Transporte de Calor:

Casos de interés relacionados con la

convección externa

FARID CHEJNE

Profesor TITULAR
Universidad Nacional de Colombia
Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Física y
Naturales
 Obje2vo charla

Lograr que los estudiantes apliquen el

mecanismo de transferencia de calor
por convección en el análisis de casos
de flujo externo.
 metals, their unique properties (low melting point and va
rmal capacity and conductivity) render them attractive as c
Correlación
g high heat para todos los Pr:
transfer rates.
rrelating equation, which applies for all Prandtl numbers,
rchill and Ozoe [6]. For laminar flow over an isothermal
ficient may be obtained from
7.2 ! The Flat Plate in Pa 1/2 1/3
0.3387 Rex Pr
Nux " 2/3 1/4
Pex % 100
[1 $ (0.0468/Pr) ]

.
where Pex ! Rex Pr is the
ulent Flow over an Isothermal Plate
nature of liquid metals, the
THEODORE L. BERGMAN, ADRIENNE S. LAVINE, FRANK P. INCROPERA and DAVID P. DEWITT: Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer. John Wiley & Sons, United States of America (2002)

e to obtain exact analytical solutions for turbulent bounda

m and hturb
ations , respectively,
indicate we obtain
the range of applicability and the constant A is
ating, we then obtain
# %$ # %$ "
1/2 x number, Rex,c. That
hek critical Reynolds 4/5 L is,

#L%! u dx u dx c

Correlación para casos en que L>

! ! 1/3
0.332 ! & 0.0296 !(0.037 Pr
1/5 4/5 1/3
1/2
0 x 4/5
A $ 0.037 Re % 0.664Nu $
L Re 1/2 x c Re
x L % A) Pr
Xc: x,c x,c
obtain
riction coefficient may be found Re
0.6 ! Pr ! 60
using!the
1/3 x,c
Re expression
L ! 10 8 ! "
#$! $"
NuL $xc(0.037 Re4/5 % A) Pr (7.38)
%
L L
$ 1
Cf, Lbracketed Cf,x,lam dx60& Cf,x,turb dx of applicability an
e the 0.6 ! Pr !
relations indicate the range
L 0 8 xc
d by the value of Rex,c ReL ! 10Reynolds number, Re . That is,
! critical
the x,c
s for Cf,x,lam and Cf,x,turb from Equations 7.20 and 7.34, respect
relations indicate
egration provides thean
range ofAapplicability
expression of the and
4/5the constant A 1/2
form
$ 0.037 Rex,c % 0.664 Rex,c is deter-
of the critical Reynolds number, Rex,c. That is,
arly, the average
AC$ 0.037friction
Re4/5 coefficient
0.664 Re2A
1/2 may be found using the
(7.39)
f,L $ 0.074
%1/5
%
x,c ReL % x,c (7

#$ $
RexcL
%
L
ge friction coefficient may
C be 1
found 8using Cthe expression
[Rex,c ! Re $
f, LL ! 10 ] f,x,lam dx & Cf,x,turb dx
#$ $
L
%
xc x L 0
Cf, L $ 1 Cf,x,lam dx & Cf,x,turb dx
c
THEODORE L. BERGMAN, ADRIENNE S. LAVINE, FRANK P. INCROPERA and DAVID P. DEWITT: Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer. John Wiley & Sons, United States of America (2002)

ituting
mass expressions
L analogy
transfer 0 for
to C
Equationxc and
f,x,lam Cf,x,turb
7.38 yieldsfrom Equations 7.2
 ux !the0.0308 Rexis of Pr
plate only, which 0.6 %value
length (L " !). The corresponding Prof %
– 60th
h must L
multiplied by the area of the heated section to determine the total heat rate from th

ber is Correlación
7.2.5 36% andpara
Flat Plates casos
4%Constant
with larger en que
Heat than
Flux elConditions
flux
thedeconstan
calor es constante y lasurface
Ts noheatlo es:
rbulent
It is
flow,
also possible
respectively.
to have a uniform
Correction
flux,
for the
rather than a uniform te
imposed at the plate. For laminar flow, it may be shown that [5]
made by using Equations Nu ! 0.453 Re Pr 7.45 and Pr & 0.67.46 wi x
1/2
x
1/3

e heat
while flux is flow
for turbulent known, the convection coeffi
ace temperature Nu ! 0.0308 Re Pr 0.6 % Pr % 60
x
4/5
x
1/3

