19.

0 Release

Workshop 03: Impinging jet

Turbulence Modeling Using ANSYS CFD

1 © 2018 ANSYS, Inc.

 Introduction

Workshop Description:
The flow simulated is a two-dimensional axisymmetric flow of a jet impinging
on a heated flat plate
Learning Aims:
• Testing the capability of different turbulence models to predict characteristics of
impinging jets
• Compare the results with available experimental or correlation data
Learning Objectives:
Applying different turbulence models and understanding when and how the
choice of a turbulent model can influence the results

2 © 2018 ANSYS, Inc.

 Case description

• Impinging jets are a very effective way to enhance surface heat transfer and
are frequently employed in industrial devices (impingement cooling)
• Experimental data:
− Experimental data are available for the Nusselt number distribution on the heated wall as
well as some Velocity profiles
• We will investigate here how three 2-equation RANS models, namely standard
k-ε, realizable k-ε, and SST k-ω, behave for this type of Impinging jet flow and
how their predictions are comparing with experimental data

3 © 2018 ANSYS, Inc.

 Case Conditions

• Incompressible flow
− Re = ρ∙Uref ∙D/μ = 2.3·104
• D = 0.0265 [m]
• Uref = 15.45 [m/s]
• ρ = 1.0 [kg m-3]
• μ = 1.79 × 10-5 [kg m-1 s-1]
− k = 2.52 ∙ 10-2 [W m-1K-1]
− cp = 1000.0 [J kg-1K-1]
− Tambient= 293 [K]

4 © 2018 ANSYS, Inc.

 Computational Domain and Boundary Conditions

• Computational domain
− 16D x 16D (D=diameter of the pipe)
TOP
• Boundary conditions
− Inlet
• Inlet boundary with fully developed flow
characteristics: velocity and turbulence properties
− Outlet and Top
• Opening boundary at constant pressure
− Symmetry
• Symmetry boundary conditions
− Pipe wall
• No-slip, adiabatic wall boundary condition (heat flux
= 0)
− Heat wall
• No-slip wall boundary condition with specified heat
flux, q = 300 [W/m]

5 © 2018 ANSYS, Inc.

 Meshes
• One highly refined hexahedral mesh is available
– Two points (one cell) are used in spanwise direction
– The mesh has an expansion ratio of 1.11 near the wall

Mesh-1
y+max 2.62
y+mean 0.4
Number of cells 12032
First near-wall distance, m 3.0∙10-5

6 © 2018 ANSYS, Inc.

 CFD Model Setup

• Steady RANS solution

• Solver setup
− The “Coupled” algorithm for pressure-velocity coupling with the
pseudo-transient option
− Second order upwind scheme for advection terms and
− First order upwind scheme for turbulence numerics
− Double Precision
• Turbulence models used in this workshop
− Standard and Realizable k-ε models
• Enhanced Wall Treatment
− SST k-ω models
• Automatic Wall Treatment
– There is only one wall treatment for k-ω models in Fluent so this does
not have to be selected in the Viscous Models panel
7 © 2018 ANSYS, Inc.
 Starting Fluent
• Start Fluent 3d, double precision, serial
• Go to File > Read > Mesh and choose Mesh-1.msh

8 © 2018 ANSYS, Inc.

 Setting Up Physics

• In the Setting Up Physics tab

− Activate Energy
− Click Viscous and activate the k-
omega SST model

9 © 2018 ANSYS, Inc.

 Setting Up Physics: Materials

• Open the Materials panel and

enter the following properties for
air
− Density = 1 kg/m³
− Specific Heat = 1000.0 j/kg-k
− Thermal Conductivity = 2.52e-2 w/m-k
− Viscosity = 1.79e-5 kg/m·s

10 © 2018 ANSYS, Inc.

 Setting Up Physics: Cell Zone Conditions

• Open the Cell Zone Conditions

panel for fluid and change the
Rotation-Axis Direction to (1,0,0)
− In case you want to plot results using
cylindrical coordinates

11 © 2018 ANSYS, Inc.

 Boundary Conditions, Inlet

• Inlet
• Fully developed profiles* are specified at the inlet for U Velocity
Turbulent Kinetic Energy and Turbulent Eddy Dissipation (see next slide)
− This is important as the inlet is close to the area of interest and the results of all 3
models are rather sensitive to the inlet values
* Fully developed profiles are usually created by running a precursor simulation
corresponding to a duct with the same cross-section

12 © 2018 ANSYS, Inc.

