Urban Transport

Traffic Study – Traffic Impact

Assessment
Riza Atiq bin O.K. Rahmat
Traffic Impact Assessment (TIA)

All development will generate traffic

into current or future transport facilities

All big development will generate

internal traffic
TIA will answer the question of:
What will the effect of a development
to the surrounding transport facilities
What is the magnitude additional traffic
due to the development to the existing
traffic
How will the additional traffic effect
the current traffic
What is the proposal to alleviate or
minimise the impact
 TIA activities
Developer

Architect / town planner

Local Authority
Traffic Survey

Instruction by the local

authority to execute TIA Analyses:
•Trip generation
•Modal split
Appointment of a •Trip distribution
transport engineer •Trip assignment
•Analyses of LOS (Level of service)
•Problem evaluation
Discussion to determine the scope, •Proposal to alleviate or reduce the identified problems
study area and study methodology

Review the original lay-out plan and

Collate existing data and information
propose any improvement to the client
and land use

Final Report
TIA Content

Existing Situation
Analyses
Impact to the Road Network
Road Safety
Internal Lay-out
Parking Space
Public Transport
Pedestrian, bicycle and disable facilities
TIA Content: 1.Existing Situation

Existing government transport policies for

the development area
Structure plan and local plan prepared by
the Local Authority
Existing traffic and public transport
facilities
TIA Content: 1.Existing Situation (Cont
….)

1200

1000
Traffic Volume (PCU/Hr

800

600

400

200

0
6-7 7-8 8-9 9-10 10-11 11-12 12-13 13-14 14-15 15-16 16-17 17-18 18-19 19-20 20-21 21-22
Masa
Menuju P/Bandar
Dari P/Bandar

Existing traffic flows

TIA Content: 1.Existing Situation (Cont..)
….)

658
345 542
5
287
527 423
621 598
597

621 451
758
TIA Content: Existing Situation (Cont ….)
 Road safety record
 Pedestrian facilities
 Identify all planned transport facilities in the
vicinity of the development
 Identify all other developments in the vicinity
of the development and quantify the combine
impact to the external traffic
 Identify all existing public transport facilities
and the impact of the development to the
facilities
 Identify potential traffic problem in the
development
TIA Content: 2. Analyses
Trip Generation
Land use Attraction per 100 sq.m Production per 100 sq.m
floor area (morning) floor area (afternoon)

Office 3.7 person / hr 4.05 person / hr

Hospital 1.52 person / hr 1.32 person / hr

Shopping Centre 0.45 person / hr 0.95 person / hr

Primary school 5.5 person / hr 5.5 person / hr

High School 4.5 person / hr 4.5 person / hr

College / University 2.0 person / hr 1.8 person / hr

TIA Content: 2. Analyses (Cont ….)
Trip Generation
Land use Production per unit Attraction per unit
(morning) (afternoon)
Apartment 2.11 person / hr 1.79 person / hr
Condominium 1.73 person / hr
TIA Content: 2. Analyses (Cont ….)
Example: Trip Generation
Morning
Land use Residential unit Production Morning
rate production
Flat 845 2.51 2121
Single story link house 725 2.21 1602
Double story link house 934 2.52 2354
Condominium 837 2.05 1716
Total 7793
Afternoon
Land use Residential unit Production Afternoon
rate Attraction
Flat 845 2.1 1775
Single story link house 725 1.81 1312
Double story link house 934 2.15 2008
Condominium 837 1.73 1448
Total 6543
TIA Content: 2. Analyses (Cont ….)
 Trip Distribution
 Gravity model PiAj
Where Tij = KiKj α
Tij = Trip from zone i to Tij
zone j
Pi = Production of zone
i 1
Ki =
Aj = Attraction of zone j
Tij = Travel time or travel
∑ j j ij
K
j
A / T α

cost between zone i and

zone j
α = Parameter to be 1
Kj =
calibrated. In Klang
Valley, α = 2.05 for ∑i i i ij
K P / T α

morning and afternoon

peaks.
TIA Content: 2. Analyses (Cont ….)
α
Production Constrain Aj / T ij
Tij = Pi
Model:
∑ j
Aj / T α
ij

Attraction Constrain α
Pi / T ij
Model: Tij = A j
∑ P /T i i
α
ij
TIA Content: 2. Example

Project
Site
TIA Content: 2. Example
Trip Generation

Land use QTY Rates Production

Flat 205 2.51

515
Link house 431 2.21
953
Semi-D 125 2.55
319
Bungalow 52 2.65
138
Total
1924
TIA Content: 2. Example (Cont ….)
Trip Distribution

Destination Travel Time Estimated Aj / Distribution Trip

(min) attraction Tij2.05 Distribution

Ipoh 35 92000 62.871 0.271 522

Batu Gajah 30 16500 15.466 0.067 128

Gopeng 10 17200 153.295 0.662 1273

ΣAj/ Tij2.05 231.632 1.000 1924

Distribution = (Aj / Tij2.05 ) / (Σ Aj / Tij2.05)

TIA Content: 2. Example (Cont ….)

