BY

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 WHAT IS STRUCTURAL STEEL ?
THE STEEL WHICH IS USED IN THE STRUCTURE AS A
MAIN LOAD BEARING MEMBERS IS CALLED AS
STRUCTURAL STEEL

CONSEQUENTLY THE STRUCTURES MADE OUT OF

SUCH MEMBERS ARE CALLED AS STEEL STRUCTURES

STEEL IS A COMMON BUILDING MATERIAL USED

THROUGHOUT THE CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY

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TYPES OF STEEL STRUCTURES

BUILDING FRAMES
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TYPES OF STEEL STRUCTURES

BRIDGE
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TYPES OF STEEL STRUCTURES

TOWERS
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TYPES OF STEEL STRUCTURES

CHIMNEY
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TYPES OF STEEL STRUCTURES

TRUSS
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TYPES OF STEEL STRUCTURES

TEMPORARY WORKS
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Historical Development VARIOUS MATERIALS USED AS STRUCTURES
 CAVES
 HOUSE ON TREES
 TIMBER STEEL RCC
 SOIL AND STONES
 BRICKS ETC.

PLASTIC Structural TIMBER

material

COMPOSITE ALUMINIUM
MATERIAL

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 ADVANTAGES OF STEEL
 ENVIRONMENT FRIENDLY (100 % RECYCLABLE)
 UNLIKE WOOD DOES NOR WARP/TWIST
 DOES NOT SUBSTANTIALLY EXPAND OR CONTRACT ON CHANGING WEATHER
CONDITIONS
 DOES NOT NEED TIME LIKE RCC TO CURE AND CAN BE IMMEDIATELY USED AT
FULL STRENGTH
 MORE STRENGTH AND LESS WEIGHT
 DURABLE (IF PROTECTED FROM CORROSION)

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 DISADVANTAGES OF STEEL
 VERY HIGH ENERGY USE FROM BURNING OF COAL
 SUSCEPTIBLE TO CORROSION
 HIGH INITIAL COST
 DIFFICULTY IN WELDING
 LIGHT WEIGHT AND SUSCEPTIBLE TO EXCESSIVE DEFLECTION AND
VIBRATIONS

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BEHAVIOUR IS PREDICTABLE

 HIGH STRENGTH
 HIGH DUCTILITY

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 STRENGTH

 TENSION = 0.6 fy

 COMPRESSION = O.6 fy

 SHEAR = 0.4 fy

 BENDING = 0.66 fy

 BEARING = 0.75 fy

 COMBINED SHEAR AND

BENDING = 0.9 fy

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 DUCTILITY

 NOT A BRITTLE MATERIAL

 LARGE DISPLACEMENT
BEFORE THE FAILURE
 ENERGY ABSORPTION AND
DISSIPATION

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 VARIOUS TYPES OF SECTIONS

 INDIVIDUAL SECTIONS (RSJ SECTIONS)

 BUILT UP SECTIONS
 PLATE GIRDERS

 HOT FORMED SECTIONS : THESE ARE THE SECTIONS THAT ARE

FORMED ABOVE THE RECRYSTTALIZATION TEMPERATURE OF THE
MATERIAL.

 COLD FORMED SECTIONS : THESE ARE THE SECTIONS THAT ARE

FORMED BELOW THE RECRYSTTALIZATION TEMPERATURE OF THE
MATERIAL.

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 VARIOUS SHAPES OF SECTIONS

ANGLE
FLATS
I-SECTION

CHANNEL

BARS
T-SECTION

PIPES
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 DESIGN CRITERIA

 STRENGTH
 SERVICEABILITY
MATERIAL FAILURE

STRENGTH
BUCKLING
(due to instability of section

EXCESSIVE DEFLECTION

SERVICEABILITY

CRACKING

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 VARIOUS TYPES OF FORCES/MEMBERS

 TENSION FORCE
 COMPRESSION FORCE
 FLEXURE (BENDING MOMENT) FORCE
 SHEAR FORCE
 COMBINED FORCES

 CONSEQUENTLY THE MEMBERS ARE CALLED AS FOLLOWS :

