePyhk;gpif/ kyh;
-bjd;dhg;gphpf;f tuyw;wpy; ts;spak;ikapd; bgah; Kfj;jk;ikahh;/ jhkiuf; fz;zpak;ikahh; jkpHh; tzpfk; - bjhy;ypay; Ma;t[fs; -
vd;Wk; epiyj;J epw;Fk; vd;W fhe;jpaofs;/ nghd;nwhh; ,ize;J ghLg;gl;ldh;. flw;gaz';fs; jkpHhpd; flw;gzk; -jpUf;Fwspy; kUe;J எ*[; mjpfhuj;jpy; cznt
bjd;dhg;gphpf;f rj;jpah fpufk; vd;w E]ypy; 01938-y; bkhHpg;nghh; nguzpapy; ciwa{h; (jpUr;rp) kUe;jhFk; jd;ikiaj; jpUts;qh; bjspthf
Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;. Kjy; brd;id tiu fye;J bfhz;l xnu bgz; (42 “jpiufly; Xoa[k; jputpak; njL” vd;w vLj;Jiuj;Js;shh;. cz;l czt[ brhpj;j gpd;dnu
ehs; eilgazk;) xsitahhpd; thf;F kw;Wk; fdpad; g{';Fd;wdhhpd; மd 8 உண ntz;Lbkd jpUts;qh;
,uhzp k';fk;khs; -1989 Kjy; _tY]h; ,uhkhkph;jk; mk;ikad; “ahJk; Cnu ahtUk; nfsph;” vd;Dk; bkhHpa[k; bjspthf vLj;Jiuj;Js;shh;.
jkpH;ehl;oy; ehaf;fh; kugpy; bgz;fs; Ko bgahpy; ViH bgz;fSf;fhd jpUkz cjtpj; jkpHh;fspd; cyfshtpa rpe;jidf;Fk;
No Ml;rp bra;atpy;iy. Mdhy; fhghg;l;rahsuhf jpl;lk; bray;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. gd;dhl;LJ;bjhlh;g[f;Fk; rhd;Wfs;. “kUe;bjd ntz;lhthk; ahf;iff;F mUe;jpaJ
Ml;rpg[hpe;J cs;sdh;. ,jw;F ehd;whf cs;sth; mw;wJ nghw;wp czpd;”
,uhzp k';fk;khs;. kJiuia Mz;l brhf;fehj முத்துலட்சுமி ெரட்டி -bjhy;fhg;gpak; flwgazj;ij “Ke;ePh; tHf;fk;”
ehaf;fhpd; kidtp ,uhzp k';fk;khs;. jdJ kfd; vdf; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ. bjhy;fhg;gpak; jkpHfj;J czt[ bjhd;W bjhl;L kUj;Jt Kiwap
(1886 - ;ைல 22, 1968) < ேகாCைட, தமி=நா8) இ(தியாவ
mu';f fpU\;zKj;J tPug;gDf;F cjtpahy; ,Uf;f bghUsjpfhuj;jpy; bghUs;tapw;gphpt[ ,uz;L
ஒ 6*ேனா' ெப ம வ, சTக ேபாராள4, சைமகப8கிற .btg;gehlhd ekJ ehl;Lf
ntz;Lk; vd;gjw;fhf fztd; ,we;j gpd;g[ cld; tifahd gphpthf fhy; (jiu tHpg;ghpjy;) fyj;jpy;
தமிழாவல. இவ 1912 ஆ ஆ8 ெச*ைன ம வ md;whlr; rikaypy; Tl;Lவdtw;Ws; k";rs;/
fl;il Vwhky; ,Ue;jhh;. (ePh;tHpg; gphpjy;) gphpt[ vd ,Utifahd gphptpidf;
க2rய இ( பCட ெப ம வU
Fwpg;gpLfpwJ. be";rpYs;s rspia ePFk;. bfhj;jky;yp/
ேசைவயாறினா
,tuJ kfd; ,we;jgpd;g[ fp.gp.1688-y; bgaud; gpj;jj;ijg; nghf;Fk;. rPரfk; tapw;Wr; Nl;ilj;
