CK & NC - Narayana - T&Q PDF

CHEMISTRY
S T U D Y M A T E R I A L

PHASE - I

CHEMICAL KINETICS &
NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY

IIT-JEE

NARAYANA INSTITUTE OF CORRESPONDENCE COURSES

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 2004 NARAYANA GROUP
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PREFACE
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CONTENTS
CHEMICAL KINETICS
C O N T E N T S
& NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY
1. Theory
2. Solved Problems
(i) Subjective Type Problems
(ii) Single Choice Problems
(iii) Multiple Choice Problems
(iv) Miscellaneous Problems
• Comprehension Type Problems
• Matching Type Problems
• Assertion-Reason Type Problems
3. Assignments
(i) Subjective Questions
(ii) Single Choice Questions
(iii) Multiple Choice Questions
(iv) Miscellaneous Questions
• Comprehension Type Questions
• Matching Type Questions
• Assertion-Reason Type Questions
(v) Problems Asked in IIT-JEE
4. Answers
CHEMICAL KINETICS
& NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY
IIT-JEE Syllabus
Rates of chemical reactions; Order of reactions; Rate constant; First order
reactions; Temperature dependence of rate constant (Arrhenius equation).
CONTENTS INTRODUCTION
Rate of reaction Some chemical reaction occurs within
few micro seconds or milli seconds due
Elementary reaction to formation of reaction intermediate
Integrated rate laws (carbocation, carboanion or free radicals).
But some reaction occur in few year or
Activation energy months because breaking of strong ionic or
metallic bond is a slow process. Under
Kinetics of some complex first order
reactions chemical kinetics we would study that
reaction which occurs at measurable rate.
Methods of determining order
In Chemical Kinetics we would be able to
Nuclear chemistry understand the velocity as well as different
factors which would effect the chemical
Kinetics of radioactive disintegration
reaction. Under this we will be studying
the mechanism of the reaction. Here
mechanism of reaction means how
reactants are converted into product or in
how many intermediate steps reactant is
converted into product. And which
intermediate step is rate determining step.
FNS House, 63, Kalu Sarai Market, Sarvapriya Vihar, New Delhi-110016 • Ph.: (011) 32001131/32 Fax : (011) 41828320
NARAYANA Chemistry : Chemical Kinetics & Nuclear Chemistry
INSTITUTE OF CORRESPONDENCE COURSES
1. RATE OF REACTION
Rate of a reaction is defined as the increase in molar concentration of a product per unit
time or decrease in molar concentration of a reactant per unit time. Molar concentration is
normally measured in moles per litre, the rate of a reaction is specified in mole per litre per
time.
1.1 AVERAGE RATE

∆x
The quantity is known as average rate, where ∆x is the change in concentration in
∆t
∆t time. As we have discussed in chemical equilibrium rate of change of concentration of
reactant decreases as the reaction proceeds. This means that rate of change of concentration
is not constant. If the time interval is quite large then average rate will show large
deviations from the actual rate.
1.2 INSTANTANEOUS RATE

In order to precisely define rate time interval ∆t is made smaller
i.e. instantaneous rate = average rate as ∆t approaches zero.
 ∆[A]  d[A]
=   = dt
∆t → 0  ∆ t 
Consider the hypothetical reaction

A + 2B 
→ 3C + D
d[A]
Rate of disappearance of A = −
dt
d[B]
Rate of disappearance of B = −
dt
d[C]
Rate of appearance of C = +
dt
d[D]
Rate of appearance of D = +
dt
But from the stoichiometry it is apparent that when one mole of A is reacted, two moles of
B are also consumed.
i.e. rate of disappearance of B = 2 × rate of disappearance of A
d[B] d[A]
− = 2× −
dt dt
d[A] 1 d[B]
or − =−
dt 2 dt
Chemistry : Chemical Kinetics & Nuclear Chemistry NARAYANA
Similarly we can prove that

d[A] 1 d[C]
− =+
dt 3 dt
d[A] 1 d[B] 1 d[C] d[D]
So, rate of reaction = − =− = =
dt 2 dt 3 dt dt
We can also generalize our statement i.e. for a general reaction
m1A + m2 B 
→ n1C + n 2 D
1 d[A] 1 d[B] 1 d[C] 1 d[D]
Rate of reaction = − =− =+ =+
m1 dt m 2 dt n1 dt n 2 dt
Illustration 1 : Dinitrogen pentaoxide decomposes as follows:

