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Test 1

You scored 80 out of 100

Question 1
Your answer is CORRECT.
Phospholipids:
a) Consist of a polar, hydrophilic, phosphate-bearing head and two non-
polar, hydrophobic, fatty acid tails.
b) Serve as a carrier molecule
c) Are aligned in a single layer, with polar heads facing out and non polar
heads directed toward the interior of the cell.
d) Both [a] and [c] are correct
e) All of the above are correct
Question 2
Your answer is CORRECT.
Which of the following is a function of the lipid bilayer?
a) Serves as a barrier to water soluble substances.
b) Serves as the basic structure of the plasma membrane.
c) Responsible for the fluidity of the plasma membrane.
d) All of these are functions.
e) None of these are functions.
Question 3
Your answer is CORRECT.
The watery medium that surrounds a cell is known as
a) cytosol.
b) protoplasm.
c) extracellular fluid.
d) cytoplasm.
e) a colloidal gel.
Question 4
Your answer is CORRECT.
Which of the following is not a membrane lipid?
a) sphingolipids
b) cholesterol
c) micelles
d) phospholipids
e) All of the above are membrane lipids.
Question 5
Your answer is CORRECT.
To maintain mass balance the body can
a) secrete.
b) excrete.
c) metabolize.
d) digest.
e) Both [b] and [c]
Question 6
Your answer is CORRECT.
Homeostasis is
a) the principle of mass balance.
b) a relatively constant internal environment.
c) a state of equilibrium.
d) the load of a substance in the body.
Question 7
Your answer is CORRECT.
Selective permeability of the membrane is primarily determined by:
a) membrane phospholipids.
b) how much cholesterol is present.
c) the number and types of membrane proteins.
d) the charge of the membrane.
e) none of these answers.
Question 8
Your answer is CORRECT.
Which of the following substances is most likely to passively diffuse across the
plasma membrane?
a) a cation
b) an anion
c) a non-polar molecule
d) a polar molecule
e) a small, ionized molecule
Question 9
Your answer is CORRECT.
Which of the following is a way for solutes in an aqueous solution to move
from an area of high solute concentration to an area of low solute
concentration?
a) facilitated diffusion
b) osmosis
c) active transport
d) Both [a] and [b]
e) none of these
Question 10
Your answer is INCORRECT.
The function of the Na+/K+ ATPase pump is to:
a) maintain an equal amount of K+ and Na+ inside and outside of the cell.
b) maintain a low concentration of K+ but a high concentration of
+
Na inside the cell.
c) maintain a low concentration of K+ but a high concentration of
Na+ outside the cell.
d) establish the equilibrium potential of K+.
e) establish the equilibrium potential of Na+.
Question 11
Your answer is CORRECT.
During the movement of glucose and Na+ ions via secondary active transport,
the movement of
a) Na+ into the cell by the co-transport carrier is downhill:
b) Na+ into the cell by the co-transport carrier is uphill.
c) glucose by the co-transport carrier is uphill.
d) two of these answers.
e) none of these answers.
Question 12
Your answer is CORRECT.
Saturation occurs when
a) molecules are moved by the use of vesicles.
b) the energy required to move molecules results from a high energy bond.
c) a group of carrier proteins is operating at its maximum rate.
d) a preference of a carrier protein for a substance is demonstrated based on
the differing affinities of the carrier for the substrates.
e) a carrier molecule has the ability to transport only one molecule or a
group of closely related molecules.
Question 13
Your answer is CORRECT.
Pinocytosis and potocytosis are types of
a) endocytosis.
b) exocytosis.
c) phagocytosis.
d) Both [a] and [b]
e) Both [b] and [c]
Question 14
Your answer is CORRECT.
Because a solution of lower solute concentration has a higher concentration of
water, it exerts a lower osmotic pressure than does a solution with a higher
solute concentration.
a) True
b) False
Question 15
Your answer is CORRECT.