tprau';fr; brhf;fehjd; bgaustpy; mhpaizapy; -jkpHh;fs; nkw;nf கிhPR/ cnuhk;/ vfpg;J Kjy; jzpf;Fk;. kpsF/ bjhz;ilf fl;ilj; bjhiyf;Fk;
Vw;wg;gl;lhd; ghl;o k';fk;khs; fhg;ghl;rpahsuhf சமூகப்பணி
fpHf;nf rPdk; tiuapy; fly;tHp tzpfj; bjhlh;g[ g{z;L வள4யகறி (tha[it nghf;Fk; - grpia
Ml;rpg; bghWg;gpid Vw;whh;. bfhz;oUe;jdh;. vfpg;J ghy!;jPdk;/ bkfgnlhkpah/ kpFf;Fk;) bt';fhak; Fsph;r;rpia cz;lhf;fpf;
• 1926-ஆ ஆ8 43 நா8கள4* பரதிநிதிக கல(
ghgpnyhdpah/ rPdk; Kjypa ehLfs; jkpHhpd; திைய; (இரதைத) \ைமயா.
k';fk;khs; mwr; bray;fs; : ெகாட அகில உலக ெபக மாநா8, பரா*:
bghUl;fis tpUk;gpg; bgw;wd. VyKk; ,yt';fKk;
நாC8 தைலநக பாrசி நைடெபற அதி .
bgU';fhak; tspia btspnaw;Wk; (tha[itg; fPHf;fha; bey;yp : -ntg;g';bfhGe;jpid cz;L te;jhy; khh;g[r; rsp -,tUf;F jpU.mUl;gpufhr ts;syhh; vd;W
nghf;Fk;) ,";rp gpj;jjij xL;fp fhar;riyf; fPHhbey;yp/ fPH;tha; bey;yp vd;Dk; ,jid eP';Fk;. ntg;gpiyia miuj;Jg; g{rpdhy; bgahpl;lth; bjhGt{h; ntyha[j Kjypahh; ,tnu
miHg;gh;. k";rs; fhkhiy ey;y kUe;J ,jid jpUtUl;ghit bjhFj;jth; -
fz;of;Fk; nj';fha; ePh;f;nfhitia ePf;Fk.; mk;ikahy; te;j btg;g[ neha; mfY.
fw;fz;Lld; nrh;j;J miuj;J cz;Qk; nghJ -,tuJ ghl;il kUl;gh vd;wth; MWKf ehtyh;.
fwpntg;gpiy/ kz_l;o czt[ tpUg;ig rpWePh;bjhlh;ghd neha;fs; eP';Fk; 20. - ,tiu g[ul;rpj; Jwtp vd;gh;.
cz;lhf;Fk;. ey;byz;bz; fz; Fspr;rpa[k; mwpt[j; jpU.tp.f : - - ghujpahh; ,tiu g[J bewp fz;l g[yth; vd;W
bjspt[k; cz;lhf;Fk;. rPufk; g{z;L fye;j ePH;/ J]Jtis : jkpH;j; bjd;wy;,ராயேபCைட தமி= nghw;Wfpwhh;.
Nl;il jzpj;Jr; brhpkhd Mw;wiy mjpfhpf;Fk; ,U xU bfho tif. ,J J]Jis/ rp';f nkw;nfhs;
6ன4வ,ெதாழிலாளகள4* த(ைத
clYf;F tYt{l;lt[k; fHt[ mfw;wt[k; fPiu ey;yJ ty;yp vd;w bgah;fspy; tH';fg;gLk;. ,jid -mUl;bgU";n#hjp/ jdpg; bgU';fUiz
Fsph;r;rp je;J gpj;jk; nghf;Fk; vYkpr;ir CWfhia ey;byz;iza[k; rikj;J cz;lhy; Rthrfhrk; -“mg;gh ehd; ntz;Ljy; nfl;L mUs;g[hpa ntz;Lk;.
gpwg;g[: - brd;idf;F mUfpy; Js;sk;. 17.09.1953
nkhh;r; nrhw;Wld; cz;zyhk;. mfYk; (21 ehs;) ,isg;g[ ,Uky; nghFk; - ‘cs;bshd;W itj;J g[wbkhdW ngRnthh;
Kjy; 26.08.1983.
"hdg;gr;rpiy vd ts;syhh; ,jidg; nghw;Wfpwhh;. cs;sf; fythik ntz;Lk;.
jtph;f;f ntz;oait : ,J Fuy; tsj;ij nkk;gLj;Jk;. bgw;nwhh; : - tpUj;jhrydhh;/ rpd;dk;ik
