Snippet-365 GS-IV & Essay ?@aj - Ebooks? - 030918184009 PDF

SNIPPET - 365
CSE (Mains) - Ethics & Essay
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GS - IV
Accountability
Definition: The obligation of an individual or organization to account for its activities,

accept responsibility for them, and to disclose the results in a transparent manner. It also
includes the responsibility for money or other entrusted property.
Example:When an employee is given the task of making sure a project goes right and
knows she will be blamed if it doesn’t, she can be said to have accountability for the project.
Application: Recently Kerala finance minister announced that the state government will
soon enact a comprehensive Accountability Act, that will hold elected representatives and
bureaucracy accountable for not performing their roles properly, as Kerala is witnessing
grassroots level corruption where bribe amounts are divided among administrators from
top to bottom.
Responsibility
Definition:The definition of a responsibility is an obligation or duty. It is the trait of being

answerable to someone for one’s conduct.
Example: An example of responsibility is, having to take out the trash every night.
Application: Under the Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR),it is theresponsibility of
producers and importers of electrical or electronic equipment, for channelization of e-waste
to ensure environmentally sound management of such waste.
Accountability v/s Responsibility
Accountability Responsibility
In ethics and governance, accountability is Responsibility may refer to: being in charge,
answerability, blameworthiness, liability, being the owner of a task or event.
and the expectation of account-giving.
Formal concept Informal concept
Comes after decision Largely comes before decision
Legal & procedural Moral & ethical
mechanisms are well defined based on self-defined standards
External Internal
Duty
Definition: Duty is something that you have to do because people expect you to do it. It
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might be required by one’s religion, job, position or the laws. It is the social force that binds
you to the courses of action demanded by that force. When you’ve done your duty, you’ve
done what you’re supposed to and met your responsibilities.
Example: An example of a duty is the act of students completing homework assignments.Your
sense of duty as a citizen might compel you to vote;
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Application: Eight policemen were suspended in Patna for negligence of duty. Three of NOTES
them were gossiping while the others were engaged in social media networking instead of
vehicle checking.
Responsibility v/s Duty
Responsibility Duty
Responsibility can be termed as an ability As duty refers to moral commitment, it
to act at one’s own will, without any denotes an active feeling for doing something.
supervision. It is the obligation to Once a person engages himself
successfully complete an assigned task. with some duty or if he has been entrusted
with a duty, then that person fully commits
himself to it.
Responsibility can also be explained as a In the case of duty, the person will be
set of instructions in life that one has to involved in activity without any self-interest.
follow. It is the responsibility of the As a citizen of a country, a person has
parents to give good education to their many duties to perform. It is his duty to
children. adhere to the constitution.
Attitude
Definition: A tendency to respond positively or negatively towards a certain idea, object,

person, or situation. Attitude influences an individual’s choice of action, and responses to
challenges, incentives, and rewards (together called stimuli).
Example: Passion for a sport, dislike for a certain actor and negativity toward life in general
are each an example of an attitude.
Application: Union Minister of State for Youth Affairs and Sports praised Indian athletes
winning and competing at Asian Games 2018 in Jakarta saying, “We are not really counting
the medals right now but what our young athletes are demonstrating is the attitude to win,”
Aptitude
Definition: It is the natural ability, for learning and proficiency in a specific area or discipline.
It is expressed in interest, and is reflected in current performance which is expected to
improve over time with training.
Example: A student who excels in math well beyond his grade level.
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Application: Former South African cricket team captain Graeme Smith questioned whether
today’s Test batsmen have the aptitude to cope with the swinging ball in England.
Altruism
Definition: It is caring about other people and their needs without regard for your own needs.
It is a principle that the general welfare of society is the proper goal of an individual’s actions.
Example: Charity is an example of altruism.
Application: Yotshabi Makhong Ahum, a group of three young friends from Imphal who
are on an altruism mission, gave pensions to 11 poor widows and a widower to serve
helpless people to the best of their ability.

Apathy NOTES
Definition: It is a lack of emotion or interest. People with apathy don’t generally feel
enthusiastic about things, but they don’t feel generally sad either.
Example: A student who does not care one way or the other if he passes a class is an
example of a student who has apathy towards the class.
Application: BrariNambal lagoon at Baba Demb in Kashmir is on the verge of extinction
due to state government’s apathy and failure to launch conservation measures to restore
the water body.
Empathy
Definition: Empathy is defined as the ability to understand the thoughts feelings or emotions
of someone else.Empathy is different from sympathy, which is pity or sorrow for others’
misfortunes. If you can empathize with someone, it’s because you have been in their place:
you’ve “walked a mile in their shoes,” as the saying goes.
Example: An example of empathy is feeling the same amount of excitement as a friend,
when they tell you they’re getting married. When Bill Clinton famously told people “I feel
your pain” during his 1992 election campaign, some praised and others ridiculed him for
displaying empathy, the sharing or understanding of feelings.
Application: Researchers at the University of Wisconsin, United States have developed a
new video game specifically designed to boost empathy in kids. The game features a space-
exploring robot,who ends up crashing on a distant planet. In order to gather the pieces of
its damaged spaceship, it needs to build emotional rapport with the local inhabitants. As
part of the mission, the players need to identify a variety of emotions in the alien residents’
human-like expressions.
Sympathy
Definition: Sympathy is defined as feeling sadness for other people or the act of expressing
such feelings or identifying with a person or an idea. It’s when you feel bad for someone else
who’s going through something hard.
Example: An example of sympathy is the way you feel for your friend when his grandfather dies.
Application: US President Donald Trump expressed sympathy for his former campaign
managerafter he attacked Attorney General and the U.S. Justice Department in an interview
broadcast.
Compassion
Definition: It means to have sympathy and want to help a person or people who are going
through a difficult time. It is sorrow for the sufferings or trouble of others, accompanied by
an urge to help.
Example: An Indian going to Nepal to help those affected by the 2015 earthquake is an
example of compassion.
Application: The Vice-President of the All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS)
Bhubaneswar, urged doctors to interact with patients and their families with kindness and
compassion, as such a good approach gives the patients a healing touch and help them
feel better during treatment.

Apathy v/s Empathy v/s Sympathy v/s Compassion NOTES
Apathy Empathy Sympathy Compassion

The feeling of The feeling that you The feeling that you When you are compassionate, you
not having understand and share care about and are feel the pain of another (i.e. empathy)
much emotion another person’s sorry about someone or you recognize that the person is in
or interest: an experiences and emotions: else’s trouble, grief, pain (i.e. sympathy), and then you do
apathetic state. the ability to share misfortune. your best to alleviate the person’s
someone else’s feelings. suffering.

Autonomy
Definition: It is the ability to make your own decisions about what to do rather than being
influenced by someone else or told what to do.It is the condition or quality of being
independent.
Example: A young adult from a strict household who is now living on her own for the first
time is an example of someone experiencing autonomy.
Application: The chief executive of the Higher Education Authority, Ireland resigned from
his post due to growing frustration at senior levels over the extent of control and lack of
autonomyfrom the Department of Education.
Benevolence
Definition: It is a kind act or the doing of kind things for others but it can also describe the
desire to do nice things.
Example: Someone who helps old ladies cross the street and tutors children for free.
Application: Widow groups across the local government areas of Cross River state in Nigeria
expressed their appreciation to their state governor for his benevolence to widows in the
state over the past three years.
Conscience
Definition: It is a personal awareness of right and wrong that you use to guide your actions
to do right. It is a moral judgment that opposes the violation of a previously recognized
ethical principle and that leads to feelings of guilt if one violates such a principle.
Example: An example of conscience is the personal ethics that keep you from cheating on
an exam.
Application: Former LokSabha Speaker SomnathChatterjee, who passed away recently
will be remembered as a the leader who always followed his conscience by rising above
ideological trappings in the line of duty, making friends across the political spectrum and
winning the respect of his peers as an outstanding parliamentarian and orator.
Commitment
Definition: It is the act of binding yourself intellectually or emotionally to a course of

action. A commitment obligates you to do something.
Example:If you said you’d meet a friend at six, that’s a commitment — meet him at six or
your friend will be angry. You also can speak of commitment as a quality. Staying after
school for a study group shows your commitment to good grades.
Application: Abraham Lincoln, the President of USA was a perfect example of commitment.
At the age of 9, he promised his ailing mother never to touch alcohol and tobacco in his life,

and he never in his life consumed either alcohol, or cigarette. He could have rationalized NOTES
his promise since his mother was no more, later in his life, but he was faithful to the
promise he made
Loyalty
Definition: The definition of loyalty is the quality of being faithful to someone or something
else. It is the firmness and not changing in your friendship with or support for a person or
an organization, or in your belief in your principles.
Example: People demonstrate their loyalty to a sports team by cheering for it, win or lose.
People demonstrate their loyalty to a political party by voting only for the people of that
party.
Application: According to the “Social Media and the Evolution of Transparency report”,
customers are more loyal to companies that are transparent on social media.
Commitment v/s Loyalty
Commitment Loyalty
Commitment means to make a promise/ Loyalty means faithful adherence to one’s

agree to someone to do something or promise or being faithful to someone.
willingness to give your energy and time
to a job.
Commitment is our guarantee Loyalty is an inner quality that result in

consistent honorable follow through.
Dedication:
Definition: It is defined as the state of being committed to someone or something. It can be

complete devotion and faith in someone or something.
Example: An example of dedication is a book written in honor of the author's parents.
Application: The Dronacharya and Arjuna education story from Mahabharatis a perfect
example of dedication. When asked all his pupils will say they see the target (a bird) the tree
etcArjuna says only the eye of the bird. Single minded focus is what it is.
Dedication v/s Commitment
Commitment Dedication
Commitment can be expressed as a kind Dedication can be identified as a certain

of an emotional attachment towards type of an interpersonal commitment
something. on performing a particular activity.
Commitment measures an individual's Dedication is a quality that can only be gained

passion towards achieving a particular through both commitment and perseverance.
goal.
Commitment is required to build up a Dedication arrives through commitment.

strong personality and to inspire others.

Devotion NOTES
Definition: It is a selfless affection and dedication to a person or principle.If you feel loyal
and loving toward someone or something, that's devotion.
Example: An example of devotion is what a dog feels for his kind master.
Application: For example Mother Teresa was devotedfor the service of people suffering
from leprosy.
Dedication v/s Devotion
Dedication Devotion
Dedication refers to a commitment Devotion denotes a great love or loyalty or
towards a task or purpose. religious worship.
It also denotes an address or tribute Unlike dedication, the word devotion has
in a media setting such as Television more religious connotations and cannot be
and radio programmes. applied in a general setting.
Communalism
Definition: It is the loyalty and commitment to the interests of your own minority or ethnic
group rather than to society as a whole. It is a strong devotion to the interests of one's own
minority or ethnic group rather than those of society as a whole.
Example: A father taking his child to a temple and teaching him the prayers isn't
communalism but a father asking his child to interact only with Hindus and restricting his
social circle is communalism.
Application: Communalism is today the most serious danger facing Indian society and
polity.For the last nearly three decades the country has been regularly racked by a spate of
communal riots.
Desire
Definition: The definition of desire is to wish for or crave something. It is the feeling of
wanting to have something or wishing that something will happen.
Example: An example of desire is to really want a piece of chocolate cake.
Application: Indian Wushu players Roshibina Devi and NarendraGrewal, who clinched
bronze medals in their respective categories of Sanda event in the 18th edition of the Asian
games, expressed their desire to bag gold medals for the country in the future.
Motivation
Definition: Motivation is defined as the reasons why you are doing something, or the level
of desire you have to do something.
Example: If you want to lose weight to get healthier, this is an example of motivation to
improve your health.If you have a very strong desire to do something, this is an example of
a time when you have strong motivation.
Application: In a speech delivered at the end of the Eid, Hezbollah Secretary General
Hassan Nasrallah said that "the Israeli soldiers lack the motivation to endanger their lives".

Desire v/s Motivation NOTES
Desire Motivation
A desire is a state of the world that you A motivation is a force that compels you to
would like to realize. do something.
This means that the world is not in that In other words, it is the reason why you act.
state for you and achieving that state
would be good for you.
Determination
Definition: It is defined as a firm intent or a decision which has been reached. It can also
be a fixed movement or tendency toward an object or end.
Example: An example of determination is the strength to keep applying for jobs after being
turned down by dozens of potential employers.
Application: Gandhiji was determined to achieve the swaraj through non-violent means.
Discipline
Definition: To discipline is to train (someone) to obey rules or a code of behaviour, using

punishment to correct disobedience
Example: When you discipline children, you are either teaching them to be well-behaved,
or you are punishing and correcting them.
Application: At the upcoming Asian Games, the Indian men's hockey team is expected to
be as disciplined as an army battalion. That's because of the unique ways employed by
Indian coach Harendra Singhduring the national team's camp to enforce discipline and
weed out callousness.
Diligence
Definition: Diligence is defined as determination and careful effort.If you practice diligence,
you are a hard and careful worker.It is the conscientiousness in paying proper attention to
a task and giving the degree of care required in a given situation.
Example: A thorough review of documents, financial statements, and other relevant
information pertaining to a proposed corporate transaction such as an acquisition or merger;
lack of due diligence by one undertaking an examination of books and records may give rise
to liability of that individual if the entity being acquired has lower value than expected.
Application: According to a natural resource governance expert, Ghana's Parliament does
not do due diligence on the bills and agreements on natural resources that come before it.
Dignity
Definition: Dignity is defined as the personal quality of being worthy of honor. If someone
has dignity, it means they are worthy of respect.
Example: If you really want the lead role in a play and you try to bribe the director to give
it to you, she might say, "Have you no dignity?". Somebody with dignity carries herself/
himself well. If you lose an election, and you say nasty things about your opponent and try

to undermine her, you are acting without dignity. But if you graciously congratulate her NOTES
and accept the results, then you are behaving in a dignified manner.
Application: Recognizing that destitute persons have equal rights to dignity, the Delhi
High Court struck down Delhi's anti-beggary law which criminalized the most vulnerable
people in society: the destitute.
Egoism
Definition: It is the tendency to be self-centered, or to consider only oneself and one's own
interests; selfishness.Egoism means "me-me-me-me- me-ism."
Example: An example of egoism is thinking you are the smartest person on earth.Ego is a
conglomeration of recurring thought forms and conditioned mental-emotional patterns that
are invested with a sense of 'I', a sense of self.
Application: Despite being a leader, AtalBihari Vajpayee never brought politics and egoism
to his villageBateshwar, according to Ram Singh Azadwho was Vajpayee's swimming
companion at the ghats of Yamuna.
Emotional Intelligence
Definition: Emotional intelligence is defined as how well you can read people and understand
their emotions, and how well you can recognize and respond to feelings and emotions.
Example: A person who is empathetic and good at comforting someone is an example of a
person with a high degree of emotional intelligence.
Application: French officials announced that they will ban Serena Williams' signature black
"catsuit" from future French Open tournaments. She could have been incensed at the unstated
gender and racial bias implicit in a ban that seems to single her out. But she talked to the
French Open officials and resolved the issuepolitely. Thanks to her maturity and emotional
intelligence, what could have been an ugly controversy is over almost before it began
Enthusiasm
Definition: Enthusiasm is defined as a lively interest for someone or something.The word

enthusiasm indicates intense excitement.
Example:You might show enthusiasm if you find out that all the shoes are on sale for 70
percent off today.An example of enthusiasm is a child's great happiness at starting his
dance class.
Application: Rakshabandhan, the festival showing strong bond of love between a sister
and a brother is celebrated with traditional fervour and enthusiasm across India.
Zeal
Definition: It is defined as enthusiastic devotion, often extreme or fanatical in nature, as

to a religious movement, political cause, ideal, or aspiration.
Example: An example of zeal is a passionate dedication for homeless rights.
Application: Age cannot wean away the running zeal of 96-year-old Ramachandra Reddy
of Hyderabad. He recently participated in the 10,000/- run, his fifth marathon and reached
the finish line within 180 minutes. He hopes to participate in the event next year too.

