I. Balahadia, F. F., & Trillanes, A. O. (2017).

Improving Fire Services using Spatio-Temporal

Analysis: Fire Incidents in Manila. 2017 IEEE Region 10 Symposium. Retrieved from
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/320663547_Improving_fire_services_using_spatio-
temporal_analysis_Fire_incidents_in_manila.
The thesis revolves on the inefficiency of fire services in the country but limits its scopes of
study in Manila. The thesis states that fire services can be improved by using spatio-
temporal analysis. Spatio-temporal analysis is looking at the history of the fire event such as
the time, day and location. By looking into these factors, it gives an idea to the fire
department on where to allocate more precisely resources such as fire equipment and
specifically human resources in the different fire stations. In the paper, it was discovered that
fire incidence in Manila happened during the times of 4:00PM to 8:00AM, especially during
the months of summer and most occurrence in the Tondo vicinity. The thesis suggests that
using Spatio-temporal analysis would aid the fire department by showing places that have a
high fire incidence that needs to be prioritized by providing more resources and human
resources in these areas. The thesis also stated that there are more factors that could be
analyzed such as climate, weather, unexpected fire incidence, behavior of residents in an
area, structural assessment of buildings are some of the additional factors that can be
studied in future engagements.
II. Velasco, G. V., MD. (2013). Epidemiological Assessment of Fires in the Philippines, 2010 –
2012. Philippine Institute for Development Studies. Retrieved from
https://dirp3.pids.gov.ph/ris/dps/pidsdps1335.pdf.
The assessment study revolves on the inability of the Philippines to address the problem of
fire occurrences in the country despite the increasing health casualties caused by fire. The
study assessed the fire reported to the Health Emergency Management Staff (HEMS) of the
Department of Health (DOH) during the years of 2010-2012. Fires and fire-related casualties
are often unstudied in the country, this is why the assessment was made with the intention to
aid the Bureau of Fire Protection (BFP) in addressing problems in fire. The assessment
study found out that Metro Manila had the highest fire and fire-related casualty. Among the
cities in the metro, Quezon City ranks first in casualties. February is the month with the most
casualties and most casualties occur during the hours of 12:00AM to 3:00AM. The usual
cause of the fire was neglected or unattended open flame. These casualties cost a
staggering P100.75 million and affected about 40,306 families. It’s concluded that there were
more fire incidents in the assessed years of 2010-2012. However, increase in fire incidence
would have resulted from more reported fire instead of an increase in the totality of fire
incidents. The study also emphasized that there are also other factors such as climate,
sociocultural, structural and behavioral factors that can help the BFP in addressing the fire
problem.
III. Berl, W. G., & Halpin, B. M. (1980). Human Fatalities from Unwanted Fires. Johns Hopkins
APL Technical Digest. Retrieved from
http://www.jhuapl.edu/techdigest/views/pdfs/V01_N2_1980/V1_N2_1980_Berl.pdf
The article aims to address the causes of fire in order to prevent it and avoid the economic
losses it bears. The study was limited to fire reports in the state of Maryland, United States in
the years 1972-1977. The article focuses on the immediate and delayed effects of the fire
that cause human fatalities. These include the instantaneous deaths due to the fire, be it the
toxic gas, the fire and the collapsing of the structure as well as the fatal effects of the toxic
gas in the life of the victim. The article found out that toxic gases were the primary cause of
deaths, cigarettes are the culprit in most fire cases and that alcohol significantly contributes
to the incidents in Maryland. In its conclusion, smoke detectors with sprinklers were
suggested to the state of Maryland due to the causes of fire and fatalities.
IV. Bautista, M. N. (2017). Consolidated Fire Incident in Metro Manila. Bureau of Fire Protection.
Retrieved from http://www.asppi.org.ph/files/public/publication/Consolidated Fire Incident in
Metro Manila OSCH.pdf
The article focused on the three worst fire incidents in the Philippines. These are the Kentex
Manufacturing fire, Manor Hotel fire and Ozone Disco fire. Fire has been a recurring issue in
the country and although the Bureau of Fire Protection has been active in disseminating
information about fire prevention, it seems to not be adequate. In 2017, there were 14,197
fire incidents reported in the Philippines. 12.3% of which happened in March which was
interestingly, the Fire Prevention Month. Top three causes of fire nationwide were electrical
connections, unattended lit cigarette butt and open flame in stove. Top three types of
involved structure were residential, mercantile and industrial. Damages were up to P462
million.
V. Miller, D. (1973). Effective Planning and Allocation of Fire Prevention Manpower. Georgia
Institute of Technology. Retrieved from
https://smartech.gatech.edu/bitstream/handle/1853/24273/miller_david_m_197312_phd_252
845.pdf.
Miller’s objective was to address the problem in misallocation of manpower in fire prevention
which leads to the inefficiency and ineffectiveness of fire services. He stated that there are
three main problem. First, the frequency of routine inspections for buildings each year.
Second, the division of the city into districts for inspectors. Third, the optimal schedule on
when to conduct routine inspection. Miller’s methodology was heavily reliant on the
cooperation of the Atlanta Fire Department for the interviews and data that he could retrieve.
