Professional Documents
Culture Documents
SUPERSTRUCTURE DESIGN
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Concrete design BS 8110:1997
Steelwork design BS 5950: Part 1
Weight of materials BS 648
Imposed loads BS 6399: Part 1
Section shapes BS 4848: Part 4
UBBL 1984: 2010
Foundations BS 8004 (1986)
Site investigation BS 5930 (1999)
After obtaining the preliminary sizing of vertical elements, the detailed design of RC
flat slabs was carried out in SAFE - Structural and Earthquake Engineering Software.
SAFE is widely used for modeling of RC flat slab, analysis, designs & preliminary
sizing based on Finite Element Method
3.4.1 Design procedure of flat slab system using SAFE (e.g. Level 7)
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Figure 3.2: Architectural drawing (Level7) Figure 3.3: Tracing of structural
elements
Structural Properties
Slab Properties = S275 (Thickness 275mm)
Beam Properties = No beam (Flat slab system)
Column Properties = C300 (Rectangular column 300mm x
300mm)
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Wall Supports = W200 (RC walls thickness 200mm)
General Properties
Modulus of Elasticity = 27 kN/mm²
Poisson Ratio = 0.2
RC Unit Weight = 24 kN/m³
Concrete Cover = 40 mm
Concrete Strength = 35 N/mm²
Reinforcing Yield Stress = 460 N/mm²
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Figure 3.5: An example of flat slab model in SAFE (Level 7)
Step 7: Checking of slab deflection
After running the finite-element analysis, the slab deflection is checked under two
different conditions - elastic uncracked deflection and long term crack deflection.
As displayed in the deflection contour diagram (Figure 26), the slab deflection under
long term crack condition is more critical than the elastic-uncracked condition, due to
the effect of creep and shrinkage. Therefore, for design purpose, the long-term
deflection was checked in accordance to the BS code, which specified that the
maximum slab deflection between two unsupported span should not more than
L/250 or maximum 40mm, whichever is smaller. In case of excessive deflection,
several factors were manipulated including concrete grade, slab thickness, vertical
support and so on, until it fulfils the requirements.
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Figure 3.7: Slab deflection under serviceability loads
Following on the procedures explained above, the analysis and design was carried
out for the whole building (top roof to ground floor):
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Figure 3.8: Introduction of RC beams
Case 2: Level 3 and Level 4
Figure 3.9: Variation of slab thickness due to different functions and loads
Case 3: Level 2
At level 2, critical deflection occurred at the 13m span car porch supported by the
columns alone at the slab edge, so we introduced steel beams to resolve the issues in
order to look after the aesthetic value. RC beams are not practical in this case as it
will be very deep in size and indirectly reduce the clearance height for the car porch.
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Figure 3.10: Critical deflection at 13-m span car porch
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3.4.3. Slab Reinforcement
For the slab reinforcement bars, the minimum reinforcement as specified in the BS
8110 is 0.13% of the total cross-sectional area. To facilitate our calculation, the slab
was designed based on the per meter strip, we provided T12 @ 200 for the basic
rebar, top and bottom in X and Y direction, in order to fulfill the requirements.
Thus, for one piece of continuous RC slab, the additional rebars will span in X and Y
direction, top and bottom of the slab. The final output of the design will be basic
rebars spanning each-way and each-face of the slab, plus the additional rebars at
certain area where there are excessive bending moment and shear force. The diagram
below illustrates the detailed drawing of additional top reinforcement bars in addition
to the basic rebars at level 7.
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3.4.4. Risk Assessment & Special Design Considerations
Punching Shear
4) Drop panel is utilized to thicken the slab locally to eliminate punching shear
failure
5) All critical columns at the building were checked against the punching shear
failure, the top roof columns are exposed to punching shear
6) Based on the design calculation (Appendix C) the slab thickness was increased
locally by providing the drop panel and shear studs to eliminate this issue.
Risk assessment 2: Holes Adjacent to columns - Trimmer Bars for Slab Openings
Reference: Design of Reinforced Concrete Flat Slabs to BS 8110, Report 110
(2nd Edition) - R T Whittle MA Ceng MICE
“In the flat system, holes should not be placed at the column face, as they
considerably reduce the moment transfer in one or both directions. Even if torsion
links are provided in the slab adjacent to the column, it does not develop its design
couple until large rotations occur”
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Figure 3.14: Holes adjacent to columns in flat slab system
When it is necessary to cut bars to fit a hole, replacement bars of the same diameter
should be positioned along all sides of the hole. All replacement bars should extend a
tension anchorage length beyond the edges of the hole.