Hypotonic solutions
a) have higher concentrations of solutes than hypertonic solutions.
b) have lower concentrations of solutes than other hypotonic solutions.
c) have the same concentration of solutes as hypertonic solutions.
d) have lower concentrations of solutes than hypertonic solutions.
e) none of these
Question 16
Your answer is CORRECT.
Assume that a membrane that is permeable to Na + but not to Cl- separates two
solutions. The concentration of sodium chloride on side 1 is much higher than
on side 2. Which of the following ionic movements will take place?
a) Na+ will move until its concentration gradient is dissipated [i.e., until the
concentration of Na+ on side 2 is the same as the concentration of Na + on side
1].
b) Cl- will move down its concentration gradient from side 1 to side 2.
c) A membrane potential, negative on side 1, will develop.
d) A membrane potential, positive on side 1, will develop.
e) More than one of these answers.
Question 17
Your answer is CORRECT.
If a concentration or electrical gradient is present for a given substance, the
substance will always passively permeate the membrane.
a) True
b) False
Question 18
Your answer is CORRECT.
The greater the membrane permeability for a given ion:
a) The greater the tendency for that ion to drive the membrane potential
closer to that ions equilibrium potential.
b) The greater the rate of movement across the membrane.
c) The more negative the membrane potential will be.
d) Both [a] and [b] are correct.
e) Both [b] and [c] are correct.
Question 19
Your answer is INCORRECT.
An example of repolarization in a cell with a resting membrane of -65 mV
would include:
a) The membrane potential moving from -65 mV to -55 mV.
b) The membrane potential moving from -75 mV to -65 mV.
c) The membrane potential moving from -55 mV to -65 mV.
d) Both [a] and [c].
e) Both [b] and [c].
Question 20
Your answer is INCORRECT.
Gap junctions
a) are protein channels that create cytoplasmic bridges between two
adjacent cells.
b) are composed of connexins, which create a protein channel that can open
or close.
c) allow adjoining cells to function like a single cell.
d) Both [a] and [b]
e) All of these
Question 21
Your answer is CORRECT.
Neurotransmitters and neurohormones both
a) are released by neurons.
b) affect only cells with the "right" receptor.
c) travel in the blood to their target cell.
d) Both [a] and [b]
e) All of these
Question 22
Your answer is CORRECT.
Both insulin and glucagon are peptide hormones that target liver cells. The
response of the target cells to each of these two hormones is opposite. This
information implies that
a) the two hormones bind to different cell surface receptors.
b) one hormone binds to a receptor on the cell membrane and the other to
an intracellular receptor.
c) each of the two hormones uses a different second messenger.
d) both hormones interact with receptors at the cell nucleus.
e) Both [a] and [c]
Question 23
Your answer is INCORRECT.
Anions will __________ cations.
a) attract
b) repel
c) not react with
Question 24
Your answer is CORRECT.
Cyclic AMP [cAMP], cGMP and Diacylglycerol [DAG] are all
a) hormones.
b) first messengers.
c) second messengers.
d) cytokines.
Question 25
Your answer is CORRECT.
Receptors on the surface of the target cell
a) may allow a particular ligand to bind.
b) determine the target cell's response.
c) bind to all ligands.
d) Both [a] and [b]
e) Both [b] and [c]
Question 26
Your answer is CORRECT.
Cyclic AMP activates
a) a G-protein.
b) adenylyl cyclase.
c) protein hormones.
d) protein kinase A.
e) hormone receptors.
Question 27
Your answer is INCORRECT.
In a short-loop negative feedback control system:
a) The anterior pituitary hormone feeds back to the hypothalamus,
suppressing releasing hormone.
b) The target gland's hormone feeds back to the anterior pituitary
suppressing the tropic hormone.
c) The target gland's hormone does not feed back to any other gland.
d) Both [a] and [b] above.
e) Both [a] and [c] above.
Question 28
Your answer is CORRECT.