Zeal v/s Enthusiasm NOTES
Zeal Enthusiasm
When someone shows energy or Strong interest, energy and approval for a
excitement about a cause or an objective. cause or an activity.
Examples: Examples:
He showed great zeal in completing He had a great enthusiasm for collecting
his work. coins.
They had great zeal for helping people "Yes! let's go out!" He said with amazing
every day. enthusiasm.
Eagerness
Definition: Eagerness is a characteristic of being excited and prepared to do something. It

is defined as a feeling of excitement to do something.
Example: An example of eagerness is when you can't wait to open your presents on Christmas
morning. A basketball team displays its eagerness by running onto the court at the start of the game
Application: India may be the world's top-ranked Test cricket team but they still face
accusations they are lions at home and lambs outside India. So India is eager to win a
series outside India and get rid of that unwanted tag.
Excellence
Definition: Excellence is the quality of being outstanding or extremely good.

Example: Michael Jordan's basketball career was filled with excellence. We love Picasso
and Shakespeare for their excellence. When you see excellence, you should appreciate the
work that went into it.
Application: The Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) registered Kachchhi-Sindhi
horses as a breed on the basis of a report which says that the breed has excellence in
drought and heat tolerance capacity in arid and semi-arid regions.
Faith
Definition: Faith is having complete trust or confidence in someone or something.

Example: If you have complete confidence and trust in your spouse, this is an example of
when you have faith in your spouse.If you believe in God, this is an example of having
religious faith and of having faith in God.
Fearlessness
Definition: The quality enabling one to face danger or hardship resolutely. A value of spirit
that enables you to face threat or pain without showing fear.
Example: An example of fearlessness is a brave fireman's attitude when fighting a fire.
Application: In 1878, British India passed the Vernacular Press Act, in an attempt to curb
the freedom of the Indian press and the expression of disapproval of the British regime in
oriental languages. This instigated several journalists to fearlessly pick up their pens, and
continue to publish nationalist articles calling for Swaraj, openly criticise British rule, and call
people to action. They risked not only the wrath of the British but also, at times, their lives.

Fortitude NOTES
Definition: The definition of fortitude is having strong will in the face of danger or pain.
Fortitude refers to strength in the face of adversity or difficulty. When someone has fortitude,
it means that they have emotional power or reserves and the ability to withstand adversity.
Example: An athlete who continues a race in spite of an injury is an example of fortitude.
People who have fortitude are described in an admiring way for their courage.
Application: 5 year old Prince Kumar Kashyap fell into a deep pit and stayed trapped there
for 49 hours. The dark hole could have become his grave, but it didn't. He was quiet in a
situation where the wisest could have panicked and hampered rescue operations. The boy
displaying calmness and fortitude revealed a maturity beyond his years.
Generosity
Definition: The definition of generosity is the quality of being willing to share. Generosity
is a quality that's a lot like unselfishness. Someone showing generosity is happy to give
time, money, food, or kindness to people in need.
Example: An example of generosity is always donating extra food and supplies to shelters.
But generosity is about more than cash and stuff. When you're forgiving and gentle to
people, you show generosity of spirit. If you give others help or credit, that shows generosity.
The world would certainly be a better place if more people showed generosity to others.
Application: Bill Gates expresses his generosity by issuing grants for initiatives and programs
across the globe, focusing on agricultural development, emergency relief, global libraries,
urban poverty, global health, and education.
Gratitude
Definition: The definition of gratitude is a feeling of being thankful and appreciative.When

you feel gratitude, you're pleased by what someone did for you and also pleased by the
results. Unlike indebtedness, you're not anxious about having to pay it back. But it's still
great to tell the recipient of your gratitude how much they mean to you.
Example: An example of gratitude is how someone would feel if their friend did something
exceptionally nice for them.
Application: The Kerala government organized a thanksgiving ceremony to express their
gratitude for various defence forces who helped in relief and rescue operations during the
recent unprecedented floods in the state.
Probity
Definition: Probity is defined as a standard of correct moral behavior. It is strict adherence

to a code of ethics based on undeviating honesty. It actually means being morally and
ethically above criticism.
Example: An example of probity is a quality of that one expects to see in a policeman. If you
show fiscal probity, it means you are responsible and ethical with your money.
Application: PM LalBahadurShashtri took loan from PNB to buy a car and his widow later
repaid the loan. This is the example of fiscal probity.

Honesty NOTES
Definition: The definition of honesty is the quality of being truthful.If you tell the truth,
you possess the quality of honesty.
Example: An example of honesty is telling the truth even after doing something wrong.If
someone offers a harsh criticism of your latest attempt at poetry writing, you might say,
"Thank you for your honesty." Even if you don't mean it.
Application: Raja Harishchandra had, early in his life, learnt the value of truth, and decided
to never tell a lie, or go back on his word. In time, he gained fame for his truthfulness, honesty
and integrity. The name 'Harishchandra' has become synonymous with truthfulness and honesty.
Integrity
Definition: Integrity is the quality of being honest and having strong moral principles, or
moral uprightness. It is a personal choice to hold one's self to consistent standards.
Example: An example of integrity is a person who speaks about the need to improve the
educational system in the United States and who volunteers to tutor local school children,
or votes for a proposal to give raises to high performing teachers, or gives money to charities
that provided scholarships for deserving students.
Application: Gandhiji showed integrity when he suspended non -cooperation movement after
ChauraChouri incident as his was integral to his principle of non-violent nature of movement.
Happiness
Definition: The definition of happiness is the state of joy, peace and tranquility. When
people are successful, or safe, or lucky, they feel happiness. Whenever doing something
causes happiness, people usually want to do more of it. No one ever complains about
feeling too much happiness.
Example: An example of happiness is a bride's feeling of joy on her wedding day; someone
who wins the lottery; a laughing baby.
Application: The Nordic countries Finland, Norway, Denmark and Iceland regularly appear
at the top of an annual list of the world's happiest nations.
Humility
Definition: The definition of humility is the quality or act of being humble. It is a lack of
false pride. If you feel humility in front of someone, you feel small in the scheme of things
- that you are just a simple, insignificant person.
Example: An example of humility is someone being a great cook, but realizing there are
even better cooks.
Application: Sachin Tendulkar always showedhumility by giving the credit for the team's
success to all of the team members.
Modesty
Definition: The definition of modesty is someone or something that is humble. It is the quality
of having a moderate opinion of one's own value, abilities, achievements and not be boastful.
Example: A person is modest if he or she is very successful but does not call attention to
this - Dr. Abdul Kalam.

Application: The modesty of SushilKoirala, former Nepalese Prime minister was widely NOTES
lauded for eschewing the perks associated with being the leader of his country. His only
declared assets while prime minister was three mobile phones. Before moving into the
official prime minister residences, he rented a house in Kathmandu. Koirala is also said to
have stayed with his brother when he visited the city instead of a hotel.
Humility Modesty
Humility refers to a quality of being Modesty refers to being unassuming in the

humble or having a moderate opinion estimation of one's abilities.
of ourselves.
Being humble allows us to explore A person who is modest or does not attempt to
ourselves. In other words, it allows us catch the attention of others in order to be
to investigate our strengths, weakness, flattered. This allows the individual to develop
abilities and mistakes internally. a moderate appreciation of his self.
Harmony
Definition: Harmony is defined as agreement in feeling, action, ideas, interests, etc. It is

compatibility in opinion and action.
Example: An example of harmony is when two people live together and don't fight; when
two people sing contrasting parts of a duet that go together perfectly.
Application: Kerala recovered from one of century's worst natural disasters. Setting example
of harmony, Muslim students cleaned an Ayyappa temple in kerala after floods.
Helpfulness
Definition: It is defined as the inclination to assist others in any situation. Your actions
can also be called helpful, like your helpful habit of cleaning the dishes every night.
Example: If you want to be helpful, you find ways to make things easier for others, like
holding the door for them. Things can also be helpful - maps, cell phones, dictionaries, and
holders for wet umbrellas.
Application: A Mumbai-based NGO is proving helpful to Kerala flood victims by forming
collection centers across the city where citizens can donate food, clothes and other items
which would be sent to the flood-affected people.
Intuition
Definition: It is the ability to understand or know something immediately based on your

feelings rather than facts. It is related to the thing that one knows or considers likely from
instinctive feeling rather than conscious reasoning.
Example: An example of intuition is love at first sight.When a mother just senses that
something is wrong with her child, this is an example of anintuitive feeling.
Application: Mahendra Singh Dhoni took a call to promote himself in batting order during
2011 world cup final. It was a decision based on his intuition.
Impartiality
Definition: It is defined as the ability to judge or consider something fairly without allowing
your own interest to influence you. It means not inclining towards or actively taking either
side in a matter under dispute.

Example: If you're in a contest you'd better hope the judges are impartial, that is, they NOTES
aren't biased toward one competitor over another.
Application: Impartiality means that civil servants in carrying out their official work,
including functions like procurement, recruitment, delivery of services etc, should take
decisions based on merit alone.
Justice
Definition: The definition of justice is the use of power as appointed by law, honor or standards
to support fair treatment and due reward. Justice is the quality of being just or fair.
Example: An example of justice is someone being set free from prison after DNA evidence
shows they are innocent. Dr. B. R. Ambedkar was a champion of human rights and social
justice by advocating for equal rights of all races, women and the lower class.
Application: Rohingya refugees staged angry protests for justice on the first anniversary of
a Myanmar military crackdown that sparked a mass exodus to camps in Bangladesh.
Fairness
Definition: Fairness is defined as just and reasonable treatment in accordance with accepted
rules or principles.Treating all people equally and applying reasonable punishments only
when rules are broken is an example of fairness. Fairness is the quality of making judgments
that are free from discrimination.
Example: Judges, Umpires, and teachers should all strive to practice fairness. When someone
shows fairness is making a decision, he is pleasing all parties involved and offering a
solution that is attractive to everyone.
Application: China urged the United States to treat its investors and enterprises fairly.China
will closely monitor the impact of the US Foreign investment Act on Chinese investors and
enterprises.
Justice Fairness
Justice is the impartial application of Fairness is a biased assertion of individual
the law as derived from the principles opinion.
of Natural Law.
It is rooted in universal principles that It is rooted in assumptions that change with

apply to all people, everywhere and at societies and over time. These assumptions
all times. These principles do not are not fixed; they change frequently, even
change with societies or time. within a given society.
They are founded upon the first principle They are founded primarily on the notion of
that the individual owns his own will. what ought to be as opposed to what is.
Kindness
Definition: The definition of kindness is the act of being caring or warm in spirit. It is the
quality of being warmhearted, considerate, humane and sympathetic.
Example: An example of kindness is asking a lost person if they need directions. Helping a
fellow climbing up the rock is a kindness.

Application: A girl in India who donated money she had been saving to buy herself a bike NOTES
to victims of the devastating floods in Kerala has been told by the world's biggest bicycle
manufacturer that she will receive a free bicycle each year of her life from it in recognition
of her kindness.
Knowledge
Definition: Knowledge is defined as what is learned, understood or aware of. Knowledge is

understanding gained through learning or experience.
Example: The example of knowledge is learning the alphabet; having the ability to find a
location; remembering details about an event.
Application: Recently the Vice-President M Venkaiah Naidu said that in the era of New Age
cyber warfare, the new enemy can be combated only through the power of knowledge. He
added that cyber-attacks took place with hackers working over the Internet thousands of
miles away and asked police to be equipped to handle attacks that jeopardise national
security. He asked to evolve best practices, policies and procedures in policing to combat
emerging new age national security threats.
Wisdom
Definition: Wisdom is the ability to use your experience and knowledge in order to make
sensible decisions or judgments. Wisdom is the store of knowledge that a society or culture
has collected over a long period of time.
Example: We talk about "the wisdom of the ancient Greeks," for example, meaning everything
about their culture from their scientific and philosophical discoveries to the art and culture
they created.
Application: The first place children learn the faith is in the home, following the good
example of their parents, Pope Francis said lately during a meeting with newly-wed and
engaged couples in Ireland. This is wisdom that young people need, according to Francis,
encouraging young couples to listen to the advice of their grandparents and other married
couples.
Knowledge Wisdom
Knowledge is the accumulation of Wisdom is the ability to discern and judge

facts and data that you have learned which aspects of that knowledge are true, right,
about or experienced. lasting, and applicable to your life.
It's the ability of being aware of something, It's the ability to apply that knowledge to the
and having information. greater scheme of life.
Knowledge is really about facts and It's also deeper; knowing the meaning or
ideas that we acquire through study, reason; about knowing why something is,
research, investigation, observation, and what it means to your life.
or experience.
Knowledge is knowing how to manage Wisdom is understanding how money impacts

your money, budgeting, spending, the quality of your life and your future.
saving.

Legitimacy NOTES
Definition: Legitimacy is defined as the lawfulness or authenticity of something. It is

lawfulness by virtue of being authorized or in accordance with law.
Example: When you question whether something is lawful or permitted, this is an example
of questioning the legitimacy of the action.When a child is born to a mother and father who
are married, this is an example of legitimacy.
Application: The militant group ArakanRohingya Salvation Army (ARSA) has that it has
"the legitimate right" to protect the Rohingya. Thousands of Rohingya in Myanmar are
estimated to have been killed in the military response to ARSA's attacks on police posts
August 2017.
Leadership
Definition: The definition of leadership is the position of guiding a group, or the ability to
lead. It is the set of characteristics that make a good leader.
Example:If you think you have leadership skills, you better be able to rally the troops and
get the job done.Your own leadership skills may be called into question if your entire staff
resigns and goes to work for your competitor.
Application: Coca-Cola India has restructured its leadership team in India. This change in
leadership comes as the company is witnessing a global consumer exodus from carbonated
drinks to healthier options.
Liberty
Definition: Liberty is defined as freedom from captivity or control. Liberty is a kind of

freedom, whether it's freedom from tyranny, freedom from confinement, or simply the freedom
of choice.
Example: An example of liberty is the ability to go where you want, do what you want and
say what you want.
Application: The 72nd Independence Day was celebrated with the spirit of freedom from
fear and respect of liberty across India.
Morals
Definition: Moral is defined as a principle that governs right and wrong or the lesson of a
fable. They are the standards for good or bad character and behavior.
Example: An example of moral is governing principles of a religious group.If you have a
strong moral character, you are a good member of society. If someone is a cheat and a liar,
you might say, "She is not a moral person."
Application: One of the greatest leaders of all time, Muhammad led to the spread of Islam
in and around Arabia. He united a chaotic society in the name of morality and humanity
and led his people out of severe persecution and mistreatment.
Neutrality:
Definition: It is the ability of not taking the side of either of the parties in a dispute or
quarrel. It is the quality of not saying or doing anything that would encourage or help any
of the groups involved in an argument or war.