1. TIE MEMBERS (TENSION MEMBERS): TENSION FORCE
2. COLUMN/STRUT (COMPRESSION MEMBERS) : COMPRESSION FORCE
3. BEAM (FLEXURAL MEMBERS): BENDING MOMENT & SHEAR FORCE

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 DESIGN OF TENSION MEMBERS

 DESIGN CRITERIA :
ALLOWABLE STRESS (STRENGTH) > = CALCULATED STRESS

 ALLOWABLE STRESS = 0.6 fy where fy is the yield stress

 CALCULATED STRESS = TENSILE FORCE/NET AREA

 TENSION FORCE : FROM ANALYSIS

 AREA : NET AREA AND GROSS AREA

 GROSS AREA : THE TOTAL AREA OF CROSS SECTION OF THE MEMBER

WITHOUT ANU DEDUCTIONS IS CALLED AS GROSS AREA
 NET AREA : DEDUCTIONS FOR : 1. HOLES
2. ECCENTRICITY

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DESIGN OF TENSION MEMBERS
EFFECT DUE TO ECCENTRICITY

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DESIGN OF TENSION MEMBERS

EFFECT DUE TO HOLES

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 DESIGN OF COMPRESSION MEMBERS

 DESIGN CRITERIA :
ALLOWABLE STRESS (STRENGTH) > = CALCULATED STRESS

CALCULATED STRESS = COMPRESSION/AREA(GROSS)

CRUSHING FAILURE (SHORT COLUMN)

FAILURE
BUCKLING (SLENDER COLUMN)

 LONG COLUMN : THESE COLUMN FAIL BY ELASTIC BUCKLING

 INTERMEDIATE COLUMN : THESE COLUMN FAIL BY IN ELASTIC BUCKLING
 SHORT COLUMN : THESE COLUMN FAIL BY CRUSHING OR YIELDING

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 DESIGN OF COMPRESSION MEMBERS

 SLENDERNESS RATIO (l) :

L eff EFFECTIVE LENGTH )/ r min
 L eff EFFECTIVE LENGTH FOR VARIOUS END CONDITIONS :

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 DESIGN OF COMPRESSION MEMBERS

 ALLOWABLE STRESS = 0.6 fy : FOR SHORT COLUMNS

 FOR LONG COLUMNS : DEPENDS ON SLENDERNESS RATIO AND fy VALUES

An Extract of IS 800 :1984

Refer IS 800 : 1984)

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 LACING/BATTENING

 NEED : THE SIZE AND SHAPE OF STANDARD ROLLED STEEL SECTIONS ARE
LIMITED BECAUSE OF LIMITATIONS OF ROLLING MILLS. SOMETIMES
ROLLED STEEL SECTIONS DO NOT FURNISH THE REQUIRED SECTIONAL
AREA.SOMETIMES A SPECIAL SHAPE OR THE LARGE RADIUS OF GYRATION
IS REQUIRED IN TWO DIFFERENT DIRECTIONS.FOR THIS PURPOSE BUILT-
UP SECTION IS FABRICATED.
THUS THE TWO ROLLED SECTIONS ARE KEPT AWAY FROM THE
CENTROIDAL AXIS AND ARE CONNECTED BY SOME CONNECTING SYSTEMS
LIKE LACING AND BATTENING.
 LACING :IF THE BARS, FLATS OR ANGLES ARE USED FOR THIS PURPOSE
THEN THEY ARE CALLED AS LACING.
 BATTENING : IF THE PLATES ARE USED THEN THEY ARE CALLED AS
BATTENS.
 DESIGN CRITERIA : THE LACING AND BATTENING SHOULD BE DESIGNED
TO CARRY THE TRANSVERSE SHEAR EQUAL TO 2.5% OF AXIAL LOAD.

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LACING/BATTENING

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 DESIGN OF FLEXURAL MEMBERS

 DESIGN CRITERIA :
ALLOWABLE STRESS (STRENGTH) ≥ CALCULATED STRESS
BENDING MOMENT

FORCES
SHEAR FORCE

BENDING MOMENT (M)

 BENDING STRESS (scbc,cal) =
SECTION MODULUS (Zxx)

SHEAR FORCE (V)

 SHEAR STRESS (tv,cal) =
AREA OF WEB (Aw)
 I- SECTIONS ARE STRONG IN BENDING WHILE PIPES ARE WEAK IN
BENDING.
 PLATE GIRDERS AND GANTRY GIRDERS ARE ALSO FLEXURAL MEMBERS.

