AUTODYN - Chapter 9 - Material - Models PDF

Chapter 9
Material Models
IIntroduction
t d ti to t ANSYS
AUTODYN
ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary Release 12.1

© 2010 ANSYS, Inc. All rights reserved. 9-1 February 2010
Material Models
Material Models in Explicit Dynamics (ANSYS) Training Manual
AUTODYN
Equation of State
Strength Model
Failure Model

Material Models
AUTODYN Material Models Training Manual
• An AUTODYN material model consists of 3 components

– Equation of State (EOS)
– Strength
St th Model
M d l Models Also Available in
Explicit Dynamics (ANSYS)
– Failure Model
EOS Strength Failure

Material Models
AUTODYN Additional Material Models Training Manual
• Ideal Gas Equation of State • Orthotropic Materials
• Two Phase Equation of State – Orthotropic Solids

– Composite Shells
• SESAME Tables
• High Explosives (HE)
• Cumulative Damage
g Model
– D
Detonation
t ti
• Beam Resistance Model – Expansion of detonation
products (gases)
• Fragment Analyzer – After
After-burn
burn
– Ignition and Growth
• Rigid Materials (specification is
different in AUTODYN) • Slow-burning Explosives
• User Material Models

Material Models
Ideal Gas Equation of State Training Manual
• Energy dependant EOS
P = (γ −1)ρe +
γ = ideal gas constant, Gamma
ρ = density,
d it
e = specific internal energy
• Adiabatic Constant
Constant, C
– Enter non-zero value to calculate adiabatic
response
P/ργ = C
• Pressure shift
– Lets you subtract atmospheric pressure

Material Models
Two Phase Equation of State Training Manual
• Used to model the expansion and vaporization of superheated liquids

– e.g. a reactor coolant
• Used together with a compression EOS
• A Gruneisen EOS is used for the single phase region

– Saturation curve is the reference curve
• The saturation curve for the material is defined in user subroutine EXTAB
– The saturation curve for water is provided with AUTODYN
Pressure Single phase

Vapour region
Single phase
Liquid region
Two phase
Liquid and Vapour region
Specific Volume

Material Models
Sesame Library Training Manual
• The Sesame library is not an EOS but a table

format for storing state data
– Contains data for over 200 materials including
metals, minerals, polymers and mixtures
– Most of the tables have data for very wide
ranges of density and internal energy, but were
developed for particular applications where a
particular range was required
– Use with caution
• The Sesame Library is US export-controlled

– Not included in standard distribution
– Library can be obtained from ANSYS if

required
q p
permissions are pprovided
– Can also be obtained directly from LANL

Material Models
Cumulative Damage Failure Model Training Manual
• Allows progressive degradation of the strength of a material

•
• Early model developed to represent brittle materials under crushing

– Predates the Johnson-Holmquist Model
• First developed using User Subroutines

– Good example of the effective combination of multiple user subroutines

Material Models
Beam Resistance Model Training Manual
• Strength data for the beam-resistance model is

defined using four 10 point piecewise linear
curves
– Axial Force vs. Axial Strain along axis 11

– Moment vs. Curvature about axis 11
• Load-deflection data from experiments on

reinforced concrete beams fed directly into beam
resistance model to obtain realistic structural
response
• There is no inter-dependence between the four

piecewise curves defining
p g the axial,, torsional and
bending response of the elements

Material Models
Beam Resistance Model Training Manual
• Example: 1/3 Scale Pullover

Tests
– Experiment
• Failure Load: 86kN ± 4KN
– Simulation
• Failure
F il L d 83kN ± 5KN
Load:
Courtesy of AWE (A), UK

Material Models
Fragment Analyzer Training Manual
• View and Tabulate the fragments formed during an analysis

• Example: Out-of-barrel Bullet Deflagration
Courtesy Sandia National Lab.

Material Models
Rigid Materials Training Manual
• Used to define rigid bodies

– Different way of defining rigid bodies in Explicit
Dynamics (ANSYS)
• Select “EOS Rigid” in the standard material

input
• Fill any Unstructured Part with a rigid material
– Not available for Structured Parts
• Elements filled with a Rigid material will act as
a single
i l rigid
i id b
body
d with
ith mass / iinertia
ti
• Mass / inertia is defined by
– Material densityy and volume of filled
elements
– Explicitly in the material definition
• You can use more that one Rigid material to
define multiple rigid bodies
Material Models
• Example: 3D Oblique Impact
Deformable Projectile Rigid Projectile

Material Models
• Example: Sheet Metal Forming

– Rigid Punch and Die
– Unstructured Shell (Quad dominant)

Work Piece
Punch
Work Piece
Die
Material Models
Orthotropic Materials Training Manual
• AUTODYN has extensive capabilities for modeling orthotropic materials

under a wide range of loading conditions
– Orthotropic
O th t i linear-elastic
li l ti response ((structural
t t l lloading)
di )
• Orthotropic elastic stiffness matrix
– Linear volumetric response
– Orthotropic elastic response coupled with a non-linear equation of state

