571 Atlas Exercises Rev2015 PDF

API 571 Damage Mechanisms Affecting Fixed Equipment in the Refining Industry
4.2.7 Brittle Fracture
5. Brittle fracture is characterized by ________________________________.
A. a slow cracking that develops over an extended period of time

B. a high strain rate that leads to a sudden failure
C. a sudden rapid failure under stress
6. The main concern for brittle fracture is ______________________.
A. during shutdown
B. during startup
C. during startup and shutdown
7. Brittle fracture cracks will typically be straight, non-branching, and largely

devoid of any associated plastic deformation.
A. True
B. False
8. Inspection for brittle fracture is______________________________.
A. dependent on accessibility to internal surfaces

B. dependent on expensive NDE methods such as Acoustic Emissions
C. not normally done
4.2.9 Thermal Fatigue
9. The materials subject to thermal fatigue are __________________________.
A. high chrome alloys

B. all materials of construction
C. austenitic stainless steels
10. Thermal fatigue cracks usually initiate _______________of the component.
A. on the surface
B. in the through thickness
C. on the interior
11. Thermal fatigue is best prevented through design and operation to minimize
thermal stresses and thermal cycling. Some methods to help prevent thermal
fatigue include ____________________________________________.
A. blend grinding the weld profile of components to remove stress raisers
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B. controlled rates of heat during startup and shutdown

C. designs that incorporate sufficient flexibility
D. All of the above
12. External ________inspection can be used for non-intrusive inspection for

internal thermal fatigue cracking and where reinforcing pads prevent nozzle
examination.
A. Dye penetrant
B. Shear Wave UT
C. Visual

4.2.14 Erosion / Erosion-Corrosion
13. Erosion - Corrosion is ______________________________.
A. the accelerated mechanical removal of surface material as a result of relative

movement between, or impact from solids, liquids, vapor or any combination
thereof
B. removing protective films or scales by exposing the metal surface to further

corrosion
14. Increasing the hardness of the metal substrate is _____________________.
A. always a good method to prevent erosion from occurring

B. not always a good method to prevent erosion from occurring
15. Visual examination of suspected or troublesome areas, as well as UT checks

or RT can be used to detect the extent of metal loss.
A. True
B. False
16. Which of the following is not a form of erosion or erosion - corrosion?
A. cavitation
B. fretting
C. carburization
4.2.16 Mechanical Failure
17. One of the properties of mechanical fatigue is that it typically happens

___________.
A. well below yield strength of the material

B. well above yield strength of the material
C. at the yield strength of the material
18. Fatigue cracks usually initiate on the surface _______________under cyclic

loading.
A. at openings only
B. at notches or stress raisers
C. underneath reinforcement pads only

19. Heat treatment can have a significant effect on the toughness and hence
fatigue resistance of a metal. In general ___________tend to perform better
than___________.
A. coarse grained microstructures - finer grained

B. medium grained microstructures - coarse grained
C. finer grained microstructures - coarse grained
20. An example of a component that might exhibit mechanical fatigue due to

thermal cycling is a ______________________________________.
A. large bore piping systems

B. coker drum
C. high pressure drop control valves
21. NDE monitoring for mechanical fatigue might include

___________________________.
A. SWUT, RT and MT
B. PT, MT and SWUT
C. RT, PT and MT
4.3.2 Atmospheric Corrosion
22. Materials that might be affected by atmospheric corrosion

include______________________________________.
A. Carbon steel, low alloy steels and copper alloyed aluminum

B. Carbon steel, low alloy steels and alloyed brasses
C. Carbon steel, low alloy steels and the 400 series stainless steels
23. Piping on supports are often very prone to atmospheric corrosion due to
__________________.
A. long horizontal runs

B. being located next over sprays and leaks
C. water entrapment between the pipe and the supports
24. The method(s) that can be used for inspection to find atmospheric corrosion
are_________________.
A. Visual and RT
B. UT and Visual

4.3.3 Corrosion Under Insulation (CUI)
25. Materials that might be affected by CUI include_______________________.
A. Carbon steel, low alloy steels 300 and 600 Series SS

B. Carbon steel, low alloy steels 500 Series SS and duplex stainless steels
C. Carbon steel, low alloy steels 300 Series SS and duplex stainless steels
26. It is known that 300 Series SS, 400 Series SS and duplex SS are subject to
pitting and localized corrosion. The 300 series are also subject to what form of
attack if chlorides are present?
A. ________________________________________
27. Preventing CUI calls for careful selection of insulating materials. Therefore
__________ materials will hold less water against the vessel/pipe wall than
___________and, are potentially be less corrosive.
A. closed-cell foam glass - mineral wool