Hence the Nusselt number is 36% and 4% larger than the constant surface te
q#
result for laminar and turbulent flow, respectively. Correction for the effect of an
s
7.43, respectively. Ifs the heat flux is
T (x) ! T $
starting length may be made by using Equations 7.45 and 7.46 with Equation
!known, the convection coefficient may b
determine the local surface temperature x h
q#s
rate is readily determined from the product x o Ts(x) ! T! $
hx

As, it the
issurface
notthearea,
Since necessary to
total heat rate is readily introduce
determined from thean average
product of the unifor
THEODORE L. BERGMAN, ADRIENNE S. LAVINE, FRANK P. INCROPERA and DAVID P. DEWITT: Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer. John Wiley & Sons, United States of America (2002)

q ! q#A , it is not necessary to introduce an average convection

s s
orable pressure strongly
gradient (du!the
influences /dxposition
" 0 ofwhen ! 0),
dp/dxpoint.
the separation reaches
For the a ma
circular cylinde
when dp/dx #teristic
0, andlength is the diameter, and the Reynolds number is defined as
decelerates because of the adverse pressure g
! 0 when dp/dx " 0). As the fluid decelerates, ReD " #the# velocity
"VD VD gradient at
Casos para reflexionar:
/!y!y#0, eventually becomes zero (Figure 7.7). At this location, termed the
$

nt, fluid near theSince

surface lacks sufficient
the momentum momentum
of fluid in a turbulent boundarytolayer
overcome theinp
is larger than
, and continued boundary
downstreamlayer, it movement
is reasonable toisexpect transition toSince
impossible. delay thetheoccurrence
oncomio
cludes flow back upstream, boundary layer separation must occur. This i
or which the boundary layer detachesu (from x)
the surface, and a wake is fo ∞

nstream region. Flow in this region x θ is characterized by vortex formation

rregular. The separation point is the Dlocation for y#0 # 0. A

V Wake which !u/!y!

iew of flow conditions in the wake of a circular cylinder is provi

eau and Defaye [10]. Forward FIGURE 7.6 Boundary la
occurrence of boundary layer stagnation transition,
point which depends
Separation point on
and the Reynolds
separation on a circula
Boundary layer cross flow.
influences the position of the separation point. For the circular cylinder the
ength is the diameter, and the Reynolds number is defined as
"VD VD
ReD " # # $
THEODORE L. BERGMAN, ADRIENNE S. LAVINE, FRANK P. INCROPERA and DAVID P. DEWITT: Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer. John Wiley & Sons, United States of America (2002)

e momentum of fluid in a turbulent boundary layer is larger than in the

y layer, it is reasonable to expect transition to delay the occurrence of sep
 Favorable pressure gradient Adverse
!p
__ < 0 !p
__ > 0
r
Casos para reflexionar:
!x !x

u∞(x)
hapter 7 ! External Flow

Favorable pressure gradient Adverse pressure gradient

!p
__ < 0 !p
__ > 0
!x !x Separation poin

u∞(x) Fl

FIGURE 7.7 Velocity profile associa

Separation point
cylinder in cross flow.
Wake
Flow reversal
Vortices

5 separation on a circular
If Reprofile
FIGURE 7.7 Velocity D ! 2 " 10
associated with laminar layer
, the boundary remain
cylinder in cross flow.
(Figure 7.8). However, if ReD $ 2 " 105, bou
THEODORE L. BERGMAN, ADRIENNE S. LAVINE, FRANK P. INCROPERA and DAVID P. DEWITT: Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer. John Wiley & Sons, United States of America (2002)
velocity). The drag coefficient is a function of the Reynolds number and results are
presented in Figure 7.9. For ReD ! 2 separation effects are negligible, and conditions
are dominated by friction drag. However, with increasing Reynolds number, the effect
of separation, and therefore form drag, becomes more important. The large reduction in
Casos para reflexionar:
CD that occurs for ReD $ 2 " 105 is due to boundary layer transition, which delays
separation, thereby reducing the extent of the wake region and the magnitude of the
form drag.

Laminar Laminar Transition Turbulent

boundary boundary boundary
layer layer layer
θsep
θsep
V V

< 2 × 105
ReD ~ > 2 × 105
ReD ~

Separation Separation

FIGURE 7.8 The effect of turbulence on separation.