cg;g[ Fiwthf nrh;f;f ntz;Lk. cg;g[ jha[khdth;
-fjpiuntyhplk; jkpH; ,yf;fpak;/ irt rpj;jhe;jk;
epiwe;j bghUl;fshd CWfha;/ mg;gsk;/ tlhk;/ Fg;ignkdp : - tp#au';fehj brhf;fyp';f ehaf;fhplk; fzf;fuhf
gapd;whh;.
fUthL/ Ke;jphpg; gUg;g[/ tWj;j cUisr; rPty;/ er;RfofSf;F ey;y kUe;J. gLF;ifg;g[z; ,Ue;jth;.
thiHf;fha;r; rPty; g[spj;j nkhh; Kjyhtw;iw ,jd; ,iyfisf; fha itj;J bghoahf;fp g{rpdhy; - cgepljf; fUj;Jf;fisj; jkpHpy; kpFjpahfg;
-,tUf;F tha;e;j ciueil kiy vd cah;e;jJ
KGtJkhfj; jtph;j;jy; ntz;Lk;. FzkhFk;. ghoath;
vd;fpwhh; bj.bgh. kPdhl;rp Re;judhh;.
-bfhGk;g[ epiwe;j ,iwr;rpfs;/ Kl;ilapd; k";rs; -,jd; ,iyfis cz;lhy; kyg;g[Gf;Fs; - rkuf rd;khh;f;f fUj;Jf;fis Kjypy; Twpath;
fU/ japh;/ bea;/ btz;bza;/ ghyhil/ gdpf;TH;/ btspnaWk; gpd;dh; ,jid ts;syhh; tphpthff; Twpdhh;.
ciueilE]y;fs; :
,dpg;g[f; fl;o Mfpatw;iw ePf;f ntz;Lk;. -,iyfSld; k";rs;/ cg;g[ nrh;j;J miuj;J kdpj thH;f;ifa[k; fhe;jpaofSk;/ -இவர பாடக: guhguf; fz;zp/ ve;ehl;fz;zp/
g{rpdhy; brhwp/ rpu';F eP';Fk;. nkdp Jy';f Fg;ig bgz;zpd; bgUik my;yJ thH;f;ifj; Jizeyk;.
-behWf;Fj; jPdp tapw;Wf;Ff;nfL. Mde;jf; fspg;g[.
nkdp vd;gJ gHbkhHp. ,kakiy my;yJ jpahdk; KUfd; my;yJ mHF/
-behW';fj;jpd;why; E]W taJ
irtj;Jwt[/ irtj;jpd; rkurk;/ flt[l; rhl;rpa[k; For coaching Details/sms alerts, sms from
jha[khdtUk;/ ,uhkyp';f Rthkpfs; jpUt[s;sk; your mobile
ePhp*wikahJ cyF vd;gJ ts;Stk; fw;whiH : jkpH;ehLk; ek;khH;thUk;/ ehad;khh; tuyhW/ jkpH;
,jd;go cz;l czt[ FUjpa[ld; fyg;gjw;Fk; nrhw;Wf; fw;whiHna kUe;jhfg; E]y;fspy; bgsj;jk;/ fhjyh? Koah? rPh;jpUj;jkh? 1) IAS ur city 2) TNPSC ur city
FUjp J]ik miltjw;Fk; clypYs;s fHpt[g; gad;gLfpwJ. Ko tsu _yr;NL Fiwa kUe;jhfg; vd; fld; gzp bra;J fplg;gnj/ ,e;jpaht[k; 3) BANK ur city 4) TRB ur city
bghUs; btspnaWtjw;Fk; ePh; ,d;wpaikahjJ gad;gLfpwJ. ,jw;F Fkhp vd;w ntW bgaUk; tpLjiya[k; jkpH;r;nrhiy/ cs;bshsp/ 5) SI ur city 6) SSC ur city
(ehbshd;Wf;F Fiwe;jJ _d;W ypl;lh;) czt[ cz;L. fUg;ig rhh;e;j neha;fis ePf;Fk; Fkhp
cz;Qk;nghJ ,ilapy; jz;zPh; mUe;jf; TlhJ. fz;l neha;f;F Fkhp bfhL vd;gh;. bra;a[s; E]y;fs; :