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Figure 3.15: Column reactions generated from SAFE
To carry out the design, we have developed our own spreadsheet (attached in the
CD) and design calculations (attached in the CD). The design summary is shown in
the table below:
The RC columns were designed for the whole building based on the most critical
ultimate loads obtained for each floor. The smallest column size is 300 x 300 for the
top roof and increased gradually to 525 x 525mm at the ground floor, all using
concrete grade 35.
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We have tried to manipulate the concrete grade but apparently it did not helped much
in reducing the column size, therefore we decided to use the same concrete grade for
all level to minimize variations and facilitate the construction on site as well.
Basically there were no any changes to the proposed column location in the
architectural drawings, but additional columns are required to be introduced at
ground floor to cater for slab deflection.
As explained, the column dimension can be standardized for the whole floor to
minimize variations and facilitate the contractor’s works, but it is not cost efficient as
the column size was designed based on the most critical load. Therefore, we carried
out some value engineering by designing the column size in batches based on the
loading range, and 5 typical column sizes were produced for the whole building.
Based on our study, the proposed method will produce some minor variation in the
column size for a particular floor (Figure 48), and the same process was repeated for
the whole building (Table 5). The tabulated results shown that the second method
will save the concrete volume by approximately 50%.
Risk assessment 1: Connection between Columns and Flat Slabs - Lateral Stiffness
Reference: Design of Reinforced Concrete Flat Slabs to BS 8110, Report 110
(2nd Edition) - R T Whittle MA Ceng MICE
“The connection between the columns and flat slabs is unsuited to resist large
bending moments. Even if the moment capacity is sufficient, the maximum shear
capacity is likely to be exceeded because of the effect of moment transfer. Thus,
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whenever possible, horizontal loading should be resisted by shear or core walls
making the structure a 'no-sway' frame.”
1) Edge columns have limited moment transfer capacity
2) Internal columns resist most of the moment, but this reduce the shear capacity of
the adjacent slab
3) Holes in the slab close to a column and in the plane of bending drastically reduce
the moment transfer capacity.
Due to this reason, the lift core was proposed to be converted as a shear wall (Figure
52 - yellow boxes). Initially the staircase RC walls were suggested to be replaced
with shear walls in order to obtain more uniform distribution of lateral stiffness, but
apparently the idea was not feasible as there are windows at the staircase that might
interrupt the structures.
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According to BS 6399, it is mentioned that all buildings should be capable of
resisting a notional design ultimate horizontal load which is equivalent to 1.5 % of
the characteristic dead weight.
This is not a compulsory requirement for building less than 10 storeys, but we carried
out the analysis by using ETABS to analyze the lateral deflection based on 1.5 % of
the building dead loads (Figure 53). The deflection diagram shows that the lateral
drift is approximately 46mm, which is below the lateral deflection limit as specified
in the code (Figure 55).
Figure 3.18: Checking of lateral deflection through ETABS (Finite Element Method)
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Figure 3.20: Lateral deflection diagram of the building
Risk assessment 2: Precautions Against Progressive Collapse - Bottom
Reinforcement at Joints
In order to mitigate the risk against progressive collapse, we have provided bottom
reinforcement at all joints, especially the connection between RC slab and column.
As shown in the drawing, the bottom reinforcement bars should span in both X and
Y directions:
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Figure 3.21: Typical RC slab & column connection details
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3.6. Detailed Design of Beams System
3.6.1. Introduction of Minimal Beams at the Building
For the beams design, there are a very minimal number of beams at the top roof and
level two car porch due to the flat slab system (Figure 58). Based on the beam
moment and shear diagram generated by SAFE (Figure 59 and 60), the designs and
detailing were carried out in accordance to BS 8110.
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6) Beams whose depth 750mm or more should be provided with side lacers
maximum 250mm spacing
7) Maximum amount of reinforcement in a layer including tension laps. At laps,
the total diameter of all reinforcement provided in a particular layer should
not exceed 40% the breadth of the section at the level.
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supporting the car porch are exposed to weather conditions; therefore it should be
protected by a coating, for example galvanized.
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Figure 3.25: Typical design of plinth
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3.7.4. Staircase Design
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CHAPTER 4
SUBSTRUCTURE DESIGN
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4.1.2. Soil Strata of Proposed Site in General
Based on the soil investigation report, the following is the data represented in Figure
4.2 of the soil strata:
5.50 6 0
Loose soil
7.5 7
Silt with sand
Soil Density : Standard Penetration Test
8.60 9 0
Very soft soil
10.5 4
Clay with silt
12 1
Loose soil
13.00
Ground water 13.5 7
table is found
here. 15 9
Sand with gravel
16.5 14
17.40
Loose to medium 18 16
dense soil
Sand with clay 18.6 28
18.60 20 40
Medium dense soil
21.6 50
Bed rock
24 50
21.50
28 50
Strong soil
Figure 4.2: Soil strata of proposed site
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percentage of fine fraction (fraction of particles smaller than 0.06 mm) in the soil
sample (Neznal, 1995). The main disadvantage of the method is given by the fact
that other factors influencing the permeability (soil moisture, density, porosity) are
not taken into consideration. Furthermore, the analysis of one soil sample cannot
describe a heterogeneous geological environment (Neznal, 1995).