Example: Judges must remain totally neutral when hearing a case. NOTES
Application: According to a veteran diplomat of Singapore it is in both Singapore's and

ASEAN's interest that the regional grouping performs independently and maintainsneutrality
despite some member states' wishes to be aligned with one of the major powers.
Norms
Definition: Norm is defined as something that is considered "normal" and refers to something
that is the usual, customary or accepted standard. It is a situation or type of behavior that
is expected and considered to be typical.
Example: One child per family is fast becoming the norm in some countries. Saying "please"
when you want something is an example of the norm.
Application: US President Trump is being accused of breaking a presidential norm, doing
something that no president has ever done very often these days.
Non-Partisanship:
Definition: It is defined as not being specifically affiliated with any group, party or cause.Not
being specifically owned or affiliated with any group, party or cause.
Example: A person who has not selected or declared a side or party. A nonpartisan
organization/voter/watchdog group.
Application: The new President of Association of Nigerian Students (NANS) promised non-
partisanship in the politics of the association.
Objectivity
Definition: Objectivity means being based on facts and not influenced by personal beliefs
or feelings. it means a lack of bias, judgment, or prejudice. The opposite of objectivity is
"subjectivity," which is personal bias or opinion.
Example: Maintaining one's objectivity is the most important job of a judge.
Application: The Delhi High Court issued certain directions in an attempt to introduce
greater objectivity and some measure of transparency and predictability in the Annual
Confidential Report (ACR) grading of judicial officers.
Openness
Definition: It is defined as accommodating attitude or opinion, as in receptivity to new

ideas, behaviors, cultures, peoples, environments, experiences, etc., different from the
familiar, conventional, traditional, or one's own. Openness can be said to be the opposite of
secrecy.
Example: Openness is manifested as one of the leadership traits when it's clear that the
leader values new experiences and new thought processes. Open leaders are the more
likely to build diverse teams rather than creating executive teams exactly like themselves.
Application: US President Donald Trump expressed openness to supporting broader
sentencing reforms beyond the narrower reforms to the nation's prison system.

Pity NOTES
Definition: Pity is a feeling of sorrow or sympathy for someone or something. If you feel
pity, you feel sympathy for someone else's suffering.
Example: An example of pity is what might be felt by someone toward a child after seeing
the child's dog get hit by a car.
Application: President MuhammaduBuhari of Nigeria has asked his military personnel
deployed inKatsina State, assigned with the task of fighting bandits, to show no pity in
fighting criminals.
Prudence
Definition: Prudence is defined as good judgment or wisdom gained from experience and
knowledge, expressed in a realistic and frugal attitude. Prudence, however, is not the same as
grave caution or wariness. If there is no real cause for fear, prudence lies in avoiding excessive
deliberations and in the readiness to sacrifice today's gain for tomorrow's greater gain.
Example: An example of prudence is checking your bank account before you spend money.
Application: Capital markets regulator SEBI's move to limit investors' exposure to shares
and equity derivatives in line with their net worth is intended to produce institutional
prudence and not to infringe on the rights and liberties of adult Indians.
Perseverance
Definition: Perseverance is not giving up. It is persistence and tenacity, the effort required
to do something and keep doing it till the end, even if it's hard.
Example: Sailing around the world and climbing Mt. Everest are acts requiring perseverance.
Even things like learning a new language require perseverance and daily practice.
Application: One of greatest examples of perseverance isJ.K. Rowling, author of the Harry
Potter books, who is currently the second-richest female entertainer on the planet, behind
Oprah. However, when Rowling wrote the first Harry Potter book in 1995, it was rejected by
twelve different publishers.
At the time when Rowling was writing the original Harry Potter book, her life was a self-
described mess. She was going through a divorce and living in a tiny flat with her daughter.
Rowling was surviving on government subsidies, and her mother had just passed away from
multiple sclerosis. J.K. turned these negatives into a positive by devoting most of her free
time to the Harry Potter series. The result is a brand name currently worth nearly $15 billion.
Patience
Definition: Patience is the quality of waiting calmly without complaining. Having patience
means you can remain calm, even when you've been waiting forever or dealing with something
painstakingly slow. It involves acceptance and tolerance, and is usually easier to have
when there's something in it for you at the end.
Example: An example of patience is someone standing peacefully in a very long line.
Application: Novak Djokovic held that his recent lengthy injury layoff taught him one very
important thing - the good quality of patience.

Pragmatism NOTES
Definition: Pragmatism is defined as an approach to things that focuses on the practical

or logical response. It is an approach based on how things are, not on how you wish they
were. This also refers to a philosophical doctrine built on the idea that something can only
be true if it works.
Example: Addressing problems logically and practically is an example of pragmatism.
Application: Pakistan Minister for Railways, RoshanKhursheedBarocha, urged the people
to keep pragmatic approach for achieving progress in Pakistan.
Passion
Definition: Passion is a strong feeling of love or enthusiasm. Passion is the energy that
keeps us going, that keeps us filled with meaning, and happiness, and excitement, and
anticipation. Passion is a powerful force in accomplishing anything you set your mind to.
Example: An example of passion is when you really love playing football.
Application: Ramit Tandon, an Indian squash player left cushy New York job to follow his
passion of playing squash. He has won two titles on the Professional Squash Association
(PSA) tour and jumped more than 400 spots in ranking.
Respect
Definition: Respect means a feeling or show of honor or esteem for someone or something.
You show respect by being polite and kind. When people are insulted or treated badly, they
feel they haven't been treated with respect.
Example: An example of respect is the feeling a student has about a great teacher. Singing
the national anthem shows respect to your country.
Application: Most Indian schools, including government and private, remained closed as
mark of respect to former Prime ministerAtalBihari Vajpayee, who passed away recently.
Responsiveness
Definition: Responsiveness means "being able to react quickly". It is a characteristic that

shows how much someone cares.
Example: Responsiveness of an audience at the concert of their all-time favorite singer. An
example of a responsive person is someone who is always there when her friends need help.
Application: Kerala faced one of the worst floods in this century. Kerala MPs strongly
criticized the Central government responsivenessin this serious situation.
Reliable
Definition: The definition of reliable is dependable or capable of being trusted. You can
certainly rely on something reliable because it's trustworthy and responsible. Reliable people
usually show up on time, never flake out, and always tell the truth.
Example: A reliable car isn't likely to break down and will get you from place to place
safely.

Application: With India likely to emerge as a major market for electric vehicles (EVs) and NOTES
battery storage, Bolivia, known to have the largest lithium reserves used for making batteries,
is seeking partnerships with public and private firms to ensure reliable access to the metal.
Rationality
Definition: The definition of rationality is something that makes sense or that could be
based in fact or someone who behaves and thinks logically.Rationality means the state of
being agreeable to reason.
Example: An example of rational is the provable idea of gravity. Rational person apologizes
after an argument when he knows he was at fault.
Application: The Supreme Court asked the CBI Director to take a rational decision in the
arrest and custodial interrogation of accused in Manipur staged killings.
Regret
Definition: The definition of regret is a feeling of sorrow, guilt or shame about something
that happened. Regret is often called a useless emotion, because you can only regret what
has already taken place. It's too late to change things, so all that's left to do is regret.
Example: An example of regret is a teenager feeling bad about having lied to their parents.
Application: The Tibetan spiritual leader Dalai Lama regretted blaming former Prime Minister
Jawaharlal Nehru for the partition of India in 1947 and thanked him for sheltering thousands
of exiled Tibetans after they fled from their motherland.
Resilience
Definition: The definition of resilience isa person's ability to recover quickly from unfortunate
circumstances. It is the capacity to recover quickly from difficulties.
Example: Runners who fall during a marathon only to pop back up and dash through the
finish line show some serious resilience.
Application: Thane will become the first locale in the country to have a city resilience plan,
which will contribute towards citizens' happiness. The Thane Municipal Corporation joined
hands with Rockefeller Foundation, Singapore, to draft this plan for the city so that it is
better prepared to deal with all kinds of crisis in future.
Sacrifice
Definition: The definition of a sacrifice is an offering or a giving up of something. A sacrifice

is a loss or something you give up, usually for the sake of a better cause.
Example: Parents sacrifice time and sleep to take care of their children, while kids might
sacrifice TV time to hang out with mom and dad.
Application: AtalBihariVajpayee wanted improved relations with Pakistan without sacrificing
India's interest. He wanted the people of the two countries to live in amity and friendship as
good neighbours.
Simplicity:
Definition: It is defined as the quality or condition of being easy to understand. It means

"the quality of being plain." Simplicity is freedom from extravagance, luxury and complexity.

Example: Aamir Khan showed simplicity by attending wedding of an auto-rickshaw driver's son. NOTES
Application: Former Indian Prime minister LalBahadurShashtri, was famous for his
simplicity and discipline besides his skillful governance. His son reported that Shastriji
didn't use office car for personal purposes.
Transparency
Definition: Transparency is the practice of openly and honestly disclosing information to

stakeholders in an organization such as the public, investors, employees and customers.
The term is commonly applied to governments, organizations and teams.
Example: Accurately reporting the financial position of a firm to investors including risks.
Application: VineetNayar, CEO of the Indian IT services giant HCL seeks enough
transparency and empowerment in the company that "decisions would be made at the
points where the decisions should be made"-that is, by employees, where the company
meets the client.
Tolerance
Difinition: Tolerance is being patient, understanding and accepting of anything different.

When you practice tolerance, you accept another's ideas and beliefs. If you respect someone's
opinions even if you disagree or find them nonsensical you display tolerance.
Example: An example of tolerance is Muslims, Christians and Hindus being friends.
Application: Tibetan spiritual leader Dalai Lama haspraised India for its spirit of religious
tolerance and for carrying different traditions together.
Truth
Definition: Truth is something that has been proven by facts or sincerity. It is something
that squares with reality. It is the quality of being authentic.
Example: An example of truth is someone giving their real age.
Application: Mahatma Gandhi was deeply influenced by the virtues of telling the truth
when he watched the play of Harishchandra in his childhood.
Unity
Definition: Unity is being in harmony or one in spirit. It is being together or at one with
someone or something. It's the opposite of being divided. This is a word for togetherness or
oneness.
Example: Sports teams wear uniforms to show unity, and their fans wear team colors for
the same reason. When people are bickering and disorganized, there's no unity. In any
group or cause, unity can be hard to find and maintain.
Application: Unity in diversity means oneness in the varieties. India is a best country
proving this concept for many years. India is a country where it is very clear to see unity in
diversity because people of many religion, race, culture and tradition live together without
affecting each other's feelings and believes to their religion.

Utilitarianism NOTES
Definition: The doctrine that an action is right in so far as it promotes happiness, and that
the greatest happiness of the greatest number should be the guiding principle of conduct.
Example: Imagine there is a trolley heading toward a group of 5 workers on the tracks. You
are sitting in a control center several miles away, and you have a button that can switch
the trolley onto another track where there's only 1 worker. If you flip the switch, one person
will die. If you do nothing, 5 people will die. Should you flip the switch? In surveys, most
people say yes. 1 death is better than 5 deaths, so if you have to choose, you should try to
minimize the loss of life by flipping the switch. This is an example of utilitarian reasoning.
Application: The construction of hydro power projects involves displacement of people
living in the vicinity of the dam. However, the projects are often undertaken, as it involves
greater good for the nation.
Values
Definition: Values are the fundamental beliefs of a person or organization. These guiding
principles dictate behavior and can help people understand the difference between right
and wrong. Values also help in determining whether we are on the right path. There are
many different types of values in the world, depending upon the context.
Example: Dependability, efficiency, innovation & creativity are some of the important values.
Application: Expressing concern over rising intolerance and crimes against women, a
Supreme Court judge said courts could decide cases but only citizens could stop spiraling
crime by imbibing human values in their children and neighborhoods.
Vision
Definition: A vision is the experience of seeing something that other people cannot see.
Your vision of a future situation or society is what you imagine or hope it would be like, if
things were very different from the way they are now.
Example: You have a vision of a society that is free of exploitation and injustice.
Application: Leaders across political divide paid tribute to late Prime Minister A. B. Vajpayee,
saying the country has lost a great visionary, dynamic and inspiring leader who worked for
the uplift of the underprivileged.
Virtue
Definition: Virtue is defined as moral excellence. Virtue is thinking and doing what is right
and avoiding what is wrong.
Example: An example of virtue is the following of all the Ten Commandments.
Application: From thousands of years, India has been teaching the world virtues of peace,
brotherhood and benefits of nurturing nature according to Lok Sabha Speaker Sumitra
Mahajan. She says that contribution of Indian culture to making better world is immense
for thousands of years.

INDEX
S.No. Topic Page No.
1. Sunrise industries: can this be the next big thing for India? 1-4
2. Smart city without smart citizens is a myth. 4-6
3. Extreme poverty anywhere is a threat to human security everywhere 6-9
4. An eye for an eye only ends up making the whole world blind 9 - 11
5. Power corrupts the few, while weakness corrupts the many 11 - 13
6. Water scarcity: Natural or manmade? 13 - 16
7. Technology is a useful servant but a dangerous master 16 - 17
8. The climate is a common good, belonging to all and meant for all 18 - 20
9. Women empowerment in India: a distant dream 20 - 23
10. Rude people don’t understand soft language (ykrksa ds Hkwr ckrksa ls ugha ekurs) 23 - 25
11. Capital punishment : Still relevant in civilized world? 25 - 27
12. The greatest threat to our planet is the belief that someone 27 - 28
else will save it.
13. Weak can never forgive; forgiveness is the attribute of the strong. 29 - 31
14. When will India become a developed nation? 31 - 33
15. The future of India lies in its villages. 33 - 37
16. Universal Health Care - Can India achieve it? 37 - 39
25B, 2nd Floor, Pusa Road, Old Rajendra Nagar,

ESSAY
Sunrise industries: can this be the next big thing for India?
Structure of the Essay:
Introduction:
• The meaning of sunrise industry should be clarified with a lucid example.
• Do give an idea of what all is going to come in the body of the essay.
• Also clarify your stand to the question asked in the topic.
Body:
• Mention various sunrise industries in Indian context.
• Briefly explain in each case why it is apt to classify it as Sunrise industry.
• Discuss the futuristic importance of each one of them in the Indian context.
• Mention the possible threats to Indian economy due to the sunrise industries.
• If your stand is that it’s the next big thing, then do negate those threats.
• Mention the bottlenecks for these Sunrise industries.
Conclusion:
• Write down the measures that need to be taken by various actors viz. government,
civil society, citizenry to fully reap the potential of sunrise industries.
Content of the Essay:
Definition of Sunrise industry:
Sunrise industry is a colloquial term for a burgeoning sector or business that is just in its
infancy but shows promise of a rapid boom. It generally has plenty of “buzz” surrounding
them as public awareness about the sector increases and investors get attracted to its
long-term growth prospects. Examples include e-commerce, cloud computing etc.
Characteristics of Sunrise Industry:
1. High growth rates
2. Numerous start-ups
3. High degree of innovation
4. Abundance of venture capital funding.
Various Sunrise Industry in India
1. E-Commerce – e-commerce encompasses a range of economic activities such as
retail, travel, tourism, food and beverages etc. It is going to be driven by growing
Internet population, smartphones access and increased online shoppers.
2. IT Industry - Global technology spend will increase, not decrease in future, and
this will create a lot more opportunities for the Indian IT industry. According to
Nasscom, The Indian IT industry is likely to grow 7-9 per cent in next decade.
There is going to be a net addition of nearly 1.5 lakh jobs to the industry every year.