 Setting Up Physics: Read Profile

• In the Setting Up Physics

tab, go to Profiles and read
profile-sst.csv
• The profile includes velocity
and turbulence quantities
as a function of z position

13 © 2018 ANSYS, Inc.

 Setting Up Physics: Boundary Conditions
• In the boundary conditions panel for the inlet,
enter the following settings for velocity
− Velocity Specification Method = Components
− Coordinate System = Cartesian
− X-Velocity = sst-pro axial-velocity
− Y-Velocity = 0
− Z-Velocity = 0
• Enter the following settings for Turbulence
− Turbulence Specification Method = "K and Omega"
− Turbulent Kinetic Energy = sst-pro turb-kinetic-energy
− Specific Dissipation Rate = sst-pro specific-diss-rate
• In the Thermal tab
− inlet Temperature = 293 K (not shown)

14 © 2018 ANSYS, Inc.

 Setting Up Physics: Other Boundary Conditions

• In the Thermal tab of the boundary

conditions panel for wall_heat, set Heat
Flux = 300 w/m2
• Leave the default settings for wall_pipe
(not shown)
• Pressure outlets for top and outlet: In
the Thermal tab (not shown) set
Backflow Total Temperature = 293 K
• No inputs are required for the symmetry
boundaries

15 © 2018 ANSYS, Inc.

 Solving:

• In the Solving tab, click Methods

• Change the Pressure-Velocity Coupling to Coupled
and select Pseudo-Transient and High Order Term
Relaxation
− Leave default settings for other entries
• Under Run Calculation group click Advanced…
and change Length Scale Method to Aggressive (not
shown)

16 © 2018 ANSYS, Inc.

 Solving: Report Definition for Wall Temperature

• In the Solving tab, click on Definitions in the Reports

section and choose New > Surface Report > Area-Weighted
Average

Enter the following in the

definition panel, then click OK:

Name = avg-wall-temp
Surfaces = wall_heat
Variable = static temperature
Report Plot = check
Report File = check

17 © 2018 ANSYS, Inc.

 Create Plane Surfaces for Report Definitions

• Go to File > Read > Journal and read make-planes.jou

− This journal file will create the following planes:
• Z=0.0132m
• Z=0.0265m
• Z=0.0662m

After executing the journal file,

Mesh Display can be used to confirm
the creation of the planes

18 © 2018 ANSYS, Inc.

 Solving: Report Definition for Velocity

• In the Solving tab, click on Definitions in the Reports

section and choose New > Surface Report > Area-Weighted
Average

Enter the following in the

definition panel, then click OK:

Name = avg-vel
Per Surface = check
Surfaces = all 3 z planes
Variable = Velocity Magnitude
Report Plot = check
Report File = check

19 © 2018 ANSYS, Inc.

 Solving

• Before proceeding to solve, save the

case file as sst-impinging-jet.cas.gz
• Initialize the solution and perform 25
iterations
• Execute the following TUI commands
− /solve/report-plot/clear-data * ,
− /solve/report-file/clear-data * ,
− This will help in evaluating whether the
quantities in the report definitions have
achieved steady values as more iterations
are performed

20 © 2018 ANSYS, Inc.

 Continue Iterating
• Calculate an additional 600 iterations
• Residuals reach convergence criteria, and report plots are level

21 © 2018 ANSYS, Inc.

 Postprocessing: Reports (1)

• In the Reports section, click on

Fluxes
• Select the Mass Flow Rate option
• Select inlet, outlet and top
boundaries
• Click Compute
• Imbalance is very low, compared
to inlet flow rate

22 © 2018 ANSYS, Inc.

 Postprocessing: Reports (2)

• Still in the Flux Report dialogue

box
• Select the Total Heat Transfer
Rate option
• Select wall_heat besides inlet,
outlet and top boundaries
• Click Compute
• heated_wall heat flow ~ 0.94 W
– Imbalance is very low, compared to
wall_heat heat flow

23 © 2018 ANSYS, Inc.

 Check Y+

• In the Postprocessing tab, go to XY Plot, choose

Edit… and plot contours of Wall Yplus on wall_heat

Y+ is below 1.4 along the length of the wall. This

assures that the first cell centroid is in the viscous
sublayer but does not guarantee mesh independence.

− Save the case and data file as sst-impinging-jet-final.cas.gz and sst-impinging-jet-final.dat.gz

− Do not exit the Fluent session
24 © 2018 ANSYS, Inc.
 Setting Up Physics: Standard k-e Model

• Go to the Viscous Model panel

and activate the standard k-
epsilon model with Enhanced
Wall Treatment

25 © 2018 ANSYS, Inc.