KU';if : Ex. TNPSC MADURAI to 98404-00825.
KUfd; mUs;ntl;ly;/ jpUkhy; mUs;
rkr;rPh; czt[ : KU';ifg; gl;ilia miuj;J g{r Khpe;j ntl;ly;/ fpwp!;Jtpd; mUs; ntl;ly;/ mUfd; mUs;
g[ujk;/ bfhGg;g[/ khr;rj;J (fhh;nghiAl;nul;)
fdpk';fs;/ Ez;Q]l;lr; rj;Jfs; nrh;e;jnj rkr;rPh;
vYk;g[ tpiutpy; TLk;. tPf;fj;ijf; Fiwf;Fk;.
fz;ghh;itia xG';Fg;gLj;Jk;. ,Uk;g[r; rj;J
ntl;ly;/ chpik ntl;ly;/ bghJik ntl;ly;/ RADIAN IAS ACADEMY
bghUSk; mUSk; my;yJ khh;f;fpaKk;
czt[. epiwe;jJ. fhe;jpaKk;. CHENNAI : 711 PH Road, Opp.Anna Arch,
cztpd; mstpy; nrhWk;;/ fha;fwpa[k; (Near Anna Nagar), NSK Nagar, Arumbakkam,
miutapW ghy;/nkhh;/ eP fhy;tapW/ fhy; tapW fwpntg;gpiy : tplf;fo kUe;J/ rPjngrp/ er;Rj;jd;ik ,jH;fs; : Chennai-106.
btw;wplkhf ,Uf;f ntz;Lk;. tapW g[ilf;f kUe;J. njrgf;jd;/ etrf;jp Ph: 98404-00825, 99627-00505.
cz;ly Rடா .;. vdnt xsitahh; “kPJ]d; fhprhy';fz;zp : -jhd; jsuhj tajpy; K.t. cjtpa[ld; tsh;r;rpa[k; E-Mail : r.rajaboopathy@yahoo.in &
tpUk;ngy;” vd;fpwhh;. ,uj;jnrhif/ brhpkhdf; nfhshW, k";rs; thH;t[k; my;yJ gLf;if gpjw;wy; btwpapl;lhh;.
r.rajaboopathy@gmail.com
fhkhiyf;F ey;y kUe;J/ ,jw;F fhprhiy/
neha; jPh;f;Fk; _ypiffs; : ,uhkyp';f mofs; :
ifahe;jfiu/ gpU';fuhrk;/ njfuhrk; vd;w ntW
ளசி : bgah;fSk; cz;L. -kDKiw fz;l thrfk; #PtfhUz;l xGf;fk; MADURAI : 2nd Floor, 165 North Veli Street,
,jd; ,iyfis ePhpypl;L bfhjpf;f tpl;L -kzj;jf;fhspf; fPiu tha;g;g[z;/ Flw;g[z;iz ciueil E]y;fs;. Opp. Simmakkal TNEB Office, Near and
Mtp பoj;jhy; khh;g;g[r; rsp/ ePh;f;nfhit/ jiytyp Fzthf;Fk;. -rd;khh;f;f r';fk;/ rj;jpa jUkrhiy/ rj;jpa "hd Opposite District Central Library,
eP';Fk; ,jd; ,iyfis vYk;gpr;irg; gHr; rhWld; -KRKRf;bfho ,Uky; eP';f ey;y kUe;J rig/ rpj;jp tshfk; nghd;wit epWtpa epWtd';fs;. Simmakkal (சிம்மக்கல்). Madurai-625001,
miuj;Jg; nghl gil eP';Fk;. ,jd; tpijfisg; -mfj;jpf; fPiu gy; rhh;e;j nehaf;F kUe;J -jkpH; ,yf;fpaj;jpw;Fs; kpfg; bghpa Mrphpa tpUj;jk;
ghoath; - 1596 mofs; bfhz;l Mrphpak;. Tamil Nadu, India.
bgho bra;J xd;W my;yJ ,uz;L fpuhk; cz;lhy; -ty;yhiu epidthw;wy; bgUf kUe;J Ph- 98404-33955, 98429-83068, 98404-32842.
clw;NL/ ePbuhpr;ry; Kjyhd eP';Fk;.

