Granular Solid Models

in ANSYS CFX
14. 5 Release

Multiphase Flow Modeling

in ANSYS CFX
© 2013 ANSYS, Inc. 10-1 Release 14.5
 Overview
• Gas-Solid flow regimes
• Particle-particle interactions
• Maximum Packing
• Solids Pressure
• Kinetic Theory

© 2013 ANSYS, Inc. 10-2 Release 14.5

 Gas-Solid Flow Regimes
• There are three regimes of gas-solid flows
– Elastic regime : solids support large loads and form hills
(packed beds)
– Plastic regime : solid flows as plastic material. Solids flow in bands/layers
– Viscous regime : riser flows, fluidized beds

© 2013 ANSYS, Inc. 10-3 Release 14.5

 Particle Interactions
• Gas-Particle and Particle-Particle Interactions
– Interaction between gas and particles : drag, lift, gravity…
– Gas phase shear results in particle collisions, fluctuations lead to particle-
particle interactions
– Particle-particle interactions:
• Are an important aspect of gas-solid flows
• Generate additional forces (solids pressure ) in the particle phase
• Lead to apparent viscosity for particle phase (shear stress).

© 2013 ANSYS, Inc. 10-4 Release 14.5

 Maximum Packing and Solids Pressure
• Suspensions of spherical solid particles are limited to a maximum
packing of particles, based on how tightly the spheres can be packed
together. At this maximum packing limit, there would still be fluid in
the interstitial spaces between the spheres. The solids concentration
predicted by CFD should not exceed the maximum packing limit.
• Solids Pressure Model
– A solids pressure force is implemented in ANSYS CFX as one way to keep
the computed volume fraction below the maximum packing limit

Ps  G0 e c ( rs  rsm )rs (Gidaspow Model)

G0 is the Reference Elasticity Modulus (1 Pa is a typical value)

c is the Compaction Modulus (typical values from 20 to 600)
rsm is the solid phase volume fraction at which
maximum packing occurs
rs is the solid phase volume fraction
© 2013 ANSYS, Inc. 10-5 Release 14.5
 Kinetic Theory Models
• For fluidized beds, where beds of solid particles are fluidized by rising
gas, more sophisticated models for particle-particle interactions are
required
• Kinetic Theory Model
– Particle behavior described by kinetic theory of gases. (fluctuating particles
---> fluctuating molecules)
– Granular Temp : measure of kinetic energy of fluctuating particles
• Generated as byproduct of random particle velocities
• Work done by effective shear of gases
• Dissipated by collisions
– Solids pressure and solids viscosity are functions of granular temperature

© 2013 ANSYS, Inc. 10-6 Release 14.5

 Solid Particle Interactions
• General Momentum Equation for a Phase

rk  k v k   .rk  k v k v k   rk  k Fk  . k   B v l  v k   m k v k
t
• Assume Newtonian Constitutive Relation:
 U i U j 2 U k  U k ij
   p s
ij ij
 m s      z s 
   x
s j i k k
 x x 3 x 

• User Defined Constitutive Equations

– Solids pressure ps, solids shear viscosity ms, and solids bulk viscosity zs
modelled as functions of local variables.
– Many models in literature.
– No standards. Hence need to be as flexible as possible.
– Possibly account for sliding stresses as well as collisional stresses.
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 Kinetic Theory Models

 U i
U j
2 U k
 U k
 sij   ps ij  m s    k 
  z  ij

   
j i s k
 x x 3 x  x

• Kinetic Theory
– Analogous to molecular kinetic theory of gases.
– Modified to account for inelastic collisions and maximum packing effects.
– Only accounts for collisional stresses.

© 2013 ANSYS, Inc. 10-8 Release 14.5

 Constitutive Equations
• Typically, solids pressure and shear and bulk viscosities expressed as
functions of solid phase volume fraction:

ps  ps ( rs ) m s  m s (rs ) z s  z s (rs )

• Before ANSYS CFX 10.0, CFX ignored solids shear and bulk viscosities, and
used the solids pressure model of Gidaspow:
ps
ps  G (rs )rs G (rs )   G0 exp(c(rs  rsm ))
rs

• ANSYS CFX provides complete flexibility in user definition of solids

pressure and shear and bulk viscosities via CEL.