1 d [ N 2O5 ]
N 2O5  → 2 NO2 + O2 . If, − = K ′[ N 2O5 ]
2 dt
d [ NO2 ]
= K ′′[ N 2O5 ]
dt
d [O2 ]
= K ′′′[ N 2O5 ]
dt
Derive a relation in, K ′, K '' and K '''
d[N 2O5 ] 1 d[NO 2 ] d[O 2 ]
Solution : For the given change − =+ = +2
dt 2 dt dt
1
On substituting values, K′[N 2O5 ] = K′′[N 2O5 ] = 2K′′′[N 2O5 ]
2
or ′ ′′
2K = K = K ′
′′
EXERCISE 1
1. For the reaction; 4NH3(g) + 5O2(g) → 4NO(g) + 6H2O(g), the rate of reaction in terms of
d[NH3 ]
disappearance of NH3 is − , then write rate expression in terms of O2, NO and
dt
H2O.
2. For the decomposition reaction: N2O4(g) → 2NO2(g); the initial pressure of N2O4 falls
from 0.46 atm to 0.28 atm in 30 minute. What is the rate of appearance of NO2?
3. A chemical reaction 2A → 4B + C; in gaseous phase shows an increase in concentration
of B by 5 × 10–3 M in 10 second. Calculate:
a) rate of appearance of B,
b) rate of the reaction,
c) rate of disappearance of A
2. ELEMENTARY REACTION
An elementary reaction is a single molecular event, such as collision of molecules resulting
in a reaction. The set of elementary reactions whose overall effect is given by the net
chemical equation is called reaction mechanism.
Let us consider an example for the reaction of nitrogen dioxide with carbon monoxide.
NO 2(g) + CO(g) 
→ NO (g) + CO 2(g) [net chemical equation] …(i)
Suppose this chemical reaction takes place in two steps
NO 2(g) + NO 2(g) 
→ NO3(g) + NO (g) [Elementary reaction] …(ii)
NO3(g) + CO (g) 
→ NO 2(g) + CO 2(g) [Elementary reaction] …(iii)
Thus net reaction (i) is obtained by the combination of two elementary reaction (ii) and (iii)
and NO3 is a reaction intermediate as it is produced and consumed during the course of
reaction.
2.1 MOLECULARITY
It is defined as the number of molecules taking part on the reactant side of an elementary
reaction. A unimolecular reaction is an elementary reaction involves one reactant molecule,
a bimolecular reaction is an elementary reaction that involves two reactant molecules.
2.2 DIFFERENTIAL RATE LAW
It is a relationship that relates the variation of rate of reaction with the concentration of
reactants.
Consider the reaction
2A + 3B 
→C + D
as we have seen
1 d[A] d[C]
− = ∝ [A]m [B]n
2 dt dt
[law of mass action states that rate of reaction is directly proportional to the product of the
active masses of reactants raised to some powers]
d[C]
So, = k[A]m [B]n
dt
k is known as velocity constant or rate constant or specific reaction rate. m is known as
order with respect to A, n is known as order with respect to B. Sum m + n is known as
overall order of the reaction.
2.3 ORDER OF REACTION

It is defined as the sum of exponents or powers which are raised to concentration terms in
the rate law expression of a reaction.
4
Difference between order and Molecularity : Molecularity of a reaction can be used to

describe only an elementary process and molecularity can be predicted just be viewing the
elementary reaction. Whereas order of a reaction refers to the overall reaction and can be
determined experimentally, however for elementary process the order and molecularity
are same. Molecularity has got no meaning for an overall reaction and order cannot be
predicted from a balanced chemical equation.
Note : If a reaction can be written as a combination of several elementary reaction then it’s the
slowest step that governs the rate of reaction i.e. the slowest step is the rate determining step.
Differential Rate Law :
Consider reaction
P + 2Q 
→R
The differential rate law is written as
d[P] 1 d[Q]
Rate = − =− = k[P]m [Q]n
dt 2 dt
Value of m and n can be determined by performing the reaction in laboratory i.e. order
w.r.t P is m and order w.r.t. Q is n and overall order will be m + n.
4.4 UNITS OF k
In general rate law for a nth order reaction can be written as
dC
= kCn
dt
Where k is rate constant, k is characteristic of a reaction at a given temperature. It changes
only when temperature changes and n is the order of reaction.
dC / dt
k=
Cn
Units of k: (concentration)1–ntime–1
For a zero order reaction (n = 0)
Units of k = mol/L/s
For a first order reaction (n = 1)
Units of k = time–1
For a second order reaction (n = 2)
Units of k = (mol/l)–1time–1 = l/mol/s
Illustration 2 :The data given below are for the reaction of NO and Cl2 to form NOCl at 25K
[Cl2] [NO] Initial rate × 103 (mol litre–1sec–1)
0.05 0.05 1
0.15 0.05 3
0.05 0.15 9
a) What is the order with respect to NO and Cl2 in the reaction?
b) Write the rate expression.
c) Calculate the rate constant
d) Determine the reaction rate when conc. of Cl2 and NO are 0.2 M and 0.4 M
respectively.
Solution : For the reaction; 2NO + Cl2 → 2NOCl
Rate = k[Cl2]m[NO]n …(1)
Where, m and n are order of reaction w.r.t Cl2 and NO, respectively.
From the given data:
1 × 10–3 = k[0.05]m [0.05]n …(2)
3 × 10–3 = k [0.15]m [0.05]n …(3)