Synergism occurs when:
a) One hormone induces the loss of another hormone's receptors.
b) The actions of several hormones are complementary, and their combined
effect is greater than the sum of their separate effects.
c) One hormone must be present in adequate amounts for the full exertion
of another hormone's effect, even though the first hormone does not directly
elicit the response.
d) One hormone increases the number of target-tissue receptors for another
hormone.
e) The number of target tissue receptors for a hormone is reduced as a direct
consequence of the hormone's effect on its own receptors.
Question 29
Your answer is CORRECT.
Which statement regarding tropic hormones is correct?
a) They may stimulate the secretion of other hormones.
b) They target other glands.
c) They are all produced in the posterior pituitary.
d) Both [a] and [b] above.
e) All these answers.
Question 30
Your answer is CORRECT.
Which of the following hormone types does not require membrane receptors to
invoke cell responses?
a) peptides.
b) catecholamines.
c) steroids.
d) thyroid hormone.
e) both [c] and [d] above.
Question 31
Your answer is CORRECT.
Hypothalamic hypophysiotropic hormones cause the release of oxytocin and
vasopressin from the posterior pituitary.
a) True
b) False
Question 32
Your answer is CORRECT.
Hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary are:
a) Are regulated by hormones secreted by the hypothalamus.
b) Are all tropic hormones.
c) Subject to negative feedback.
d) Both [a] and [c].
e) All of these answers.
Question 33
Your answer is CORRECT.
Which of the following is/are not part of the peripheral nervous system?
a) motor neurons.
b) sympathetic nervous system.
c) spinal cord.
d) afferent division.
e) autonomic nervous system.
Question 34
Your answer is CORRECT.
Efferent neurons:
a) carry information to the CNS.
b) have cell bodies that originate in the CNS.
c) lie entirely within the CNS.
d) two of these answers.
e) all of these answers.
Question 35
Your answer is CORRECT.
Which of the following is not a function of astrocytes?
a) holding the neurons together in proper spatial relationship.
b) lining the internal cavities of the brain and spinal cord.
c) inducing the formation of the blood-brain barrier.
d) taking up excess K+ to help maintain proper brain ECF ion
concentration.
e) forming neural scar tissue.
Question 36
Your answer is CORRECT.
Regarding the neuron, which region is where graded potentials are produced in
response to triggering events.
a) Axon
b) Axon hillock
c) Axon terminal
d) Cell body
e) Dendrites
Question 37
Your answer is CORRECT.
Which statement regarding graded potentials is false?
a) They are decremental.
b) They travel only short distances.
c) They are self-propagating.
d) They may contribute to the development of an action potential.
e) They travel in both directions along the membrane.
Question 38
Your answer is INCORRECT.
Gated channels for sodium ions may include
a) mechanical gates, which respond to pressure.
b) chemical gates, which respond to ligands.
c) voltage gates, which respond to electrical signals.
d) all of these
e) none of these
Question 39
Your answer is CORRECT.
After an action potential has occurred:
a) The ion concentrations on either side of the membrane have been slightly
altered but not enough to prevent further action potentials.
b) The voltage-gated channels are closed but ions still move back and forth
across the membrane due to the presence of leak channels and the
Na+/K+ ATPase pump.
c) The membrane will have a different resting potential than before the
action potential has occurred.
d) Both [a] and [b] are correct.
e) Both [b] and [c] are correct.
Question 40
Your answer is CORRECT.
The stronger the stimulus, the greater the magnitude of the action potentials
generated in a neuron.
a) True
b) False
Question 41
Your answer is CORRECT.
The refractory period:
a) prevents action potentials from spreading forward and backward.
b) refers to the time period during which a portion of the membrane that has
just undergone an action potential cannot undergo another action potential in
response to normal triggering events because the channels opened during the
action potential have not been restored to their "closed but capable of opening"
conformation.
c) places an upper limit on the frequency with which a neuron can conduct
action potentials.
d) two of these answers.
e) all of these answers.
Question 42
Your answer is INCORRECT.