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cld;ghl;L tpidKw;W vjph;kiw tpidKw;W bjhHpw;bgah;

Kd;ndhh; fhuzkpd;wp tH';fpa bgah;.

cd;dplk; Fzj;ij czh;j;jp bgah;/ tpidfSf;F chpik

ePh; + I - ck;ik/ kuk; ,LFwpg; bghJg;bgah; :

ehk; +F - ekf;F ,it xU Fzk; jGtpa chpr; brhy;.

fhuzg; bgah; : gyFzk; jGtpa chpr;brhy; vd ,Utifg;gLk;.

xU bghUSf;F bgah; itf;f rpwg;ghd

kd;dd; g[yth;f;Fg; ghprspj;jhd; - bfhil VHhk; ntw;Wik : tpidj;

njDk; kPDk; - vz;Qk;ik tpl;lths; - bgabur;rk; 16.விைடக்ேகற்ற வினாைவத் ேதந்து எடுத்தல்:

me;jpfhiy - ck;ikj; bjhif ehw;fuzk; - ehd;F + fuzk; ெசல மாCேட* எ* Rத.

g[[wg;bghUs;fs;:mwk;/ bghUs;/ tPL gw;wpa[k; fy;tp/ 7. Jk;igj; jpiz: பிrவு-ஆ

fhkj;Jg;ghy; : Ik;gJ ghly;fs; jpiz-Ie;J mfj;jpizfs; mwE]y;fs;

ciuசாy; gj;jpdpia cah;e;njhh; Vj;Jth;. -tpidapd; te;jJ tpidf;F tpisthவJ பாத்திரங்கள்

jpUtpisahlw;g[uhzk;. Kjy; E]y; - Re;jh; fypbtz;gh - kPdhl;rpak;ik nkw;nfhs; ,aw;gh

mhpit - 20-25 taJ இ , இரடா ேலா 9க* மd ஒCட gs;S :-:-

vLf;fg; gad;gLk; RUs;/ vjph;r;RUs; vdg;gLk;. 9. cah;rpe;jid

jpuhtplk; -jpuhtpl - jpukps- jkp= எ*

jpiuflnyhoa[k; jputpak; njL vd;whh; mQitg; gphpf;f Koa[k; vd;w fUj;J gy

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Radian Pothu Tamil PDF

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RADIAN IAS ACADEMY (A Hi-Tech Advanced Coaching cum Guidance Centre) -1- www.radiannews.pbworks.

cld;ghl;L tpidKw;W vjph;kiw tpidKw;W bjhHpw;bgah;

Kd;ndhh; fhuzkpd;wp tH';fpa bgah;.

cd;dplk; Fzj;ij czh;j;jp bgah;/ tpidfSf;F chpik

ePh; + I - ck;ik/ kuk; ,LFwpg; bghJg;bgah; :

ehk; +F - ekf;F ,it xU Fzk; jGtpa chpr; brhy;.

fhuzg; bgah; : gyFzk; jGtpa chpr;brhy; vd ,Utifg;gLk;.

xU bghUSf;F bgah; itf;f rpwg;ghd

kd;dd; g[yth;f;Fg; ghprspj;jhd; - bfhil VHhk; ntw;Wik : tpidj;

njDk; kPDk; - vz;Qk;ik tpl;lths; - bgabur;rk; 16.விைடக்ேகற்ற வினாைவத் ேதந்து எடுத்தல்:

me;jpfhiy - ck;ikj; bjhif ehw;fuzk; - ehd;F + fuzk; ெச ல மாCேட* எ* Rத .

g[[wg;bghUs;fs;:mwk;/ bghUs;/ tPL gw;wpa[k; fy;tp/ 7. Jk;igj; jpiz: பிrவு-ஆ

fhkj;Jg;ghy; : Ik;gJ ghly;fs; jpiz-Ie;J mfj;jpizfs; mwE]y;fs;

ciuசாy; gj;jpdpia cah;e;njhh; Vj;Jth;. -tpidapd; te;jJ tpidf;F tpisthவJ பாத்திரங்கள்

jpUtpisahlw;g[uhzk;. Kjy; E]y; - Re;jh; fypbtz;gh - kPdhl;rpak;ik nkw;nfhs; ,aw;gh

mhpit - 20-25 taJ இ , இரடா ேலா 9க* மd ஒCட gs;S :-:-

vLf;fg; gad;gLk; RUs;/ vjph;r;RUs; vdg;gLk;. 9. cah;rpe;jid

jpuhtplk; -jpuhtpl - jpukps- jkp= எ*

jpiuflnyhoa[k; jputpak; njL vd;whh; mQitg; gphpf;f Koa[k; vd;w fUj;J gy

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njDk; kPDk; - vz;Qk;ik tpl;lths; - bgabur;rk; 16.விைடக்ேகற்ற வினாைவத் ேதந்து எடுத்தல்:

me;jpfhiy - ck;ikj; bjhif ehw;fuzk; - ehd;F + fuzk; ெசல மாCேட* எ* Rத.

mhpit - 20-25 taJ இ , இரடா ேலா 9க* மd ஒCட gs;S :-:-

jpuhtplk; -jpuhtpl - jpukps- jkp= எ*