9 × 10–3 = k[0.05]m [0.15]n …(4)
By equations (2) and (3),
m=1
By equations (2) and (4)
n=1
a) ∴ order with respect to NO is 2 and w.r.t. to Cl2 is 1.
b) Also, rate expression r = k[Cl2]1 [NO2]2
r 1× 10−3
c) And rate constant., k = = = 8 litre2 mol–2 sec–1
[Cl2 ][NO]2 [0.05]1[0.05]2
d) Further, r = k[Cl2]1 [NO]2 = 8 [0.2]1 [0.4]2

= 0.256 mol litre–1 sec–1
EXERCISE 2 :
1. The reaction; 2A + B + C → D + 2E; is found to be I order in A II order in B and zero
order in C.
a) Write the rate expression
b) What is the effect on rate on increasing the conc. of A, B and C two times.
2. The reaction; 2NO + Br2 → 2NOBr, is supposed to follow the following mechanism,
fast
i) NO + Br2 NOBr2
ii) NOBr2 + NO 
slow
→ 2NOBr
Suggest the rate law expression
3. The thermal decomposition of N2O5 occurs in the following steps:
Step I: N2O5 
slow
→ NO2 + NO3
Step II N2O5 + NO3 →
fast
3NO2 + O2
–––––––––––––––––––––––––––
Overall reaction 2N2O5 → 4NO2 + O2-
Suggest the rate expression
3. INTEGRATED RATE LAWS

The differential rate laws show how the rates of reaction depend on the concentrations of
reactants. It is also useful to known how the concentration is depend on time, this
information can be obtained from the differential rate law by integration.
3.1 FIRST ORDER REACTION

A reaction is said to be first order if its rate is determined by the change of one
concentration term only.
Consider a first order reaction
A → Products
The differential rate law equation will be
d[A]
− = k[A]
dt
Integrating both sides taking limits [A]0 , which is the concentration at t = 0 and [A ]t , the
[A ]t t
d[A]
concentration at time t ∫
[A ]0
−
dt
= k ∫ dt
0
[A]0 2.303 [A]0

ln = kt or k = log
[A]t t [A ]t
A→ Products
t=0 a
t=t a–x
2.303 a
k= log
t a−x
3.2 CHARACTERISTICS OF A FIRST ORDER REACTION

A first order reaction must follow above form of rate law for all time instants. This means
if we are given value of a i.e. initial concentration and values of x at different time instants
i.e. a – x is known to us. If values of K are calculated for different time instants by using
above expression, if the reaction is following a first order kinetics then all values of K will
approximately be equal to each other.
3.3 HALF LIFE PERIOD

It is defined as the time in which half of the reactants are reacted for a first order reaction.
2.303 a
k= log
t a−x
a
at t = t 1/ 2 ; x =
2
2.303 a
k= log
t1/ 2 a/2
0.6932
t1/ 2 =
k
In fact we can define any life suppose we want to define 7/8 life.
2.303 a
k= log
t a−x
7a
at t = t 718 ; x=
8
2.303 a
at k= log
t 718 7a
a−
8
2.303 2.303
t 718 = log 8 = × 3 log 2
k k
t 7 / 8 = 3 × t1/ 2
Important thing is that in a first order reaction time required for the completion of a definite
fraction is independent of initial concentration of reactants.
3.4 HALF LIFE FOR NTH ORDER REACTION