B. mineral wool - closed-cell foam glass
C. asbestos - closed-cell foam glass
28. The recommended technique for identifying wet insulation and potential CUI
is ____________.
A. Profile radiography
B, Neutron backscatter
C. Insulation removal
4.3.4 Cooling Water Corrosion
29. Cooling water corrosion is a general or localized corrosion of carbon steels

and other metals caused by _______________________________________.
A. dissolved salts, gases, organic compounds or microbiological activity

B. Low pH, inert gases, inorganic compounds or microbiological activity
C. High pH, gases, organic compounds or microbiological activity
30. ________cooling water outlet temperatures and or process side inlet

temperatures tend to increase corrosion rates as well as fouling tendency.
A. Decreasing
B. Increasing

31. Cooling water corrosion ________areas will appear as grooving along the
weld fusion lines.
A. at GTAW welds
B. at ERW welds
C. at nozzle welds
32. Cooling water should be monitored for variables that affect corrosion and
fouling. Below list the main variables that affect cooling water corrosion.
A. _______________________________
B. _______________________________
C. _______________________________
D. _______________________________
E. _______________________________
F. _______________________________
G. _______________________________
4.3.5 Boiler Water Condensate Corrosion
33. Corrosion in boiler feed water and condensate return system is usually the
result of dissolved gases, such as____________________________.
A. oxygen and sulfur phosphates

B. carbon dioxide and low pH amine
C. oxygen and carbon dioxide
34. Corrosion from oxygen tends to be pitting type damage and can show up any
where in the system, but is most aggressive in __________________________.
A. equipment such as closed heaters and economizers

B. boiler tubes in the radiant section
C. boiler tubes in the convection section
35. _______________is the common monitoring tool used to assure that the
various treatment systems are performing in a satisfactory manner.
A. pH measurement alone
B. complete water analysis
C. oxygen content

4.4.2 Sulfidation
36. Which of the following alloys form sulfides at a lower temperature than
carbon steel?
A. copper alloys
B. nickel alloys
C. aluminum alloys
37. Generally the resistance to Sulfidation in iron and nickel base alloys
increases as the _____________ content increases.
A. nickel
B. molybdenum
C. chromium
38. Inspection methods to determine thinning by Sulfidation include ___and ___.
A. UT thickness and VT
B. UT thickness and Profile RT
C. EC and Profile RT
39. Sulfidation is also known as __________________.
A. Sulfurous Oxide Attack (SOA)

B. High Temperature Sulfide Attack (HTSA)
C. Sulfidic Corrosion (SC)
4.5.1 Chloride Stress Corrosion Cracking (Caustic Embrittlement)
40. The description of Chloride Stress Corrosion Cracking is surface initiated

cracks caused by environmental cracking of 300 Series SS and some nickel
base alloys under the combined action of tensile stress, temperature and an
aqueous chloride environment. This condition is accelerated by__________.
A. increasing temperature
B. decreasing temperature
C. decreasing chloride
41. Which of the following alloys is highly susceptible to CLSCC?
A. nickel
B. duplex stainless steel
C. 300 series stainless steel

42. SCC usually occurs at pH values_____. At lower pH values, uniform

corrosion generally predominates. SCC tendency decreases toward the alkaline
pH region.
A. above 2
B. below 2
C. above 4
43. Inspection for CL SCC can be detected by using which of the following NDE
methods?
A. VT
B. PT
C. Both methods above
4.5.2 Corrosion Fatigue
44. Corrosion fatigue can affect __________________ materials.
A. Carbon Steel
B. Austenitic Stainless Steel
C. All metals and alloys
45. The fatigue fracture is brittle and the cracks are most often _________, as in
stress-corrosion cracking, but not branched, and often results in propagation of
____________cracks.
A. transgranular - multiple parallel

B. intergranular - multiple parallel
C. transgranular - multiple radial
46. Corrosion fatigue is usually found in Deaerators by using __________ NDE.
A. VT
B. MT
C. WFMT

4.5.3 Caustic Stress Corrosion Cracking (Caustic Embrittlement)
47. Caustic embrittlement is a form of stress corrosion cracking characterized by

surface-initiated cracks that occur in piping and equipment exposed to caustic,
primarily adjacent to___________.
A. non-PWHT welds
B. PWHT welds
C. nozzles and other openings
48. Crack propagation rates increase dramatically with temperature and can
sometimes grow through wall in ____________________________.
A. a matter of a few weeks

