Imaging Spectroscopy

• Hyperspectral Data!
Imaging Spectroscopy
• Hyperspectral Imagery (HSI)
• It’s just like other optical RS data only with WAAAAY
more bands
• Usually 100 – 200 bands in 5 – 20 nm bandwidths

• 3 Key Uses for HSI that make it special

1. Narrow band ratios
2. Spectral Unmixing (sub-pixel analysis)
3. Full spectrum chemical analysis
 Imaging Spectroscopy
• There are lots of different sensors (>50)
Number Spectral Range
Acronym Full Name Manufacturer Operator
of Bands* (nm)
AIP Airborne Instrument Program Lockheed Martin NASA, JSC 2000-6400
800-1600, 1200-
AIS-2 Airborne Imaging Spectrometer NASA, JPL NASA, JPL 128
2400
Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging
AVIRIS NASA, JPL NASA Ames 224 400-2450
Spectrometer
AVIRIS-NG AVIRIS-Next Generation NASA, JPL NASA, JPL 448 400-2450
Compact Airborne Spectrographic
CASI-3 Itres Research 1-288 400-1050
Imager
Integrated
HyMAP HyMAP Imaging Spectrometer 128 400-2504
Spectronic Pty Ltd
Daedalus NASA Ames &
MAS MODIS Airborne Simulator 50 530-14500
Enterprise Inc. GSFC
Visible Infrared Mapping NASA Cassini
VIMS-V ASI 512 300-1050
Spectrometer Mission
* Generally speaking the bandwidths don’t vary in these instruments, so you can divide the spectral
range by the # of bands to get the band width.
Imaging Spectroscopy
HyspIRI is a proposed NASA hyperspectral mission ->
the Hyperspectral Infrared Imager.

Lots of testing has been done over the past ~10 years
focused on ‘if we had a hyperspectral satellite’…
Imaging Spectroscopy

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iKGeufqQqyc

NASA Studies Volcanos and Coral Reefs from 65,000 feet (HyspIRI)
Imaging Spectroscopy

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MHc0-LZBf1w

NASA Studies Volcanos and Coral Reefs from 65,000 feet (HyspIRI)
Imaging Spectroscopy

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ts71279n8FE

NASA Studies Volcanos and Coral Reefs from 65,000 feet (HyspIRI)
Imaging Spectroscopy

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kljFd9Aai7c

NASA Studies Volcanos and Coral Reefs from 65,000 feet (HyspIRI)
Imaging Spectroscopy

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qdjsfKky4Dw

NASA Studies Volcanos and Coral Reefs from 65,000 feet (HyspIRI)
Imaging Spectroscopy
• Hyperspectral Imagery (HSi)
• What’s a band ratio, again?

• Most common one is…?

𝑁𝐼𝑅 − 𝑟𝑒𝑑
𝑁𝐷𝑉𝐼 =
𝑁𝐼𝑅 + 𝑟𝑒𝑑
• But we usually just ignore differences in the band widths
for the NIR and red among different sensors because we
have no choice!
• With HSI data we could compare narrow-band NDVI to
broad-band NDVI by averaging across groups of bands.
 Imaging Spectroscopy
• Hyperspectral Imagery (HSI)
• Broad vs Narrow NDVI

Landsat 8
red = 640-670 nm

NIR = 850-880 nm

Landsat 7
red = 630-690 nm

NIR = 770-900 nm
Imaging Spectroscopy
• Normalized Difference Nitrogen Index (Serrano et al 2002)
1 1
log 𝑅 − log(𝑅 )
1510 1680
𝑁𝐷𝑁𝐼 =
1 1
log 𝑅 + log(𝑅 )
1510 1680
Imaging Spectroscopy
• Normalized Difference Lignin Index (Serrano et al 2002)
1 1
log 𝑅 − log(𝑅 )
1754 1680
𝑁𝐷𝐿𝐼 =
1 1
log 𝑅 + log(𝑅 )
1754 1680
Imaging Spectroscopy
• Spectral Unmixing
• Each pixel in your image is either a ‘pure’ pixel (one land
cover type, e.g. forest, grassland, roof, rock, etc)
• Or it’s a mixture!
Imaging Spectroscopy
• Spectral Unmixing
• Each pixel in your image is either a ‘pure’ pixel (one land
cover type, e.g. forest, grassland, roof, rock, etc)
• Or it’s a mixture!