THEODORE L. BERGMAN, ADRIENNE S. LAVINE, FRANK P. INCROPERA and DAVID P. DEWITT: Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer. John Wiley & Sons, United States of America (2002)
ry layer
7.qxd remains
2/24/11 Page 457 and separation occurs at ! ! 80#
1:51 PMlaminar,

$ 2 " 105, boundary layer transition occurs, and separation

Casos para reflexionar:
ww.FluidMechanics.ir
trongly influence the drag force, FD, acting on the cylinder.
s, one of which is 7.4
due to
Thethe boundary
Cylinder in Cross Flowlayer surface shear
! 457
er component is due to a pressure differential in the flow
ion of the wake (form, or400pressure, drag). A dimensionless
ned as 200
100
! ! 80° sep

60 No separation !sep ! 140°

40
FD 20
CD " 10 (7.50)
Af ("V 2/2) 6
CD

4
2 Smooth cylinder

al area (the area projected0.61perpendicular to the free stream

0.4
nt is a function of the Reynolds
0.2
number
C !
24
Re
and results areSphere D
D

ReD ! 2 separation effects 0.1 are negligible, and conditions

0.06
g. However, with increasing 10 Reynolds
10 number,
10 10 –1
theVD effect
10 0
10 10 1
10 2 3 4 5 6

Re = __
orm drag, becomes more important. The large reduction v
in D

" 105 is due to boundary layer

FIGURE 7.9 transition,
Drag coefficients which
for a smooth delays
circular cylinder in cross flow and for a sphere [2].
Boundary layer separation angles are for a cylinder. Adapted with permission.
the extent of the wake region and the magnitude of the
THEODORE L. BERGMAN, ADRIENNE S. LAVINE, FRANK P. INCROPERA and DAVID P. DEWITT: Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer. John Wiley & Sons, United States of America (2002)

7.4.2 Convection Heat and Mass Transfer

 influenced by the nature of boundary layer development on the
tions for ReD ! 105. Starting at the stagnation point, Nu! decreas
result of laminar boundary layer development. However, a minim

Casos para reflexionar:

where separation occurs and Nu! increases with ! due to mixing a
mation in the wake. In contrast, for ReD # 105 the variation of N
by two minima. The decline in Nu! from the value at the stagna
laminar boundary layer development, but the sharp increase that

3.0

ReD = 2 × 106
Nu θ ReD"1/2Pr"1/3

2.0

2 × 105

FIGURE 7.1
1.0 airflow norma
104
(Adapted wit
Zukauskas, A
500 in Cross Flow
and W. Aung
0
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 Single-Phase
Angular coordinate, θ Wiley, New Y

THEODORE L. BERGMAN, ADRIENNE S. LAVINE, FRANK P. INCROPERA and DAVID P. DEWITT: Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer. John Wiley & Sons, United States of America (2002)
 hD
dpoint of engineering
NuD &
k
$calculations,
C ReDm Pr1/3 we are more intereste(
empirical correlation due to Hilpert [11] that has been
Casos para reflexionar:
ious Prandtl numbers, C and m are listed in Table 7.2. Eq
" 0.7, where the constants
for flow over cylinders of noncircular cross section, with the c
he constants obtained from Table 7.3. In working with Equation
hD
are evaluated at the film temperature.
D & for$the
m 1/3
have been Nu
suggested ReD Prcylinder in cross flow [15, 1
C circular
k
Zukauskas [16] is of the form
Todas las
# $
1/4
0.7, where the constants
m
NuD $ C ReD Pr n C and
Pr m are listed in
propiedades se
Table 7.
Prs
or flow over cylinders of noncircularevalúan
cross section,
as Too, with
constants obtained from Table 7.3. excepto
In working
Prs, lawith
cualEqu
0.7 # Pr
re evaluated at the film
1 # Re D
# 500
# 10 6 "
temperature.se calcula a Ts %
ave been suggested
re evaluated for thePrcircular
at T!, except , which cylinder
is in
evaluatedcross
at T . flow [
Value
THEODORE L. BERGMAN, ADRIENNE S. LAVINE, FRANK P. INCROPERA and DAVID P. DEWITT: Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer. John Wiley & Sons, United States of America (2002)

s s
eynolds numbers (creeping owfl ), the coefficient is inversely proportional to
number and the specific relation is termed Stokes’law

CasosC para
! 24 reflexionar,
Re $ 0.5
caso (7.55)
par;cularRe de esferas: D D
D

s heat transfer correlations have been proposed, and Whitaker [15] recom-
ression of the form

# $ ! 1/4
NuD ! 2 " (0.4 Re1/2
D " 0.06 Re2/3
D )Pr 0.4
!s (7.56)

Expresión de
! "
0.71 $ Pr $ 380
3.5 $ ReD $ 7.6 % 104 Whitaker
1.0 $ (!/!s) $ 3.2

s except !s are evaluated at T!, and the result may be applied to mass transfer
ply by replacing NuD and Pr with ShD and Sc, respectively. A special case of
eat and mass transfer from spheres relates to transport from freely falling liq-
THEODORE L. BERGMAN, ADRIENNE S. LAVINE, FRANK P. INCROPERA and DAVID P. DEWITT: Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer. John Wiley & Sons, United States of America (2002)

d the correlation of Ranz and Marshall [19] is often used

7.6 Flow Across Banks of Tubes

Heat transfer to or from a bank (or bundle) of tubes in cross flow is relevant to numerous

