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Domains and
Boundary Conditions
Introduction to CFX
• Domains are regions of space in which the equations of fluid flow or heat
transfer are solved
Rotor Stator
e.g. A simulation of a copper heating coil in water e.g. To account for rotational motion, the rotor is
will require a fluid domain and a solid domain. placed in a rotating domain.
• Only the mesh components which are included in a domain are included
in the simulation
Sub-tabs contain
various different
properties
Prel,max=100,001 Pa Prel,max=1 Pa
Prel,min=99,999 Pa Prel,min=-1 Pa
Pref
• Boussinesq Model
– Used when modeling constant density fluids
– Buoyancy is driven by temperature differences
(ρ – ρref) = - ρref β(T – Tref)
– A Reference Temperature is required
• Use an approximate value of the average
expected domain temperature
• Heat Transfer
– Specify whether a heat transfer model is
used to predict the temperature throughout
the flow
– Discussed in Heat Transfer Lecture
• Turbulence
– Specify whether a turbulence model is
used to predict the effects of turbulence in
fluid flow
– Discussed in Turbulence Lecture
Radiation Models
– For simulations when thermal radiation is
significant
– See the Heat Transfer chapter for more
details
• Area Porosity
– The area porosity (the fraction of physical
area that is available for the flow to go
through) is assumed isotropic
• Volume Porosity
– The local ratio of the volume of fluid to the
total physical volume (can vary spatially)
– By default, the velocity solved by the code
is the superficial fluid velocity. In a porous
region, the true fluid velocity of the fluid
will be larger because of the flow volume
reduction
Superficial Velocity = Volume Porosity * True Velocity This setting should be
consistent with the
velocity used when
the Loss Coefficients
(next slide) were
calculated
• Loss Model
– Isotropic: Losses equal in all directions
– Directional Loss: For many applications,
different losses are induced in the streamwise − dp µ ρ
= U i + K loss U U i
and transverse directions. (Examples: dxi K perm 2
Honeycombs and Porous plates)
– Losses are applied using Darcy’s Law
• Permeability and Loss Coefficients
− dp µ ρ
= U i + K loss U U i
dxi K perm 2
Click to load a
real gas library
• Inlet
– Velocity Components -Static Temperature (Heat Transfer)
– Normal Speed -Total Temperature (Heat Transfer)
– Mass Flow Rate -Total Enthalpy (Heat Transfer)
– Total Pressure (stable) -Relative Static Pressure (Supersonic)
Outlet
– Static Pressure -Inlet Turbulent conditions
Wall
• Outlet Inlet
– Average Static Pressure -Normal Speed
– Velocity Components -Mass Flow Rate
– Static Pressure
• Opening
– Opening Pressure and Dirn -Opening Temperature (Heat Transfer)
– Entrainment -Opening Static Temperature (Heat Transfer)
– Static Pressure and Direction -Inflow Turbulent conditions Symmetry Opening
– Velocity Components
• Wall
– No Slip / Free Slip -Adiabatic (Heat Transfer)
– Roughness Parameters -Fixed Temperature (Heat Transfer)
– Heat Flux (Heat Transfer) -Heat Transfer Coefficient (Heat Transfer)
– Wall Velocity (for tangential motion only)
• Symmetry
– No details (only specify region which corresponds to the symmetry plane
After completing
the boundary
condition, it
appears in the
Outline tree
below its domain
Inlet Inlet
Inflow Inflow
allowed allowed
Outflow
allowed
• Artificial walls are not erected with the opening type boundary, as
both inflow and outflow are allowed
• You are required to specify information that is used if the flow
becomes locally inflow
• Do not use opening as an excuse for a poorly placed boundary
– See the following slides for examples
Inlet
Inflow
allowed
Outflow
allowed
symmetry
planes
• Consider the following case in which contain separate air and fuel
supply pipes
Air
• Three possible approaches
in locating inlet boundaries: 1
1 Upstream of manifold
• Can use uniform profiles
since natural profiles will
develop in the supply pipes
• Requires more elements
2
3
2 Nozzle inlet plane
• Requires accurate velocity
profile data for the air and
fuel
3 Nozzle outlet plane
• Requires accurate velocity Nozzle
profile data and accurate 1 Manifold box
profile data for the mixture
fractions of air and fuel
Fuel
Opening
Outlet
• External Flow
– In general, if the building has height H and width W, you would want your
domain to be at least 5H high, 10W wide, with at least 2H upstream of the
building and 10 H downstream of the building.
– You would want to verify that there are no significant pressure gradients
normal to any of the boundaries of the computational domain. If there are,
then it would be wise to enlarge the size of your domain.
w
5h
Concentrate mesh in
regions of high
h
gradients
10w
At least 2H 10H
ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary April 28, 2009
© 2009 ANSYS, Inc. All rights reserved. 3-35 Inventory #002598
Boundary Conditions
Specifying Well Posed Boundary Conditions Training Manual
Coanda effect
not allowed
• Inlets that draw flow in from the atmosphere often use a Total
Pressure = 0 boundary condition (e.g. an open window)
– With a domain Reference Pressure of 1 [atm]
• Mass flow inlets result in a uniform velocity profile over the inlet
– Fully developed flow is not achieved
– You cannot specify a mass flow profile