Upon analysis of “Rate-District” problem regarding fire inspection routine frequency, he
concluded that the current frequency was not enough. However, he also stated that some of
the parts of the study was inaccurate and recommends to the future scholars to include more
factors in determining the proper allocation of fire prevention manpower.
VI. Li, G., Lu, S., & Lo, S. (2014). Influences of Time, Location, and Cause Factors on the
Probability of Fire Loss in China: A Correspondence Analysis. Springer Science Business
Media New York. doi:10.1007/s10694-014-0385-6
The authors were addressing the issue of fire loss in their country. Fire loss is the value of
money, property, investments and casualties that are succumbed by the fire. The
researchers were collecting data from four provinces hoping to find what causes the amount
of fire loss. They analyzed the time of the fire incidents in the four provinces, where they
locations were and how long the response to the fire was by using a modified chi-square test
called CA. In their conclusion, they said that fire loss are affected by many factors such as
GDP, size of population, human behaviors with different background, lifestyles as well as the
configuration of the fire department. Moreover, CA was also an effective analytical tool to
determine the causality among various variables.
VII. Ingal, M. Y., Tolentino, R. T., Valencia, M. J., Balahadia, F. F., & Caballero, A. R. (2016).
Fire Incidents Management System in the City of Manila through Geo-mapping. 2016 IEEE
Region 10 Symposium. doi:10.1109/TENCONSpring.2016.7519440
Fires pose a huge threat in the metro, especially when there is too little space in-between
establishments where fire can ablaze from one house to another. Another threat to the fire
safety of the people is the internal problems and issues experienced by the fire department.
In order to assist in the data collection and analysis, the authors made a fire incidence map
in the city of Manila through Geo-mapping. Their methodology was relatively simple, it
includes collecting data and its analysis then developing a system to address future
incidence and lastly, geo-mapping the fire incidence in a private map application. The
proposed system using the internet had positive feedback from the Manila Fire District. It
 fares well in resolving internal processes and shortens these processes with the access of a
click to transfer data from one computer to another. Aside from that, it also gives
visualization to the different areas in the district where fire incidence is high. It will be a
helpful tool for the district to be able to prioritize places with high fire incidence. Further
modification of the system will require more advanced mapping techniques and technology
which includes geographic information system (GIS) and other technologies.
VIII. Granda, S., & Ferreira, T. (2018). Assessing Vulnerability and Fire Risk in Old Urban Areas:
Application to the Historical Centre of Guimaraes. University of Minho, Portugal. Retrieved
from
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/327884414_Assessing_Vulnerability_and_Fire_Ris
k_in_Old_Urban_Areas_Application_to_the_Historical_Centre_of_Guimaraes.
The research focuses on the mitigation of fire risk in old urban areas considering their high
economic and cultural value as well as their high vulnerability due to old age. The
researcher’s methodology was through identifying the fire index of the buildings in the
affected areas and show the vulnerability through a geographic information system (GIS). In
the conclusion, it was discovered that the level of risk of old urban areas depends on
different factors, by physical characteristics of the buildings and by features of the urban
space. The GIS was also able to identify the most vulnerable buildings, however the
limitations of the GIS technology hindered it to further identify the vulnerable places in a
more in-depth analysis.
IX. van den Berg, Pieter & Legemaate, Guido & Mei, Rob. (2017). Increasing the
Responsiveness of Firefighter Services by Relocating Base Stations in Amsterdam.
Interfaces. 47. 10.1287/inte.2017.0897.
Response time of firefighters are crucial in life-threatening situations. The research suggests
a mathematical programming model to determine the optimal placement of fire stations to
efficiently carry out firefighting services. The model maximizes the sum of the coverage
provided by the fire vehicles, crews and their base fire stations. In its conclusion, the model
has huge potential to improve the responsiveness of the Amsterdam-Amstelland fire
department. It was also essential to note that even without relocating the base stations, the
responsiveness can still be improved by changing the distribution of vehicle and manpower.
However, the biggest improvement based on the model is still the relocation of the base
stations to cater to the needs of the public.
X. Lo, D. S., Cahanap, D. D., Sabines, M. O., Magallona, M. M., Gulde, S. S., & Macarat, J. P.
(2010). Disaster Risk Mapping of Barangay Carmen: Flood and Fire(Unpublished master's
thesis). Xavier University - Ateneo de Cagayan. Retrieved from
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/326409962_Disaster_Risk_Mapping_of_Barangay
_Carmen_Flood_and_Fire.
Disasters have devastating effect to social and economic life in the Philippines. Plenty of
resources are lost during disasters as well as human resources. Carmen is the most
populated barangay in Cagayan de Oro (CDO). Although communities today are able to
develop and improve in a much quicker pace, there should always be a caveat on whether
the community can sustain its development whilst being disaster resilient. For Carmen to be
disaster resilient, a geographic information system (GIS) is carried out to pinpoint where the
high risk places are. In the conclusion, there are areas in Carmen that shows high density in
the GIS pertaining to a higher risk in disasters. With this information, the local officials and
people in Carmen will be able to prepare for disasters that may come in the future. The GIS
also included flood risk maps to assist the people.