Professional Documents
Culture Documents
A THESIS
Presented to
by
In Partial Fulfillment
September, 1963
3^
12,^ ^
Approved!
"—xy '—17
Date Approved by Chairman: ^^ysu^.^1^ ^h^ R^^
li
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ii
LIST OF TABLES iv
SUMMARY vill
Chapter
I. INTRODUCTION I
III. PROCEDURE 13
V. CONCLUSIONS 44
VI. RECOMMENDATIONS 47
APPENDIX 48
BIBLIOGRAPHY 74
Iv
LIST OF TABLES
Table Page
Table Page
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
Figure Page
SUMMARY
the processing cost, the newer high speed drawing frames have been
has also been reduced, In most of the mills, from three to two processes.
effects of the speed of drawing frame and the number of drawing processes
physical properties of the blended yarns made from the silvers blended
The blend of 35 per cent combed cotton and 65 per cent polyester
front roll speed--100, 200, and 300 feet per mlnute--were Introduced to
yield nine lots of blended silver. These silvers were then processed
The silvers, rovlngs, and yarns were tested for evenness. The
yarns were tested for breaking strength, elongation, nep content, and
fiber migration Index. All the data obtained were statistically analyzed
the evenness of the products. Speed of the dravlng frame was found to
have but little effect on the product evenness. All evenness tests were
The yarn breaking strength and elongation tests, made on the Uster
esses significantly affected the yarn strength, while the quadratic com-
ponent of the drawing frame speed significantly affected the yarn elonga-
tion. Both breaking strength and per cent elongation increased with each
additional drawing process. The speed of 200 feet per minute was found
to have yielded the strongest yarn with the highest per cent elongation.
The nep content in the yarns was determined by the Uster Imper-
effect on the nep content but only at the 10 per cent level. Two-
process drawing produced fewer neps in the yarns. Also, nep count was
fibers had an inward migratory tendency. The migration index was lower
drawing yielded the yarn with the most uniform distribution of fibers.
Also, the yarn processed at the lowest drawing frame speed showed the
of the number of drawing processes, and drawing fraxoe speed, were found
INTRODUCTION
practiced for many years, but only recently has it attracted great at-
practices and increased usage of new man-made fibers have greatly in-
procedures.
fiber properties vary with the variety of the cotton, area of growth,
fineness and strength within the bale has been estimated to be as much
stock from day to day, week to week or even longer periods of time.
grades and fineness levels, etc. It may be more economical to blend cot-
tons of different price ranges than to use only one cotton with the same
average properties.
textile industry, the blending of man-made fibers with each other or with
natural fibers has become popular. Speakman (2) has given three main
of wool and cotton, and of wool and rayon are common practices used in
criterion of merit. The objective is to give the best value for the
by blending with some other fibers. The wear resistance of wool can be
third and, perhaps, the most inq>ortant reason for blending is the crea-
tion of new and more desirable effects. Many fibers have specific
Many man-made fibers have high tenacity and low water absorption; this
into a fabric.
large quantity preblending and storing of blended bales has been practiced
studies by Howe (4), four sources of cotton fiber variations were recog-
nized: (a) within each bale; (b) between bales within a mix; (c)
between shipments; and (d) from crop to crop. When the final blend is
hundred bales. This should provide uniform stock, and result in relative-
ly constant processing performance and yarn quality week after week. The
to ten) and cleaning units (Axi-Flo Cleaners) to remove some of the trash
from cotton.
and/or man-made fibers is usually done by any one, and frequently a com-
zontal layers in large capacity bins or on the floor. This method re-
quires a large storage area and a high labor cost. The degree of
of blending at the opening unit used a single bale opener around which
components in the blend. The stock was fed on to the lattice by hand at
a controlled rate from each bale so that all bales would run out at the
the skill and care of the operator. A new and more effective method for
blending makes use of blending feeders, each supplied with a single fiber
quantity of fibers from each blending feeder drops to the feed table to
form a sandwich blend. The resulting blend is then conveyed to the next
(d) Card blending. The card does not mix fibers completely at
random, but it does break down fiber bunches very well, and blending can
first drawing process with six or eight ends up. The fibers which re-
this stage.
mined by the state of the component fibers as well as the quality level
required in the final product. When conditions are such that the blended
stage in manufacture. This will give more doublings and result in uni-
damage the fibers. With cotton/man-made fiber blends, opening and clean-
ing of cotton must be carried out before blending with man-made fiber on
the product. Determining factors are (3): (a) to define the cost of
istics.