 Setting Up Physics: Read Profile

• In the Setting Up Physics

tab, go to Profiles and
− Delete sst-pro
− Read profile-ke.csv
• This may throw an error
message in the window
about a missing profile. it
can be ignored because the
profiles will be replaced in
the next step

26 © 2018 ANSYS, Inc.

 Setting Up Physics: Boundary Conditions
• In the boundary conditions panel for inlet,
enter the following settings for velocity
− Velocity Specification Method = Components
− Coordinate System = Cartesian
− X-Velocity = ke-pro axial-velocity
− Y-Velocity = 0
− Z-Velocity = 0
• Enter the following settings for Turbulence
− Turbulence Specification Method = K and Epsilon
− Turbulent Kinetic Energy = ke-pro turb-kinetic-energy
− Specific Dissipation Rate = ke-pro turb-diss-rate

27 © 2018 ANSYS, Inc.

 Rename Report Files

• In the Solving tab, under

Reports, click File…
− Select avg-vel-rfile and change
its name to ske-avg-vel-rfile
− Change the Output File Base
Name to ske-avg-velocity-
rfile.out
• Rename the other report
file in a similar manner
(not shown)

28 © 2018 ANSYS, Inc.

 Calculate Solution with Standard k-e

• Save the case file as ske-impinging-jet.cas.gz

• Initialize the solution
• As on slide 20, perform 25 iterations and reset the report plots
and report files with TUI commands

29 © 2018 ANSYS, Inc.

 Continue Iterating
• Calculate an additional 500 iterations
• Residuals reach convergence criteria, and report plots are level

30 © 2018 ANSYS, Inc.

 Postprocessing: Reports (1)

• In the Reports section, click on

Fluxes
• Select the Mass Flow Rate option
• Select inlet, outlet and top
boundaries
• Click Compute
• Imbalance is very low, compared
to inlet flow rate

31 © 2018 ANSYS, Inc.

 Postprocessing: Reports (2)

• Still in the Flux Report dialogue

box
• Select the Total Heat Transfer
Rate option
• Select wall_heat besides inlet,
outlet and top boundaries
• Click Compute
• heated_wall heat flow ~ 0.94 W
– Imbalance is very low, compared to inlet
heated_wall heat flow

32 © 2018 ANSYS, Inc.

 Check Y+

• In the Postprocessing tab, go to XY Plot, choose

Edit… and plot contours of Wall Yplus on wall_heat

Y+ is below 1.4 along the length of the wall. This

assures that the first cell centroid is in the viscous
sublayer but does not guarantee mesh independence.

− Save the case and data file as ske-impinging-jet-final.cas.gz and ske-impinging-jet-final.dat.gz

− Do not exit the Fluent session
33 © 2018 ANSYS, Inc.
 Setting Up Physics: Realizable k-e Model

• Go to the Viscous Model panel

and activate the Realizable k-
epsilon model with Enhanced
Wall Treatment

34 © 2018 ANSYS, Inc.

 Rename Report Files

• In the Solving tab, under

Reports, click File…
− Select ske-avg-vel-rfile and
change its name to rke-avg-
vel-rfile
− Change the Output File Base
Name to rke-avg-velocity-
rfile.out
• Rename the other report
file in a similar manner
(not shown)

35 © 2018 ANSYS, Inc.

 Calculate Solution with Standard k-e

• Save the case file as rke-impinging-jet.cas.gz

• Initialize the solution
• As on slide 20, perform 25 iterations and reset the report plots
and report files with TUI commands

36 © 2018 ANSYS, Inc.

 Continue Iterating
• Calculate an additional 800 iterations
• Which the exception continuity residual which is stalled at ~ 2e-3 all other residuals
reach convergence criteria, and report plots are level, so solution is acceptable

37 © 2018 ANSYS, Inc.

 Postprocessing: Reports (1)

• In the Reports section, click on

Fluxes
• Select the Mass Flow Rate option
• Select inlet, outlet and top
boundaries
• Click Compute
• Imbalance is very low, compared
to inlet flow rate

38 © 2018 ANSYS, Inc.

 Postprocessing: Reports (2)

• Still in the Flux Report dialogue

box
• Select the Total Heat Transfer
Rate option
• Select wall_heat besides inlet,
outlet and top boundaries
• Click Compute
• heated_wall heat flow ~ 0.94 W
– Imbalance is very low, compared to inlet
heated_wall heat flow

39 © 2018 ANSYS, Inc.

