1. State the difference between direct and indirect democracy?

Direct Democracy
Direct Democracy or otherwise called pure democracy or participatory democracy, is one in
which decisions relating to the laws and policies of the government are taken by the people
directly. It requires direct participation from the citizens of the country in day to day decision
making and administration of the government. Switzerland is one of the countries where direct
democracy is prevalent
Indirect Democracy

Indirect democracy or popularly called as representative democracy is the system of government

wherein people choose their representatives, to represent them in the Parliament and actively
participate in running the government. So, the participation of the citizens is limited in taking
important decisions and formulation of policies. India is the common example of indirect
democracy.
Comparison Chart for Direct Democracy Vs Indirect Democracy

Basis for
Compariso Direct Democracy Indirect Democracy
n
Direct democracy refers to a form of
Indirect democracy implies a democracy in
government wherein citizens out
Meaning which people vote for their representative, to
rightly take part in the administration
represent them in the Parliament.
of the government.
Government policies are decided by People elect their representatives to take
Policies
the people themselves. decisions on government policies.
Representatives of the winning party forms
Legislature Whole community forms legislature.
government and are a part of legislature.
Countries whose population size is
Suitability Countries whose population size is large.
small.

2. What are the concurrently and exclusive powers of federal and regional governments?

Concurrent powers of the federal and regional governments

Powers and Functions of the Federal Government

1. It shall protect and defend the Constitution

2. It shall formulate and implement the country's policies, strategies and plans in respect of
overall economic, social and development matters.
3. It shall establish and implement national standards and basic policy criteria for public
health, education, science and technology as well as for the protection and preservation of
cultural and historical legacies.
4. It shall formulate and execute the country's financial, monetary and foreign investment
policies and strategies.
5. It shall enact laws for the utilization and conservation of land and other natural resources,
historical sites and objects.
6. It shall establish and administer national defence and public security forces as well as a
federal police force.
7. It shall administer the National Bank, print and borrow money, mint coins, regulate
foreign exchange and money in circulation; it shall determine by law the conditions and
terms under which States can borrow money from internal sources.
8. It shall formulate and implement foreign policy; it shall negotiate and ratify international
agreements.
9. It shall be responsible for the development, administration and regulation of air, rail,
waterways and sea transport and major roads linking two or more States, as well as for
postal and telecommunication services.
10. It shall levy taxes and collect duties on revenue sources reserved to the Federal
Government; it shall draw up, approve and administer the Federal Government's budget.
11. It shall determine and administer the utilization of the waters or rivers and lakes linking
two or more States or crossing the boundaries of the national territorial jurisdiction.
12. It shall regulate inter-State and foreign commerce.
13. It shall administer and expand all federally funded institutions that provide services to
two or more States.
14. It shall deploy, at the request of a state administration, Federal defence forces to arrest a
deteriorating security situation within the requesting State when its authorities are unable
to control it.
15. It shall enact, in order to give practical effect to political rights provided for in this
Constitution, all necessary laws governing political parties and elections.
16. It has the power to declare and to lift national state of emergency and states of
emergencies limited to certain parts of the country.]
17. It shall determine matters relating to nationality.
18. It shall determine and administer all matters relating to immigration, the granting of
passports, entry into and exit from the country, refugees and asylum.
19. It shall patent inventions and protect copyrights.
20. It shall establish uniform standards of measurement and calendar.
21. It shall enact laws regulating the possession and bearing of arms.
Powers and Functions of States

All powers not given expressly to the Federal Government alone, or concurrently to the Federal
Government and the States are reserved to the States.
States shall have the following powers and functions:

1. To establish a State administration that best advances self-government, a democratic

order based on the rule of law; to protect and defend the Federal Constitution;
2. To enact and execute the state constitution and other laws;
3. To formulate and execute economic, social and development policies, strategies and plans
of the State;
4. To administer land and other natural resources in accordance with Federal laws;
5. To levy and collect taxes and duties on revenue sources reserved to the States and to draw
up and administer the State budget;
6. To enact and enforce laws on the State civil service and their condition of work; in the
implementation of this responsibility it shall ensure that educational; training and
experience requirements for any job, title or position approximate national standards;
7. To establish and administer a state police force, and to maintain public order and peace
within the State;
3. What is the relationship between the right to equality and freedom to liberty?
4. What major powers are conferred to the house of federation to keep the balance of political
equality?
SPECIAL PROVISIONS
House of the Federation's powers and responsibilities
 Decides all questions concerning right of self-determination of nations, nationalities and
peoples , including the right to secession;
 Promotes equality between the peoples of Ethiopia, promotes and consolidates their unity
based on their mutual agreement;
 Attempts to broker solutions to conflicts between states;
 Shares out federal and federate tax revenues, as well as subsidies that are paid to the
states by the federal government;
 Authorizes federal Government to intervene in any state which violates the Constitution
or jeopardizes constitutional order.
5. What are the three types of justice?
The three typesof justice are
1. Distributive justice: dictates fair distribution of benefits and burdens in a society
 2. Corrective justice: fair and proper responses to should be used to correct wrong and
injuries
3. Procedural justice: procedures used for gathering information and making decisions
should be fair.
6. What does accountability in democratic state under the rule of law implies?
Accountability in a democratic state under the rule of law in principle implies a duty to
account to an independent agency outside the organization whose questions are in
question. The outside agency may be the legislative, or a court, or a tribunal or some
other independent body or officer. Therefore, accountability of a government is a cardinal
principle, of a democratic constitutional order. For every exercise of governmental power,
there should be accountability, weather to parliament, the courts or other agencies.
7. What is civic participation?
Civic participation or civic engagement is any individual or group activity addressing
issues of public concern. Citizens acting alone or together to protect public values or
make a change or difference in the community are common types of civic engagement.
This can be an incredibly broad concept which includes political activities like voting,
protesting, running for office, but also activities like boycotting products and signing a
petition.
8. How do you perceive stereotypes?
Stereotypes are beliefs about the characteristics, attributes, and behaviors of members of
certain groups. "Blacks are athletic," "Asians are smart," "Jews are materialistic," and
"Southerners are racist" all qualify as examples of stereotypes. They are simplified
exaggerated beliefs about the group that are frequently negative and have little or no
connection to the actual behavior of individual members of the group.
9. Distinguish between premises and conclusions?
A premise is a statement in an argument that provides reason or support for the
conclusion. There can be one or many premises in a single argument.

A conclusion is a statement in an argument that indicates of what the arguer is trying to

convince the reader/listener. What is the argument trying to prove? There can be only one
conclusion in a single argument.

Premise/s--------------------------------> Conclusion
Indicator words for premise and conclusion

PREMISE INDICATORS CONCLUSION INDICATORS

 Since, as indicated by, because, for, in that, may be Therefore, wherefore, accordingly, we may
inferred from, as, seeing that, for the reason that, conclude, entails that, hence, thus, consequently, we
inasmuch as, given that, may be concluded from, or may infer that, it must be that, whence, so, it follows
the reason that, due to the fact that that, implies that

10. How can you differentiate myth from truth?

A myth is a story based on tradition or legend, which has a deep symbolic meaning. A myth
'conveys a truth' to those who tell it and hear it, rather than necessarily recording a true event.
 Facts are based on the ability to gather scientific evidence as proof of the statement.

 Myths originate from generational thoughts and beliefs, while facts are given as evidence.

 Facts are details, while myths are often stories.

 Myths are used to explain the unexplained. Facts are used to explain what can be
explained.

 A fact can be disproven, while most myths are neither able to be proven or disproved