Let A → products is following nth order kinetics.
d[A]
i.e. = k[A]n , it can be shown that
dt
2n −1 − 1
t1/ 2 =
k(n − 1)a 0n −1
1
i.e.t1/ 2 ∝ (n ≥ 2)
a n0 −1
Expression for first order reaction is
2.303 a
k= log
t a−x
2.303 a 2.303
or t= log = [log a − log(a − x)]
K a−x k
2.303 2.303
t= log a − log(a − x)
k k
Comparing this equation with Y = mx + C
2.303
So a plot of t vs log (a – x) will be straight line with a intercept of log a and a slope
k
2.303
of −
k
2.303
slope = −
2.303 K
log a
time
log(a − x)
3.5 EXAMPLES OF FIRST ORDER REACTION
3.5.1 Decomposition of H2O2

2H 2O2 
→ 2H 2O + O2
H 2O2 
→ H 2O + O [slow i.e. rate determining step]
O + O 
→ O 2 [fast]
So Rate ∝ [H 2 O2 ]1
or R = k[H 2 O2 ]
Order = 1
Kinetics of this reaction can be studied by withdrawing a definite volume of reaction
mixture after regular interval of time and titrating it against KMnO 4 solution in presence of
dil. H 2SO4
2KMnO 4 + 3H 2SO4 
→ K 2SO4 + 2MnSO 4 + 3H 2O + 5O
[H 2O2 + O 
→ H 2 O + O2 ] × 5
––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
2KMnO 4 + 3H 2SO 4 + 5H 2O 2 
→ K 2SO4 + 2MnSO 4 + 8H 2O + 5O 2
Since H2O2 is undergoing self decomposition so quantity of H2O2 present in a definite
volume will also go on decreasing, KMnO4 is reacting with H2O2 so titre value i.e. volume
of KMnO4 used will also go on decreasing.
Let V0 and Vt be the volumes of KMnO 4 used at zero time and after t time respectively.
then V0 ∝ a [a = initial conc. of H 2O2 ]
Vt ∝ a − x [a –x = conc. of H 2O2 after t time]
V0 a
=
Vt a − x
2.303 V
k= log 0
t Vt
Illustration 3 :From the following data show that the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide in
aqueous solution is a first - order reaction. What is the value of the rate
constant ?
Time in minutes 0 10 20 30 40
VolumeV/(ml) 25.0 20.0 15.7 12.5 9.6
where V is the number of ml of potassium permanganate required to decompose a
definite volume of hydrogen peroxide solution.
Solution : The equation for a first order reaction is
2.303 a
k1 = log
t a-x
The volume of KMnO4 used, evidently corresponds to the undecomposed
hydrogen peroxide.
10
Hence the volume of KMnO4 used, at zero time corresponds to the initial
concentration a and the volume used after time t, corresponds to (a - x) at that
time. Inserting these values in the above equation, we get
2.303 25
when t = 10 min. k1 = log = 0.022287 min-1 = 0.000314 s-1
10 20.0
2 .303 25
when t = 20 min. k1 = log = 0.023230 min -1 = 0.0003871 s -1
10 15.7
2.303 25
30 12.5
2.303 25
40 9.6
The constancy of k, shows that the decomposition of H2O2 in aqueous solution is a
first order reaction.
The average value of the rate constant is 0.0003879 s-1.
3.5.2 Decomposition of NH4NO2 in aqueous solution

NH 4 NO 2 
→ N 2 + 2H 2O
Rate ∝ [NH 4 NO2 ]1
Rate = K[NH 4 NO2 ]
order = 1
Kinetics of this reaction may be studied by collecting the nitrogen evolved and measuring
its volume after regular intervals of time
Let Vt and V∞ be the volumes of N 2 liberated after t time and at the end of reaction.
NH 4 NO 2 
→ N 2 + 2H 2O
Initial conc. a 0
Conc. after t time a–x x
Conc. at t = ∞ 0 a
Vt ∝ x
V∞ ∝ a
or V∞ − Vt ∝ a − x
V∞ a
=
V∞ − Vt a − x
2.303 V∞
k= log
t V∞ − Vt
11
Note: t = ∞ indicates that sufficient time is provided to the reaction i.e., the reaction has
practically gone to completion.
Illustration 4 : From the following data for the decomposition of diazobenzene chloride, show
that the reaction is of first order:
Time (min) 20 50 70 ∞
Volume of N2 (mL) 10 25 33 162
Solution : C6H5N2Cl → C6H5Cl + N2
initial concentration a
Concentration of after time t (a – x) x
At ∞ time, i.e., when the reaction is complete, the whole of C6H5N2Cl converts
into N2. Hence volume of N2 at ∞ time corresponds to the initial concentration ‘a’
while volumes of N2 at different time intervals correspond to x as shown above.
2.303 162
For t = 20 min, k1 = log = 0.0032min −1
20 162 − 10
2.303 162
For t = 50 min, k1 = log = 0.0033min −1
50 162 − 25
2.303 162
For t = 70 min, k1 = log = 0.0032min −1
70 162 − 33
The constant of k1 shows that the decomposition of C6H5N2Cl; is a first order
reaction.
3.5.3 Conversion of N-Chloroacetinalide into p-chloro acetanialide