 Check Y+

• In the Postprocessing tab, go to XY Plot, choose

Edit… and plot contours of Wall Yplus on wall_heat

Y+ is below 1.4 along the length of the wall. This

assures that the first cell centroid is in the viscous
sublayer but does not guarantee mesh independence.

− Save the case and data file as rke-impinging-jet-final.cas.gz and rke-impinging-jet-final.dat.gz

− Close Fluent
40 © 2018 ANSYS, Inc.
 CFD-Post
• Start CFD-Post
• Go to File > Load Results…
• Use the Ctrl key to select the
three saved data files

41 © 2018 ANSYS, Inc.

 CFD-Post: Synchronize Views

• All three data sets are

loaded in CFD-Post
• Click the icons to
synchronize visibility
and synchronize the
camera position in
shared views

42 © 2018 ANSYS, Inc.

 Post Processing the Results

• The following additional files have been provided with the workshop Inputs:
− File Nu_exp.csv containing experimental data pairs of RTOD and Nu, where RTOD is the
nondimensional radial distance and Nu is the Nusselt number
− Files Velocity_exp_r*.csv: Three files containing experimental nondimensional pairs of
(Velocity u^2+Velocity w^2)^0.5/UBULK and X/DIAMETER
where UBULK = 15.4515 m/s and DIAMETER = 0.0264898 m
− Copy the above 4 .csv files in the working folder where the case and data files are located

43 © 2018 ANSYS, Inc.

 Create CEL for Nu and Non-dimensional Velocity
• You will create 4 charts for
comparing the computed and
experimental Nu along a line on the DIAMETER = 0.0264898 [m]
LAMBDA = 0.0252 [W m^-1 K^-1]
heated wall and the non-dimensional QBULK = 300.0 [W m^-2]
velocity profiles at 3 lines TBULK = 293.0 [K]
UBULK = 15.4515 [m s^-1]
• For this, in the Expressions tab create NU0 = QBULK * DIAMETER / LAMBDA /
the CEL shown to the right defining (Temperature - TBULK)
UWNOR0 = (Velocity u^2+Velocity
Nu and the non-dimensional velocity
w^2)^0.5/UBULK
and coordinates RTOD0 = (Y^2+Z^2)^0.5 /DIAMETER
− If you are not familiar with CEL XTOD0 = X/DIAMETER
Expressions in CFD-Post, these expressions
can be created using a text file provided,
as shown in the next slide

44 © 2018 ANSYS, Inc.

 Create CEL for Cf, Cp and Non-dimensional Velocity

• If you did not create the CEL expressions

given in the previous slide, create them
using file ImpingingJet-expressions.ccl,
provided with the workshop input files.
Open this file in a text editor and copy its
contents
• In CFD-Post, go to Tools > Command Editor,
paste the contents of the file and click
Process and then Close
− This will create several expressions (known as
CEL Expressions) used to compare with the non-
dimensional form of the experimental data
• Following Processing, the new expressions
will appear in the Expressions tab

45 © 2018 ANSYS, Inc.

 Create User Defined Variables for Nu and Non-dimensional
Velocity
• In the Variables tab right click on Solution and select
All to Hybrid
− This is important for the correct computation of Nu number for
the k-ε model, as the conservative values of Temperature will
substantially differ from the Hybrid values on a heated wall
• CEL expressions cannot be used directly in a chart in
CFD-Post
• You will need to create 4 User Defined Variables. (For
each User Defined Variable, RMB in the Variables
window and select New…)
− NU defined by Expression NU0
− RTOD defined by Expression RTOD0
− UWNOR defined by Expression UWNOR0
− XTOD defined by Expression XTOD0
46 © 2018 ANSYS, Inc.
 Create a Polyline

• Create a Polyline defined by

Boundary Intersection between
wall_heat and sym1

47 © 2018 ANSYS, Inc.

 Create a Chart for Nu

1. Click on the Chart icon in the

toolbar
2. In the General tab set the Title to
Nu and Caption to Nusselt Number
(the latter would only appear in a
CFD-Post report)
3. In the Data Series tab set Location
to Polyline 1 and the Series name
to Computed
4. In the Data Series tab create New
Data Series and
5. select File as Data Source and
browse to file Nu_exp.csv in your
working directory. Set the Series
name to Experimental

48 © 2018 ANSYS, Inc.