(transient shock loading)
• Modified orthotropic elastic stiffness matrix
– Non-linear volumetric response
– Orthotropic plasticity
• Generalized quadratic plasticity surface
– Orthotropic failure
• Damage model
• Brittle Failure
Material Models
• Use Orthotropic EOS, Yield and Softening models to obtain fully response
Orthotropic EOS
Orthotropic Yield
Orthotropic Softening

Material Models
• Orthotropic materials are represented using solid continuum elements
Represented by a continuum with

equivalent orthotropic material
Laminated Composite OR properties
p p - individual layers
y not
represented explicitly
3
2
1

Material Models
• Orthotropic Linear-elastic Response

– Linear Equation of State implicitly assumed for the
volumetric response
C S = C-1 =
=

Material Models
• Orthotropic elastic response coupled with a non-

linear equation of state
– Polynomial
– Shock
– Porous

Material Models
• Orthotropic Plasticity
– Uses Generalized quadratic plasticity surface
f (σ ij ) = a11σ 11
2
+ a22σ 22
2
+ a33σ 33
2
+ 2a12σ 11σ 22 +
2a23σ 22σ 33 + 2a13σ 11σ 33 + 2a44σ 23
2
+
2a55σ 31
2
+ 2a66σ 12
2
=k
– Shape of the surface defined by coefficients, aij
– Hardening
g defined by
y the p
parameter,, k
– General form reduces to
• Hills orthotropic yield function
• Von-mises yield function

Material Models
• Orthotropic Failure : Brittle Failure
– Th
Three orthotropic
th t i brittle
b ittl failure
f il initiation
i iti ti
models are available
• Material Stress
• Material Strain
• Material Stress / Strain
– These allow different tensile and shear
failure stresses and/or strains to be
specified for each of the principal
material directions

Material Models
• OrthotropicFailure : Damage Model

– The failure initiation criteria (surfaces) for this model are

Material Models
• OrthotropicFailure : Damage Model

– Once failure is initiated, a damage tensor is computed and used to soften
the failure surfaces

Material Models
• Static Tensile Test results for KEVLAR®-epoxy

Material Models
• Example: Impact of a fragment onto a GFRP target

Material Models
• Layered Composite Shells

– Intended for thin composite structures
under structural (rather than shock) type
loading
– Layered composite shells are defined
during the “Fill” of the shell part
p
• Select the Composite button
• Lay-up’s are applied to the mesh
along with the normal initial
conditions
– A
Any number
b off lay-up’s
l ’ can b
be d
defined,
fi d
stored and selected
• Each layer can be an isotropic or
orthotropic material
– For orthotropic materials, you
must specify the 11 direction
• Each layer is assigned a thickness
• Each layer can be viewed
independently
Material Models
• Layered Composite Shells

– Material models
• Models compatible
p with standard shells can be applied
pp to
individual layers of composite shell elements
• Orthotropic material models can also be used
– Material directions need to be define
• Tsai-Wu, Hoffman and Tsai-Hill failure criteria can be applied
– Including both compressive and tensile failure strengths
– Bulk failure only
– Material Directions
• 11 and 22 always in plane of shell
• 33 always through thickness
• Material Axes Options
– I-J-K (recommended)
• Default 11 : direction of increasing K lines
• Set θ to rotate 11 about centre of element
• 22 always perpendicular to 11 in plane of element
– X-Y-Z
Material Models
• Example: Bird Strike on Aircraft Wing (Composite Shell used for wing)

Material Models
High Explosives Training Manual
• Detonation process
– Burn on time
• Initiation points / planes
– Burn on compression
• Not recommended
– Insufficient physics
– Use ignition and growth model instead
• Expansion of detonation products (gases)

– JWL Equation of State (Jones, Wilkins, Lee)

Material Models
High Explosives – Detonation Process Training Manual
• Burn on Time
– Detonation is initiated at a node or plane
(user defined)
Detonation Fronts
– Detonation front propagates at the
Detonation Velocity, D T2
T1
– Cell begins to burn at time T1
Cell
– Burning is complete at time T2
S1
– Chemical energy is released linearly from T1
to T2 S2
• Burn fraction increases from 0.0 to 1.0 over
this time Initiation Node
– Element Variable alpha
–
T1 = S1 / D
= -T1, T<T1
= Burn fraction, T>T1
T2 = S2 / D
Material Models
• Burn on Time
– Direct Path detonation
• Detonation paths are computed by calculating a straight line from the detonation
node to each cell center (not necessarily through explosive regions)
– Indirect Path detonation