Casos para reflexionar, caso par8cular

industrial applications, such as steam generation in a boiler or air cooling in the coil of an
air conditioner. The geometric arrangement is shown schematically in Figure 7.11. Typi-
cally, one fluid moves over the tubes, while a second fluid at a different temperature passes
through the tubes. In this section we are specifically interested in the convection heat trans-

de banco de tubos:
fer associated with cross flow over the tubes.
The tube rows of a bank can be either aligned or staggered in the direction of the fluid
velocity V (Figure 7.12). The configuration is characterized by the tube diameter D and
by the transverse pitch ST and longitudinal pitch SL measured between tube centers. Flow

Fluid in cross flow

V
over tube bank

Internal flow of fluid

through tube

FIGURE 7.11 Schematic of a tube bank in cross flow.

THEODORE L. BERGMAN, ADRIENNE S. LAVINE, FRANK P. INCROPERA and DAVID P. DEWITT: Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer. John Wiley & Sons, United States of America (2002)
w
Casos para reflexionar:

solder ball. Heating elements, Ts = 350°C

idly to the D = 12 mm
NL = 3 250 mm
NT = 4
oint is pro-
ture differ-
ence 0.25 s Air duct

Air Terminal
panel
Ti = 25°C SL = 24 mm
V = 12 m/s
ube bank in
ST = 24 mm
es are SL !
he same. THEODORE L. BERGMAN, ADRIENNE S. LAVINE, FRANK P. INCROPERA and DAVID P. DEWITT: Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer. John Wiley & Sons, United States of America (2002)

ng steam at (a) Determine the total heat transfer to the air and the
 ment, Vmax occurs at the transverse plane A1 of Figure 7.12a,
fluid temperature, !Tition
! Torequirement for an
!, is large, significant incompressible
error could result fromfluid
the evaluation of the
r properties at!Tthe inlet temperature.
Casos para reflexionar, caso par8cular
fluid temperature,
To!, is large, properties
significant atIfthe
typically
error
there
i ! To!, is large, significant error could result from the evaluation of the
could
are temperature.
inlet
reduced,
result from the evaluation of theST
20 or fewer rows of tubes, NL " 20, the average heat transfer coefficient is
and a correction factor may be applied such that
de banco de tubos:
If there
7.6 ! Flow Across
emperature. Banksare of or fewer rows of tubes, NL " 20, the average heatVtransfer
20Tubes
typically reduced, and a correction factor may be applied such that
max #
coefficient
ST ! D
V is
469
ewer rows of tubes, NL " 20, the average Nu ' heat # Ctransfer
Nu ' coefficient is (7.59) D (NL%20) 2 D (NL&20)

a correction factor where

mayCbe appliedFor theNuDstaggered
such '(N that configuration, the maximum velocity
(7.59) may
%20) # C2NuD '(N &20)
is given in Table 7.6. plane A1 or the diagonal plane A2 of Figure 7.12b. It will occu
L L
2
The Reynolds number ReD,max for the foregoing correlationSDis based on the maximum
such that S
where Cuid given inoccurring
fl2 isvelocity Table 7.6. L & !Vmax D/". For the aligned arrange-
within the tube bank, ReD,max
NuD (NLThe ment,
%20) '
# C
Reynolds
2 Nu
tion requirement D
occurringfor
(Nan &20)
L incompressible fluid
'
SLVmax occurs at the transverse plane A1 of Figure 7.12a, and from the mass
number ReD,max for the foregoing correlation is based (7.59) conserva-
on theD maximum
uid
fl velocity within Dthe tube bank, ReD,max & !Vmax D/"2(S . For
D!theD)
aligned
% (STarrange-
! D)
ST Vmax occursAat
ment, 1
the transverse plane A1S of Figure 7.12a, and from the mass conserva-
T
tion requirement for an incompressible fluid ST
V # V (7.60)
able 7.6. V, T ∞ V, T
The factor of 2 results S !A D Athe bifurcation experienced by th
from ∞
max
T 2 1

mber ReD,max for theForforegoing correlation

the A2 planes. Hence
the staggered configuration, the is
maximum
Vmax #
based VA
on
max occurs
ST Vvelocity
A
the
may
at Amaximum
occur 2 if
at either the transverse
(7.60) 2
&
1
within the tube bank,plane ARe or the
D,max !V
diagonal plane
max
A D/"
of . For
S
FigureT ! 1D the aligned arrange-
7.12b. It will occur at A if the rows are spaced 2 2