The ideal blend is one in which the individual fibers of the com-
ponents are mixed to give a uniform texture, appearance and handle. Also
there shall not be any unwanted shade variation in the finish cloth.
This is best effected when the components have approximately similar
characteristics.
section.
blend the fibers, but they will not all have the same effect on the
different fibers in the cross section of the yarn, together with any
outside of the yarn, will affect the appearance and character of the
fabrics, but will not cause barring or streakiness. These faults are
by variation along the length of the yarn in the degree of mixing of the
Lund (8) has pointed out that (a) finer yarns will appear less
well blended than coarser yarns when the yarns are spun from similarly
proportioned blends of similar fibers; (b) yarns of the same count spun
from coarser fibers will appear more streaky; and (c) yarns of same
counts spun from distinctly different fibers of the same size but in
be equal to the number of fibers In the cross section of the final yarn.
But Cox suggested (9) that the number of doublings should be five times
the number of fibers In the cross section, and the number of doublings
with unbalanced blends should be greater than the ratio quoted. It may
yarn, the finer yarns will require less doubling than the coarser yarns
when they are spun from the fibers of same fineness. For the yarns of
same count, those spun from finer fibers will require more doubling
line shows the fiber migration depends on the following factors (10):
materials are known to undergo fiber breakage during processing and the
migration of these two fibers toward the surface is partly due to this
effect.
(d) Extensibility. For a given chemical Identity of fiber, In-
cotton on the cotton system has become very common In the textile In-
and absorbency make It Ideal for blending with man-made fibers posses-
This concept of blending cotton with man-made fibers has met with ex-
become a common practice in many mills. Mill men have tried to in-
crease the production rate and reduce the number of drawing processes
In order to cut down the processing cost. Newer high speed drawing
of drawing frame and the number of drawing processes on the fiber distri-
bution and other physical properties of the blended y a m s made from the
Limited work has been done along this line. The experiment con-
The study made by Bogdan (13) showed that the increase in front roll
speed of an Ideal SP drawing frame did not affect the yarn strength of
16's carded yarn and 16's combed yarn. However, 13's carded yarn
showed a 7 per cent loss in strength when the speed was increased from
370 feet per minute to 770 feet per minute. In the comparison of 20*8
carded yarns produced with one, two and three drawing processes, Bogdan
pointed out that the yarn strength was increased slightly with additional
drawings. Both Cancelliere II and Bogdan used 100 per cent cotton in
The blend of 35 per cent combed cotton and 65 per cent polyester
fiber was selected for this study because it is the most popular blend
for many Industrial products. Three levels of speed and three different
blended sliver. Various tests were made on each lot of slivers, rovings
comparison.
feet per minute. The highest speed that could be obtained was approxi-
mately 300 feet per minute. The three levels of speed were, therefore,
chosen at 100, 200 and 300 feet per minute. One-process, two-process and
CHAPTER II
The raw materials used included American Upland cotton and poly-
ester fiber.
staple length. The data on fiber fineness, strength and length are
Processing Equipment
No. 44oqQ.
12
1948.
Testing Equipment
Bobbin Attachment.
CHAPTER m
PROCEDURE
producing the blend of Dacron polyester staple and combed cotton. Dacron
and cotton silvers were prepared separately from the raw stocks and
blended at the drawing frame, where the number of processes and speed
were varied to make nine lots of blended silver. These silvers were
then processed Into yarn through roving and spinning operations. All
were made from raw cotton by conventional opening and picking processes.
Tests were made on the Saco-Lowell Lap Meter for yard to yard weight
and uniformity of the laps. The data showed that the average weight
was 13.5 ounces per yard and coefficient of variation was 1.68 percent
(Table 27). The results Indicated that the laps were fairly uniform.