O O
Cl H
N CH3 N CH3

rearrangement
isomerism
→
N-chloro-N-phenylacetamide
Cl
N-(4-chlorophenyl)acetamide
Rate ∝ [N-chloroacetinalide]1
order = 1
Kinetics of this reaction may be studied by withdrawing a definite volume of the reaction
mixture after regular intervals of time, adding excess of KI and titrating the liberated
I2 against standard sodium thiosulphate solution.
N-chloroacetinalide reacts with KI and liberates I2 but p-chloroacetinalide does not.
I2 + 2Na 2S2O3 
→ Na 2S4O6 + 2NaI
12
N-chloroacetinalide 
→ P − chloroacetinalide
t=0 a 0
t=t a–x x
Let V0 and Vt be the volumes of sodium thiosulphate used at t = 0 and t = t respectively,
then
V0 ∝ a
Vt ∝ a − x
V0 a
=
Vt a − x
2.303 V
k= log 0
t Vt
Illustration 5 : Acetochloracetanilide (N-chloroacetanilide) is converted into p-
chloroacetanilide, it is followed by the addition of KI which acts only on the
former compound. The progress of reactionis studied by titrating the iodine
liberated with standard hypo solution and the following results are obtained.
Time (hour) 0 1 2 6
ml of hypo solution 45 32 22.5 5.7
Show that the reaction is unimolecualr. Calculate the velocity constant of the
reaction and also determine the fraction of N-chloroacetanilide which has
reacted in three hours.
Solution : The velocity constant of the first order reaction is given by
2.303 a
k= log
t a−x
Here the initial concentration ‘a’ corresponds to the volume of hypo used against
liberated iodine at time 0, a = 45, (a – x) corresponds to the volume of hypo used
for titrations at different intervals of time, i.e. when t = 1 hour, (a – x) = 32, and so
on.
Substituting the values in the above equation,
(i) When t = 1 hour, (a – x) = 32
2.303 45
k= log = 0.3411
1 32
(ii) When t = 2 hours, (a – x) = 22.5
2.303 45
k= log = 0.3468
t 22.5
(iii) When t = 6 hours, (a – x) = 5.7
13
2.303 45
∴ k= log = 0.3443
6 5.7
Since the value of K in all the three cases is nearly same, the reaction must be
unimolecular.
Calculation of fraction that has reacted in 3 hours
Let the amount reacted in 3 hours = x moles
Given a = 45, t = 3 hours, (a – x) = 45 – x
Substituting these values in the reaction
2.303 a
k= log
t a−x
2.303 45
0.300 = log
t (45 − x)
45 – x = 16.03
∴ x = 28.97
28.97
Hence fraction of N-chloroacetanilide reacted in 3 hours = = 0.643
45
3.6 PSEUDO FIRST ORDER REACTION

If molecularity of a reaction is 2 but order is 1 then the reaction is known as pseudo first-
order reaction or pseudo unimolecular reaction.
Hydrolysis of tertiary butyl bromide :
(CH3 )3 CBr + OH − 
→(CH3 )3 OH + Br −
This reaction takes place in two steps.
i) CH3 CH3
H3C Br 
slow
→ H 3C + Br -
CH3 CH3
ii) CH3 CH3
H3C + OH - →
fast
H3C OH
CH3 CH3
Since slowest step is rate determining step.