3. Food processing Industry - In today’s world, time has become extremely precious,
and a fast-paced world has got habituated, in fact, addicted, to a ready-made
culture. Thus, growing youth population, which is also going to be more urban, is
more likely to shift to Ready to Eat Food.
Further, The food processing industry connects the farmers with their consumers,
adding value on the way.
According to reports, during 2009-13, India’s exports of processed food and related
products increased at a compounded annual growth rate of 21.9% to $36.1 billion.
Further, the Indian food industry is estimated to grow to about $200 billion by
2015.
Mega Food Parks have set a great precedent for public-private partnerships where
the private sector invests in infrastructure, while the government brings in
technology and knowledge to help farmers earn reasonably, without suffering
losses.
4. Tourism – Diversity of culture, varied geographical and climatic conditions provides
immense opportunity for tourism sector in India. Realising this, the government
has also started schemes like Swadesh Darshan, which has prepared thematic
tourism circuits like Ramayana circuit.
5. Cloud Computing - Cloud Computing and its increasing usage among Indian
enterprises is expected to create over a million new jobs by 2022. Its annual
growth is forecast at 17 per cent. It facilititates other sectors of the economy as
well by permitting an increase in IT innovation, which, in turn, supports business
innovation that leads to accelerated development schedules, faster project
completion, shorter time to market for new products, and lower operational costs.
6. New and Renewable Energy – Under INDC, India has pledged to increase the
share of non-fossil fuels to 40% in its energy mix by 2030. India has set an
ambitious target of 175 GW of renewable energy by 2022.
Certain other newer source of energy like hyderogen fuel, biofuel are also
witnessing high level of research and they can be the next big thing in fuel basket.
7. Electric Mobility – E-Rickshaw has already started replacing conventional rickshaw
in most of the cities across India. Government of India targets to completely shift
to electric vehicles by 2030 under FAME India Mission. This industry is also
driven by increasing level of air pollution in various Indian cities.
Threats from Sunrise Industry:
1. Its rapid emergence may push into obsolescence a competing industry sector that
is already in decline. E.g. e-commerce can make brick and mortar shops obsolete.
2. Structural Unemployment – Any sunrise industry shall require a new skill set
and the people from competing industry may lose job as there would be a mismatch
between the skills they posses and skills required in these new industries.
3. Life Style Changes could be detrimental –e.g. Processed food could be tastier
but less nutritious. Smartphones and other IT revolutions may induce sedentry
life style.

Bottlenecks for sunrise Industry:
1. Viability - The buzz they generate at the onset may be based largely on speculation
for the possibilities the industry represents, rather than any tangible business
activity. E.g. mobile industry remained unviable for a major part of second half of
20th century.
2. Short Life Cycyle – e.g. The compact-disc industry, which was a sunrise industry
in 1990s, but it became sunset industry within a decade.
3. Failure to Meet global standard - e.g. lack of phytosanitary measures in Indian
food processing industry.
4. Chalta Hai Culture of India – “Old habbits die hard”. Sunrise Industries will
require new set of standards and skills.
5. Poor Quality of Higher Education – None of our universitities feature in global
top 100 universities list. Around 80% of our engineering graduates are not
employable. So, there is lack of skilled workforce to be employed in fast changing
sunrise industry.
6. Lack of Digital Infrastructure – Most of the sunrise industries are related to
digital infrastruture in one way or another. Internet Penetration in rural India is
still as low as 20%.
7. Lack of Physical Infrastructure – It makes trade and logistics costly in India.
E.g. logistics consists 25% of the cost of manufacturing firm in India while it is
lesss than 15% in case of China.
8. Complicated Legal Structure – e.g. Flipkart was first forced to shift its headquarter
to Singapore and then it was sold to a Walmart. Lack of autonomy in operating e-
commerce business is being considered a prime reason for this exit.
Steps Needed:
1. By Government
a. Infrastructure – Road, Rail, Ports are facilitator to any industry.
b. Quality Education – We need world class universitites to avoid brain drain
and also provide skilled workforce to sunrise industries in India.
c. Ease of doing business – Although we have improved 30 points in World Banks
ease of doing business ranking in 2017, we still perform very poorly in many
areas like contract enforcement.
2. By Corporates
a. Skill Training to Youths – Indian IT industry measures like Infosys and TCS
has adopted inhouse training model to create the skilled workforce needed for
IT industry. Other Sunrise industries needs to do the same.
b. Venture Capital Investment – Venture capitalists needs to support
entrepreneurs in these sunrise industries
c. R&D – Companies in India need to invest more in R&D because most of the
sunrise industries are based on latest tools and technologies.

3. Citizenry
a. We need to be progressive towards latest scinetific developments.
b. We need to ward off “chalta hai” culture
c. Human Resource Development should be a priority in every household.
Smart city without smart citizens is a myth.

Introduction:
• Briefly explain Smart city and smart citizens
• Establish the correlation between the two and show how smart city without smart
citizens is a myth.
• You can write an anecdote, including your personal experience, to show this
correlation.
• Give a sketch of what all is going to come in the essay.
• Clearly state your stand on the topic. It is advisable to take a stand in favour of
this topic.
Body:
• Take examples from different dimesions to show that Smart city without smart
citizens is a myth.
• Give examples, fact, data or case study to support each of those dimesions.
• Certain extracts from movies and stories can also be quoted to make the essay an
interesting read.
• In every dimension, one to one correlation must be established between absence
of smart citizenry and failure of smart city.
• Write what would be akin to smart citizen in a smart city.
Conclusion:
• Give your suggestions as to how citizens can be developed into smart citizens.
What is Smart City?
A smart city is an urban area that uses different types of electronic data collection
sensors to supply information which is used to manage assets and resources efficiently.
A smart city uses information technologies to:
1. Make more efficient use of physical infrastructure (roads, built environment and
other physical assets) through artificial intelligence and data analytics to support
a strong and healthy economic, social, cultural development.
2. Engage effectively with local people in local governance and decision by use of
open innovation processes and e-participation, improving the collective intelligence
of the city’s institutions through e-governance, with emphasis placed on citizen
participation and co-design.

3. Learn, adapt and innovate and thereby respond more effectively and promptly to
changing circumstances by improving the intelligence of the city.
The government of India has set a target to develop 100 smart cities. It’s a retrofitting
and urban renewal program being spearheaded by the Ministry of Urban Development.
However, a smart city would remain a myth if there is lack of smart citizenry.
Need of Smart Citizens
1. Awareness about smart solutions- Then only citizens can fully utilise the smart
solution and services. For example, energy -saving cannot be achieved merely by
installing smart meters in housing units. Consumers needs to be made aware of
differential tariffs and ways of saving energy.
2. Behavioural Change – In the above example, in order to reduce energy
-consumption, consumers need to make an effort to change the whole family’s
daily energy usage behaviour. This would include shifting to -energy-efficient
appliances, reducing TV time and switching off -electrical appliances when not in
use, especially during peak periods.
3. Kuch nahi ho sakta is desh ka syndrome – This sense of negativity restricts
citizens ability to take initiative. Rather than filing an RTI and fixing accountability
on the contractor, we simply criticize the government and all and say that nothing
shall happen in this country. It may become a reality if we keep behaving like
that.
4. Criminalisation of Politics - If the citizens of this country make wrong political
choice, they can’t achieve right destination. 34% of MPs have criminal antecedent.
They are not expected to make a crime free society. A crime ridden city can’t be
termed at smart city.
5. Corruption – Our cities’ pathetic roads are a good example. You cannot drive for
two minutes without having to slow down on a bumpy stretch. Year after year,
crores of rupees of public money are spent on filling potholes and fixing broken
stretches, which reappear in no time.
6. Communalisation – If citizens keep suspecting people from other religion, the
communal harmony is not possible. A city witnessing lynching incidents like the
one in Dadri or Alwar, that city is bound to be stupid city rather than smart city.
7. Patriarchy – A smart must belong as much to women as to men. But our cities
have very skewed sex ratio. In case of Delhi, it is 868 and it is only 818 for
Chandi garh. The reason is patriarchy due to which men migrate to city in large
numbers in search of job. Women are considered as not fit for outdoor jobs.
8. Illiteracy – It is the foremost barrier in using various smart services and solutions
in a smart city.
9. ‘Mera Beta Engineer banega’ Attitude – Every child is different and it has aptitude
to excel in different walk of life. If we push everyone in same direction then there
would demand supply mismatch in terms of skills required in a city and skill
available. Further, the optimum potential of a city would not be realized unless
there is optimum mix of citizens with diverse skill set.

10.Unemployable Graduate – 80% of engineering and up to 90% of management
graduates are not employable in India. They can neither optimally design the
smart city nor effectively utilize the smart technologies.
Smart Citizen of a Smart city
1. Aware Citizen – Aware about governance, about the functioning of Municipal
Corporation, about the budget of different layers of the government.
2. Citizen participation: Citizen Participation ensures citizen satisfaction, which in
turn ensures maximum efficiency of the proposed technology. Good governance is
always measured by the extent to which it involves its citizens in the overall
decision-making process. The participation of citizens has become simpler through
online Government portals. Such participation reduces the conflict of opinions
and makes implementation easier. MyGov.in is an excellent example of ICT
integrating and increasing the efficiency of citizen engagement.
3. Joint engagement of citizens and government: A smart city acknowledges that
policies alone are not enough to reach their goals. It solicits support from its
citizens and local stakeholders to bring policies into action. Citizens are called
upon to jointly take responsibility and engage in the process. Building social capital
is essential to ensure that smart citizens acquire the capabilities and skills to
meet the challenges of the future. Only then does a city become ‘future ready’.
4. Tech Savy Citizens – That uses cashless medium for transaction; that pays bill
online; that uses latest technology to find shortest route and avoid road congestion.
5. Entrepreneurship – Citizens should not be risk averse. Rather they should take
risk. They should not only be job seekers rather they should strive to be job providers.
6. Accountability Ensuring Citizen - The citizens should cultivate a culture of asking
for accountability. They need to account the politician for promises made in the election.
They need to put the bureaucracy accountable for every penny spent by them.
What needs to be done?
1. Develop a culture of transparency governance – RTI Act needs to be strengthened.
The vacancies in CIC and SIC should be filled on urgent basis.
2. Develop optimism among citizenry so that they look forward to solutions to the
problem that country is facing.
3. Promote citizen engagement platform like mygov.in for every tier of governance.
4. Tools of direct democracy viz. referendum, right to recall, right to reject should
be given to citizens. This will create a sense of empowerment among them.
5. Focus on Quality of education – RTE should move beyond physical infrastructure
to quality output.
6. Value Education should be included in curriculum of schools as well as colleges.
7. Family should focus on inculcating values rather pushing their children towards
materialistic desires.
8. Smart phones for students scheme can be launched on the line of bicycle scheme.
This will increase digital literacy.

Extreme poverty anywhere is a threat to human security everywhere
Structure of the essay:
Introduction:
• It may contain simple but broad definition of poverty or any anecdote or any
interesting fact or quote which can show the linkages of extreme poverty and
threat to human security
• It should also give the glimpse of what is to be followed in the essay.
Body:
Broadly it will have following parts
• (If started with anecdote/fact/quote etc) then it may start with definition of poverty
in widest sense
• In subsequent paragraphs, the candidate must show the linkages between extreme
poverty and how it impacts human security everywhere in multiple dimensions
with concrete examples/facts.
• Next arguments can be made as to how poverty alleviation can bring positive
changes
Conclusion:
• Conclude on a positive note by suggestions for poverty alleviation and importance
of it for everyone‘s prosperity.
Content of the essay
Quotes:
• “Poverty is the worst form of violence.”- M K Gandhi
• “Poverty is the parent of revolution and crime.”- Aristotle, Greek philosopher
• Poverty definition: In most simple terms ,Poverty is the scarcity of resources.
Poverty is a multifaceted concept, which may include social, economic, and political
elements. Extreme poverty refers to the complete lack of the means necessary to
meet basic personal needs such as food, clothing and shelter
Facts:
• Nearly 1/2 of the world’s population-more than 3 billion people — live on less than
$2.50 a day. More than 1.3 billion live in extreme poverty — less than $1.25 a day.
• India has been ranked 37th out of 103 nations in the 2017 global Multi-dimensional
Poverty Index (MPI), according to a new report by the Oxford Poverty & Human
Development Initiative.
Different dimensions showing threat to human security by extreme poverty
Regional poverty source of conflict:
• International poor regions: Afghanistan, Congo, Somalia
• National poor regions: North East, Bastar,Chattisgarh
• Both hotbed of terrorism and insurgency/naxalism and thus threat to other
regions of country and world

Historical precedent:
• Background of Germany in terms of high unemployment, inflation and massive
poverty and hunger and rise of Fascism in such circumstances and later threat
to Europe and World
• After decolonization, many poverty stricken regions in Africa and rise of book
harams, ISIS etc
Moral paralysis and crimes:
• Poor youth taking up organized crimes, drug/arms/human trafficking ; e.g. Mexico,
Golden crescent and golden triangle amidst poor regions ::
• This money later fund terrorism e.g. Taliban opium cultivation
Economic vulnerability:
• Poverty leads to decreasing ofdemand. It increases vulnerability to Recession
e.g. 1930 Great depression was the result of greedy capitalism. It latter threatened
the whole world by massive unemployment ,hunger, fall in currency etc
• Abject poverty has made china‘s investment led growth model unsustainable in
the face of global slowdown
Inequality led crisis at both national and subnational level:
• 49% of population depends upon agriculture which contributes only 18% of GDP;
17 states have agricultural income below Rs 20000 per annum
• New farmers movement and trouble to people
• it is leading to rural urban migration and consequent problems in urban areas
like Slum etc ( rural poverty making problem to urban areas). Similarly sons of
soil doctrine led clashes because of intense competition for meager resources
• Forced migration at international level leading to source of conflicts e.g. Syria
and Europe, Rohinigya crisis
Health crisis:
• Poor are more vulnerable to communicable diseases. it may threaten other regions
e.g. Ebola, Polio
Environmental degradation:
• Poor access to technological resources leading to environmental degradation like
jhum cultivation, Haryana stubble burning and smog in Delhi
• Access to polluting source of fuel leading to green house gas emissions and indoor
pollution
Case study of poverty alleviation at one place leading to prosperity at wider level .
• AMUL cooperatives and white revolution
• Kudumbshree SHG in Kerala
Efforts needed:
• National efforts
• Doubling of Farmer‘s income. A study made by Montek Singh Ahluwalia brought
out clearly that agricultural growth and poverty are inversely related; E.g. Rural
poverty ratio in Punjab and Haryana declined to 6.4 and 8.3 per cent respectively
in 1999-2000.Implementation of M S Swaminathan committee recommendations
like raising of MSP etc
• Speedy Development of Infrastructure to generate employment opportunities
for the poor and to raise their productivity; It will consist of consists of building of
roads, highways, ports, telecommunication, power and irrigation
• Accelerating Human Resource Development :It requires greater investment in
educational facilities such as schools to promote literacy, technical training
institutes and vocational colleges to import skills to the people. It also demands
healthcare by public investment in Primary Health Centres, dispensaries and
hospitals.The experience of East and South-East Asian Countries and Kerala
in our country shows that poverty can be significantly reduced through investment
in human resource development
• Direct Attack on Poverty – Special Employment Schemes for the Poor: e.g. Success
of MGNREGA in reducing rural poverty
• It will require implementation of schemes like SarvaShikhaAbhiyan, Ayushman
Bharat, Make In India, Skill India, MNREGA, Start up India, Encouraging MSMEs
among others.
• At international level:
• Sustainable development goals implementation
• Paris climate deal and climate finance
• Financing of development projects by multinational banks specially refinancing
micro finance
Can be used in Conclusion :
• Philosophy of VasudhaivKutumbkatam
• Wipe Every tear from every eye
An eye for an eye only ends up making the whole world blind
Structure of the essay
Introduction:
• It may contain simple explanation of the quote along with identification of the
author (if you know). It may also have any anecdote or any interesting fact which
can show how an eye for an eye has ended up making the whole world blind.
• It should also give the glimpse of what is to be followed in the essay.
Body:
• Here candidate must show the how the attitude of an eye for an eye has made
the whole world blind in multiple dimensions with concrete examples/facts.
• How this approach might give result in short run but is a failure in the long run
• Way forwards along with case studies to show the effectiveness of the it