In the carding process, the laps were run through an H & B flat
machine was operated at low speed (doffer speed six revolutions per
Cotton Dacron
Opening
Picking Picking
Carding Carding
Breaker Pre-
Drawing Drawing
Lap
Winder
Conibing
Pi P2 P3
1st Drawing Ist Drawing Ist Drawing
Si S2 S3 Si S2 S3 Si S2 S3
' 1 1
3rd Drawing
Table l a . I d e n t i f i c a t i o n of Processes
PiS
PI One-Process Drawing 100 Feet per Minute
Breaker Drawing
(Cotton) 55.0 grs/yd 47.0 grs/yd 8 9.37
1 Drawing (Blend):
Pi (Ist Process) / 50.0 grs/yd
^ Cotton,3 Ends
1 \ / 56.0 grs/yd 50.0 grs/yd 8 8.6
^ Dacron,5 Ends
The 16 cans of card silver were divided into two groups, each group
consisted of two cans produced from each lap. Two groups of sliver were
then processed on the drawing frame, using same delivery, to make 47-grain
At the lap winder, 20 ends of drawing sliver were fed and 12 laps
of 55 yards each were made. The laps were randomly divided into two groups
and processed on the comber. The percentage of noil was found to be 19.4
which indicated that a large amount of short fiber was being removed during
the combing operation. Six cans of 50-grain combed sliver were produced,
synthetic fiber picker. Four picker laps were made and the tests made on
ounces per yard. The coefficient of variation was 2.26 per cent (Table
These laps, about 25 pounds each, were processed on the roller top
card and, in order to reduce the variation from the laps, the sliver
weight was often checked and draft gear was changed accordingly when
necessary. The mean weight of sliver was 57.5 grains per yard.
predrawing treatment. This was done to parallelize and orient the Dacron
the tension variation between the Dacron and cotton slivers was mini-
The combed cotton sliver and carded Dacron sliver, prepared for
blending, were randomly divided into two groups. After the first group
of slivers had been blended and processed into yarn, the same procedure
sliver and five ends of Dacron sliver were fed to make a 33 per cent
cotton and 65 per cent Dacron blend. The slivers were arranged as fol-
Nine lots of blended sliver were produced from the drawing operations
of front roll speed. The three different processes used were one-
roll speeds were 100 feet per minute, 200 feet per minute, and 300 feet
per minute which was the maximum speed attainable. Three different
mission which drove the drawing frame. The nine lots of blends were
produced in random order, each lot was made up of five half-full cans.
at a time were assigned to the spindles. One 1.5 hank roving was made
second. All 45 rovlngs were randomized and processed into yarn in two
spinning operations. Two bobbins of yarn were produced from each roving
so the total production was 90 bobbins, 10 bobbins per lot. Single creel-
ing was used in the spinning to eliminate the effect of doubling at this
Physical Tests
All of the tests were conducted under the standard atmospheric con-
samples were conditioned for at least three days before being tested.
breaker drawing, and combing processes, and the Dacron slivers produced
from carding and predrawlng processes, were tested for their uniformi-
ties on the Uster Tester. Four test specimens, of 100 yards each, were
After the Dacron and cotton slivers were blended, a 100-yard speci-
men of blended sliver was withdrawn from each can. There were five speci-
mens from each lot to be tested. One test was made from each of the five
rovlngs in a lot. One bobbin of yarn produced from each roving was
chosen and one test was made from each bobbin. A total of five tests were
made for each lot of roving and yarn. Four readings were taken from each
indicator. All tests were carried out in accordance with the procedures
The tester was properly calibrated and the initial reading was taken
one and one-half minutes after starting the test, and thereafter at 30-
second intervals. A total of 20 readings was taken for each lot of sam-
ples. The result obtained from this integrator was the deviation of the
variation. In conjunction with the evenness test, the yarn was also
five minutes. The spectrograph recorded the wave length for waves or
registered an actual count of the neps, low places, and thick places in
the yarn.
The Uster Automatic Yarn Strength Tester was used to test the
makes use of the inclined plane principle of loading in which the pull on
applied. Forty breaks were made from each of the ten bobbins giving 400
breaks per lot of yarn. The operating data for this machine are given
in Table 23.
21
The breaking strength and elongation for each individual test were
one for elongation, recorded the cumulative sum of the data. At the com-
pletion of the test, these readings were taken from counters to confute
the total, and average, strength and elongation for each lot of yarn.
tained from the machine. At the end of each individual test a small ball
was fed into the proper vertical slot in a plate corresponding to its
tion diagram formed by these balls in their respective slots was trans-
fibers throughout the yarn cross section, but to one in which particular
in the Chapter I, these effects depend on the fiber length, denier, and
other properties.
distribution of cotton and Dacron fibers throughout the yarn cross sec-
tion. For purposes of identification, the test yarns were dyed with
direct dye (3 per cent Direct Blue 1 CI-24410). The cotton was dyed to
blue color, the Dacron remained white, so that they could be easily
22
distinguished under the microscope. For each lot of yarn, ten specimens,
«
each about four inches long, were sampled randomly and embedded in paraf-
fin wax. The sections were cut from the embedded sauries by using Schwarz
microtome.