" # $%
such that S 2 1/2 S $D
e transverse plane A1 of Figure
For the staggered 7.12a,
configuration, and from
the maximum themay
velocity mass # conserva-
SDoccur 2
SatL $ T
% T
either the transverse
Row 1 Row 2 Row 3 Row 1 Row 2 Row 3 Row2 4 are spaced2
incompressible
(a)
planefluid
A1 or the diagonal plane A2 of Figure
(b)
2(S ! 7.12b.
D) % It(S will
! D)occur at A2 if the rows D T
such that
in which case it is given by
FIGURE 7.12 TheTubefactor of 2 resultsinfrom
arrangements the bifurcation
a bank. (a) Aligned.experienced by the fluid moving from the A1 to
(b) Staggered.
ST Hence Vmax occurs
the A2 planes. 2(SDat!A2D)if % (ST ! D)
Vmax # V Vmax #(7.60)ST V
ST ! areD effects 2(S D)
! wake
conditions within the bank dominated by boundary STlayer separation andDby
" # $%
2 1/2 ST $ D
2
The factor of 2 results from the bifurcation
D S # S $experienced
L % by the fluid moving from the A to
interactions,the
which in turn influence convection
A2 planes. Hence Vmax occurs at A2 if
heat transfer.
2 2 1
THEODORE L. BERGMAN, ADRIENNE S. LAVINE, FRANK P. INCROPERA and DAVID P. DEWITT: Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer. John Wiley & Sons, United States of America (2002)

Flow around the tubes in the first If row

Vmax ofoccurs
a tubeatbankA1 isforsimilar to that forconfiguration,
the staggered a single (iso- it m
figuration, the maximum
lated) cylinder velocity
in which case
in cross flow. may 7.60.
it is given by
Correspondingly,
Equation occur
the heat attransfer
eithercoefficient
the transverse
for a tube in the
2 1/2
:51 PM Page 470
Casos para reflexionar, caso par8cular
7.6 ! Flow Across Banks of Tubes
cs.ir de banco de tubos:
Chapter 7 ! External Flow

fluid temperature, !Ti ! To!, is large, significant error could result f

properties at the inlet temperature.
If there are 20 or fewer rows of tubes, NL " 20, the average h
Preferred
flow lanes

typically reduced, and a correction factor may be applied such tha

NuD '(NL%20) # C2NuD '(NL&20)

(a)

where C2 is given in Table 7.6.

The Reynolds number ReD,max for the foregoing correlation i
fl velocity occurring within the tube bank, ReD,max & !Vmax D/"
uid THEODORE L. BERGMAN, ADRIENNE S. LAVINE,
(b) FRANK P. INCROPERA and DAVID P. DEWITT: Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer. John Wiley & Sons, United States of America (2002)

ment, Vmax occurs at the transverse plane A1 of Figure 7.12a, and

FIGURE 7.13 Flow conditions for (a) aligned and (b) staggered tubes.
 son [20]. The results of Grimison 7.6 are restricted
Flow Across Banks of Tubes to air as the ! 473
edicted values ofwww.FluidMechanics.ir
the average Nusselt numbers generated by the
rences agree to within approximately 15% Across over a broad range of 473

lts mayCasos
be used para
7.6 Flow Banks of Tubes ! 40
10
103
20
to determine mass transfer rates associated with SL
ST 104
ReD,max
105

from reflexionar,
the surfaces of acaso
10 PL = SL/D
40

χ
bank of cylinders in cross flow. Once 10 1 106
6 PT = ST /D
103
20 4 PT = PL ReD,max
SL 104

par8cular
replace NuD and Pr by de ShD and Sc, respectively. ST
10 2 PL = SL/D 0.1 105

f
0.1 1 10

χ
1 106
(PT – 1)/(PL – 1)
6 1 PT = ST /D
ng that there is generally as much interest in the pressure drop
banco dein tubos:
4 PT = PL PL = 1.25
0.6
1.50 0.1
s a tube bank as the overall heat transfer rate. The power 20.4

f
2.0 0.1 1 10
0.2 (PT – 1)/(PL – 1)
1 2.5
cross the bank is often a major operating expense and is directly 0.60.1
0.4
0.06 1
PL = 1.25
1.50

drop, which may be expressed as [16] 10 102 103 2.0 104 105 106
0.2
ReD,max
2.5
0.1
FIGURE 7.14 Friction factor ƒ and correction factor ! for Equation 7.65. In-line tube bundle
0.06 1
arrangement
10 [16]. (Used
102 with permission.)
103 104 105 106
ReD,max