 Create a Chart for Nu

6. In the X Axis tab select RTOD as

Variable, disable Determine
ranges automatically and set
Min to 0 and Max to 5
7. In the Y Axis Tab select NU as
Variable
8. In the Line Display tab select
the Experimental Data Series,
set its Line Style to None and
select Ellipse as Symbols
9. Click Apply at the bottom of the
Details of Chart

49 © 2018 ANSYS, Inc.

 Comparison of Calculated and Experimental Nu

• The comparison of calculated and

experimental Nu can be seen in
the chart viewer
− The Nusselt number distributions
obtained by the 3 models differ from
each other and experiment
− SST results fit experimental data better
than the other 2 models

Experiment by Baughn, J., Hechanova, A., & Yan, X., (1991), “An
experimental study of entrainment effects on the heat transfer
from a flat surface to a heated circular impinging jet”, J. Heat
Transfer, 113, pp. 1023-1025
50 © 2018 ANSYS, Inc.
 Velocity and Temperature Contours

• To get an idea of the flow and Temperature

fields
− Create a contour plot of Velocity on sym1
− Create a contour plot of Temperature on
wall_heat
− Images shown here are from the SST model

51 © 2018 ANSYS, Inc.

 Comparison of Calculated and Experimental Velocity Profiles

• Experimental velocity profiles are available in

three files Velocity_exp_r*.csv
− Each file contains nondimensional pairs of
(Velocity u^2+Velocity w^2)^0.5/UBULK and Profile
X/DIAMETER, where UBULK = 15.4515 m/s and number RTOD
DIAMETER = 0.0264898 m 1 0.5
− Each profile is given at a constant radial distance 2 1
RTOD = (Y^2+Z^2)^0.5 /DIAMETER spanning from the 3 2.5
low-X wall to the high-X inlet as shown in the table
− Each experimental fine name contains the
corresponding RTOD value
• For example file Velocity_exp_r1_(RD=0.5).csv
contains the experimental data at RTOD=0.5

52 © 2018 ANSYS, Inc.

 Create Polylines for Comparing the Velocity Profiles
Profile
number RTOD
You may create the 3 Polylines following 1 0.5
the instructions 1. and 2. below, or by 2 1
reading the session file polylines-for-vel- 3 2.5
plotting.cse provided with the inputs of
this workshop (using Session > Play
Session)
1. Create 3 Isosurfaces using the 3 RTOD
values from the table
3
2. Create 3 Polylines, naming them Line 1
2
to Line 3. Use Boundary Intersection 1
Method and select sym1 as Boundary
List and each of the 3 Isosurfaces
created above as Intersect With
53 © 2018 ANSYS, Inc.
 Comparison of Calculated and Experimental Velocity Profiles

• Create 3 charts for the comparison

of calculated and experimental
Velocity profiles
− For each velocity profile chart
• Select the appropriate Location (e.g.
Line 1)
• Set X Axis Variable to UWNOR and Y
Axis Variable to XTOD (the user
defined variables created on slide 46)
• In the Data Series tab select the
appropriate csv file for the
experimental data (e.g.
Velocity_exp_r1_(RD=0.5).csv)

54 © 2018 ANSYS, Inc.

 Comparison of Calculated and Experimental Velocity Profiles

• At r/D = 0.5 r/D = 0.5 r/D = 1.0 r/D = 2.5

− Results of the models are similar
and are in agreement with
experimental data near the wall
• Downstream (r/D = 1 and 2.5)
− SST model correctly predicts the
flow acceleration and there is
good agreement with the data
near the wall as well as in the
outer region
− The standard and Realizable k-ε
models do not correctly
reproduce the development of
the boundary layer, leading to an
overprediction in the outer region

55 © 2018 ANSYS, Inc.

 Summary

• The capability of 3 different turbulence models to predict flow characteristics

of a turbulent jet impinging onto a flat plate which is heated was investigated
− Distribution of Nusselt number obtained using considered models differ from each other
and experiment
• SST results fit experimental data better than other models
− Velocity profiles:
• At r/D = 0.5
– Results of the models are similar and are in agreement with experimental data near the wall
• Downstream (r/D = 1 and 2.5)
– SST model correctly predicts the flow acceleration and there is good agreement with the data
near the wall as well as in the outer region
– The standard and Realizable k-ε models do not correctly reproduce the development of the
boundary layer, leading to an overprediction in the outer region

56 © 2018 ANSYS, Inc.