index was based on zoned fiber counts taken from yarn cross-section and
maximum possible which could have occurred in the given yarn. Thus, a
component in question from the other fibers. The positive and negative
blend, the migration indexes of both components were equal in value but
opposite in sign.
slowly rotating the eyepiece, the divisions on the scale divided the
image of yarn cross-section into five concentric zones with equal incre-
ments in radius. Numbers of cotton fibers and Dacron fibers in each zone
were counted and recorded. Ten specimens from each lot of yarn were
examined and grand totals of zoned fiber counts on the ten yarn cross-
Analyses of Data
For each lot of sliver, roving and yarn, the average per cent co-
efficient of variation was computed from the data taken during the even-
from the yarn breaking strength test were analyzed and the average breaking
strength, average per cent elongation and their per cent coefficients of
variation were computed for each lot of yarn. The migration index for
each lot of yarn was also calculated by using the method developed by
Hamilton (14).
(PxS) and replication (R). Since the speed of drawing (S) was a quantita-
tive factor and its three levels were at equal intervals, a further
analysis was made to determine the effects of its linear and quadratic
(P) were also determined. If the effect of process (P) was found to be
significant at ten, five or one per cent levels, the Tukey method (13)
three processes.
24
CHAPTER IV
DISCUSSION OF RESULTS
The results o£ evenness tests for the cotton and Dacron slivers
produced at each stage prior to the blend drawing (Table 29) showed
that the silvers were average even as compared to the Uster standard
sliver. It was found that the drawing process (P) was main source of
the drawing process (P) on the sliver evenness was significant at the
1 per cent level. The effect of the quadratic component of the drawing
speed was also found to be significant, but only at the 10 per cent
level.
In Table 2b, the Tukey test was made for the significance of dif-
ferences between the drawing processes. The results showed that none
Included zero; they were all greater than zero. Therefore, the differ-
ences between processes were all significant at the 5 per cent level.
of variation for one-process drawing (Pj^) was much higher than that for
two-process drawing (P2) and three-process drawing (P3). The mean per
cent coefficients of variation, as shown in Table 2b, were 3.38 for P]^,
2.47 for ?2 and 2.26 for P3. The uniformity of drawing sliver was
25
P withj
Linear S 0.064 2 0.032 2.46 3.11 4.46 8.65
Quadratic S 0.042 2 0.021 1.62 3.11 4.46 8.65
Total P X S 0.106 4 0.027 2.08 2.81 3.84 7.01
Total 4.535 17
Average 2.70
26
A = P. X = P3
• = P, fl = Average
4.00-
3.50-
o 3.00-
•u
C
<u
CJ
u
(U
« 2.50-
C9
V
C
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M
2.00-
CO
1.50-
100 feet per minute (S,) and 300 feet per minute (S3) had essentially the
same per cent coefficient of variation. The per cent coefficient of vari-
ation was slightly lower in the sliver produced at 200 feet per minute
(S2).
The indication was that the drawing process (P) and linear coiiq>onent of
drawing speed (S) were the major sources of variation. The effect of^the
drawing process (P) was significant at the 1 per cent level. The linear
component of the drawing speed (S) had a variance ratio of 5.53 and was
between drawing processes were all significant at 5 per cent level. The
mean per cent coefficients of variation were 5.84 for one-process drawing
(Pj^), 5.29 for two-process drawing (P2) and 5.12 for three-process drawing
Figure 3 also reveals that the increase in the drawing speed (S)
It was found that the drawing process (P) was the only source of varia-
tion, and was significant at the 1 per cent level. The Tukey test given
Table 3a. Analysis of Variance for Roving Evenness (Per Cent C.V.)
P with:
Linear S 0.024 2 0.012 0.80 3.01 4.26 8.02
Quadratic S 0.021 2 0.011 0.73 3.01 4.26 8.02
Total P X S 0.045 4 0.023 1.53 2.69 3.63 6.42
Average 5.42
29
6.50-1 *^ = Pi X = P.