# $
2
"V max FIGURE
102 7.14 Friction factor ƒ and correction factor ! for Equation 7.65. In-line tube bundle
!p " NL ! f arrangement [16]. (Used with permission.) (7.65)
2
1.8

1.6

2
10
102 ≥105

=
3
SD 1.4 10

ax
χ

,m
101 1.8

D
Re
10 4 4
1.2 10
e correction factor ! are plotted in Figures 7.14 and 7.15. Figure 1.6 10
3

2
≥105

10
1.0
SD = ST ≥105

=
3

-line tube arrangement for which the dimensionless longitudinal

1.4 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 2 10
f

SD

ax
χ

,m
1
10 PT /PL

D
Re
PT = 1.25 10 4 4
1.2 10

" SL/D and PT " ST /D, respectively, are equal. The correction
0 10 3
10
1.5 1.0 ≥105
SD = ST
0.4 0.6 0.8 1 2
f

, is used to apply the results to other in-line arrangements. Simi- 100

2.0
PT =2.5
1.25
PT /PL

o a staggered arrangement of tubes in the form of an equilateral

THEODORE L. BERGMAN, ADRIENNE S. LAVINE, FRANK P. INCROPERA and DAVID P.
10–1
1.5

2.0
correction factor enables extension of the results to other stag-
DEWITT: Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer. John Wiley & Sons, United States
of America (2002) 10 1
10 2
2.5
103
ReD,max
104 105 106

hat the Reynolds number appearing Fin Figures 7.14 and 7.15 is 10–1
7.15 Friction factor ƒ and correction factor ! for Equation 7.65. Staggered tube
IGURE
bundle1 arrangement [16].
2 (Used with permission.)
3 4 5 6
pter 7 ! External Flow
Find:
1. Air-side convection coefficient and heat rate.
Casos resolver en casa: Cuánta transferencia de calor se puede dar? y
2. Pressure
Since the fluiddrop.
deduzca elmay experience
perfile a large change
de temperatura in para
del fluido temperature as it moves
Temperatura de los throu
bank, tubos
the heat transfer rate could be significantly overpredicted by using !T " T
constantes:
Schematic:
he temperature difference in Newton’s law of cooling.Water Astubethe fluid moves throu
SL = 34.3 mm
ST = 31.3 mm Ts and !!T ! decreases.
k, its temperature approaches InDChapter
= 16.4 mm 8, the appropriate f

s shown to be a log-mean temperature difference, Ts = 70°C

Ti = T∞ = 15°C
V = 6 m/s
(Ts # Ti) # (Ts # To)
!Tlm " (
ln#Ts # Ti
Ts # To $
Air
re Ti and To are temperatures of the fluid as it enters and leaves the bank, respec
outlet temperature, which is neededRow lm, may be estimated from
to 1determine !TRow 7

Assumptions:
1. Steady-state, incompressible flow conditions.
Ts # To
2. Negligible radiation effects.
T #T
" exp # #DNh
THEODORE L. BERGMAN, ADRIENNE S. LAVINE, FRANK #
"VN ST cpbank on air properties.
3. Negligible effect of change sin air itemperature acrossTtube
P. INCROPERA and DAVID P. DEWITT: Fundamentals of
Heat and Mass Transfer. John Wiley & Sons, United
States of America (2002)
$ (

Properties: Table A.4, air (T! ! 15"C): ! ! 1.217 kg/m3, cp ! 1007 J/kg ! K, " ! 14.82 #
 In the results that follow, it is presumed that the gas jet exit
velocity Ve, temperature Te, and species concentration CA,e.
equilibrium with the ambient are presumed (Te $ T!, CA,e $ C
Casos para reflexionar:
and/or mass transfer may occur at an impingement surface of

W
Nozzle plate S

z y

Nozzle x L

FIGURE 7
Secondary stagnation zone an array

THEODORE L. BERGMAN, ADRIENNE S. LAVINE, FRANK P. INCROPERA and DAVID P. DEWITT: Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer. John Wiley & Sons, United States of America (2002)
 and is decelerated and accelerated in the normal (z) and transverse (r or x) directions,
respectively. However, since the flow continues to entrain zero momentum fluid from
the ambient, transverse acceleration cannot continue indefinitely and accelerating flow
in the stagnation zone is transformed to a decelerating wall jet. Hence, with increasing r
Casos para reflexionar con respecto a flujo
or x, velocity components parallel to the surface increase from a value of zero to some
maximum and subsequently decay to zero. Velocity profiles within the wall jet are
externo pero perpendicular:
D or W
Nozzle