• Detonation paths are computed by finding either a direct path through explosive
regions or by following straight line segments connecting centres of cells containing
explosives
Good use of direct

path detonation
Bad
B d use off direct
di t
path detonation

Material Models
• Burn On Time
– Indirect path with multiple initiation points
• Detonation in the shadow zone is calculated accurately only if point #2 is defined

Material Models
High Explosives – Detonation Paths Training Manual
Direct Path
Indirect Path
1 det. point
Indirect Path
2 det. points
Indirect Path
3 det. points

Material Models
High Explosives – Expansion of Detonation Products Training Manual
• JWL EOS
– Used to model the rapid expansion of high explosive
detonation p
products (g
(gases))
– The JWL EOS is empirical and the data required is log p
derived from fitting numerical experiments to
physical experiments
– Data for a wide range of high explosives is available
– The pressure for the expanding gas is given by
R1 R2
⎛ ωη ⎞ ⎛ ωη ⎞
log v
− −
P = A ⎜⎜1 − ⎟⎟e η
+ B⎜⎜1 − ⎟⎟e η
+ ωρ e
⎝ R1 ⎠ ⎝ R2 ⎠
– where A, B, R1, R2, ω are empirically derived
constants and ρ = density, ρ0 = reference density, η
= ρ / ρ0, e = specific internal energy

Material Models
• JWL EOS
– Input parameters include
• EOS parameters
t
• Detonation Velocity
• Chemical Energy / unit volume
– Data for most High Explosives are

included in the standard material
library distributed with AUTODYN
– Burn on compression fraction and

Pre-burn bulk modulus
• Not recommended, leave zero
– Auto-convert to Ideal Gas

• Recommended for accuracy

Material Models
• JWL EOS – Miller Extension

– Non-ideal explosives, containing Aluminum (Al) or Ammonium Perchlorate (AP)
can release substantial amount of energy
gy from burning
g Al and AP p
particles after
detonation
– Miller extension models this energy release
ω ω ω( E + λQ)
P = A(1 − )e−R1V + B(1 − )e−R2V +
R1V R2V V
dλ
= a(1 − λ )m Pn
dt
where
Q= additional specific energy,
a = energy release constant,
m= energy release exponent,
n = pressure exponent
Material Models
• JWL EOS - Energy release extension

– Thermobaric explosives produce more
explosive energy than conventional
explosives
• Typically achieved by inclusion of Aluminum
• Undergoes combustion with atmospheric

oxygen after detonation (after-burning)
– Additional Energy option in JWL EOS lets

you model this time-dependent energy
release
• Energy deposition over specific
time interval

Material Models
• JWL EOS - Energy release extension

– Effect of adding 2.15MJ/kg between 0.12 and 0.55 msec. to a spherical
charge of 10kg TNT
– Longer pulse duration and increased impulse
14000 700
12000 600
10000 TNT + additional Energy 500

P ressure (KPa)
TNT
Impulse (Pa S)
8000 400
6000 300
4000 200 TNT + additional energy

TNT
2000 100
0 0
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6
Time (ms) Time (ms)

Material Models
• Lee-Tarver Ignition & Growth

Model
– Equation of State used for High
Explosive (HE) initiation studies
– Assumes ignition starts at local hot

spots and grows outward from these
sites
– Consists of three basic parts:
• An equation of state for the inert

explosive (a choice between a
Shock form or a JWL form)
• JWL equation
q of state for the
reacted detonation products
• Reaction rate equation to describe,

ignition, growth and completion of
b i
burning

Material Models
• Lee-Tarver Ignition & Growth Model

– Example: Sympathetic Detonation
0.5 km/s 0.7 km/s 1.0 km/s

Material Models
Slow-burning Explosives Training Manual
• Powder Burning Model

Numerical Cell
– Simulates combustion of materials where of Volume V
dominant physical characteristic is deflagration
(incendiary devices
devices, munitions)
– Two phase model
• Gas and solid present in a cell at the same
titime
• Solid Phase: Linear/Compaction EOS
• Gas Phase: JWL/Exponential
– Burn velocity, c, dependant on gas pressure, Pg Solid Particles Gas
– Burn rate dependent on gas pressure , Pg and
burn fraction, F
– Formulation: A Atwood, EK Friis and JF Moxnes, A

Mathematical Model for Combustion of Energetic
o de Materials,
Powder a e a s, 3
34th International
e a o a Annual
ua
Conference of ICT, June 24-27, 2003, Karlsruhe
Federal Republic of Germany

Material Models
Slow-burning Explosives Training Manual
• Powder Burn Model Model

– Example: Sabot and projectile
inside gun chamber

Material Models
Material Libraries Training Manual
• A collection of published material

models and data is supplied with
AUTODYN
• Accessed through ‘Material’, ‘Load’
• Materials can be sorted by Name, EOS,
Strength or failure model
• All materials have an EOS defined,
most a strength model and only a few
have a failure model defined
• You can add to or modify data in the
supplied library or create new libraries
• Data is converted into current units
when it is retrieved