Table 4.1: Permeability and moisture content of soil types (Davis & Wilson, 2010)
Soil Texture Permeability Moisture Content
Sand high low
Silt low high
Clay low high
The sandy layers of the soil are regarded to be non-cohesive. They have lower
density and more poorly graded resulting in loosely packed, low inter-granular
friction and low friction angle. There is also high liquefaction potential that may
causes loss of strength controlled by a combination of low density, degree of
saturation and poor gradation. The higher permeability of sandy soil is undesirable
for water containment structure. The clayey soil underneath are soft and finer. It is
over cohesive with presence of water. There is a high risk of settlement for building,
thus precautions have to be taken into account in designing the foundation type.
However, the softness of the soil makes it easy for jack-in pile penetration for
foundation. This layer also has a low unconfined compressive strength, making the
use of jack-in piles further compressing the soft clay towards unbearable capacity.
4.2. Foundation
4.2.1. Type of Foundation
Type of foundation used for the project is deep foundation. The site contains very
soft clay, very soft silt and loose sand at depth 0 to 16m. In addition, ground water
table found at depth of 13m and bedrock layer found at depth of 19m. The loadings
from structures will rest on bedrock (SPT=50) with 4m as socket piles.
Type of deep foundation used is precast spun pile. Spun piles are chosen compare
with precast square RC piles because of these reasons:
The spun pile will use cross fin shoe for easy penetration to bedrock layer and
reduces slipping failure when reaching the bedrock layer. Since the site near high end
residential areas, method of pile installation used is hydraulics jack-in.
Jacking force to penetrate the spun piles is 3800kN. Hydraulics jack-in produce
lower noise, vibration and pollution compare with hammer method and bored
method. It is also average in cost for both methods. Hydraulics jack-in can achieve 6
piles installation per day which is high productivity compare with common used
bored piles.
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Detail calculations for soil bearing capacity as in Appendix 3.1: Soil bearing capacity
in the folder named Substructure design on the attached CD.
Calculation of piles per column as in Appendix 3.2: Number of piles per columns in
the folder named Substructure design on the attached CD.
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Spun pile details
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Integrity of piles
Integrity on piles group should be checked in pile group efficiently calculations. It is
also will be checked by piles load test after installation on piles in group.
Settlement of piles
Settlement of piles will occur due to negative skin friction from soil. Piles will allow
to settle and settlement after applying load test should be monitor.
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Longitudinal reinforcement (using bending method);
Moment at face of the column, Mf
Mf = 2 x Max pile load (l - c₂/2)
Area of reinforcement, As
As = Mf / 0.95fyz
Beam shear:
Shear at critical section, V
V = 2 x Max pile load
Punching;
Stress at column perimeter = P / (2d)(c1+c2) < 0.8 √fcu
Stress at critical perimeter = P / (4d)(2l-B) < 0.8 √fcu
Detail design of all pile cap types are in Appendix 3.3: Pile cap calculation in the
folder named Substructure design on the attached CD.
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Figure 4.8: Double piles cap detailing
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Figure 4.11: Five piles cap detailing
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4.4. Ground Slabs
4.4.1. Typical design for ground slabs
Design using Horizontal Structural Elements (RC Slab SAFE Modeling), slab
properties as follows:
General Properties;
Modulus of elasticity: 27 kN/mm²
Poisson ratio: 0.2
RC Unit weight: 24 kN/m³
Concrete cover: 40 mm
Concrete strength: 35 N/mm²
Reinforcing yield stress: 460 N/mm²
Loading Schedule:
Dead load: 24 kN/m³ (Self weight of RC slabs, columns and beams)
Live load: 3.0 kN/m² (BS 6399: Part 1 - Normal functions)
Superimposed dead load (SDL): 1.0 kN/m² (Brick wall partitions + screed/finishes)
Special case load (SDL): 30 kN/m² (TNB substation and ground tank) and 7.5 kN/m²
(M&E - Assumptions w/o specifications)
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CHAPTER 5
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5.1.2. Calculation for Beam’s Concrete Costing
Calculation for beam costing is summarised in Table 5.3 bellow.
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Table 5.4: Calculation for column’s concrete costing (continued)
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5.2. Steel Price and Calculations
The calculation for the price of steel for slab, beam and columns are shown in the
tables below.
