NAME : MARDIANA

NIM : 17.01.011.026

MK : KAPITA SELEKTA

"The World of Metallurgy"

Assalamua’alikum wr wb..

This time I will share a little story about

"The World of Metallurgy", hopefully it
will be useful for friends who are curious
about the related departments about the
world of metallurgy, whether as a
reference or just know first.

I was Mardiana, a third semester student at Sumbawa University of Technology, in the Faculty of
Engineering who said that her faculty was "male", and in a department that could be said to be quiet
women, namely Metallurgical Engineering.

Well, this incident happened yesterday, I got a question from my family, my cousin brother about the
direction taken. I answered the m metallurgy engineering department. Then he asked again "What is
Metallurgy? I just know Meteorology. "This is because in reality the knowledge of Metallurgical
Engineering is very very limited and in Indonesia alone there are only seven universities that provide
this study program.

So, what is Metallurgical Engineering?

It needs to be clarified that Metallurgy is a completely different matter from Meteorology which is
always associated with weather prediction. Metallurgy itself is a science related to the processing or
processing of metals to obtain useful metals.
Metallurgy is defined as the science and technology for obtaining metal processing which includes
the stages of processing mineral ores, extracting (extracting) metals, to processing them to adjust
their properties and behavior according to what is required in use for the manufacture of certain
engineered products.

So, what is learned in this department?

The scope of metallurgical science is extensive, starting from mineral dressing, metal extraction and
purification, engineering of metal physical properties (physical metallurgy), metal production
processes (metallurgical mechanics), technology of designing and operating metallurgical systems to
structural failure phenomena metal due to mechanical load and metal degradation due to interacting
with its environment including its control, and recycling technology.

Based on the stages of the series of activities, metallurgy is divided into two types, namely
metallurgical extraction and metallurgical physics. Extraction metallurgy which involves many
chemical processes, whether low temperatures by leaching or at high temperatures by the smelting
process to produce metals with certain purity, is also called chemical metallurgy. While metallurgical
physics is studying the structure and physical properties of metals and alloys .

The processes of metallurgical / metal extraction itself include:

1.Hydrometallurgy
Hydrometallurgy is a separate branch of metallurgy. Literally hydrometallurgy can be interpreted as
a way of processing metals from rocks or ore using aqueous solutions. Hydrometallurgy can also be
interpreted as a metal extraction process with a dilute reagent solution (<1 gram / mol) and at a
temperature of <100º C. The selected chemical reaction is usually very selective. This means that
only the desired metal will react (dissolve) and then be separated from unwanted material

Broadly speaking, the hydrometallurgical process consists of three stages, namely:

1. Leaching or scraping metal from rocks with the help of organic reductants.
2 Concentration of the solution resulting from leaching and purification.
3. Recovery is taking metal from the solution resulting from leaching.
Leaching is a selective dissolution process where only certain metals can dissolve. The choice of
leaching method depends on the valuable metal content in the ore and the ore characteristics
especially the ease of the ore being leached by certain chemical reagents.

Hydrometallurgically there are several types of leaching, namely:

1. Leaching in Place (In-situ Leaching)
2. Heap Leaching
3. Vat Leaching / Percolation Leaching
4. Agitation Leaching
5. Autoclaving
The leaching solution is then concentrated and purified. There are three commonly used purification
processes, namely evaporation, solvent extraction and precipitation (precipitation). Among the three,
precipitation is the easiest to do, also faster.
The process aims for extractive metallurgy are:
a. Separation, namely the disposal of unwanted elements, mixtures or materials from ore (metal
source)
b. Compound foramtion, which is a method of producing material that is structurally and chemically
different from the ore (source).
c. Retrieval / production of metal (metal production), namely ways of obtaining impure metal.
d. Metal purification, which is cleaning, metal that has not been pure (removing impurities from
metals that have not been pure), so that pure metal is obtained.

2. Pirometallurgy
A metal extraction process using heat energy. The temperature reached is only 50º - 250º C (Mond
process for nickel refining), but there are those that reach 2,000º C (steel alloying process). The
Commonly used only ranges from 500º - 1,600ºC.

The pirometallurgical process is divided into 5 processes, namely:

1. Drying (Drying) Is the process of transferring the moisture heat of a liquid from a material.
2. Calcining (Calcination) Calcination is a decomposition of heat material
3. Roasting (heating) Is heating with excess air where air is exhaled on heated ore accompanied by
the addition of chemical regen and this heating does not reach melting point (boiling).

Roasting uses are:

- Removes sulfur, Arsenic, Antimony from its compounds

- Change sulfide minerals into oxides and sulfur 2 ZnS + 3O2 2 ZnO + 2 SO4
- Forms a porous material
- Evaporates the impurity of foltair.
4. Smelting Is a metal smelting process at high temperatures so that the metal melts and melts after
reaching its boiling point.
5. Refining is the removal of impurities from material with a hot process.

Negative Impact of Pirometallurgical Metallurgical Extraction Environmental pollution that occurs

is:
1. The heat felt by the workers around the melting equipment.
2. Waste gases containing toxins (CO, NO2, SO2, etc.).
3. Dust and solids that fly around the factory.
4. Slag (slag) that can contaminate or damage the land, although it can also be used as a fill material
(land fill), road hardener (road aggregate) and light weight concrete mixture (light weight concrete
aggregate).
3. Electrometalurgy
Electrometallurgy is a metallurgical extraction process that uses electricity as a heat source. The
purpose of this process is to precipitate metals from a solution as a result of leaching.

A glimpse of the processes in extraction metallurgical techniques. Then where do graduates of this
department go?

Graduates of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering can work in various fields including:
1. Mining Industry (PT Freeport Indonesia, PT Aneka Tambang, PT Timah, PT Amman Mineral
Nusa Tenggara, cement industry, mineral processing of ceramic materials and refractory materials)
2. Metal Extraction and Smelting Industry (PT. INCO, PT. Aneka Tambang, PT Timah, PT. Inalum,
PT Krakatau Steel, gold-silver processing industry, etc.)
3. Manufacturing Industry (metal casting industry, automotive industry, aircraft, railroad, shipping,
machinery and component manufacturing industries)
4. Oil and Gas Industry (in this field, graduates of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering can
occupy positions as corrosion engineers, risk & assessment pipelines, and metallurgical failure
analysts)
5. Field of Research Institutions, Academics, and Government
6. And Other Fields (Microelectronics, consultants, Health Sector, and Electric Energy Generation
Fields)

That is a little that I can share about the college majors that I take, hopefully it can add knowledge
and interest to friends who are confused about choosing majors. Hopefully there will be fewer people
who are "lost" and "trapped" in choosing majors because of the lack of information.

Figure 2. Metal processing

Wassalamua’alakum wr wb

#KapSel2018UTS