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 DESIGN OF FLEXURAL MEMBERS
 WHEN COMPRESSION FLANGE IS LATERALLY RESTRAINED

ALLOWABLE BENDING STRESS

(scbc,act) =0.66 fy

 IF THE COMPRESSION FLANGE IS NOT LATERALLY RESTRAINED

ALLOWABLE BENDING STRESS (scbc,act)
DEPENDS ON D/T AND l/ryy (λ) .
An Extract of IS 800
:1984

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 WEB BUCKLING AND WEB CRIPPLING
 THE BEAM MAY FAIL UNDER CONCENTRATED LOADS OR AT END REACTION
DUE TO BUCKLING AND CRIPPLING OF WEB.
 WEB BUCKLING : THE WEBOF THE ROLLED STEEL SECTION BEHAVES LIKE A
COLUMN WHEN PLACED UNDER THE CONCENTRATED LOADS.THE WEB IS
QUITE THIN AND THEREFORE SUBJECTED TO BUCKLING.
 THE BEARING LENGTH IS GIVEN BY STIFF PORTION OF BEARING PLUS THE
ADDITIONAL LENGTH GIVEN BY DISPERSION AT 45 DEG. TO LEVEL OF
NEUTRAL AXIS.

 TO CHECK THE BUCKLING THE BEARING STIFFNERS ARE PROVIDED.

 THE MAX PERMISSIBLE AXIAL STRESS SHALL DEPEND ON SLENDERNESS
RATIO EQUAL TO d1.sqrt(3)/t .
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 WEB BUCKLING AND WEB CRIPPLING
 WEB CRIPPLING : THE CONCENTRATED LOADS CAUSES LARGE AMOUNT OF
STRESS CONCENTRATION AT THE JUNCTION OF WEB AND FLANGE.AS A
RESULT LARGE BEARING STRESSES ARE DEVELOPED BELOW THE
CONCENTRATED LOADS.THE WEB NEAR THE PORTION OF STRESS
CONCENTRATION TENDS TO FOLD OVER FLANGE.THIS TYPE OF LOCAL
BUCKLING PHENOMENON IS CALLED AS CRIPPLING.

 TO CHECK THE CRIPPLING THE CONCENTRATED LOADS SHOULD BE

TRANSFERRED FROM THE FLANGES TO WEB ON SUFFICIENTLY LARGE
BEARING AREA.
 THE BEARING AREA SHALL BE ARRIVED DEPENDING ON THE ANGLE OF
DISPERSION OF 30 DEG.
 ALLOWABLE BEARING STRESS =0.75 fy.
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 CONNECTIONS AND FASTENERS
 TYPES OF CONNECTIONS :
1. WELDED CONNECTIONS
PERMANENT
2. RIVETTED CONNECTIONS
3. BOLTED CONNECTIONS TEMPORARY
ADVANTAGES OF WELDING :
 MATERIALS SAVING (OFTEN NO CONNECTING MEMBERS NECESSARY)
 QUIETER THAN IMPACT WRENCHES NORMALLY USED FOR BOLTS
 MORE FORGIVING WHEN DIMENSIONS DON’T MATCH
 FORMS RIGID JOINTS
 SIMPLER DETAILING
ADVANTAGES OF BOLTS :
 DOES NOT REQUIRE AS HIGHLY SKILLED WORKERS
 REQUIRES LESS EQUIPMENT
 REDUCED RISK OF FIRE
 BETTER QUALITY CONTROL

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 WELDING CONNECTIONS

 WELDING CONSISTS OF JOINING TWO STEEL SECTIONS BY ESTABLISHING THE

MATALLURGICAL BOND BETWEEN THEM THROUGH THE APPLICATION OF
PRESSURE AND / OR THROUGH FUSION.
 THE MOST COMMONLY USED PROCESS IS ARC WELDING – A FUSION PROCESS.
THE BOND BETWEEN THE METALS IS PRODUCED BY REDUCING THE SURFACES
TO BE JOINED TO THE MOLTEN STATE AND THEN ALLOWING THE MOLTEN
METAL TO SOLIDIFY.WHEN THE MOLTEN METAL SOLIDIFIES THE UNION IS
COMPLETED.
TYPES OF WELDING

