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Material Models
14. 0 Release
Introduction to ANSYS
LS‐DYNA
1 © 2011 ANSYS, Inc. April 19, 2012 Release 14.0
Material Behavior Under Dynamic Loading
• In general, materials have a complex response to dynamic loading. The
following phenomena may need to be modeled
– Non‐linear pressure response
– Strain hardening
– Strain rate hardening
– Thermal softening
– Compaction (porous materials)
– Orthotropic behavior (e.g. composites)
– Crushing damage (e.g. ceramics, glass, geological materials, concrete)
– Chemical energy deposition (e.g. explosives)
– Tensile failure
– Phase changes (solid‐liquid‐gas)
• No single material model incorporates all of these effects
• Engineering Data offers a selection of models from which you can
choose based on the material(s) present in your simulation
2 © 2011 ANSYS, Inc. April 19, 2012 Release 14.0
Modeling Provided By Engineering Data
• Material deformation can be split into two independent parts
– Volumetric Response ‐ changes in volume (pressure)
• Equation of state (EOS)
– Deviatoric Response ‐ changes in shape
• Strength model
• Also, it is often necessary to specify a Failure model as materials can only
sustain limited amount of stress / deformation before they break / crack
/ cavitate (fluids).
Change in Volume Change in Shape
• A stress state in 3D can be described by a tensor with six stress
components
– Components depend on the orientation of the coordinate system used.
• The stress tensor itself is a physical quantity
– Independent of the coordinate system used
• When the coordinate system is chosen to coincide with the
eigenvectors of the stress tensor, the stress tensor is represented
by a diagonal matrix where σ1, σ2 , and σ3, are the principal stresses
(eigenvalues).
• The principal stresses may be combined to form the first, second and
third stress invariants, respectively.
• Because of its simplicity, working and thinking in the principal
coordinate system is often used in the formulation of material models.
• For linear elasticity, stresses are given by Hooke’s law :
where and G are the Lame constants (G is also known as the Shear
Modulus)
• The principal stresses can be decomposed into a hydrostatic and a
deviatoric component :
where P is the pressure and Si are the stress deviators
• Then :
• Many applications involve stresses considerably beyond the elastic
limit and so require more complex material models
Hooke’s Law Generalized Non‐Linear Response
Equation of State
Strength Model
• Density
– All material must have a valid density defined for
Explicit Dynamics simulations
– The density property defines the initial mass / unit
volume of a material at time zero
– This property is automatically included in all
models
• Specific Heat
– This is required to calculate the temperature used
in material models that include thermal softening
– This property is automatically included in thermal
softening models
Isotropic Elasticity
• Used to define linear elastic material behavior
– suitable for most materials subjected to low
compressions.
• Properties defined
– Young’s Modulus (E)
– Poisson’s Ratio (ν)
• From the defined properties, Bulk modulus and Shear
modulus are derived for use in the material solutions.
• Temperature dependence
of the linear elastic properties
is not available for explicit
dynamics
Orthotropic Elasticity
• Used to define linear orthotropic elastic material
behavior
– suitable for most orthotropic materials subjected to low
compressions.
• Properties defined
– Young’s Modulii (Ex, Ey, Ez)
– Poisson’s Ratios (νxy, νyz, νxz)
– Shear Modulii (Gxy, Gyz, Gxz)
• Temperature dependence of the
properties is not available
for explicit dynamics
• Several forms of strain energy potential (Ψ) are
provided for the simulation of nearly
incompressible hyperelastic materials.
• Forms are generally applicable over different
ranges of strain. 6.00
Mooney-Rivlin
Arruda-Boyce
4.00 Ogden
Eng. Stress (MPa)
Treloar Experiments
3.00
2.00
1.00
• Need to verify the 0.00
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
model chosen prior to use.
• Hyperelastic materials can be used for both solid
and shell elements
14 © 2011 ANSYS, Inc. April 19, 2012 Release 14.0
Plasticity
• If a material is loaded elastically and subsequently unloaded, all the distortion
energy is recovered and the material reverts to its initial configuration.
• If the distortion is too great a material will reach its elastic limit and begin to
distort plastically.
• Plastic deformation is computed by reference to the Von Mises yield criterion
(also known as Prandtl–Reuss yield criterion) . This states that the local yield
condition is
F ( s , a ) f ( s ) (a ) 0
ij i ij y i
Where F is the pressure independent yield surface
s ij is the deviatoric stress tensor
f (s ) ij determines the shape of the yield surface
(a )y i determines the translation and size of the yield surface
• Thus the onset of yielding (plastic flow), is purely a function of the deviatoric
stresses (distortion) and does not depend upon the value of the local hydrostatic
pressure unless the yield stress itself is a function of pressure (as is the case for
some of the strength models).