Nozzle exit
CA,e, Te, Ve

Potential core
Ambient
Free jet T∞, CA,∞

Stagnation or
H
impingement
zone

Wall jet Velocity

profiles

r or x

Impingement surface Ts, CA,s Stagnation point

THEODORE L. BERGMAN, ADRIENNE S. LAVINE, FRANK P. INCROPERA and DAVID P. DEWITT: Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer. John Wiley & Sons, United States of America (2002)
FIGURE 7.16 Surface impingement of a single round or slot gas jet.
2/24/11 1:51 PM Page 479

idMechanics.ir Casos para reflexionar con respecto a flujo

externo
7.7 pero
Impinging Jets perpendicular:
! 479

D D
D S
r S

Ar = D2/4r 2

Ar = π D2/4S2
Ar = π D2/2√3 S2 S
(a) (b)
(c)
W

x S
Ar = W/2x W
Ar = W/S
(d)
(e)
THEODORE L. BERGMAN, ADRIENNE S. LAVINE, FRANK P. INCROPERA and DAVID P. DEWITT: Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer. John Wiley & Sons, United States of America (2002)
FIGURE 7.18 Plan view of pertinent geometrical features for (a) single round jet, (b) in-line
array of round jets, (c) staggered array of round jets, (d ) single slot jet, and (e) array of slot jets.
 Secondary maxima in Nu are also associated with the interaction
for an array [21, 23]. However, distributions are two-dimensional, ex
variations with both x and y for the slot jet array of Figure 7.17. Vari
Casosexpected
para to yield maxima con
reflexionar at the respecto
jet centerline a
and halfway between ad
flujo
straint of the exhaust flow to the #y-direction would induce accelera
externo peroa monotonically
and hence perpendicular: increasing Nu with # y#. However, variation
increasing cross-sectional area of the outflow and may be neglected if S
Average Nusselt numbers may be obtained by integrating local
priate surface area. The resulting correlations are reported in the form

Nu " f(Re, Pr, Ar, H/Dh)

where
hDh
Nu !
k
Ve Dh
Re " !

and Dh " D (round nozzle) or Dh " 2W (slot nozzle).

Round Nozzles Having assessed data from several sources, Martin

following correlation for a single round nozzle (Ar " D2/4r2)
THEODORE L. BERGMAN, ADRIENNE S. LAVINE, FRANK P. INCROPERA and DAVID P. DEWITT: Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer. John Wiley & Sons, United States of America (2002)

Nu H 1/2 0.55 1/2

 include tempering ofMany impingement
glass plate, heat
annealing of metal sheets,(mass)
drying of transfer schemes
textile and paper prod- involve an array of

zzles would be one for which the valu

ucts, cooling example, the array
of heated components in gasof slotengines,
turbine jets shown inofFigure
and deicing 7.17. In
aircraft systems. addition to flow from
exhibiting free jet, stagnation, and wall jet regions, secondary stagnation zon
7.7.1 Hydrodynamic and Geometric Considerations
the interaction of adjoining wall jets. In many such schemes the jets are disc
As shown in restricted
Figure 7.16, gas jets are typically
volume bounded discharged
by the intotarget
a quiescent ambient and
surface from athe nozzle plate from w
round nozzle of diameter D or a slot (rectangular) nozzle of width W. Typically, the jet is
turbulent and, at the nozzle exit, is characterized by a uniform velocity profile. However,depends strongly on th
originate. The overall rate of heat (mass) transfer

a prescribed total gas flow rate

Casos para reflexionar con respecto a flujo
per u
which
with increasing distancespent
from the gas,exit,whose
momentum temperature
exchange between (species concentration)
the jet and the ambi- is between valu
ent causes the free boundary of the jet to broaden and the potential core, within which
with the nozzle exit and the impingement
the uniform exit velocity is retained, to contract. Downstream of the potential core the surface, is vented from the sys
configuration
velocity profile is nonuniform over of the Figure 7.17,
entire jet cross spent gasthecannot
section and maximum flow upward between the noz
(center)

externo pero perpendicular:

velocity decreases with increasing distance from the nozzle exit. The region of the flow over
instead flow symmetrically in the "y-directions. As the temperature (sur
which conditions are unaffected by the impingement (target) surface is termed the free jet.
or stagnation
Within the species orconcentration
impingement zone,(surface evaporation)
flow is influenced ofsurface
by the target the gas increases with incr
and is decelerated
local and accelerated in thetemperature
surface-to-gas normal (z) and transverse
or (r or x) directions,
concentration difference decreases, cau