Which of the following statements concerning propagation of action potentials
is incorrect?
a) Saltatory conduction occurs in myelinated nerve fibers.
b) During conduction by local current flow, there is a flow of current
between the active and adjacent inactive area of the cell membrane, thereby
decreasing the potential in the inactive area to threshold.
c) The action potential jumps from one Schwann cell to the adjacent
Schwann cell in a myelinated fiber.
d) Saltatory conduction is faster than conduction by local current flow.
e) Conduction by local current flow is the method of propagation in
unmyelinated fibers.
Question 43
Your answer is INCORRECT.
Which mechanism of signaling would produce the slowest response due to a
chemical signal?
a) Hormone binding a cell surface receptor on the target tissue.
b) Neurohormone binding a cell surface receptor on the target tissue.
c) Neurotransmitter binding to chemical-gated channel at a synapse.
d) Neurotransmitter binding to a chemical receptor at a synapse.
e) Steroid hormone binding a cytosolic receptor in the target tissue.
Question 44
Your answer is INCORRECT.
When an excitatory neurotransmitter binds to a nicotinic receptor:
a) voltage-gated Na+ channels open.
b) voltage-gated K+ channels open.
c) chemically-gated Na+ channels open.
d) voltage-gated Cl- channels open.
e) none of these answers.
Question 45
Your answer is CORRECT.
Assume a hypothetical postsynaptic neuron has three presynaptic inputs--X, Y,
and Z. When presynaptic neuron X and Y are stimulated simultaneously, the
postsynaptic neuron reaches threshold and undergoes an action potential, yet
when presynaptic neuron X and Z are stimulated simultaneously, there is no
change in potential of the post- synaptic neuron. What can you tell about
presynaptic neurons Y and Z?
a) Presynaptic neurons Y and Z are both excitatory.
b) Presynaptic neurons Y and Z are both inhibitory.
c) Presynaptic neuron Y is excitatory, and presynaptic neuron Z is
inhibitory.
d) Presynaptic neuron Y is inhibitory, and presynaptic neuron Z is
excitatory.
e) There is too little information provided to determine what type of
neurons Y and Z might be.
Question 46
Your answer is CORRECT.
The type of channel found in the subsynaptic membrane on a postsynaptic
neuron is:
a) A leak channel
b) A voltage-gated channel
c) A chemically-gated channel
d) The Na+/K+ ATPase pump
e) An exocytotic vesicle
Question 47
Your answer is CORRECT.
A given synapse may produce EPSPs at one time and IPSPs at another time.
a) True
b) False
Question 48
Your answer is CORRECT.
In divergence:
a) Thousands of synapses from many presynaptic neurons end upon a
single postsynaptic cell.
b) The dendrites diverge from the cell body to contact as many presynaptic
neurons as possible.
c) The action potential initiated in the axon diminishes as it diverges into
the axon terminals.
d) The axon of a nerve cell branches to synapse with many other cells so
that activity in one neuron influences the excitability of many other cells.
Question 49
Your answer is CORRECT.
Assume a hypothetical postsynaptic neuron has three presynaptic inputs: X, Y
and Z. Also assume that presynaptic neuron Y and Z is excitatory. If
presynaptic neurons Y and Z are stimulated simultaneously, what change would
you expect to occur in the postsynaptic neuron?
a) A single EPSP.
b) A single IPSP.
c) Temporal summation of EPSPs.
d) Spatial summation of EPSPs.
e) An IPSP and EPSP would cancel each other out so there would be
essentially no change in potential in the postsynaptic neuron.
Question 50
Your answer is INCORRECT.
Which of the following statements concerning neuronal inhibition is incorrect?
a) With presynaptic inhibition, another neuron selectively excites an
inhibitory presynaptic input.
b) An IPSP depresses information fed into the cell from any excitatory
presynaptic input.
c) All of the axon terminals of an inhibitory neuron will release inhibitory
transmitter.
d) When presynaptic inhibition takes place, there is no change in
postsynaptic membrane potential.
e) An IPSP moves the potential of the postsynaptic neuron farther from
threshold.