LKC Fig 7.50

Imaging Spectroscopy
• Spectral Unmixing
• Each pixel in your image is either a ‘pure’ pixel (one land
cover type, e.g. forest, grassland, roof, rock, etc)
• Or it’s a mixture!
• ‘Pure’ pixels are called ‘endmembers’
# endmembers
𝑁

𝑅𝑖𝜆 = ෍ 𝑓𝑘𝑖 × 𝑅𝑘𝜆 + 𝜀𝑖𝜆 error term (l)

pixel value you

𝑘=1
observe (per l) some fraction endmember
(< 1.0) pixel value (l)
Imaging Spectroscopy
• Spectral Unmixing
• Each pixel in your image is either a ‘pure’ pixel (one land
cover type, e.g. forest, grassland, roof, rock, etc)
• Or it’s a mixture!
• ‘Pure’ pixels are called ‘endmembers’
𝑁

𝑅𝑖𝜆 = ෍ 𝑓𝑘𝑖 × 𝑅𝑘𝜆 + 𝜀𝑖𝜆

𝑘=1

• Computer programs use fancy math to find the best fit

combination of endmember fractions to give you a final
map (with an error calculation).
Imaging Spectroscopy
• Spectral Unmixing
• General Workflow:
1. Identify ‘endmember’ pixels
2. Program converts endmembers into a Signature File
3. Run your unmixing program
4. Iterate…

• ERDAS -> Subpixel Classifier

• ENVI -> Linear Spectral Unmixing
• And then there’s Multiple Endmember Spectral Mixture
Analysis (MESMA) – www.vipertools.org
Imaging Spectroscopy

Peterson et al 2015
Imaging Spectroscopy
Deepwater Horizon disaster (20 April 2010)
Imaging Spectroscopy

Peterson et al 2015
Imaging Spectroscopy

Peterson et al 2015
Imaging Spectroscopy

Peterson et al 2015
Imaging Spectroscopy

Peterson et al 2015
Imaging Spectroscopy
https://aviris.jpl.nasa.gov/alt_locator/
Imaging Spectroscopy
https://aviris.jpl.nasa.gov/alt_locator/
Imaging Spectroscopy
https://aviris.jpl.nasa.gov/alt_locator/
Imaging Spectroscopy
• Full Spectrum Chemical Analysis
• The analysis of hyperspectral imagery is often called
‘Imaging Spectroscopy’ to highlight the connection with
chemistry and chemical spectroscopy.

www2.chemistry.msu.edu
Imaging Spectroscopy
• Full Spectrum Chemical Analysis
• The analysis of hyperspectral imagery is often called
‘Imaging Spectroscopy’ to highlight the connection with
chemistry and chemical spectroscopy.
Imaging Spectroscopy
• Full Spectrum Chemical Analysis
• General Workflow
1. Collect leaf samples (or rock or soil samples?)
2. Measure their reflectance (like we did with the ASD in Lab 3)
or extract from imagery
3. Measure their chemical content
4. Add noise to your ASD measurements (!)
5. Use ‘partial least squares regression’ to statistically link
chemical samples to your spectra
6. Iterate (as always!)

[note: in theory you could get steps 1-4 from a spectral library]
Imaging Spectroscopy
• Full Spectrum Chemical Analysis
• In practice this works surprisingly well.

Dahlin et al 2013
Imaging Spectroscopy
• Full Spectrum Chemical Analysis
• In practice this works surprisingly well.

Dahlin et al 2013