Modal Split (Modal Choice)

Influencing factors
Car ownership
Household Income
Distance to the transport facilities
Travel Time
Travel Cost
Car park availability
TIA Content: 2. Example (Cont ….)
Peak Hour Modal Split in Kuala Lumpur
Land use Bus % Car / van / jeep Motor cycle
% %
1 Government Office 27.6 57.4 15.0

2 Company Office 48.0 45.6 6.4

3 Bank 49.9 45.0 5.1
4 Hotel 35.9 60.1 4.0
5 Shopping Centre 54.3 40.7 5.0
6 Bungalow house 12.1 84.0 3.9
7 Semi-D house 16.2 79.4 4.4
8 Link House 42.1 48.5 9.4
9 Condominium 13.7 85.1 1.2
10 Apartment 39.9 45.0 15.1
11 Flat 49.5 28.3 21.7

(Source JKAL, DBKL Annual Report, 1991)

TIA Content: 2. Example (Cont ….)
Average Passenger (including driver) in Kuala Lumpur

Land Use Car / Van / M / Cycle Bus (big) Bus (Mini)

Jeep

1 Office 1.55 1.25 75 35

2 Hotel 1.55 1.25 40 25

3 Shopping 2.14 1.30 75 35

Centre
4 Houses 2.05 1.38 75 35

(Source: JKAL, DBKL Annual Report, 1991)

TIA Content: 2. Example (Cont ….)

A local authority has approved a proposed

development of a housing estate. It consists
of 1250 link houses, 155 semi-D houses, 78
bungalow houses, 390 units condominiums,
820 units apartments and 970 units of flats.
Calculate both inbound and outbound traffic
flows during morning peak hours.
 TIA Content: 2. Example (Cont ….)
Land use Unit Product Prod Modal Split Person trip Number of Vehicles
ion rate ucio
Bus car M/C Bus car M/C Bus car M/C
n

Link house 1250 2.21 2763 42.1 48.5 9.4 1163 134 260 16 654 188
% % % 0
Semi-D 155 2.55 395 16.2 79.4 4.4 64 314 17 1 153 13
% % %
Bungalow 78 2.65 207 12.1 84.0 3.9 25 174 8 1 85 6
% % %
Condo 390 2.05 800 13.7 85.1 1.2 110 680 10 1 332 7
% % %
Apartment 820 2.11 1730 39.9 45.0 15.1 690 779 261 9 380 189
% % %
Flat 970 2.51 2435 49.5 28.3 21.7 1205 689 528 16 336
% % %

total 44 1939 786

TIA Content: 2. Example (Cont ….)
to Ipoh

To PLUS H’way

981
pcu/hr

247
pcu/hr 759 pcu/hr
Proposed
Development

Assumption: Traffic growth 4.1%

365 Base year: 2010
pcu/hr
to Batu 603 pcu/hr
Gajah 61 pcu/hr

1021
pcu/hr

to Gopeng
TIA Content: 2. Example (Cont ….)
To Ipoh

2014

Traffic generated by
the development
To PLUS H’way

247 pcu/hr

Proposed
Development
790 pcu/hr

380 pcu/hr

To Batu 603 pcu/hr

Gajah 61 pcu/hr
1063
pcu/hr

to Gopeng
TIA Content: 3. Impact to the Road
Network
Level-Of-Service (LOS) =
Flow/Capacity (or V/C)

v/c < 0.9 OK

V/C > 1.0

(LOS = F)

V/C < 0.3

(LOS = A)
TIA Content: 4. Road Safety

Safe to the
residences
Safe to the visitors
TIA Content: 5. Internal Lay-out
TIA Content: 6. Parking Space

Malaysia:
1 cps / 50sq.m floor
area
or
1.25 / residential
unit
TIA Content: 7. Public Transport
TIA Content: 8. Pedestrian, bicycle and
disable facilities
Terimakasih
Thank you