Rate ∝ [(CH3 )3 CBr]1[OH − ]0
= K[(CH3 )3 CBr]
Molecularity = 2
14
Order = 1
So the reaction is pseudo unimolecular
3.6.1 Hydrolysis of Ester catalysed by an acid

+
CH3COOC 2H 5 + H 2O 
H
→ CH3COOH + C6 H5OH
Rate ∝ [CH 3COOC 2 H 5 ][H 2O]

Since water is in large excess so its concentration almost remains constant
Rate ∝ [CH 3COOC 2 H 5 ]1
Rate = k[CH 3COOC 2 H 5 ]

order = 1
Molecularity = 2
So the reaction is pseudo unimolecualr reaction. Kinetics of this reaction can be studied by
withdrawing a definite volume of reaction mixture after regular intervals of time and
titrating against NaOH solution. This reaction mixture is chilled during titration by adding
ice cold water. Chilling checks hydrolysis of ester during titration. Chilling also checks
reaction of ester with NaOH (second order and biomolecular).
Let V0 , Vt and V∞ be the volumes of NaOH used at 0 time, t time and at the end of
reaction respectively. The volume of NaOH used at 0 time ( V0 ) corresponds to the
concentration of catalyst and volume of NaOH used after t time (Vt ) corresponds to the
concentration of catalyst and acetic acid formed.
+
CH3COOC 2H 5 + H 2O 
H
→ CH3COOH + C2 H5OH
t=0 a 0
t=t a–x x
t=∞ 0 a
Vt − V0 ∝ x [x = conc. of CH3 COOH formed after t time]
V∞ − V0 ∝ a
(V∞ − V0 ) − (Vt − V0 ) ∝ a − x
V∞ − Vt ∝ a − x
V∞ − V0 a
=
V∞ − Vt a − x
2.303 V − V0
k= log ∞
t V∞ − Vt
15
Illustration 6 :5 ml of ethylacetate was added to a flask containing 100 ml of 0.1 N HCl placed
in a thermostat maintained at 30°C. 5 ml of the reaction mixture was withdrawn
at different intervals of time and after chilling, titrated against a standard alkali.
The following data were obtained :
Time (minutes) 0 75 119 183 ∞

ml of alkali used 9.62 12.10 13.10 14.75 21.05
Show that hydrolysis of ethyl acetate is a first order reaction.
Solution : The hydrolysis of ethy acetate will be a first order reaction if the above data
confirm to the equation.
2.303 V − V0
k1 = log ∞
t V∞ − Vt
Where V0, Vt and V∞ represent the volumes of alkali used at the commencement
of the reaction, after time t and at the end of the reaction respectively, Hence
V∞ - V0 = 21.05 - 9.62 = 11.43
2.303 V − V0
Time V∞ - Vt log ∞ = k1
t V∞ − Vt
2.303 11.43
75 min 21.05 - 12.10 = 8.95 log = 0.003259 min -1
75 8.95
2.303 11.43
119 min 21.05 - 13.10 = 7.95 log = 0.003264 min -1
119 7.95
2.303 11.43
83 min 21.05 - 14.75 = 6.30 log = 0.003254 min -1
183 6.30
A constant value of k shows that hydrolysis of ethyl acetate is a first order reaction
3.6.2 Inversion of Cane Sugar

+
C12 H 22O11 + H 2O 
H
→ C6 H12O6 + C6 H12O6
Cane sugar glu cose fructose
Rate ∝ [C12 O22 O11 ][H 2 O]

Since water is solvent its concentration is constant.
So Rate = K[C12 H22O11 ]
Molecularity = 2
Order = 1
So the reaction is pseudo unimolecular
16
If some inert liquid is used as solvent then concentration of water can be changed and rate
changes on changing the concentration of water. The reaction then becomes second order.
Rate of this reaction is also proportional to the concentration of catalyst H+. But
concentration of catalyst remains constant during the reaction. If we change concentration
of water as well as that of H+ then reaction becomes 3rd order.
Rate ∝ [C12 H 22 O11 ][H 2 O][H + ]
But under ordinary conditions H 2O and H + are constant so,

Rate ∝ [C12 H 22 O11 ]
The initial solution of cane sugar is destrorotatory but the product mixture is laevorotatory.
Since the reaction involves inversion in the sign of rotation, ths is known as inversion of
cane sugar.
+
C12 H 22O11 + H 2O 
H
→ C6H12O6 + C6 H12O6
Dextrorotatory Dextrorotatory Laevorotatory
Specific rotation +52.5° −92°