Material Models
What Material Models to use? Training Manual
• How do we choose a set of material modelling options for a particular

material ?
– In terms of material itself, it is relatively easy to identify the basic category
that a material lies in
• Liquid or Solid?
• Isotropic or Anisotropic/Orthotropic ?
• Inert or Reactive?
• Porous or Not ?
• Ductile or Brittle ?
• Pressure Dependant Strength (cohesive) or not ?
– The actual set of models used however are highly dependant on the
application and the available material data
– Start with simple models and progress, as required, to more complex
models
• Lets you understand how parameters influence response and which
parameters are critical for good results

Material Models
User Subroutines for Material Modeling Training Manual
• Modularized Material Modeling Routines let you:
– Build an input GUI

– Check the consistency of input parameters
p input
– Map p p parameters to solver p
parameters
– Write the solver equations
• Written in Fortran 90
MDEOS_USER_1 Equation of state

MDSTR_USER_1 Strength (Yield and/or Shear) Model
MDFAI_USER_1 Failure criteria
MDERO USER 1
MDERO_USER_1 Erosion criteria

Material Models
Training Manual
• Example Layout : Strength Model

– Module STR_USER_1
• Declare scalar and array variables used in the
model here
– INIT_STR_USER_1
• Define input parameters and create a menu to
read them in
– SET STR USER 1

SET_STR_USER_1
• Copy input parameters to solver scalar/array
variables
– CHECK STR USER 1

CHECK_STR_USER_1
• Check that input parameters are valid
– SOLVE STR USER 1

SOLVE_STR_USER_1
• Strength model solver
Material Models
Global and Material Erosion Training Manual
• Erosion is a numerical mechanism for the

automatic removal (deletion) of elements during a
simulation.
– Removes very distorted elements before they become
inverted (degenerate).
( g )
– Ensures time step remains reasonably large.
– Ensures solutions can continue to the End Time.
– Can be used to allow simulation of material fracture, cutting
and penetration
• IIn Explicit
E li it DDynamics
i (ANSYS)
(ANSYS), an erosion
i model
d l can be
b
specified globally
– Covered in the Explicit Dynamics training course
• In AUTODYN, an Erosion model can be specified for

eachh material
t i l
– Erosion is not a physical effect (or material property). It is a
mechanism to combat mesh distortion
• There are five options

p available to initiate erosion
of elements in AUTODYN
– Geometric Strain
– Plastic Strain
– Timestep
– F il
Failure
– User Erosion
• Program user subroutine EXEROD


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Chapter 9

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary Release 12.1

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary Release 12.1

• An AUTODYN material model consists of 3 components

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary Release 12.1

• Ideal Gas Equation of State • Orthotropic Materials

• Two Phase Equation of State – Orthotropic Solids

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary Release 12.1

• Energy dependant EOS

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary Release 12.1

• Used to model the expansion and vaporization of superheated liquids

• Used together with a compression EOS

• A Gruneisen EOS is used for the single phase region

Pressure Single phase

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary Release 12.1

• The Sesame library is not an EOS but a table

– Use with caution

• The Sesame Library is US export-controlled

– Library can be obtained from ANSYS if

– Can also be obtained directly from LANL

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary Release 12.1

• Allows progressive degradation of the strength of a material

• Early model developed to represent brittle materials under crushing

• First developed using User Subroutines

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary Release 12.1

• Strength data for the beam-resistance model is

– Axial Force vs. Axial Strain along axis 11

• Load-deflection data from experiments on

• There is no inter-dependence between the four

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary Release 12.1

• Example: 1/3 Scale Pullover

Courtesy of AWE (A), UK

• View and Tabulate the fragments formed during an analysis

Courtesy Sandia National Lab.

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary Release 12.1

• Used to define rigid bodies

• Select “EOS Rigid” in the standard material

• Example: 3D Oblique Impact

Deformable Projectile Rigid Projectile

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary Release 12.1

• Example: Sheet Metal Forming

– Unstructured Shell (Quad dominant)

• AUTODYN has extensive capabilities for modeling orthotropic materials

– Orthotropic elastic response coupled with a non-linear equation of state

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary Release 12.1

• Orthotropic materials are represented using solid continuum elements

Represented by a continuum with

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary Release 12.1

• Orthotropic Linear-elastic Response

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary Release 12.1

• Orthotropic elastic response coupled with a non-

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary Release 12.1

– Shape of the surface defined by coefficients, aij

– General form reduces to

• Hills orthotropic yield function

• Von-mises yield function

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary Release 12.1

• Orthotropic Failure : Brittle Failure

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary Release 12.1

• OrthotropicFailure : Damage Model

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary Release 12.1

• OrthotropicFailure : Damage Model

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary Release 12.1