• Bilinear Isotropic / Kinematic Hardening
– Used to define the yield stress (Y) as a linear function
of plastic strain, εp
– Properties defined
• Yield Strength (Y0)
• Tangent Modulus (A)
• Isotropic Hardening
– Total stress range is twice the maximum yield stress, Y
• Kinematic Hardening
– Total stress range is twice the starting yield stress, Y0
– Models Bauschinger effect
– Often required to accurately predict response of thin
structure (shells)
17 © 2011 ANSYS, Inc. April 19, 2012 Release 14.0
Plasticity
Isotropic vs Kinematic Hardening
σ2 σ2
Current Yield surface
σ1 σ1
Initial Yield surface
• Multilinear Isotropic Hardening
– Used to define the yield stress (Y) as a piecewise
linear function of plastic strain, εp
– Properties defined
– Up to ten stress‐strain pairs
• Isotropic Hardening
– Total stress range is twice the maximum yield
stress, Y
Johnson Cook Strength
• Used to model materials, typically metals, subjected to
large strains, high strain rates and high temperatures.
• Defines the yield stress, Y, as a function of strain, strain
rate and temperature
εp = effective plastic strain
εp* = normalized effective plastic strain rate (1.0 sec‐1)
TH = homologous temperature=(T ‐ Troom) / (Tmelt‐ Troom)
• The plastic flow algorithm used with this model has an
option to reduce high frequency oscillations that are
sometimes observed in the yield surface under high
strain rates. A first order rate correction is applied by
default.
• A specific heat capacity must also be defined to enable
the calculation of temperature for thermal softening
effects
20 © 2011 ANSYS, Inc. April 19, 2012 Release 14.0
Plasticity
• When Johnson Cook Strength model is used, LS‐DYNA Export system
will automatically creates a linear polynomial equation of state.
• Example
*MAT_JOHNSON_COOK
$ 1MID 2RO 3G 4E 5PR 6DTF 7VP 8RATEOP
1 7.83 8.18e+007 2.0947e+8 0.280422
$ 1A 2B 3N 4C 5M 6TM 7TR 8EPSO
792000 510000 0.26 0.014 1.03 1793 15 1
$ 1CP 2PC 3SPALL 4IT 5D1 6D2 7D3 8D4
477 0 2.0 0 0 0 0 0
$ 1D5 2C2/P
0 0
*EOS_LINEAR_POLYNOMIAL
$ 1EOSID 2C0 3C1 4C2 5C3 6C4 7C5 8C6
1 0 1.59e+008 0 0 0 0 0
$ 1E0 2V0
*PART
$ HEADING
Surface Body ‐ Can
$ 1PID 2SECID 3MID 4EOSID 5HGID 6GRAV 7ADPORT 8TMID
1 1 1 1 1
21 © 2011 ANSYS, Inc. April 19, 2012 Release 14.0
Plasticity
Effects of Strain Hardening (Johnson‐Cook Model)
• Hypervelocity Impact
Normal impact of
tungsten sphere on thick
steel plate at 10 km/s
Lagrange Parts used with
erosion
Johnson‐Cook strength
model used to model
effects of strain
hardening, strain‐rate
hardening and thermal
softening including
melting
Equation of State Properties
• Bulk Modulus
– A bulk modulus can be used to define a linear, energy
independent equation of state
– Combined with a Shear modulus property, this
material definition is equivalent to using an Isotropic
Linear Elastic model
• Shear Modulus
– A shear modulus must be used when a solid or
porous equation of state are selected.
– To represent fluids, specify a small value.
Mie‐Gruneisen form of Equation of State
• Covers entire (p,v=1/ρ,e) space using a 1st order Taylor expansion from a reference
curve
• Reference Curves
– The shock Hugoniot
– A standard adiabat
– The 0° K isotherm
– The isobar p = 0
– The curve e = 0
– The saturation curve
Shock EOS
• A Mie‐Gruneisen form of EOS that uses the shock Hugoniot
as a reference curve
– The Rankine‐Hugoniot equations for the shock jump
conditions defining a relation between any pair of the
variables ρ (density), p (pressure), e (energy), up (particle
velocity) and Us (shock velocity).