B. a matter of hours or days
C. a matter of a few months
49. Caustic embrittlement is often found in piping and equipment that handles
caustic. It may also be found in a process unit that______________________.
A. removes naphtha
B. mercaptans
C. Light Gas Oil
50. Prevention of cracking in carbon steels can be achieved by PWHT to a

temperature of __________________.
A. 1250 oF
B. 1150 oF
C. 1300 oF

5.1.1.4 - Hydrochloric Acid (HCl) Corrosion
51. Hydrochloric acid (aqueous HCl) causes both general and localized corrosion
and is_______________ to most common materials of construction across a
wide range of concentrations.
A. highly aggressive
B. moderately aggressive
C. not aggressive
52. HCL Corrosion affects ____________________
A. only carbon and low alloy steels

B. 300 Series Stainless and to a lesser degree the 400 series SS
C. all common materials
53. HCl corrosion is found in several units, especially _____________________.
A. FCCU, Poly sulfide and Polymer Units

B. Crude, Vacuum, hydroprocessing, and catalytic reformer units
C. De-salting Units
54. Carbon steel and low alloy steels suffer__________, localized corrosion or
under deposit attack
A. widespread pitting
B. general uniform thinning
C. highly localized pitting
55. Evidence of HCL caused locally thinned areas is found using_____________
A. Automatic ultrasonic scanning

B. Profile radiography
C. Automatic ultrasonic scanning or profile radiography.

5.1.1.10 - Sour Water Corrosion (Acidic)
56. Corrosion of steel due to acidic sour water containing H2S occurs at a pH
between _________.
A. 4.5 and 7.0

B. 2.5 and 7.0
C. 4.5 and 6.0
57. Sour water corrosion primarily affects ________________
A. Stainless steels
B. Carbon Steels
C. Non-Ferrous metals
58. H2S content, pH, temperature, velocity and _________concentration are all
critical factors for Sour Water corrosion.
A. oxygen
B. CO2
C. Methane
59. Acid sour water corrosion is a concern in overhead systems of FCC and
coker gas fractionation plants with ___________________________
A. high H2S levels and low NH3 levels

B. low H2S levels and high NH3 levels
C. moderate to high H2S levels and low NH3levels
60. __________are susceptible to pitting attack and may experience crevice

corrosion and/or chloride stress corrosion cracking
A. Carbon and low alloy steels

B. 300 Series SS
C. Aluminum and Titanium
61. For carbon steel, damage is usually in the form general thinning but may be
highly localized to specific areas of high velocity or turbulence, typically where a
______________________.
A. water phase is condensing

B. water phase is evaporating
C. turbulence exists in the flow stream

5.1.2.2 - Amine Stress Corrosion Cracking
62. Amine cracking is a form of __________________corrosion cracking
A. caustic
B. polythionic
C. alkaline stress
63. Amine Stress Corrosion Cracking affects ______________________
A. Carbon steel and low alloy steels

B. Stainless steels in the 400 Series
C. Nickel and some Nickel based alloys
64. All ________carbon steel piping and equipment in lean amine service
including contactors, absorbers, strippers, regenerators and heat exchangers as
well as any equipment subject to amine carryover
A. PWHT
B. non-PWHT
C. stainless steel and
65. Amine Stress Corrosion Cracking typically develops in base metal

_______________and there may be parallel cracks. In weld metal, the cracks
are either transverse or longitudinal with the weld.
A. transverse in the base metal

B. parallel to the weld
C. along the longitudinal axis of the base metal

5.1.2.3 Wet H2S Damage (Blistering/HIC/SOHIC/SCC)
66. Name the four types of Wet H2S Damage.
A. ________________________________________________________
B. ________________________________________________________
C. ________________________________________________________
D. ________________________________________________________
67. Blistering, HIC, and SOHIC damage have been found to occur between
ambient and _______________.
A. 300oF or higher
B. 400oF or higher
C. 500oF or higher
68. Typical low-strength carbon steels used in refinery applications should be

controlled to produce weld hardness <200 HB. These steels are not usually
subject to SCC at hardness below ___________________.
A. 200 HB
B. 237 HB
C. 190 HB
69. Blistering and HIC damage _________ prevented with PWHT.
A. cannot be
B. can be
C. may be

5.1.3.1 High Temperature Hydrogen Attack (HTHA)
70. HTHA occurs when hydrogen reacts with ______in steel to form
______which cannot diffuse through the steel.
A. iron - iron oxide

B. carbon - carbon dioxide
C. carbides - methane
71. Internal visual inspection for blisters ______________ HTHA.
A. will always indicate

B. may not indicate
C. does not indicate
72. Acoustic Emission Testing is a proven method for finding HTHA.
A. True
B. False