Conclusion:
• Conclude on a positive note with a vision towards peaceful mutual co-existence
Content of the essay:
Quote: It is given by Gandhi ji to highlight the disastrous consequences of vengeance
Different dimensions showing the horrible consequences of the attitude of an eye for
an eye
Historical precedents:
• Avenging the death of the Austrian prince pushed the Europe into world war 1.
• Hitler avenging the Versailles treaty led to the growth of Nazism which later
fueled 2nd world war
• Clashes after partition in India between Hindus and Muslims
• Different theatres of conflicts in cold war era due mutual antagonism (e.g. Cuba,
Vietnam, Korea)
Societal perspective:
• At individual level, degradation of personal friendships, family relations among
others (e.g. instances of family feud leading to killing of even family members)
• Regional clashes: Water disputes between Karnatka and Tamilnadu leading to
violence in states against Tamils and Kannadas respectively
• Communal clashes to teach other community a lesson ( Muzzafarnagar riots, cow
vigilantism leading to breaking of law etc.)
• Mob violence (based on fake news killing of innocent persons)
• Cast based violence ( punishing Dalits for “polluting” the upper caste)
• Ideological clashes: Patriarchal/rigid attitude not accepting inter caste/ inter
religious/ inter village marriages and often leading to honor killings
• Degradation of social capital and harmony
Politics:
• Justifying various actions that are against the spirit of the constitution based on
what the previous ruling party did e.g. Imposition of President rule in 9 congress
ruled states by Janta party in 1977 and again imposition of President rule in
those 9 states when Indira Gandhi came back to power.
• Hostility between different organs of state ( e.g. Executive sat on MOUs for judicial
appointment for long after SC struck down Judicial appointment constitutional
amendment.
International relations:
• Support to extremism in other‘s countries in turn fuelling the extremism (e.g.
Pakistan supported terror groups , USA supported Taliban against USSR, Russian
support to Syrian President)
• Perpetual conflict zones due to mutual reciprocal hostility (e.g. South China
Dispute: countries raising stakes in south china sea in response to Chinese
aggressive claims;

• Nuclear arms race against each other and consequential threat to world peace
• Supporting organized crimes in enemy country like Hawala, Fake currency, drugs/
human trafficking in turn funding the terrorism e.g. Taliban cultivate opium which
finds market through organized crime networks
Economics
• Tarrif wars between the countries in turn obstructing the free trade at global level
Failure of vengeance in the long run:
• Revolutionaries in India started with the motto of striking terror in the heart of
British by adopting violent means. They avenged the death of their comrades.
They had short term success but ultimately they themselves realized the
inadequacies of their method. For example, Bhagat Singh latter renounced violence
based method.
Way forward:
• Need of values like justice, compassion, forgiveness, non-violence, believing in
vasudhaivkutumbkam among others.
• There should be conscientious realization of the mistake and heartfelt remorse
coupled with suitable amends
Case Studies
• Indian Freedom Movement led byGandhijibased on non-violence and Ahimsa
• Ashokarealized his mistake after Kalinga war later became the messenger of
Dhamma.
Power corrupts the few, while weakness corrupts the many

Structure of the answer:
• Introduction:
 You can start with an anecdote or any suitable quote
 You must clearly what do you understand by the given topic.
 A glimpse of body can be given in the introduction
 You should clearly state your stance on the given topic in introduction itself.
• Body:
 Give examples as to how power corrupts the few while weakness corrupts the
many.
 Examples should be given from diverse fields.
 Analyse why it happens. Give arguments and do substantiate your argument
with fact, data example or case study.
 Give counter-argument if you do not completely agree with the topic. Do
substantiate these arguments as well.
• Conclusion:
 In the light of the content of your body, clarify your stand on the topic.
 Do give suggestions as to whether people should power or not.

Relevant Quotations:
1. Power Corrupts and absolute power corrupts absolutely.
2. “The world suffers a lot. Not because the violence of bad people. But because of
the silence of the good people.” (take violence here as corruption)
3. With Great Power Comes Great Responsibility.
4. Knowledge is Power.
5. One bad fish can spoil the whole pond
Examples Supporting the Topic:
1. Both bribe taking and giving are corruption. Bribe taker is corrupt due to power
and bribe giver is corrupt due to weakness. S/he is helpless. Definitely, bribe
takers are a few and bribe givers are too many.
2. Politics – Politicians are corrupt due to possession of power. But voters are corrupt
due to their weakness. They take money/alcohol/gifts during election because
they are weak. They feel that they can’t change the system. Their one vote can’t
make any difference. So, why not make some money. Thus, leads to collusive
corruption on part of many.
3. Take the example of ‘Hindi medium’ movie- where the principle of the institution
was corrupt, due to which people in the mass adopt various corrupt means to get
admission. And to serve that chain, many people participate in corruption starting
from peon, tea shop, a big businessman,etc.
4. Example of Organised crime, can be used to demonstrate that when those in
power indulge in corrupt practises, then how, who don’t have power, keep quiet
and become part of the system due to their moral corruption.
Reasoning /Arguments behind this phenomenon
1. According to pyramidal nature of society, the number of people at the top of the
pyramid is less than the number of people at the lower level. So, naturally power
corrupts the few because power is possessed by few only.
If a system is corrupt, all those who are following that corrupt system are guilty.
They are also corrupt in the sense that they are reason for perpetuation of corrupt
system.
2. Power is not as much the reason of corruption as the weakness in one’s moral
fibre. It is a person’s inability to resist the easy money through corruption that is
the prime cause of corruption. And this is weakness, not power.
3. However, moral weakness sometimes also gets manifested by lack of power too.
For example - In a company, if some corrupt practises are being done by those
who are in power, then people of lower rank do not show enough courage to
highlight it and keep silent due to lack of power.
4. Hatred, malice, rudeness, intolerance, and suspicion are the faults of
weakness.The resentment of the weak does not spring from any injustice done to
them but from the sense of their inadequacy and impotence.

5. Sometimes situational crisis makes masses weak and thus indulge in corrupt
practises unknowingly. For example – Sometimes due to poverty, a poor person
might indulge in illegal selling of his organ, which is crime and not allowed. But
due to his situation, he was not having any other option.
6. Power is very much needed, but if power becomes corrupt, then it might corrupt
the masses, by triggering their weakness due to lawlessness or weak enforcement
mechanisms. For example – If a King with power is corrupt, then there are chances
his officers will in turn be corrupt and thus due to lawlessness and for personal
benefits masses will also become corrupt. (Sadam Hussain, Muammar Gaddafi).
7. Power per se does not corrupts, it is the misuse of power of which corrupts. It
depends upon the values and principle of an individual who holds that power,
about how he uses it. Here Power might come from position or power might be
intrusted by masses onto one person (Gandhi ji became powerful, due to acceptance
of his leadership by people)
So, what should be done?
1. We should focus on removing weaknesses. We need to inculcate the capacity for
self-help.
2. Capability Approach by Amartya Sen should be our model of development.
3. We should impart people the technical, social, and political skills which would enable
them to get bread, human dignity, freedom, and strength by their own efforts.
(Give a man a fish and you feed him for a day; teach a man to fish and you feed him for
a lifetime.)
4. Empowering masses with legislative tools- about their rights, protecting them
against the wrongs done by those in Power. For example- Whistle-blower protection
act. We should empower people with their rights and all the necessary mechanism
to entertain those rights.
5. Inequality at all levels- be it of class, caste, power, etc should be reduced, so that
people don’t get indulged in wrong practises due to their situations. For example-
reducing income inequality, will reduce poverty. Thus, poverty induce corruption/
crimes will reduce and people will not take wrong path.
6. Value based education and the role of society also becomes crucial in imparting
values, which empowers an individual with the values of integrity, honesty- which
gives moral strength.
Water scarcity: Natural or manmade?

• Introduction:
 You can start with any anecdote that contextualize the essay topic well.
 Or you can simply explain the essay topic with background as to why this
question is relevant now
 Or you can start with any quote to begin your essay
 Your introduction must also include the brief outline of your essay and as well
as a thesis statement to reflect your opinion on the question
• Body:
 Write in brief about water scarcity
 Give arguments in favor of how the water scarcity is natural
 Give arguments in favor of how the water scarcity is man made
 Give balancing judgment
 Recommendations to counter the challenge of water crisis
• Conclusion:
 Envisage the future of water scarcity and how it can be mitigated by
participation of stakeholders.
1. We never know the worth of water till the well is dry.-Thomas Fuller
2. “The third world war is at our gate, and it will be about water, if we don’t do
something about this crisis.” - Rajendra Singh, known as the “water man of India”
3. All the water that will ever be is, right now
4. The Earth provides enough to satisfy every man’s needs, but not every man’s greed.
Definitionof Water scarcity: It is the lack of sufficient available water resources to meet
the demands of water usage within a region
Relevant Facts:
1. Currently, 600 million Indians face high to extreme water stress and about two
lakh people die every year due to inadequate access to safe water.
2. By 2030, the country’s water demand is projected to be twice the available supply,
implying severe water scarcity forhundreds of millions of people
3. There would be a loss of over ~6% loss in the country’s GDP in business as usual
approach. (NITI Ayog report)
4. By 2025, an estimated 1.8 billion people will live in areas plagued by water scarcity,
with two-thirds of the world’s population living in water-stressed regions.
5. Compared to today, five times as much land is likely to be under “extreme drought”
by 2050.
Arguments in favor of water scarcity being natural
• Location factors: Certain regions like Sahara desert, Thar desert etc are
perpetually water scarce regions due to various geographical factors (continentality,
sub tropical high and offshore winds)
• Climate factor: Pattern of monsoon and its variability for instance create water
scarce regions e.g. Drought hit Maharashtra
• Growing demand supply mismatch: growing population in urban areas and
resultant demand supply mismatch. For instance In 1950, the world’s population
was about 2.5 billion people. By 2000, global population had reached just over 6
billion. During this time, population growth in urban areas increased from 29 to
47%. By 2010, more than 50% of the global population will be urban dwellers.

Arguments in favor of water scarcity being man made:
• Unsustainable Agriculture: The data published by the Central Water Commission
indicate that agriculture alone accounts for about 85 per cent of all water use,
mostly drawn from groundwater.
 Exhausting water resource beyond carrying capacity: Unsustainable copping
pattern with water intensive crops in Maharashtra (Sugar cane) and Punjab
and Haryana (rice cultivation) leading to depletion of ground water table.
 Inefficient modes of irrigation : e.g. unlined canal leading to seepage, surface
irrigation leading massive evaporation loss
• Contamination of groundwater/surface water: Discharge of industrial waste
without treatment , discharge from mining, sewerage etc leading to up to 70% of
India’s water supply being “contaminated”.
• Not utilizing existing resources well: Although India receives an average rainfall
of 1,170 mm per year, it is estimated that only 6-7% of rainwater is stored.
• Wastage of water: e.g. leakage of pipes providing water, keeping tap open while
shaving etc.
• Non-maintenance of water supply infrastructure leading to proliferage and
inefficient water storage: Siltation in dams, eutrophication in canals etc
• Encroachment on wetlands: resulting into loss of water recharge of groundwater
and inadequate maintenance of soil moisture
• Deforestation leading to increased run off, soil erosion and less rain water
retention
• Climate change driven water crisis: Recent estimates suggest that climate
change will account for about 20 percent of the increase in global water scarcity
 Increased frequency of extreme climate events like droughts: e.g. Capetown crisis
 Increased occurrence of El NINO and consequent drought in India
 Melting of glaciers and resultant impact on future supply of water from rivers
originating from glaciers
Historical lessons:
• The Indus Valley Civilization had a well-managed canal system and tanks to
store water.
• In ancient India, there were different types of indigenous water harvesting e.g.
Bawoli, Tankas of Rajastathan
Recommendations:
• Educate to change consumption and lifestyles: Daily habits change having lesser
water footprints
• Invent new water conservation technologies
• Recycle wastewater: e.g. to use in gardening in house
• Improve irrigation and agricultural practices: Micro irrigation like drip and sprinkler
irrigation, ecological cropping pattern
• Appropriately price water to curb wastage of water by consumers

• Improve water catchment and harvesting by Integrated watershed development approach
• Look to community-based governance and partnerships
• Improve distribution infrastructure like pipelines, canals etc.
• Address pollution by enforcing regulatory measures
• Climate change mitigation
• Population growth control measures
Technology is a useful servant but a dangerous master

• Introduction:
 You can start with any anecdote that contextualize the essay topic well.
 Or you can simply explain the essay topic with background as to why this
question is relevant now
 Or you can start with any quote to begin your essay
 Your introduction must also include the brief outline of your essay and as well
as a thesis statement to reflect your instance
• Body:
 Give arguments as to how technology is a useful servant in multiple dimensions
 Give arguments as to how technology is becoming master of humans and how
it is leading to undesirable consequences
 Give your analysis which may include acknowledgement of the fact that
technology is a tool and its end result is only a consequence of what humans
make out of it.
• Conclusion:
 Conclude by suggesting a way out of situation and envisaging the future with
technology
1. It has become appallingly obvious that our technology has exceeded our humanity–
Albert Einstein
2. Humanity is acquiring all the right technology for all the wrong reasons–R.
Buckminster Fuller
3. The human spirit must prevail over technology–Albert Einstein
Technology being useful servant
• Industrial revolution: revolutionized production system around the world based
on technological innovation like steam engine, power mill etc.
• Agriculture: High yield seeds in Green revolution, Genetic Modified cotton making
India a net exporter of cotton; drones for assessment of crop damage under
PradhanMantriFasalBimaYojana

• Health: Nano-technology for targeted drug delivery
• Education: Swayam portal for dissemination of knowledge, Tele education
• Politics: Electronic VotingMachines for casting of votes leading to minimizing of
booth capturing and increased efficiency
• Security: Unmanned Aerial Vehicles for supervision in geographically difficult
terrains, damage assessment in disaster etc
• Governance : Direct benefit transfer in PAHAL saving money and improving
targeting of beneficiaries
• Wildlife Management: Thermal imaging, RFID tags to control poaching
• Disaster Management: Forecast of cyclones like Phalin helped in saving many
lives
• Criminal Justice System : Police: online filing of FIR
• Social Media: Use of Twitter by Minister of external affairs to redress citizens‘
grievance
Technology becoming dangerous master:
• Addiction of smartphones/social media: leading to depression, anxiety and
loneliness in real life
• Abuse of technology leading to
 Fake news/rumors spread through social media leading to rising hatred and
mob lynching
 Weapons of mass destructions creating fear to human survival: e.g. nuclear
technology misused in Hiroshima/Nagasaki
 Mass surveillance programs leading to invasion of privacy e.g. Prism of USA
 Cyber-attacks, cyber bullying etc. e.g. Wannacry, Blue whale game
 Climate change due to unsustainable exploitation of earth : increased frequency
of extreme events like floods and droughts
 Big Data analysis leading to targeted programs aimed at changing perception
of people (e.g. Advertisements)
• Technology creating Frankenstein monster
 Ultrasound machines: misused to detect sex of child and later female foeticides
 GM crops destroying local biodiversity
 Use of plastic in every sphere of life and consequent threat to environment
and life.
 Designer baby by applied genetics
Ultimately technology is a tool which should not be allowed to become master of human
mankind. The end consequence of technology depends on the use we put it to. It will
require prudence, values of sustainability, justice and equity to make it a true servant of
humans. It will require that all stakeholders should come together and work towards
mutual prosperity and sustainable peace. The success of Montreal protocol in reversing
the ozone layer depletion is a testimony to what we as a whole can do.