• Us ‐ up space is used to define the Hugoniot
– In many dynamic experiments, measuring up and Us, it has
been found that for most solids and many liquids over a
wide range of pressure there is an empirical linear
relationship between these two variables:
Us = C1 + S1up
• Gruneisen Coefficient, G, is often approximated using
G = 2s1 ‐ 1
Material failure has two components
• Failure initiation
– When specified criteria are met within a material, a
post failure response is activated
• Post failure response
– After failure initiation, subsequent strength
characteristics will change depending on the type of
failure model
• Instantaneous Failure
– Deviatoric stresses are immediately set to zero and
remain so
– Only compressive pressures are supported
• Gradual Failure (Damage)
– Stresses are limited by a damage evolution law
– Gradual reduction in capability to carry deviatoric and
/ or tensile stresses
Plastic Strain Failure
• Models ductile failure
• Failure occurs if the Effective Plastic Strain in the
material exceeds the Maximum Equivalent Plastic
Strain
– Material fails instantaneously
• This failure model must be used in conjunction with a
plasticity model
Johnson Cook Failure
• Used to model ductile failure of materials
experiencing large pressures, strain rates
and temperatures.
• Consists of three independent terms that
define the dynamic fracture strain (εf) as
a function of pressure, strain rate and
temperature:
• Can be applied to both solid and shell elements.
• Workbench Mechanical has the programming capability by using
commands object
– Commands object can be input directly in the Mechanical application
– Multiple commands objects can be used together in the same Mechanical
application
• For ANSYS/LS‐DYNA Export applications, a commands object is also
called a Keyword Snippet
• Keyword Snippets are supported for
– Geometry bodies to define new material models that are not available in
ANSYS LS‐DYNA Export system
– Connections to define new contact keywords that are not available in ANSYS
LS‐DYNA Export system
– Explicit Dynamics analysis settings to define the global control and output
parameters that are not available in ANSYS LS‐DYNA Export system
• For geometry bodies, you can use
Keyword Snippets to input
– Specific material types
– Specific equation of state types
– *HOURGLASS keyword
• To insert a new Keyword Snippet
– Right click on a geometry body
– Click on Insert
– Click on Commands
• The input to the Keyword Snippets should follow exactly the same
keyword format specified in LS‐DYNA Keyword Manual
– Always preceded by the * symbol
– Have no trailing empty lines if they are not intentional
– LS‐DYNA Keyword Manual is now installed in
C:\Program Files\ANSYS Inc\v140\ansys\docu
30 © 2011 ANSYS, Inc. April 19, 2012 Release 14.0
Use Keyword Snippets for Geometry Bodies
• Upon inserting a Keyword Snippet, the worksheet appears on
the right and displays the information or special instructions
tailored to the specific parent object – ANSYS LS‐DYNA
• You will be informed with a comment shown at the beginning
of the text editor of the snippet, about the keywords that
should be entered
Keyword ID
• should always have non‐zero positive integer value
• is usually the first parameter of the keyword and can be any integer that fits
within the 10 character field‐width of the parameter
• will be assigned to the *PART keyword associated with the body that the keyword
snippet belongs to
The keyword ID number specified for the *MAT, *EOS, *HOURGLASS in the
Keyword Snippet
• will be substituted by a suitable one by LS‐DYNA Export to make sure they are
unique considering that other keywords will be created automatically
– from the Engineering data materials or
– in other Keyword Snippets.
Example of using keyword snippets for geometry bodies
If we want to change the material model from linear elastic shown
below to plasticity ‐ bilinear isotropic hardening
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
$ MATERIAL DEFINITIONS $
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
$
*MAT_ELASTIC
$ 1MID 2RO 3E 4PR 5DA 6DB 7K
1 2.77 7.1e+007 0.33
Add the keyword above into the keyword snippet
• The first number is the material ID.
• For this particular keyword, make sure the total number of lines
including empty lines after the keyword is 4
Save the project
Run the LS‐DYNA Export system to create a new K file
• The old linear elastic material will be replaced by the following
elastic‐plastic material
• Keywords that are entered using Keyword Snippets are
grouped together under a common section called “KEYWORD
SNIPPETS” at the end of the K file
Goal:
Simulate the propagation of a 1‐D shock wave
Procedure:
Restore the Explicit Dynamics (ANSYS) Project “Shock_1D”
Review the predefined loading and boundary conditions
Set‐up the post‐processing result items and run the simulation
Review the simulation results
Walkthrough
36 © 2011 ANSYS, Inc. April 19, 2012 Release 14.0
Workshop 4 – Use Keyword Snippet
Goal:
• Use Keyword Snippet to replace the existing material with a new material
• This workshop is not a required exercise. It is for the instructor and users who
like to explore more on LS‐DYNA keywords
Procedure:
• Restore the Explicit Dynamics (ANSYS) Project “Shock_1D”
• Insert a Keyword Snippet of a new material model
• Run the simulation and review the simulation results
• Compare the results between the Workshop 3 and 4 to see how the new
material model affect the simulation results
Walkthrough
37 © 2011 ANSYS, Inc. April 19, 2012 Release 14.0