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Table 5.9: Calculation for Universal Beam Coasting
Cross Average
Number Sectional Beam
Level of Beam Beam Size Area Length Rate Price of UB
2
(m ) (m) (RM/m)
533 x 210 x
2 3 101 UB 0.0129 11.4 353.68 RM12,095.86
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Column Column Num. of Main Length of Price of Main
Level height size Column Rebar rebar Rate Rebar
(m) (m) (RM/m)
2 4.2 250 x 250 44 4T32 739.2 14.91 RM11,021.47
325 x 325 34 12T25 1713.6 9.10 RM15,593.76
400 x 400 12 12T32 604.8 14.91 RM9,017.57
500 x 500 11 16T32 739.2 14.91 RM11,021.47
550 x 550 1 32T32 134.4 14.91 RM2,003.90
1 5.2 250 x 250 36 4T32 748.8 14.91 RM11,164.61
325 x 325 33 12T25 2059.2 9.10 RM18,738.72
400 x 400 16 12T32 998.4 14.91 RM14,886.14
500 x 500 13 16T32 1081.6 14.91 RM16,126.66
550 x 550 4 32T32 665.6 14.91 RM9,924.10
Total 36.4 622 RM272,656.44
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Column Column Num. of Length
Level
height size Column Links of links Rate Price of Links
3 4 250 x 250 29 R10-300 295.8 1.60 RM473.28
325 x 325 32 R10-300 470.4 1.60 RM752.64
400 x 400 16 R10-300 307.2 1.60 RM491.52
500 x 500 4 R10-300 100.8 1.60 RM161.28
550 x 550 0 R10-300 0 1.60 RM0.00
2 4.2 250 x 250 44 R10-300 448.8 1.60 RM718.08
325 x 325 34 R10-300 499.8 1.60 RM799.68
400 x 400 12 R10-300 230.4 1.60 RM368.64
500 x 500 11 R10-300 277.2 1.60 RM443.52
550 x 550 1 R10-300 28.2 1.60 RM45.12
1 5.2 250 x 250 36 R10-300 465.12 1.60 RM744.19
325 x 325 33 R10-300 614.46 1.60 RM983.14
400 x 400 16 R10-300 389.12 1.60 RM622.59
500 x 500 13 R10-300 414.96 1.60 RM663.94
550 x 550 4 R10-300 142.88 1.60 RM228.61
Total 36.4 622 RM14,095.49
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Column Column Num. of Length of Price of
Level
height size Column Hooks hooks Rate Hooks
3 4 250 x 250 29 N/A 0 1.55 RM0.00
325 x 325 32 4T10-300 470.4 1.55 RM729.12
400 x 400 16 4T10-300 307.2 1.55 RM476.16
500 x 500 4 2T10-300 50.4 1.55 RM78.12
550 x 550 0 6T10-300 0 1.55 RM0.00
2 4.2 250 x 250 44 N/A 0 1.55 RM0.00
325 x 325 34 4T10-300 499.8 1.55 RM774.69
400 x 400 12 4T10-300 230.4 1.55 RM357.12
500 x 500 11 2T10-300 138.6 1.55 RM214.83
550 x 550 1 6T10-300 42.3 1.55 RM65.57
1 5.2 250 x 250 36 N/A 0 1.55 RM0.00
325 x 325 33 4T10-300 614.46 1.55 RM952.41
400 x 400 16 4T10-300 389.12 1.55 RM603.14
500 x 500 13 2T10-300 207.48 1.55 RM321.59
550 x 550 4 6T10-300 214.32 1.55 RM332.20
Total 36.4 622 RM8,456.89
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Main Number Length of
Level rebar of units rebar Rate Price of steel
(meter) (RM/m)
T10 22 396 1.55 RM613.80
7 T12 96 576 2.23 RM1,284.48
T10 22 396 1.55 RM613.80
6 T12 96 576 2.23 RM1,284.48
T10 22 396 1.55 RM613.80
5 T12 96 576 2.23 RM1,284.48
T10 22 396 1.55 RM613.80
4 T12 96 576 2.23 RM1,284.48
T10 22 396 1.55 RM613.80
3 T12 96 576 2.23 RM1,284.48
T10 22 396 1.55 RM613.80
2 T12 96 576 2.23 RM1,284.48
T10 22 396 1.55 RM613.80
1 T12 96 576 2.23 RM1,284.48
Total 1062 6372 RM17,084.52
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Table 5.16: Pile caps price and calculations
PILE GROUP CONCRETE (RM) STEEL (RM)
2 piles RM24,300.13 RM28,915.97
3 piles RM5,996.02 RM5,700.25
4 piles RM9,156.57 RM9,215.46
5 piles RM10,190.83 RM14,321.06
12 piles RM10,057.33 RM14,453.81
15 piles RM12,800.24 RM17,848.68
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