The climate is a common good, belonging to all and meant for all
• Introduction:
 You can start with any relevant quotation that conveys the meaning that the
climate is a common good.
 Another way of starting the essay could be to explain the context of the topic
and clarify what exactly you have understood from the topic.
 You can elaborate what is meant by common good.
 Introduction must also give a glimpse of things to come in the body.
• Body:
 Give Argument as to how climate is a common good.
 Clearly establish how climate belongs to all and is meant for all.
 Give illustration of both positive as well as negative implication of such an
understanding related to climate.
 Write how failure to understand that climate is a common good has created
problems for mankind.
• Conclusion:
 Write call of action for different stakeholders related to climate.
1. A little of the earth belongs to those who are living,
A little to those who are dead,
But a large part belongs to those who are yet to be born!
2. “We do not inherit the Earth from our ancestors—we borrow it from our children.”
It means that the climate belongs to past, present as well as future generations.
3. The Earth provides enough to satisfy every man’s needs, but not every man’s greed.
Relevant principles
1. Polluter Pays Principle
2. Common but differentiated Responsibility.
Definition of Common Good:
The common good is that which is shared by and beneficial to all or most members of
a given community. It is shared by collective and not owned by any individual person
or entity. There is no exclusive right over a common good.
Constituent of Climate:
1. Air
2. Rain
3. Sunlight
4. Pressure
5. Temperature

It can be argued that all of these are common good that belongs to all and has
meaning for everyone.
Implication of Climate being a common good
1. Climate Change is affecting all e.g. erratic monsoons, frequent extreme events
like floods, droughts and cyclones.
2. Universal impact of Global Temperature rise by 0.50C above preindustrial era.
3. Sea Level Rise -> inundation in coastal regions -> migration towards inlands ->
Migrants problems like slum development, infrastructure shortage etc.
4. Increasing level of pollution in urban and industrial areas are causing health
issues for all section of society.
5. Urbanization induced climatic changes affects nearby rural areas also. E.g.
Deforestation for urbanization often leads to reduced rainfall.
6. Reduced Agricultural Productivity due to climate Change – Food Security of
everyone is compromised.
Interaction of one section of humanity with the climate has impacted all.
1. Developed countries’ have emitted most of the present CO2 in atmosphere. But
its impact is being felt by all
2. Rich people consume more and have higher ecological footprint. But it is the poor
that suffers more from vagaries of the nature.
3. Deforestation in Himalayas -> Siltation in rivers flowing through Northern plain -
> Flooding in Northern Plain
Deforestation in Himalayas -> Anomaly in Monsoon patterns -> drought in Peninsular
India
How humanity has failed to appreciate that climate belongs to all
Based on Ecological Footprint, 4.8 Earths would be required if the whole world live
like USA. It means the people of developed country are consuming resources and in
turn impacting climate that is meant for others.
Recent Lessons Learnt
1. Paris Climate Deal to stop global temperature below 1.50C above pre-industrial
level. All countries have adopted Intended Nationally Determined Contributions.
Mention INDCs of India.
2. Sustainable Development goals meant for all nations of the globe.
3. National Action Plan on Climate Change
What is the lesson from this understanding?
1. We should not allow climate degradation in any part of the world because that is
going to impact each one of us.
2. Developed countries should stop the practice of shifting their polluting industries
to developing countries.
3. We must not indulge in Conspicuous Consumption.
4. Go for sustainable Development.

5. 3 Rs – Reduce, Reuse and Recycle so that resources are available for all.
6. Safeguarding several constituent of climate viz. Anti-pollution measures,
Afforestation etc.
7. Participative Development engaging all section of society as climate belongs to all
and development is intricately linked to climate.
Women empowerment in India: a distant dream

• Introduction:
 You can start with an anecdote that shows the perspective of Women
empowerment. A more suitable anecdote would be the one that shows that
women empowerment is only partially achieved and full realization is still a
distant dream.
 You can also start by clarifying as to what women empowerment means to you.
 You must clearly express your opinion on the topic in introduction itself.
• Body:
 Give examples of women empowerment in India from different fields.
 Write examples of limited success of women empowerment in various fields.
 Give reasons for lack of women empowerment or challenges in the path of
women empowerment in India.
 Do cover all the dimensions of women empowerment that you mentioned in
the introduction.
• Conclusion:
 Give suggestion as to how women empowerment can be realized in India.
 You can also briefly write the importance of women empowerment for India
that India will miss if it doesn’t follow the steps suggested by you.
Content for the Essay:
In the modern India, the woman has always been a second grade citizen, no matter what
the discourse of our mainstream discussion could be. There are several places across the
country where harmful customs of the ancient world coexist with modern appliances and
thought. However that may come as hardly any surprise to anyone who has lived in India
– the dichotomy of society is something that can only be explained by a refrain from an old
Bollywood song: “It happens only in India!”
Yes, it is only in India that glaring and brutal gang rapes occur frequently in a state that
is headed by a woman Chief Minister. Gender discrimination is the least of worries for
women in India, known otherwise as the fourth most dangerous country in the world for
women. Other instances of violence against women has an astonishing and grim variety
to it – with acid throwing, domestic violence stemming out of dowry, rape, harassment
and an assortment of others.

What is Women Empowerment?
• In the simplest of words it is basically the creation of an environment where
women can make independent decisions on their personal development as well
as shine as equals in society.
• Women want to be treated as equals so much so that if a woman rises to the top of
her field it should be a commonplace occurrence that draws nothing more than a
raised eyebrow at the gender. This can only happen if there is a channelized
route for the empowerment of women.
• Thus it is no real surprise that women empowerment in India is a hotly discussed topic
with no real solution looming in the horizon except to doubly redouble our efforts and
continue to target the sources of all the violence and ill-will towards women.
Crimes Against Women
• The crimes against women fly directly against orchestrating women empowerment
in India. A report on the crimes against women by the National Crime Records
Bureau comes reports that a crime against a woman is committed every three minutes.
• According to the International Men and Gender Equality Survey (IMAGES), 65% of
Indian men believe women should tolerate violence in order to keep the family
together, and women sometimes deserve to be beaten. It also reported that 24%
of Indian men had committed sexual violence at some point during their lives.
Challenges of Women Empowerment in India:
1. Education
The gap between women and men is severe. While 82.14% of adult men are
educated, only 65.46% of adult women are literate in India. Not only is an illiterate
women at the mercy of her husband or father, she also does not know that this is
not the way of life for women across the world.
2. Patriarchy
The view that the future generation of a family is carried on and preserved by
boys-only has degraded the position of women in society. Similarly, it is noticed
that majority of the women are lacking in the spirit of rebellion. If careful attention
is not paid and major steps are not taken, the situation will become extremely
critical.
3. Poverty In The Country
About a 23.6% of the country’s population lives on less than 1.25USD per day. The
GINI index keeps rising slowly over the years, indicating that the inequality in
the distribution of wealth in the country is increasing, currently hovering a little
close to 33.9.
Due to abject poverty, women are exploited as domestic helps and wives whose
incomes are usurped by the man of the house. Additionally, sex slaves are a
direct outcome of poverty. According to police estimates, a shocking 300,000 women
and girls have been trafficked for exploitative sex work from state of Andhra
Pradesh only; of these just 3,000 have been rescued so far.
If poverty were not a concern, then the girl child will be able to follow her dreams
without concerns of sexual exploitation, domestic abuse and no education or work.
4. HEALTH & SAFETY
The health and safety concerns of women are an important factor in gauging the
empowerment of women in a country. However there are alarming concerns where
maternal healthcare is concerned.
The maternal mortality rate of India stands at 167 per 100,000 live births. While
there are several programmes that have been set into motion by the Government
and several NGOs in the country (e.g. Janani-Sishu Suraksha Yojana), there is still
a wide gap that exists between those under protection and those not. The empowerment
of women will be a myth without a guarantee of their health and safety.
Actions taken to Empower Women:
1. Sustainable Development Goals (SDG)
The fifth SDG is on achieving gender equality and empowering all women and
girls. It has to be achieved by 2030. India achieved target of MDG of equal primary
and secondary schooling enrollment.
2. Beti- Bachao beti Padhao Scheme:
The scheme is launched to address the issue of decline in CSR in 100 gender
critical districts and to provide convergent efforts to ensure survival, protection
and education of the girl child.
3. Integrated Child Development Scheme (ICDS):
It aims at providing supplementary nutrition, immunization and pre-school
education to the children.
4. SABLA Scheme:
It aims to enable the adolescent girls for self-development and empowerment,
Improve their nutrition and health status, and to educate, skill and make them
ready for life’s challenges.
5. National Commission for Women:
The National Commission for Women (NCW) is a statutory body of the Government
of India, generally concerned with advising the government on all policy matters
affecting women.
6. NARI Portal:
The NARI portal will provide information to women on issues affecting their lives.
The portal summarises over 350 government schemes and other important
information.
The Way Forward:
India as a country is still recovering from years of abuse in the time of the Raj and
more years of economic suffering at the hands of the License Raj. It is only now that
globalisation, liberalisation and other socio-economic forces have given some respite
to a large proportion of the population. However, there are still quite a few areas
where women empowerment in India is largely lacking.
To truly understand what women empowerment is, there needs to be a sea-change
in the mind-set of the people in the country. Not just the women themselves, but the
men have to wake up to a world that is moving towards equality and equity. It is
better that this is embraced earlier rather than later, for our own good.

Swami Vivekananda once said “arise awake and stop not until the goal is reached”.
Thus our country should be catapulted into the horizon of empowerment of women
and revel in its glory.
We have a long way to go, but we will get there someday. We shall overcome.
Rude people don’t understand soft language

(ykrksa ds Hkwr ckrksa ls ugha ekurs)
• Introduction:
 You can start with an anecdote that clearly depicts the topic.
 In case, you do not fully agree with the topic, you should choose an anecdote
that establishes the stand chosen by you.
 You must clarify what ‘Rude People’ and ‘soft language’ means to you. You
should enlarge the scope of the essay by giving wider meaning to these terms.
• Body:
 In various fields of life, show how this argument is valid or invalid.
 Give examples and case studies to prove your stand.
 Your stand could be in support of the topic or against it or you can choose a
gradual response. The content of the essay would be given based on a stand
that different situation demands different course of action.
 Show the application of your stand in various fields.
• Conclusion:
 Write what a person should learn from your stand related to the topic at hand.
Related Quotes:
1. Fire doesn’t extinguish fire.
2. If someone slaps you on one cheek, turn to them the other also. – Mahatama
Gandhi/Bible
3. Straightforwardness with the straightforward, crookedness with the crooked.
4. When the mind is disturbed – give it a little time and it will settle down.
Related Anecdotes:
1. Gautam Buddha and Anguli Mal Story – There was a dacoit named Angulimal,
who had killed 999 people and cut their fingers and made a garland out of those
fingers. One day, he spotted Gautam Buddha as his 1000th target. He chased him
to kill. But Buddha remained calm, cool and composed. Angulimal asked him to
stop. Buddha said that he had already stopped and when he would stop. Buddha
asked him to break 10 leaves from a tree to show that he is powerful. Angulimal did
that easily. Then Buddha asked him to join these leaves back to the tree. Angulimal
said that it was not possible. Buddha questioned him that if he can’t join something
who had given him the right to break. If he can’t give life to a person, how can h,e
kill anybody? This changed the mindset of Angulimal and he gave up violence and
became a Buddhist monk. Thus, rude people do understand soft language.

2. Mythological Story of Bhrigu Rishi and Lord Vishnu – Once Bhrigu Rishi was
very angry with lord Vishnu and he kicked him with his legs while lord Vishnu
was sleeping. Lord Vishnu woke up and rather than retaliating he asked for
forgiveness. He said that his body, especially chest, is very hard and it must have
hurt the soft foot of Bhrigu Rishi. It melted the anger of Bhrigu Rishi. Thus, Soft
language does work on rude people.
3. In a scene of the movie Yeshwant, a journalist comes to Police Inspector (Nana
Patekar) to complain about the loss of his bag. Nana Patekar calls a person, who
had stolen the bag and brings good food for him. After feeding him, he asks about
the bag. That thief acts ignorant about the bag. Then Nana Patekar slaps him
hard. He immediately gives information about the bag and brings that bag as well.
Nana Patekar then turns to that journalist and says that the rude people don’t
understand the soft language.
4. Story of Varadraj – He was a very poor student. His teacher evicted him from the
Gurukul. On the way back to home, he stopped at a well to have lunch. He saw
that with recurrent movement of rope over the wall of the well, groves have been
created on the rock. He realized that hard rocks can also be molded with persistent
movement of soft rope.
djr&djr vH;kl ds tMefr gksr lqtku] jljh vkor tkr] fly ij djr fu'kkuA
“Rude people don’t understand soft language” should not be our first course of action.
We should adopt the Indian dictum of “Sham-Daam-Dand”. First, we must use soft
language (sam = Samjhana), then we should use economic tools (Dam) and if these
two don’t work, we should go for penal action (dand).
Scope of the Essay:
1. Rude People-
a. Naughty student, who is not interested in study or who does mischief in the
class.
b. People involved in crimes like thieves, rapists, murderer etc.
c. Terrorist
d. Rogue Nations that are detrimental to international peace.
e . People perpetuating social evils like patriarchy, casteism, communalism etc.
2. Soft Language-
a. Diplomacy
b. Persuasion
c. Dialogue, Debate, Discussion
d. Apology
Examples:
1. Iran – It didn’t stop its nuclear programme when the world leaders requested it to
do so. Soft Language didn’t work. So, economic sanctions were placed. Then it led
to Iran Nuclear deal.

2. Taliban – Even economic sanctions didn’t work. So, invasion was made. Rude
people didn’t understand soft language.
3. Many Naxalites have left the path of violence when government is offering job and
compensation in case they surrender and join the mainstream. Soft language is
being understood by rude people.
4. India’s Freedom Struggle – Moderates used extreme soft language. In Gandhian
era, the unconstitutional tools like civil disobedience was also used but within
the confines of truth and non-violence. Non-Cooperation was a mean of economic
sanction. And During Quit India movement, people did come on the streets and
gave voice to their anguish against the British rule.
Application:
1. Teachers should never use penal action because a child mind is too soft.
2. In democracy the soft language is the way to go.
3. For criminals, reformation should be the objective and if there is no sign of
reformation or remorse, penal action is the way to go.
4. Terrorists are usually brain washed and in most cases, persuasion is not likely to
work. So, they need to be dealt with first hard language (arrest, detention) and
then soft-language should be applied to bring about a change in attitude.
5. In international arena, Sam, Daam, Dand should be applied in gradual order.
6. To address the social issues, soft language is the best tool. Religious tolerance
can only be achieved by meeting of minds. Patriarchy can be addressed only with
the change in mindsets. Hard language should only be used as a matter to avoid
extreme situations like containing riots. But hard language can’t address the
root cause of social issues.
So, there is no one-size fit all approach. Depending upon the situation rude people can
understand or not understand the soft language. So, we should also apply various tool
depending upon their likelihood of success.
Capital punishment : Still relevant in civilized world?

• Introduction:
 It may contain any anecdote or any interesting fact or quote which can
contextualize the essay topic i.e. relevance of capital punishment in civilized
world.
 It should clearly state the stand of the candidate.
 It should also delineate the scope of the essay in terms of what is to be followed
briefly.
• Body:
 The body will depend upon the stand taken by the candidate. Broadly it may
have following parts.
 Brief discussion on justice, capital punishment and civilized world.

