Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Designing Steam Jet Vacuum Systems
Designing Steam Jet Vacuum Systems
For cost-effective vacuum pumping, the proper placement of condensers and pipe supports are critical
Shell-and-tube surface condensers may be installed either hori- When a precondenser is used, the potential pressure drop across it
zontally or vertically. The vapors to be condensed can be routed must be calculated, to ensure that such pressure drop will not
through either the inside or the outside of the tubes. However, impede system performance. The ejector manufacturer should be
once a unit has been designated for tubeside or shellside vapor consulted to determine the suitability of the installation.
duty, it should remain dedicated to that type of service.
cause a pressure drop across the valve’s restricted flow area. When
actual flow through the suction line is at least 50% of the design
flow, such an artificial pressure drop can usually be induced.
In a steam-jet vacuum system, the type of instruments, gages and Modular packaging of a steam-jet assembly must be designed so
flowmeters used for flow control depend on the specific system that forces and moments are ultimately transferred to support
being used. Ejector manufacturers should provide critical design points. If loads are not transferred safely to suitable anchorage
data, as well as guidance in selecting and installing the instrumen- points, a failure or misalignment of the equipment can occur. In
tation. particular, external pipe connections should not impose any addi-
tional forces or moments to the steam, vapor and water piping.
The basic steam-jet vacuum system requires a pressure gage in the
main steam line. Typically installed just ahead of the steam-jet
system, this gage monitors system performance, and indicates TROUBLESHOOTING TIPS
when there is a departure from design pressure.
There are two basic types of malfunction in an ejector system:
A steam-pressure gage can be installed on each ejector, when ejec- those caused by external influences or equipment, and those
tors must be turned on and off for control or troubleshooting. caused by the ejectors or condensers themselves. It is important
Such a gage array will guarantee that each stage of a multistage that only qualified personnel, using proper equipment, perform
system is supplied with the correct steam pressure. testing.
Pressure gages may also be useful over time if the mainline steam External problems. To locate the source:
pressure varies over the system and must be controlled at each
ejector. Such gages are helpful during troubleshooting, since they • Determine whether any changes have been made to the
may indicate plugged steam lines or nozzles, or faulty valves. process served by the steam-jet vacuum system
• Determine whether the pressure and temperature of the
A flowmeter can be added to maintain the specified flow to the
steam or the condensing water have changed with respect to
condenser. Water-temperature gages on the inlet and outlet water
system specifications
lines of each shell and tube condenser will indicate when the
maximum outlet temperature has been exceeded, which may • Determine whether any recent process changes have been
demonstrate insufficient water or excess steam load. Such gages made, which may have altered the feed rate of the vapor
will also alert the operator to a decrease in the temperature, which stream evacuated from the process vessel
may indicate a fouled condition.
Once these steps have been followed, and it has been determined If the system uses multistage ejectors, begin with the final-stage
that the correct flow, steam pressure and coolingwater tempera- unit. Check the threads of the nozzle for telltale white or tan
ture are in use, and that the pressure at the discharge of the streaks, which indicate a steam leak through the threaded connec-
final-stage ejector is not excessive, the next step is to determine tion.
whether the operational problem resides within the ejector system
itself. Remove deposits from the suction chamber and make sure it is
not cracked, rusted, or corroded. Shine a small light through the
Internal problems. To pinpoint malfunctions, a step-by-step pro- diffuser to make sure it is completely free from scale and is not
cedure should be followed to assess each component. First, the pitted, grooved, or cut.
ejector should be isolated by means of “blank off ” plate at the
suction inlet of the first-stage ejector. With all units operating After all stages and intercondensers have been cleaned, the throat
while the plate is in place, the ejector will evacuate the first-stage diameters or the nozzles and diffusers should be measured as
suction chamber to the minimum pressure that the ejector is accurately as possible. Compare these with the original dimen-
capable of producing. sions of the throat diameters, supplied by the manufacturer, to
determine wear.
The following shut-off pressure can be expected (each is approxi-
mate, and will vary with the system): If either diameter is larger than the original equipment specifica-
tions, calculate both original and present throat areas, and
• Single-stage ejector 50 mm Hg absolute (A) determine the percentage increase in areas. If the percentage
• Two-stage ejector 4-10 mm HgA increase is greater than 7%, the nozzle or diffuser will have to be
• Three-stage ejector 0.8-1.55 mm HgA replaced before satisfactory operation can be expected. Even if the
• Four-stage ejector 0.1-0.2 mm HgA percentage increase in area is only 5%, replacement nozzles or dif-
• Five-stage ejector 0.01-0.02 mm HgA fusers should be ordered, prepare for an inevitable upgrade.
• Six-stage ejector 0.001-0.003 mm HgA
Edited by Suzanne Shelly
If this test indicates that the ejector is operating at its approxi-
mate shut-off pressure, then it can be assumed that the ejector
will operate satisfactorily along its entire performance curve. HEAT EXCHANGE INSTITUTE
Further troubleshooting would then be required on the vacuum
system upstream to the ejector. The Heat Exchange Institute (HEI) is a non-profit trade association committed to
the technical advancement, promotion and understanding of a broad range of util-
However, if the expected shut-off pressure is not obtained or is ity and industrial-scale heat exchange and vacuum apparatus.
unstable, then the troubleshooting should be confined to the ejec-
tor system. A hydrostatic test is recommended to check for air The Institute concentrates its efforts on the manufacturing and engineering
leakage. Caution should be exercised: Before carrying out such a aspects of steam surface condensers, closed feedwater heaters, power plant heat
test, determine whether the system is designed to carry the extra exchangers, liquid ring vacuum pumps, and steam jet ejectors.
pressure and weight of the water required to perform the
hydrotest. The Institute’s membership is comprised of major U.S. manufacturers of heat
exchange and vacuum apparatus. These companies recognize the need for industry
If a hydrotest cannot be used, a low-pressure air test, using air standards which reflect the growth in technology.
pressurized to roughly 5 psig, can determine if the ejector system
has a leak. Once again, system specifications should be checked to Acknowledged worldwide as the leading standards development organization for
ensure that the unit will tolerate such pressure. heat exchange and vacuum apparatus, the Institute maintains its commitment to
the technical advancement of the industry it serves.
During the test, a soap solution or spray should be applied to all
joints, valve packings and other potential leak sites. If an air leak
is present, the soap solution will form a bubble over the leak.