• » Average
6.00-
5.50-
a
«
o
u
o
5.00-
(0
CO
«
a
c
«
00
4.50-
c
•H
>
o
PH
4.00—
S3
«j
100 200 300
drawing (Pj^) and two-process drawing (P2) were still significant at the
drawing process (P). The drawing speed (S) had some significant effects
but only at drawing and roving stages. It was found that the variance
ratios of both drawing process (P) and drawing speed (S) were continually
decreasing from drawing stage to yarn stage. This indicated that the ef-
fects of the drawing process (P) and the drawing speed (S) became less
roving or yarn was that the per cent coefficient of variation decreased
The drawing process (P) was found to be significant at the 3 per cent
level. The Tukey test given in Table 6b reveals that only the difference
between one-process drawing (P.) and three-process drawing (P^) was sig-
(P3) gave the highest breakiipg strength of 285.71 grams. The breaking
31
Table 4a. Analysis of Variance for Yarn Evenness (Per Cent C.V.)
P with:
Linear S 0.357 2 0.179 1.07 3.01 4.26 8.02
Quadratic S 0.638 2 0.319 1.91 3.01 4.26 8.02
Total P X S 0.995 4 0.249 1.49 2.69 3.63 6.42
Total 11.160 17
Average 18.67
32
X = P3
20.0— • = Average
19.0-
•u
6
9
O
U
«
P4 18.0—
to
n
«
>
M
M
17.0-
0)
JH
Drawing Spe:ed
Drawing Process Si S2 S3 Average
Drawing Sliver:
Roving:
Yam:
* Over-all average.
34
the drawing speed (S) becomes the main source of variation. The quadxjapic
coiiq>onent of drawing speed (S) was significant at the 5 per cent level.
Since the effect of drawing process (P) on yarn elongation was not
Figure 5 reveals that the drawing speed of 200 feet per minute (Sj)
seemed to yield the strongest yarn with the highest per cent elongation
while the drawing speed of 300 feet per minute (S^) gave the weakest yarn
may be pointed out here that, from the analyses of frequency distribution
diagrams for yarn breaking strength, three-process drawing (P^) also had
the lowest per cent coefficient of variation for the breaking strength.
The mean per cent coefficient of variation decreased from 16.45 to 14.92
9a. The drawing process (P) appeared to be the main source of variation
but was significant only at 10 per cent level. The average numbers of
neps per 2,500 yards yarn were 42.33 for one-process drawing (P^), 14.50
for two-process drawing (P2) and 26.17 for three-process drawing (P3).
P with:
Linear S 4.790 2 2.40 0.08 3.11 4.46 8.65
Quadratic S 25.370 2 12.69 0.43 3.11 4.46 8.65
Total S 30.160 4 7.54 0.26 2.81 3.84 7.01
Total 835.129 17
Average 280.30
36
P With:
Linear S 0.094 2 0.047 0.57 3.01 4.26 8.02
Quadratic S 0.222 2 0.111 1.35 3.01 4.26 8.02
Total P X S 0.316 4 0.079 0.96 2.69 3.63 6.42
Remainder 0.690
'} 0.082
-1 ^
Total 2.075 17
shown in the Tukey test (Table 9b) . A summary of nep content is given
in Table 11.
Table 10a shovs the analysis of variance for fiber migration in-
dex. The indication was that the drawing process (P) and the linear
However, their effects were significant only at the 10 per cent level.
The Tukey test given in Table 10b Indicated that there was no significant
were 10.65 per cent for three-process drawing (P3), 13.19 per cent for
Breaking Strength = Pi X = P-
Elongation = Po • = Average
290-
285-
280-
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39
P with:
Linear S 236.170 2 118.090 0.36 3.01 4.26 8.02
Quadratic S 17.164 2 8.580 0.03 3.01 4.26 8.02
Total S 253.334 4 63.334 0.19 2.69 3.63 6.42
Remainder
Total
2770.000
6190.000
i)
17
330.000
(Pj^). This result revealed the fact that the fiber distribution in the
*
blended yarn became more uniform as the number of drawing processes vas
increased.
components are equal in value and opposite in sign, only the data of one
conq>onent were presented in Tables 10a, 10b and 12. The testing results
showed that the migration index for cotton was positive while for Dacron
was negative. This implied that the cotton fibers had a tendency to
migrate towards the surface of the blended yarn while the Dacron fibers
P with:
Linear S 26.903 2 13.452 1.15 3.01 4.26 8.02
Quadratic S 1.506 2 0.753 0.06 3.01 4.26 8.02
Total S 28.409 4 7.102 0.61 2.69 3.63 6.42
Total 277.308 17
Average 13.43
42
* Over--all average.
** Over-all average.
43
= Pi X = P.