 Arguments in favor of the capital punishment.
 Arguments against the capital punishment.
 Countering the arguments made against candidate‘s stand.
 Comparative analysis across the world/societies to prove one‘s stand.
• Conclusion:
 Conclude by recommending the reforms in justice system and the importance
of doing one‘s bit and how it is relevant in problems being faced by our planet.
• Quotes:
 “Many that live deserve death. And some that die deserve life. Can you give it
to them? Then do not be too eager to deal out death in judgement.” ¯ J.R.R.
Tolkien, The Fellowship of the Ring
 “Criminals do not die by the hands of the law. They die by the hands of other
men.” (George Bernard Shaw, Man and Superman)
• Facts: More than 140 countries have either abolished or have put moratorium on
capital punishment
• Justice: Fairness in protection of rights and punishment of wrongs; the quality of
being just; righteousness, equitableness, or moral rightness
• Constituents of the civilized society: Rule of law, democracy, respect for the
human life, human rights/fundamental rights of the people, dignity of the individual
• Arguments in favor of the capital punishment
 Demands of the retribution against the crime committed by people.
 To act as a deterrent against heinous crime and thus decreasing the crimes
in society.
 “Demands of the collective conscience of the society”- as per Supreme court.
 State giving a statement against threats to national security and integrity e.g.
capital punishment for terror acts.
 Impossibility of the reforming of an individual in certain cases.
• Arguments against the capital punishment in civilized world
 Right to life is a fundamental constituent of the human rights which are
quintessential in a civilized society (discuss this in bit more detail with respect
to the demands of the civilized society).
 Irreversibility of the capital punishment: To err is human, thus an error on
the part of the judges cannot be corrected later once execution is done.
 Questionable safeguards: For example many countries have made provisions for
the Presidential pardons as a measure of last minute correction however it leaves
much to subjectivity i.e. personality of the President e.g. Contrast of President
Mukherjee and President Pratibha Patil in pardoning of the death sentences.
 Non objectivity in awarding punishment itself: SC has held rarest of the rare
doctrine test for awarding capital punishment however it cannot be objectively
enforced as the crimes have different socio-economic background.

 Deterrent: No studies have proven that death sentence acts as deterrent.
 impossibility of the reform of an individual is not a valid argument as it does
not take in to account human will.
 “Collective conscience of the society”: Societal demands of the death penalty
may at times be born out of emotional outburst- justice cannot be based on that.
 M. Gandhi: Repeated such demands for the capital punishment may lead to
Gandhian quote becoming true “An eye for an eye makes the whole world blind”.
• Can be used in conclusion
 Real causes need to be addressed: Counter terrorism measures in case of
terrorism, swift and assured punishment coupled with value education
respecting women dignity in case of crimes against the women
 Reforms in criminal justice system desired: Judges (increasing their number
etc), Police reforms (separation of investigation from other police functions,
reducing political interference etc.), jails (to be made centers of reforming
individuals rather than a camp for incarceration);
 Steps towards a civilized society: Reforms starting from the individuals,
families and other societal institution to inculcate respect for the human
rights, rule of law, justice among others
The greatest threat to our planet is the belief that

someone else will save it.
• Introduction:
 It may contain any anecdote or any interesting fact or quote which can
contextualize the essay topic.
 It should also delineate the scope of the essay in terms of what is to be followed
briefly.
• Body:
 It can have following parts.
 Showing with examples how escaping one’s responsibility has led to catastrophic
results for the planet as a whole.
 From more macro perspective at global level, one can move to more regional
level to argue for similar trends.
 One can show how individuals who have realized their responsibilities have
contributed to mutual peace and prosperity.
• Conclusion:
· Conclude by envisaging importance of doing one‘s bit and how it is relevant in
problems being faced by our planet.

• Quotes:
 “You cannot escape the responsibility of tomorrow by evading it today.” -
Abraham Lincoln.
 “We are made wise not by the recollection of our past, but by the responsibility
for our future.” - George Bernard Shaw
 “You must be the change you wish to see in the world.” - Mahatma Gandhi
• Examples that show how escaping one‘s responsibility has led to catastrophic
results for the planet as a whole
1. Climate change:
 Earlier polluting actions of nations to fast track their growth without regard to
global warming due to green house gas emissions leading to climate change
 Evasion of responsibility of the industrial societies to contribute towards common
but differentiated responsibility e.g. USA pulling out of Paris deal
 Similar other environmental problems like desertification, water/air pollution
etc. due to shifting of responsibility to others
2. Terrorism:
 Divide over good terrorism and bad terrorism in some countries
 lack of united efforts towards ISIS, Boko haram, Syria civil war etc
 Non acceptance of Terrorism convention propounded by India;
 All of it has led to growth of terrorism threatening the global peace
 Refugee crisis threatening peace of world: as countries have not shouldered
responsibilities
3. At national and individual level
 Following should be linked to threat to nation/planet to complete the argument
 Politics
 Good people not participating in election
 citizens not holding government accountable for their actions and omissions
4. Economy
 Citizens not paying taxes, agreeing to pay in cash and thus contributing to
black money.
5. Society
 Persistence of patriarchy, casteism, communalism due to “chalta hai” approach
as citizens do not resist these practices
6. Environment
 open burning of waste, open defecation, littering around, keeping the tap
open while brushing the teeth/shaving etc.
• Successful case studies of realization of one‘s responsibilities and tackling
imminent threat to mutual peace.
 Montreal protocol and Ozone depletion.
 Sant Seechewal who revived a dead river in Punjab.
 Kailash Satyarthi fighting against the social crimes like child labor.
Weak can never forgive; forgiveness is the attribute of the strong!
• Introduction:
 It is best to start this essay with an anecdote.
 The anecdote must clarify the topic. The examiner must get a clear idea about
what you have understood about the topic.
• Body:
 Give arguments in support of this quote.
 Examples from different field should be taken to substantiate the topic.
 Students should be careful that you just not have to show instances where
forgiveness has produced great results. Rather you have to show that weak
can’t forgive; it is the strong who forgives.
 Forgiveness should not only be considered in literal sense. Rather it should
be given wider interpretation.
 You can give some arguments against this quote as well
 Every argument must be substantiated by a suitable example, case study or
data.
 Write the application of this quote in contemporary context.
• Conclusion:
 Based on the arguments and discussion done in the body, summarise your
stand on the topic.
 Do suggest course of action for various actors in the society based on your
stand on the topic.
Relevant Quotes:
1. Kshama shobti us bhujang ko, jiske paas garal ho,
uska kya jo dantheen vishheen,vineet, saral ho.
{kek 'kksHkrh ml Hkqtax dks ftlds ikl xjr gks
mldks D;k tks narghu fo"kjfgr] fouhr] ljy gksA
jke/kjh flag fnudj
2. An eye for an eye will make the whole world blind.
3. If someone slaps you on one cheek, turn to them the other also. – Mahatama
Gandhi/Bible
Examples:
1. Treaty of Versailles was penalising on Germany. Allied powers didn’t adopt the
attribute of forgiveness. It proved that they were insecure (weak) of another rise
of Germany. Their weakness was exposed in the way Germany rose under Hitler.
They were not able to contain his expansionist policies. The lesson was learnt
and Axis powers were forgiven and it has saved the world from 3rd World War.

2. Gautam Buddha: Once a person came and abused Gautam Buddha a lot. He
remained calm and composed. When that person left, one of his disciples asked
him why he didn’t retaliate. He replied that if someone gives you a gift and you
don’t take it where the gift remains. It remains with the donor person only.
Similarly, when that person gave me abuses and I didn’t accept that, those remained
with him only. It clearly shows that Buddha had the attribute of forgiveness and
his strength needs no explanation.
3. Our legal system is based on this principle – There is rarest of the rare doctrine
for death penalty so that even if there is an iota of opportunity of reform, that
person should be provided that opportunity. There is pardoning provision in our
constitution to forgive a criminal in case she/he has remorse and she/he wants
to reform himself/herself.
Further, we have adopted reformative justice system rather than retributive justice
system. It shows the strength of the state. State today is fully capable of penalising
criminals. Still, it forgives and gives a chance to reform to every criminal.
Wider Interpretation of Forgiveness:
1. Democracy – the strength of masses lies in forgiveness. E.g. people of India
forgave Mrs. Indira Gandhi despite the excesses of Emergency.
2. No big brother attitude of the government – Despite having the majority, the
incumbent doesn’t start settling the score with its opposition or previous regime.
3. Tolerance – Forgiveness can be seen as tolerance when we, despite not agreeing
to someone’s opinion, allow that person to express his/her opinion.
4. Pluralism and Secularism – The strength of the religion lies in accepting the fact
that other religions are equally true and different religions are different path to
the same goal.
5. Humility of an Individual – When a person remains down to Earth, she/he
understands that to err is human and everyone is equally capable.
6. Patient Personality – We often get agitated due to fault of our friends, colleagues
and family members. If we start forgiving them, we shall develop a patient personality.
Alternative Arguments
Strong is one who has the capability to penalise but she/he forgives the guilty initially
for few mistakes. However, she/he awards due punishment after the guilty make
repeated mistakes. e.g. Lord Krishna forgave Shishupal 100 times but penalised him
when he committed the mistake of abusing him for 101st time.
If there is a uniform policy of forgiving only, then this attribute is mistakenly
considered as weakness. E.g. Pakistan had started considering India a weak state
when India was not retaliating even after regular terrorist attacks. So, India has to
penalise it through surgical strike on terror camps in PoK.
Application
1. Individual Level – cool, calm, composed, patient personality.
2. Death penalty should be removed, as it removes the possibility of reform by way of
forgiveness. State shall become strong if its erring citizens are reformed rather than executed.

3. Social Issues – Problems of intolerance, communal riots would be solved if we
start understanding that our strength is shown not by retaliating rather through
forgiveness.
4. International Level – The threat of nuclear war can be eliminated if countries
adop the attribute of forgiveness to show their strength.
5. Humanitarian Crisis like Refugee crisis, Human Right violations have root of
cause of one section showing strength to another through punishing another.
They should adopt this approach of not penalising and forgiving.
Thus, the world would be a better place to live if various stakeholders understand the fact
that forgiveness is not weakness and it is an attribute of the strong. However, forgiveness
should not be stretched to a limit that the guilty start considering it as a weakness.
When will India become a developed nation?

• Introduction:
 You can start by simply defining the characteristic of a developed nation.
 Wider meaning of development should be given. It will define the scope of the
essay. Development can’t only be in terms of GDP or GDP percapita.
 Alternatively, you can quote an anecdote to show how India is currently and
what should be the scenario of a developed India.
• Body:
 There could be multiple ways of attempting this essay. However, certain things
must be included in the essay.
 It must be written what are the obstacles for India in the path of becoming a
developed nation.
 Historical background can be given as why India is a developing nation and
how much it has already travelled on the path to become a developed nation.
 The recent advancements made by India in various fields should also be
enumerated.
 In this background, it can be speculated if the desired level of development is
expected to be achieved sooner or later.
 It must be mentioned how India can become a developed nation soon.
• Conclusion:
 It will depend on the content of the introduction and body.
 One conclusion could be that the desired level of development in various fields
shall be achieved at various time intervals.
Relevant Quotation:
1. Rome was not built in a day.
2. If development is not engendered, it is endangered.

• There is no simple answer to the question that has been asked. As the
development of a person depends not only on the money in his pocket,
development of a nation doesn’t depend solely on its per capita income, GDP or
economic development.
• What would be the characteristic of a developed India?
• There is no universally accepted definition or single parameter to find out the
state of a country’s development. Therefore, a developed India would be mosaic
of development in various fields viz.
1) Social and cultural development
2) Human development
3) Political development
4) Development of governance system
5) Economic development
6) Condition of nature and natural habitats
Based on these parameters let’s see when India can become a developed nation and
how.
Parameters of development can be divided into two parts :-
1. Those for which we need money and financial resources :- like employment,
poverty eradication, houses, roads, trains, broadband services, hospitals, electricity,
police stations, etc.
To achieve status of a developed country as per our growth in these sectors, it is
good to assume that when our country will achieve the level of per capita income
of 7-8000 $ with a normal level of inequality, it will have sufficient resources and
facilities for calling itself a developed country. (On the basis of state of development
of the countries like Russia, Azerbaijan, Turkmenistan, Bulgaria, Brazil, China,
Belarus etc.)
At present, India’s per capita income is 1820$, let’s consider two scenarios to
reach at the level of 8000$ per capita income (as per present value of dollars and
with present medium level of inequality in India):-
a) High growth scenario – If India grew at the rate of 9 % for a period of 20 years
, then India’s per capita income will be 8200$ ( estimating population in 2036
to be around 158 crore ) .
b) Present growth scenario – If India continued its present trend of growing at
the rate of 7.5% per year , for next 24 years , then its per capita income will be
8100 $ ( estimating population in 2040 to be around 162 crore ) .
After looking at above analysis, it can be clearly understood that even though we
can enjoy the fruits of growth of India from now itself, a developed India is at least
20 -25 years away from us.
2. Those which are related to law or policy making and thinking or mentality:-
ike gender equality , communal harmony , progressiveness of society , quality of
people’s representatives, accountability of judiciary , equality of opportunity etc.
These factors completely depend on efforts initiated by people and politicians.
If notable efforts are made and sincerity is shown, then most of the major negative
elements of Indian culture, society, governance systems, judiciary etc. can be
removed within a period of 15-20 years.
(It has been a common observation that economically developed countries where
people are well educated and have access to knowledge of different point of views
and opinions about important issues have more transparent systems, more open
culture, and absence of significant gender discrimination or communal violence.
Therefore they have relatively more developed societies, cultures and belief systems).
Few people may complain that 15-20 years is a very long time.
But reality is that laws and governance systems can be changed significantly
within 4-5 years , but it take a much longer time to change the mindset and
opinions of society and people about any crucial issue , be it religion , caste ,
gender , politics or anything else .
We must also remember that any significant change in society or culture will
occur in 15-20 years, only if sincere and regular efforts are made at every level,
otherwise we will have to wait even longer, till when? No one knows!
Truth is not very exciting every time, but it always has some powerful message
hidden behind it.
Let’s hope that Indian economy keep growing at the rate of 7.5 % per year for a long
time and Indian society and people make some sincere efforts to improve its social
and cultural values , then ,
‘Most probably’ India will become a sufficiently developed country by 2035 or 2040 having
very high level of economic, social, cultural, human and environmental development .
The future of India lies in its villages.

• Introduction:
 Write general significance of Villages, its importance or any definition of village
life, what it means to you etc.
 Since the esasy topic is Gandhiji quote on villages , you can even start with
anything connected to it.
 It should also give the glimpse of what is to be followed in the essay. (Thesis
Statement would be better)
• Body:
 Discuss major dimensions/segments in rural development and how it drives
future of India
 You can also discuss Gandhi notion of Swarajya and rural devt.
 Briefly discuss rural v/s Urban debate in driving future
 Write about issues with rural Development.
 Govt. strategy and schemes of rural development.