© 2013 ANSYS, Inc. 10-9 Release 14.5

 Granular Temperature

• Based on kinetic theory of gases.

– Solid particle collisions analogous to molecular collisions.
– Inelastic collisions taken into account.

• Solids pressure & stresses modeled in terms of Granular Temperature:

1 ' '
  uis uis
3
• Proportional to solid-phase mean square velocity fluctuations

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 Kinetic Theory Model for Solids Pressure

• Solids pressure linearly proportional to granular temperature:

ps   s rs (1  2(1  e) g 0 rs )
• 1st term: Cf. Ideal Gas Equation of State
• 2nd Term contains:
– e = coeff. of restitution.
– g0(rs) = radial distribution function.
– Accounts for effects approaching maximum packing.

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 Radial Distribution Function
• No universal agreement on correct form of radial distribution
function g0(rs).
• Tends to infinity as solids volume fraction approaches maximum packing.
1
 r  13

• Gidaspow: g 0 rs   0.61   s  
  rm  
 
2.5 rm
  rs  
• Lun Savage: 
g 0 rs   1    
  rm  
 
• Numerically remove singularity using 4th order Taylor expansion close to
maximum packing.
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 Kinetic Theory for Solids Viscosity

• Shear and bulk viscosities proportional to square root of granular

temperature, as in ideal gases.
• Bulk viscosity:
4 
z s  rs  s d p g 0 (1  e)
3 
• Shear viscosity:
4 
m s  rs  s d p g 0 (1  e)
5 
– Theoretically infinite in the limit of maximum packing, due to radial
distribution function.

© 2013 ANSYS, Inc. 10-13 Release 14.5

 Calculating Granular Temperature

• Granular temperature may be obtained from:

• Modeled transport equation
– C.f. k-equation
– Not available as in ANSYS CFX (it is implemented in ANSYS FLUENT)
• Algebraic equation
– Zero Equation Model, proportional to shear rate squared, or
– Algebraic Equilibrium Model, based on equilibrium between source terms of
the Granular Temperature transport equation.

© 2013 ANSYS, Inc. 10-14 Release 14.5

 Example: Fluidized Bed

• Vessel Dimensions: 0.2 [m] x 1 [m].

• Particle Diameter 0.2 [mm].
• Particle Density = 2200 [kg m-3].
• Gas Density = 1.2 [kg m-3].
• Gas Inlet Velocity = .25 [m s-1].

© 2013 ANSYS, Inc. 10-15 Release 14.5

 Fluidized Bed with Gidaspow

• 1st Simulation
• Gidaspow Solids
Pressure
• Macro Scale Model
for Solids
Phase Eddy
Viscosity
• Solids Phase k-
equation
• Exceeds Maximum
Packing

© 2013 ANSYS, Inc. 10-16 Release 14.5

 Fluidized Bed with Kinetic Theory

• 2nd. Simulation
• Kinetic Theory.
• Algebraic
Equilibrium Model
for Granular
Temperature
• Similar Results.
• Better bounding of
solids volume
fraction

© 2013 ANSYS, Inc. 10-17 Release 14.5

 Numerical Issues for Solids Pressure
• Necessary to run as transient with very small time step.
• Very stiff due to numerical singularity as maximum packing is
approached.
• Kinetic Theory better than Gidaspow solids pressure at maintaining solid
volume fraction close to maximum packing.
• In general, ANSYS FLUENT has a much richer and more complete set of
models for Eulerian granular multiphase, where particle-particle
interactions are important than what is available in ANSYS CFX. This
includes kinetic theory, dense DPM, and DEM models.

© 2013 ANSYS, Inc. 10-18 Release 14.5