25.0-
= Average
20.0-
4J
(3
0)
o
u
9
(U 15.0-
X
4)
•O
0
§
•H
•U
4 10.0-
M
60
CHAPTER V
CONCLUSIONS
reached:
cant at the 5 per cent level. Drawing speed (S) had little effect on
drawing processes were also significant. The effect of the linear com-
cent level. The roving was more uniform when processed at slower drawing
speeds.
drawing processes were still significant at the 5 per cent level with
three-process drawing (P3) which was not significant at the yarn stage.
45
effect at 5 per cent level on the breaking strength of yarn. The major
source of variation which affected the yarn elongation was the quadratic
yarn strength between the drawing processes were not significant except
7. The drawing speed of 200 feet per minute (S2) was found to
have produced the strongest yarn and the highest per cent elongation.
which affected the nep content of the yarn. However, it was signifi-
cant at the 10 per cent level only. The difference in nep content be-
drawing speed had only a slight effect on the migration index of the
fibers in the blended yarn. They were significant at the 10 per cent
level.
46
with the most uniform distribution of fibers. Also, the yarn produced
section examined.
11. In this 35/65 cotton and Dacron blended yarn, the cotton
fibers were found to have outward migratory tendencies while the Dacron
CHAPTER VI
RECOMMENDATIONS
drawing speeds.
A P P E N D I X
49
Production Constant
(Pounds per Hour) 0.0065
Lickerin to Cylinder 7
Doffer to Cylinder 7
Comb to Doffer 22
Lickerin to Cylinder 7
Doffer to Cylinder 7
Table 17. Operating Data for Saco-Lowell 4 Over 5, DS-4 Drawing Frame
Cotton Dacron
Breaker Pre- Blend
Roll Settings: Drawing Drawing Drawing
Cotton Dacron
Breaker Pre- Blend Drawing
Drawing Drawing Si S2 S3
Draft 1.04
Number of End Fed 20
Weight of Lap Delivered 904 Grains per Yard
Roll Settings:
First to Third 2.688"
Second to Third 1.500"
Third to Fourth 1.625"
Fourth to Back 1.938"
Feed Ratchet 15 T
Type Diameter
Top Rolls:
Front Cushion 1.219"
Middle Apron 1.000" (Knurled Roll)
Back Cushion 1.219"
Bottom Rolls:
Front Fluted 1.125"
Middle Apron 1.000" (Knurled Roll)
Back Fluted 1.000"
Rloo Settings:
Front to Middle 1.906"
Middle to Back 2.063"
Draft 8.98
Twist Constant 50
Lay Gear 20 T
Tension Gear 22 T
Type Diameter
Top Rolls:
Front Cushion 1.016"
Middle Cushion 1.219"
Back Cushion 1.016"
Bottom Rolls:
Front Fluted 1.000"
Middle Apron 1.000" (Knurled Roll)
Back Fluted 0.875"
Roll Settings:
Front to Middle 2.188"
Middle to Back 1.750"
Actual Draft 20
Card &
Comber Drawing
Sliver Sliver Roving Yarn
AiEplification 17-19
Iaq>erfection Indicator
Evaluati2:ig Time (Minutes) 5
Sensitivity Position:
Thick Place #2
Neps #2
58
Table 23. Operating Data for Uster Automatic Yarn Strength Tester
Bobbin Attachment;
Knotter Number 1
Automatic Tester:
L Value 0.707
59
Micronaire Reading
Test Number (MicroRrams per Inch^
1 3.75
2 3.75
3 3.90
4 3.73
5 3.95
6 3.80
7 3.65
8 3.60
9 3.80
10 4.10
11 3.90
12 3.80
13 3.80
14 3.75
15 3.90
16 3.78
17 3.70
18 3.95
19 3.80
20 4.00
Average 3.82
Breaking Tensile*
Test Strength Weight Pressley Strength
"Nuniber (Lbs) (mgs) Ratio Index (1000 Ibs/i'n^)
^ , Pressley Ratio „ m^
Index = -—f— X 100
3.19
T e n s i l e S t r e n g t h (1000 l b s / i n ^ ) = Index X 84
100
Where 3.19 and 84 are the average Pressley ratio and Tensile strength
of the 1954 U. S. crop.
61
Weight Frequency
(Ozs/Yd) Distribution
14.0 1
13.8 1
13.0 1
Total 20
Weight Frequency
(Ozs/Yd) Distribution
13.6 1
13.4 1
12.6 4
12.4 1
Total 20
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73
BIBLIOGRAPHY
75
LITERATURE CITED
5. Caldwell, p. 52.