• Conclusion:
 Conclude on a positive note by suggestions for rural development and
importance of it for Nation‘s prosperity.
 Better to use dominant Idealistic model/ Govt model used for rural development.
Gandhiji - Ideal Village
An ideal Indian village will be so constructed as to lend itself to perfect sanitation. It will
have cottages with sufficient light and ventilation built of a material obtainable within a
radius of five miles of it. The cottages will have courtyards enabling householders to plant
vegetables for domestic use and to house their cattle. The village lanes and streets will
be free of all avoidable dust. It will have wells according to its needs and accessible to all.
It will have houses of worship for all, also a common meeting place, a village common for
grazing its cattle, a co-operative dairy, primary and secondary schools in which industrial
education will be the central fact, and it will have Panchayats for settling disputes. It will
produce its own grains, vegetables and fruit, and its own Khadi.
Quotes :The soul of India lives in its villages. – Mahatma Gandhi
Facts :
Importance of rural areas.
 According to the latest Census (2011), India has more than 6 lakh villages while
there are around 7000 towns and urban centres.
 70% population in rural India.
 The Fast Moving Consumer Goods (FMCG) sector in rural and semi- urban India
is estimated to cross US$ 100 billion by 2025
 Rural FMCG market accounts for 40 per cent of the overall FMCG market in
India, in revenue terms.
Rural-urban divide
 The Socio-Economic and Caste Census (SECC) for rural India reveals that in 75%
households, the monthly income of the highest earning member is less than Rs.
5,000. And more than 80% rural people are without a salaried job.
 About 70% of the population lives in rural areas and about 50% of the overall
labour force is still dependent on agriculture that is not productive enough.
 75 per cent of the broadband connections in the country are in the top 30 cities.
Why rural development is future/Important for Progress of nature.
1. Source of raw material- Inputs like Agricultural raw material, minerals , ores
etc are provided by Villages. Eg: PepsiCo contract farming for Potato.
2. Labor Supply- Real estate , Text tile industry,
3. Skilled man power- Though rural areas accounts for 70% of population, but proper
education and skilling is required make them ready for skilled employment.
4. De-Urbanization- Urban areas in India are congested causing Pollution, Crimes etc.
a. Eg: Population density of Delhi -11297 but rest of India 382. Healthy growth of
cities demands lesser population in urban centers, which can only be possible
by creating vibrant villages to stop rural push.
5. Regional imbalance- In India southern states are more developed in terms social
and economic indicators compared to national average. But states of North east
and Eastern India lags behind. Example: NITI Aayog releases “Healthy States,
Progressive India” Report indicates that Kerala, Punjab & Tamil Nadu ranked on
top in terms of overall performance, but States like Bihar, Uttar Pradesh are in
the bottom of list.
6. Inter-state regional disparities need to addressed to prevent demand for new
state formation, issues of regionalism , so that internal security is not threatened.
7. SHG: The SHG movement in India has the potential to create rural entrepreneurs
so that employment can be generated at rural level. Most importantly SHG has
brought Women into the entrepreneurial activities. Thus SHG alone has the
potential to get million of Indian women into the main stream economic activities
. This can be a transformation in bringing women empowerment in India. Thus
SHG’s are potential tool to establish gender equality in society.
8. Co-operatives : Cooperatives are playing important role in financial inclusion as
well as providing credit at rural areas. The credit needs of Agriculture and allied
sectors are mostly provided by Co-operatives in India. Its needless to say growth
of agriculture is need of the hour to ensure farmer welfare so that urban-rural
gap is bridged.
9. Agriculture: Agriculture is even essential for Food security in the nation so that
country need to have to depend on import for food products. Thus well developed
agriculture at one hand creates a well developed rural areas on the other hand creates
demand for manufactured, FMCG products which drives economy. Moreover self-
sufficiency in food products creates better bargaining power in multilateral forums.
10. Local governance: The PRI experiment is largely successful in India. This is the
single most important tool used by policy maker to provide voice to the voiceless.
PRI’s have made our democracy from Representative to Participative. PRI’s have
brought Women into Political arena. Hence a better rural governance creates
better infrastructure at rural areas which would boost economic activities.
11. Secession tendency: The under-developed nature of North East has created Secession
tendency in India. This has further aided the Security threat to India Secessionist
forces are being promoted/used by our neighboring nation to destabilize India
12.LWE/Naxalism: A well developed rural industries can provide employment to all
in rural areas itself. This prevent younger generation taking arms against Govt.
This would save huge amount of resources diverted to for tackling issues of
militancy, Naxalism, terrorism etc.
13.Tourism : Any attempt to develop Tourism industry would demand quality
infrastructure in-terms of road, rail, airways, waterways. So the central or State
govt alone cannot create such huge scale of infrastructure and sustain it. Participation
by Local govt and rural community is of paramount importance. This can only happen
when villagers are educated, has capacity to contribute to the nation.
14.To preserve and protect culture- Villages are the place where we still see the
celebration of festivals, promotion for traditional/classic dances, puppetry, etc.

15.Food processing industry- Growth and development of this sunrise industry ,
highly depends on the quality of raw material supplied by the rural areas.
16.MSME- The Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises occupies a strategic importance
in terms of output (about 45% of manufacturing output), exports (about 40% of
the total exports).The significant portion of this industries are located in rural
areas. So any attempt to increase export would necessarily involves promotions of
MSME in rural areas.
17.Tackling Climate Change: Egg: social forestry , aforestation.
Is future of India lies only in villages ?
• It is often quoted in economic lexicon that Urban centre’s are ENGINES OF
GROWTH. Urban areas house vast skilled population. Examples: Doctors,
Engineers, CA etc.
• Urban India could house 35% of India’s population and contribute 70-75% of its
GDP by 2020, Barclays said in a report. India’s urban sector presently constitutes
63% of India’s GDP (up from 45% in 1990) and has been its key engine of growth
acceleration in the past decade. With only 31% of India’s population currently
urbanized, along with high population density and low GDP per capita, India’s
urbanization trends have scope to significantly accelerate.
Still work in progress:
Despite the Govt efforts from decades ,,rural areas face following issues.
Roads:
Many of the poor communities are isolated by distance ,bad road conditions, lack of
or broken bridges and inadequate transport. PM gram Sadak yojana is being
implemented to provide all weather roads in rural areas.
Water:
The health burden of poor water quality is enormous. It is estimated that around
37.7 million Indians are affected by water borne diseases annually, 1.5 million children
are estimated to die of diarrhea alone and 73 million working days are lost due to
waterborne disease each year.
Education, Literacy Particularly women:
There is a wide gender disparity in the literacy rate in India: effective literacy rates
(age 7 and above) in 2011 were 82.14% for men and 65.46% for women. The low
female literacy rate has had a dramatically negative impact on family planning and
population stabilization efforts in India.
Poverty:
Poverty stood at 38.2% in 2009-10 and reduced to 29.5% in 2011-12. This is in
contrast with the Tendulkar report as per which poverty was at 29.8% in 2009-10
and decreased to 21.9% in 2011-12.
Employment:
Unemployment is a big problem in rural India. Youth are being migrated in search of
better employment in urban areas the aged remained in rural India. Agriculture
land remained same but population is growing.
Migration to urban:
Economic Factors, Lack Of Income Generating Opportunities In Rural Sector, Urban
Job Opportunities, Social Factor, Health, Education & Finance Factor, Lack of available
infrastructure are some of the major factors for migration in rural India.
Govt Schemes/Approaches.
1. Pradhan Mantri Adarsh Gram Sadak Yojana (PMAGSY):
2. Bharat Nirman Yojana:
3. Rajiv Awas Yojana (RAY):This programme was announced in June 2009 with an
objective to make the country slum-free.
4. National Rural Health Mission:It was launched to make basic health care facilities
accessible to the rural people.
5. National Rural Livelihood Mission:
6. National Food Security Scheme:
7. Deen Dayal Upadhyay Grameen Kaushal Yojna:
8. Roshni: Skill Development Scheme for Tribals:
9. Swachchh Bharat Mission
10.Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (MGNREGS):
Conclusion:
Adarsh Gram yojana concept
Rurban concept of Abdul Kalam .
Universal Health Care - Can India achieve it?

• Introduction:
 You may start with some incident like Gorakhpur hospital tragedy or some
other anecdote providing comparison with India v/s other country.
 It should also give the glimpse of what is to be followed in the essay.
• Body:
Following dimensions can be covered:
 UHC meaning – Affordability, accessibility and availability.
 What are lacunas in Indian health system – could go sector wise - primary,
secondary and tertiary.
 What government is doing about these lacunas?
 Way forwards along with case studies to show best practices.
• Conclusion:
 Conclude on a positive note with a visionary road towards UHC.

Content of the essay
Different dimensions
• UHC:
 Its meaning and various aspects.
 Why should we aim for UHC – socio-economic reasons. Use data to show
importance of health in economy. WHO – India loses 3% of its GDP every year
due to available health hazards.
• Lacunas which must be rectified to achieve UHC:
 Inadequate Outlay for Health According to the National Health Policy, the
Govt. contribution to health sector constitutes only 1.3 percent of the GDP.
This is quite insufficient. In India, public expenditure on health is 17.3% of
the total health expenditure while in China, the same is 24.9% and in Sri
Lanka and USA, the same is 45.4 and 44.1 respectively. This is the main
cause of low health standards in the country.
 Inverse care law - Rural v/s Urban Divide, haves v/s haves not divide,Social
and regional Inequality.
 Shortage of Medical Personnel only about 7 doctors per 10,000 population in
India, the same is 25 in the USA and 20 in China.
 Lack of and faulty Medical Research
 Expensive Health Service In India, health services especially allopathic are
quite expensive. more emphasis should be given to the alternative systems of
medicine.
 Lack of Emphasis on Culture Method it has completely neglected preventive,
pro-motive, rehabilitative and public health measures.
 Need for Effective Payment Mechanisms high out-of-pocket expenditure.
According to the World Bank and National Commission’s report on
Macroeconomics, only 5% of Indians are covered by health insurance policies.
 Lack of Basic Primary Healthcare and Infrastructure
 Underdeveloped Medical Devices Sector
 Shortage of skilled human resources
 Unregulated private sector Given the quality of care available, few patients
visit public sector hospitals. new institutions set up in the past decade,
encouraged by commercial incentives, have often fuelled corrupt practices
and failed to offer quality education.
 Fragmented health information systems Getting quality, clean, up-to-date
data is difficult in the health sector.
 Irrational use and spiralling cost of drugs
 Weak governance and accountability There is no clear ownership of the idea
of universal health coverage within the government.
The Lancet study identified inadequate public investment in health, the missing
trust and engagement between various healthcare sectors and poor coordination
between state and central governments as the main constraints why universal
healthcare is not assured in India.

• Steps taken by government to make UHC true for India:
 Affordability – meaning, what government has done to make health affordable.
 Availability – meaning , what government has done to make it available
 Awareness – meaning, what government has done to make public more aware
 Accessibility – meaning,what government has done to make health more
accessible.
 Could discuss various points of National Health Policy, 2017
• Way forward
 Compare with California model of healthcare system
 Insurance model of Brazil
 Creating awareness about cleanliness
 Solve problem of inverse care law – steps needed.
 Success of SBM important
• Case Studies /Eg
 Recent NMC Bill
 Stent price control
 Allowing AYUSH practitioners
 Jan Aushadhi Kendras

ALL INDIA MAINS TEST SERIES - 2018
with Face to Face Evaluation
Modus operandi of the All India Mains Test Series
1. Copy Evaluation infront of the student b. Subject faculty of the topic concerned would be
a. A student can schedule his/her test according to taking the class.
his/her own convenience. c. If any student fails to attend that class, video of the
b. After writing the test, S/he can book half an hour slot same shall be provided.
with the faculty. 4. Answer Hints shall consists of
c. At that predetermined slot, his/her copies would be a. Structure of the Answer – It shall be indicative of the
evaluated infront of him/her. ideal framework of the answer like what should come
d. The student can discuss his/her strengths and in introduction, body and conclusion. It shall be
weaknesses based on the feedback provided by the aimed at enriching the answer writing skill of the
faculty. student.
e. A Student would be knowing the rationale behind high b. Model Answer – An standard answer shall also be
or low marks awarded to him/her in any particular provided for every question. It shall be aimed at
question. enriching the knowledge of the student.
f. Based on the assessment, the faculty would suggest 5. Questions as per UPSC Pattern
him means of improvement. a. Questions would be designed to improve candidates'
2. Performance Tracking lateral thinking and multidisciplinary approachapart
a. As far as practicable, the same faculty would be fromthe factual knowledge.
evaluating the answersheets of a particular student b. Comprehensive coverage of complete GS Syllabus
for each tests. c. Special emphasis on issues related to current affairs.
b. Thus, Focused and personalised guidance would be 6. Snippet: Mains Fact File
provided to each student. a. It shall consist of value added material like facts,
3. Discussion Class by Faculty data, graph, diagram.
a. Discussion class would be organised 1 week after the b. It shall be provided free of cost.
scheduled date of the test.
Every Sunday 9:30 to 11:30 AM

Starting: 7th October
UPPCS-2018 Prelims Test Series
25B, 2nd Floor, Pusa Road, Old Rajendra Nagar, (Metro Pillar Number 117)
Tel. : 011-49274400, 9205274743

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SNIPPET - 365

CSE (Mains) - Ethics & Essay

920527 4743 011-492 74400

Definition: The obligation of an individual or organization to account for its activities,

Definition:The definition of a responsibility is an obligation or duty. It is the trait of being

Accountability v/s Responsibility

Comes after decision Largely comes before decision

Legal & procedural Moral & ethical

mechanisms are well defined based on self-defined standards

25B, 2nd Floor, Pusa Road, Old Rajendra Nagar, 1

Responsibility v/s Duty

Definition: A tendency to respond positively or negatively towards a certain idea, object,

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Example: Charity is an example of altruism.

25B, 2nd Floor, Pusa Road, Old Rajendra Nagar, 2

25B, 2nd Floor, Pusa Road, Old Rajendra Nagar, 3

Apathy Empathy Sympathy Compassion

Definition: It is the act of binding yourself intellectually or emotionally to a course of

25B, 2nd Floor, Pusa Road, Old Rajendra Nagar, 4

Commitment v/s Loyalty

Commitment means to make a promise/ Loyalty means faithful adherence to one’s

Commitment is our guarantee Loyalty is an inner quality that result in

Definition: It is defined as the state of being committed to someone or something. It can be

Dedication v/s Commitment

Commitment can be expressed as a kind Dedication can be identified as a certain

Commitment measures an individual's Dedication is a quality that can only be gained

Commitment is required to build up a Dedication arrives through commitment.

25B, 2nd Floor, Pusa Road, Old Rajendra Nagar, 5

Dedication v/s Devotion

25B, 2nd Floor, Pusa Road, Old Rajendra Nagar, 6

Definition: To discipline is to train (someone) to obey rules or a code of behaviour, using

25B, 2nd Floor, Pusa Road, Old Rajendra Nagar, 7

Definition: Enthusiasm is defined as a lively interest for someone or something.The word

Definition: It is defined as enthusiastic devotion, often extreme or fanatical in nature, as

25B, 2nd Floor, Pusa Road, Old Rajendra Nagar, 8

Definition: Eagerness is a characteristic of being excited and prepared to do something. It

Definition: Excellence is the quality of being outstanding or extremely good.

Definition: Faith is having complete trust or confidence in someone or something.

25B, 2nd Floor, Pusa Road, Old Rajendra Nagar, 9

Definition: The definition of gratitude is a feeling of being thankful and appreciative.When

Definition: Probity is defined as a standard of correct moral behavior. It is strict adherence

25B, 2nd Floor, Pusa Road, Old Rajendra Nagar, 10

25B, 2nd Floor, Pusa Road, Old Rajendra Nagar, 11

Humility refers to a quality of being Modesty refers to being unassuming in the

Definition: Harmony is defined as agreement in feeling, action, ideas, interests, etc. It is

Definition: It is the ability to understand or know something immediately based on your

25B, 2nd Floor, Pusa Road, Old Rajendra Nagar, 12

It is rooted in universal principles that It is rooted in assumptions that change with

25B, 2nd Floor, Pusa Road, Old Rajendra Nagar, 13

Definition: Knowledge is defined as what is learned, understood or aware of. Knowledge is

Knowledge is the accumulation of Wisdom is the ability to discern and judge

Knowledge is knowing how to manage Wisdom is understanding how money impacts

25B, 2nd Floor, Pusa Road, Old Rajendra Nagar, 14

Definition: Legitimacy is defined as the lawfulness or authenticity of something. It is

Definition: Liberty is defined as freedom from captivity or control. Liberty is a kind of

25B, 2nd Floor, Pusa Road, Old Rajendra Nagar, 15

Application: According to a veteran diplomat of Singapore it is in both Singapore's and

Definition: It is defined as accommodating attitude or opinion, as in receptivity to new

25B, 2nd Floor, Pusa Road, Old Rajendra Nagar, 16

25B, 2nd Floor, Pusa Road, Old Rajendra Nagar, 17

Definition: Pragmatism is defined as an approach to things that focuses on the practical

Definition: Responsiveness means "being able to react quickly". It is a characteristic that

25B, 2nd Floor, Pusa Road, Old Rajendra Nagar, 18