laevorotatory
Fructose
Laevo rotatory
Glucose
Prism dextro rotatory
Cane sugar
dextro rotatory
Kinetics of this reaction can be studied by taking cane sugar solution in a polarimeter and
measuring the angles of rotation after regular intervals of time.
Let r0 , rt and r∞ be the angles of rotation at 0 time, after t time and at the end of reaction.
0°
rt
r∞
r0
-90° 90°
180°
So, r0 − rt ∝ x …(i)
r0 − r∞ ∝ a …(ii)
17
(r0 − r∞ ) − (r0 − rt ) ∝ a − x
or rt − r∞ ∝ a − x
r0 − r∞ a
=
rt − r∞ a − x
2.303 r −r
k= log 0 ∞
t rt − r∞
Illustration 7 :The optical rotations of sucrose in 0.5 N HCl at 35°C at various time intervals
are given below. Show that the reaction is of first order :
Time (minutes) 0 10 20 30 40 ∞
Rotation (degree) +32.4 +28.8 +25.5 +22.4 +19.6 -11.1
Solution : The inversion of sucrose will be first order reaction if the above data confirm to
2.303 r −r
the equation , k 1 = log 0 ∞
t rt − r∞
Where r0, rt and r∞ represent optical rotations at the commencement of the reaction
after time t and at the completion of the reaction respectively
n the case a0 = r0 - r∞ = +32.4 - (-11.1) = +43.5
The value of k at different times is calculated as follows :
Time rt rt - r∞ k
2.303 43.5
10 min +28.8 39.9 log = 0.008625 min-1
10 39.9
2.303 43.5
20 min +25.5 36.6 log = 0.008625 min-1
20 36.6
2.303 43.5
0 min +22.4 33.5 log = 0.008694 min-1
30 33.5
2.303 43.5
40 min +19.6 30.7 log = 0.008717 min-1
40 30.7
The constancy of k1 indicates that the inversion of sucrose is a first - order reaction.
18
EXERCISE 3 :
1. From the data obtained for decomposition of H2O2, show that decomposition of a first
order reaction.
Time in minutes 0 10 20 30 40
Volume of KMnO4 (ml) 25.0 20.0 15.7 1.5 9.6
2. From the following data for the decomposition of ammonium nitrite in aqueous solution,
show that the reaction is a first order.
Time in minutes 10 15 20 15 ∞
Volume of N2(ml) 6.25 9.00 11.4 13.65 35.05
3. A certain volume of ethyl acetate was added to a flask containing HCl (as catalyst)./ 5 m l
of reaction mixture was withdrawn at different intervals of time and titrated against a
standard alkali. The following data were obtained
Time in minutes 0 75 119 183 ∞

Volume of NaOH(ml) 9.62 12.1 13.1 12.75 21.05
Show that hydrolysis of ester is a first order reaction.
4. ACTIVATION ENERGY (E)

For a chemical reaction to take place reactant molecules must make collisions among
themselves. Actually a fraction of collisions are responsible for the formation of products
i.e. not all collisions are effective enough to give products. The collisions which converts
the reactants into products are known as effective collisions. Effective collisions between
the molecules which have energies equal to or above a certain minimum value. This
minimum value of energy which must be possessed by the molecules in order to make
effective collision is called threshold energy. Now most of the times, the reactants do not
possess threshold energy. So in order to make effective collisions an additional energy is
needed. This additional energy which is absorbed by the molecules so that they achieve
threshold energy is called as activation energy.
Threshold energy
Ea Eb Ea
Potential energy
Eb
Products Products
∆H Reactants
∆H
Products
Reactants
Threshold energy
Reaction co-ordinate Reaction co-ordinate
19
E a = activation energy of forward reaction
E b = activation energy of backward reaction

∆H = Heat of reaction
∆H = E a − E b ∆H = E a − E b
Since Ea > E b Since Ea < Eb

So, ∆H > 0 i.e. reaction is endothermic So, ∆H < 0 i.e. reaction is exothermic
4.1 FACTORS INFLUENCING THE RATE OF A REACTION

(i) Concentration of the reactants: More the concentration of the reactants more will be
the rate.
(ii) Temperature: The rate of a reaction increases with an increase in temperature.
(iii) Nature of reactants: Physical and chemical state of the reactants also affects the rate
of reaction.
(iv) Effect of Catalyst: A reaction proceeds much faster in the presence of a catalyst.
(v) Effect of radiations: Photochemical reactions are faster than thermal ones because in
the former all the energy of photons is completely used in exciting molecules. While in
latter the energy is distributed into various forms like translational, rotational and
vibrational
4.2 EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON REACTION RATE

The increase of temperature generally increases rate and therefore rate constant of a
reaction.
k
Temperature coefficient = T +10
kT
k T = rate constant t°C
k T +10 = rate constant at T + 10°C