ys of both round and slot nozzles, op

respectively. However, since the flow continues to entrain zero momentum fluid from
the ambient,tion in local
transverse convection
acceleration fluxes.
cannot continue A preferable
indefinitely situation
and accelerating flow is one for which the s
adjoining
in the stagnation nozzles toisaopen
zone is transformed to the
decelerating wallambient,
jet. Hence, thereby permitting
with increasing r continuous upfl
or x, velocity components parallel to the surface increase from a value of zero to some
discharge of the spent gas.
maximum and subsequently decay to zero. Velocity profiles within the wall jet are
Plan (top) views of single round and slot nozzles, as well as regular arrays
slot nozzles, are shown in Figure 7.18. For the isolated nozzles (Figures 7.18a
average Nozzle convection coefficients D or W are associated with any r # 0 and x # 0. F
with discharge of the spent gas in the vertical (z) direction, symmetry dictat
local and average values for each of the unit cells delineated by dashed line
number of CNozzle A,e
square-in-line
exit
,T,V
e e
(Figure 7.18b) or equilaterally staggered (Figure
jets, the unit cells correspond to a square or hexagon, respectively. A pertin
Potential core
parameter is the relative nozzle area, which Ambient
T ,C
is defined as the ratio of the nozz
Free jet
(Ar " Ac,e /Acell). In each case, S r
∞ A,∞
sectional area
Stagnation or
to the surface area of the cell
H
pitchimpingement
ofzonethe array.

Dh,op " 0.2H

Wall jet Velocity
profiles
7.7.2 Convection Heat and Mass Transfer
z

In the results that follow,r oritx is presumed that the gas jet exits its nozzle w
velocity
Impingement V
e, temperature
surface T,C
s A,s Te, and
Stagnation point species concentration CA,e. Thermal and c

equilibrium with the ambient are presumed (Te $ T!, CA,e $ CA,!), while co
FIGURE 7.16 Surface impingement of a single round or slot gas jet.
and/or mass transfer may occur at an impingement surface of uniform tempe

Sop " 1.4H Nozzle plate S

W

z y

Nozzle x L

5 coincides approximately with the le

FIGURE 7.17 Surface im
Secondary stagnation zone an array of slot jets.

e, the midline jet velocity decays, cau

THEODORE L. BERGMAN, ADRIENNE S. LAVINE, FRANK P. INCROPERA and DAVID P. DEWITT: Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer. John Wiley & Sons, United States of America (2002)
 catalytic reactions, and drying. The term packed bed refers
position of the particles is xed.
fi In contrast, a uidized
fl bed
are in motion due to advection with the fluid.
For a packed bed
Casos paraa reflexionar con a large amount of
respecto a heat or mass transfer s
flujo
small volume, and the irregular flow that exists in the voids
externo pero sobre
through lecho
mixing. Manyempacado:
correlations that have been developed

V
mmary

FIGURE 7.20 Gas flow through a pac

packing densities are described in the literature [30–33]. One such co
been recommended for gas flow in a bed of spheres, is of the form

"jH ! "jm ! 2.06 Re#0.575

D # Pr (or Sc) $ 0.7
90 $ ReD $ 4000 %
–
nd jm are the Colburn j factors defined by Equations 6.70 and 6.71. The
THEODORE L. BERGMAN, ADRIENNE S. LAVINE, FRANK P. INCROPERA and DAVID P. DEWITT: Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer. John Wiley & Sons, United States of America (2002)

eD ! VD/! is defined in terms of the sphere diameter and the upstream v

 catalytic reactions, and drying. The termcatalytic
packed bedreactions,
refers and
to a drying. Th
condition
position of the particles is xed.
fi position
In contrast, fl of thebed
a uidized particles
is oneis for
xed.
fi whicIn
are in motion due to advection with
are in motion due to advection with the fluid.
Tarea:
For a Analizar
packed bed auna
largeforma
amount ofde almacenar
heat orFor
massa packed
transferbed a large
surface amou
area can
a small volume, and the irregular flow thata exists
small volume, and of
in the voids thethe
irregular
bed enhfl
energía
through solar
mixing. mediante
Many correlationsun
thatbanco
through
have demixing.
been piedras
Many
developed forcorrelations
different p

V V

FIGURE 7.20 Gas flow through a packed bed ofFsolid

IGUREp

Durante el día la radiación solar Durante la noche aire frío recibe

se usa para calentar aire. Luego calor de las piedras para ser
éste caliente se hace pasar por el utilizado en el hogar y poder
lecho de piedra, donde se tener confort.
almacena la energía.