 BUTT WELD

 FILLET WELD

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 WELDING CONNECTIONS

 BUTT WELDS ARE USED WHEN THE MEMBERS TO BE JOINED ARE LINED UP.
 BUTT WELDS ARE STRONGER THAN THE FILLET WELDS.SOMETIMES THE PULL
PENETRATION BUTT WELD GOVES THE STRENGTH EQUAL TO THE STRENGTH
OF MEMBERS TO BE JOINED.
TYPES OF BUTT WELD

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 WELDING CONNECTIONS

 FILLET WELDS ARE PROVIDED WHEN THE TWO MEMBERS TO BE JOINED ARE
IN DIFFERENT PLANES.
 THIS SITUATION IS FREQUENTLY MET WITHIN THE STRUCTURES.THEREFORE
FILLET WELDS ARE MORE COMMON THAN BUTT WELDS.
 THE STRENGTH OF THE FILLET WELD IS TAKEN AS 110 M Pa AS PER IS CODE.

LOAD CAPACITY THROAT X LENGTH X

OF WELD WELD STRENGTH

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 RIVETTED / BOLTED CONNECTIONS

 RIVET IS MADE UP OF A ROUND DUCTILE STEEL

BAR PIECE (MILD OR HIGH TENSILE) CALLED
SHANK, WITH THE HEAD AT ONE END

 BOLT IS MADE OF A METAL PIN WITH THE HEAD

AT ONE END AND A SHANK TREADED AT OTHER
END TO RECEIVE THE NUT.

 NOMINAL DIAMETER : THE DIAMETER OF THE SHANK OF A RIVET BEFORE

RIVETING ( OR UNTHREADED PORTION OF THE SHANK OF BOLTS).
 GROSS DIAMETER : IT IS A DIAMETER OF THE HOLE IT FILLS AFTER
RIVETING. IN CASE OF BOLT IT IS EQUAL TO NOMINAL DIAMTER.
 THE CORRESPONDING AREA ARE CALLED AS NET AREA AND GROSS AREA
RESPECTIVELY.

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 RIVETTED / BOLTED CONNECTIONS

TYPES OF RIVETED OR BOLTED JOINTS :

GAUGE

PITCH EDGE DISTANCE

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 RIVETTED / BOLTED CONNECTIONS

FAILURE OF RIVETED JOINTS : RIVET VALUE: THE MINIMUM

STRENGTH OF EACH RIVET IS
SHEAR OR BEARING IS
CALLED AS RIVET VALUE

EFFICIENCY OF THE JOINT : THE

RATIO OF THE STRENGTH OF
THE JOINT TO THE
STRENGTH OF MAIN MEMBER

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 VARIOUS CONNECTIONS
SHEAR CONNECTION : SHEAR CONNECTION IS FOR RESISTING SHEAR FORCE
ONLY. IT STOPS THE TWO CONNECTED MEMBERS FROM SLIDING UP AND
DOWN OR BACK AND FORTH. IF TWO MEMBERS ARE CONNECTED BY A
SINGLE BOLT / PIN, THEY CAN NOT MOVE UP AND DOWN BUT CAN
MOVE IN CIRCLE OR ROTATE, OR THE CONNECTION HAS NO
RESISTANCE TO TURNING / MOMENT .
MOMENT CONNECTION : IF AT THIS PLACE WE PUT TWO OR MORE PINS OR
NAILS, THE MEMBERS WILL NEITHER MOVE NOR ROTATE. MORE PINS,
BOLTS , WELDS MORE THE CAPACITY TO RESIST THIS TURNING OR
ANGULAR MOVEMENT. THIS IS A MOMENT CONNECTION.

BEAM-COLUMN
CONNECTION

CONNECTION
BEAM-BEAM

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 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS
NEW VERSION OF IS 800 : (VERSION 2007) : LIMIT STATE DESIGN
OLD VERSION WAS IS 800 : 1984 : WORKING STRESS DESIGN

PLASTIC DESIGN :

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