1. B
2. A
3. B
4. A
5. C
6. C
7. A
8. C
9. B
10. A
11. D
12. B
13. B
14. B
15. A
16. C
17. A
18. B
19. C
20. B
21. B
22. A
23. C
24. B
25. C
26. A (Stress Corrosion Cracking)
27. A
28. B
29. A
30. B
31. B
32.
a. pH
b. Oxygen content
c. Cycles of concentration,
d. Biocide Residual
e. Biological Activity
f. Cooling water outlet temp
g. Hydrocarbon Contamination & Process Leaks
33. C
34. A
35. B
36. A
37. C
38. B

39. C
40. A
41. C
42. A
43. C
44. C
45. A
46. C
47. A
48. B
49. B
50. B
51. A
52. C
53. B
54. B
55. C
56. A
57. B
58. A
59. A
60. B
61. A
62. C
63. A
64. B
65. B
66.
a. Hydrogen Blistering
b. Hydrogen Induced Cracking
c. Sulfide Stress Corrosion Cracking
d. Stress Oriented Hydrogen Induced Cracking
67. A
68. B
69. C
70. B
71. B

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API 571 Damage Mechanisms Affecting Fixed Equipment in the Refining Industry

4.2.7 Brittle Fracture

5. Brittle fracture is characterized by ________________________________.

A. a slow cracking that develops over an extended period of time

6. The main concern for brittle fracture is ______________________.

7. Brittle fracture cracks will typically be straight, non-branching, and largely

8. Inspection for brittle fracture is______________________________.

A. dependent on accessibility to internal surfaces

4.2.9 Thermal Fatigue

9. The materials subject to thermal fatigue are __________________________.

A. high chrome alloys

10. Thermal fatigue cracks usually initiate _______________of the component.

A. blend grinding the weld profile of components to remove stress raisers

Rev. 5- 2015 AtlasApiTraining.com Inexpensive Online Training

B. controlled rates of heat during startup and shutdown

12. External ________inspection can be used for non-intrusive inspection for

Rev. 5- 2015 AtlasApiTraining.com Inexpensive Online Training

4.2.14 Erosion / Erosion-Corrosion

13. Erosion - Corrosion is ______________________________.

A. the accelerated mechanical removal of surface material as a result of relative

B. removing protective films or scales by exposing the metal surface to further

14. Increasing the hardness of the metal substrate is _____________________.

A. always a good method to prevent erosion from occurring

15. Visual examination of suspected or troublesome areas, as well as UT checks

16. Which of the following is not a form of erosion or erosion - corrosion?

4.2.16 Mechanical Failure

17. One of the properties of mechanical fatigue is that it typically happens

A. well below yield strength of the material

18. Fatigue cracks usually initiate on the surface _______________under cyclic

Rev. 5- 2015 AtlasApiTraining.com Inexpensive Online Training

A. coarse grained microstructures - finer grained

20. An example of a component that might exhibit mechanical fatigue due to

A. large bore piping systems

21. NDE monitoring for mechanical fatigue might include

4.3.2 Atmospheric Corrosion

22. Materials that might be affected by atmospheric corrosion

A. Carbon steel, low alloy steels and copper alloyed aluminum

A. long horizontal runs

Rev. 5- 2015 AtlasApiTraining.com Inexpensive Online Training

4.3.3 Corrosion Under Insulation (CUI)

25. Materials that might be affected by CUI include_______________________.

A. Carbon steel, low alloy steels 300 and 600 Series SS

A. closed-cell foam glass - mineral wool

4.3.4 Cooling Water Corrosion

29. Cooling water corrosion is a general or localized corrosion of carbon steels

A. dissolved salts, gases, organic compounds or microbiological activity

30. ________cooling water outlet temperatures and or process side inlet

Rev. 5- 2015 AtlasApiTraining.com Inexpensive Online Training

4.3.5 Boiler Water Condensate Corrosion

A. oxygen and sulfur phosphates

A. equipment such as closed heaters and economizers

Rev. 5- 2015 AtlasApiTraining.com Inexpensive Online Training

38. Inspection methods to determine thinning by Sulfidation include ___and ___.

39. Sulfidation is also known as __________________.

A. Sulfurous Oxide Attack (SOA)

4.5.1 Chloride Stress Corrosion Cracking (Caustic Embrittlement)

40. The description of Chloride Stress Corrosion Cracking is surface initiated

41. Which of the following alloys is highly susceptible to CLSCC?

Rev. 5- 2015 AtlasApiTraining.com Inexpensive Online Training

42. SCC usually occurs at pH values_____. At lower pH values, uniform

4.5.2 Corrosion Fatigue

44. Corrosion fatigue can affect __________________ materials.

A. transgranular - multiple parallel

38. Inspection methods to determine thinning by Sulfidation include _and _.