Normally T and T+ 10 are taken as 25°C and 35°C.
The value of temperature coefficient at room temperature lies between 2 and 3.
Temperature coefficient is only an approximate method of indicating influence of
temperature on reaction rate. The exact variation of rate constant with temperature is
given by Arrhenius equation.
d nk E
= …(i)
dT RT 2
E → Energy of activation
T → Temperature is Kelvin scale
20
R → Gas constant
E
∫ d nk = ∫ RT 2
dT. {E is supposed to be constant] nK
E
slope = −
E 1 R
nk =  −  + C
R T
1/ T
E
or nk = − +C …(iv)
RT
on comparing this equation with Y = mx + C
4.3 ANOTHER FORM OF ARRHENIUS EQUATION

k = Ae− E / RT
A → frequency factor
e − E / RT → fraction of molecules which have energy equal to or greater than activation
energy.
Let k1 is rate constant at temperature T1 and k 2 is rate constant at temperature T2 .
E
nk1 = − +C
RT1
E
nk 2 = − +C
RT2
E1 1 
nk 2 − nk1 =
 − 
R  T1 T2 
k E T −T
n 2 = × 2 1
k1 R T1T2
k2 E T −T
or log = × 2 1
k1 2.303R T1T2
Illustration 8: The activation energy of a non-catalysed reaction at 37°C is 200 kcal/ mol and
the activation energy of the same reaction when catalysed decreased to only 6.0
kcal/mol. Calculate the ratio of rate constants of the two reactions.
Solution : We know that: k = Ae − Ea / RT
Let k = rate constant for non-catalysed reaction and kc rate constant for catalysed
reaction. Ea be the activation energy of non-catalysed reaction and Eac be the
energy of activation of catalysed reaction.
1. k = Ae − Ea / RT
2. k c = Ae − Ea / RT
21
1
k (E ac − E a )
⇒ = e RT
kc
k 1
⇒ log = (Eac − Ec )
k c 2.303RT
k 1
⇒ log = (6 × 103 − 200 × 103 )
k c 2.303 × 2 × 310
k
⇒ log = −9.8
kc
k kc
⇒ = 1.56 ×10 −10 or = 6.3 × 109
kc k
Illustration 9 : A first order reaction A → B requires activation energy of 70 kJ/mol. When
20% solution of A was kept at 25°C for 20 minutes, 25% decomposition too
place. What will be the percent decomposition in the same time in a 30%
solution maintained at 40°C? Assume that the activation energy remains
constant in this range of temperature.
Solution : Note: it does not matter whether you take 20%, 3%, 40% or 70% of A.
At 25°C, 20% of A decomposes 25%
C0
⇒ kt = 2.303log
Ct
100
⇒ k(40) = 2.303log
75
⇒ k(at 25°C) = 0.0143min -1
k 40° Ea  T2 − T1 
log =  
k 25° 2.303R  T1T2 
k 40° 70 × 103  40 − 25 
log =
0.0143 2.303 × 8.31  298 × 313 
⇒ k (at 40°C)=0.055min -1
Now calculate the % decomposition at 40°C using first order kinetics
C0
kt = 2.303log
Ct
100
⇒ 0.055 × 40 = 2.303log
100 − x
⇒ x = 67.1 ≡ 67.1% decomposition of A at 40°C.
22
4.4 ACTIVATION ENERGY AND TEMPERATURE DEPENDENCY

The temperature dependency of reactions is determined by activation energy and
temperature level given below is a graph showing the temperature dependency of the
reaction rate.
Following conclusions are drawn from this graph.
1
(i) From Arrhenius law a plot of ln k vs gives a straight line, with large slope for large
T
E and small slope for small E.
(ii) Reactions with high activation energy are far more temperature sensitive then reactions
with low activation energy.
High E
200
Low E
100
50
E
nK slope = −
20 R
10
∆T = 1000 ∆T = 87
5
for doubling rate for doubling rate
2000°K 1000°K 463 °K 376° K

1/ T
iii) A given reaction is much more temperature sensitive at low temperatures then at high
temperatures.
EXERCISE 4 :
1. (i) Which reaction will have the greater temperature dependence for the rate constant,
one with small value of Ea or one with large value of Ea
11067
(ii) For a reaction, rate constant is given as lnK(min–1) = 31.33 – . Evaluate, K,E
T
and A for the chemical reaction at 25°C.
2. For a particular first order reaction at 27°C, the concentration of reactant is reduced to one
half of its initial value after 5000s. At 37°C, the concentration is halved after 1000s.
Calculate (a) the rate constant of the reaction at 27°C, (b) the time required for the
concentration to be reduced to one quarter of its value at 37°C, (c) the activation energy
of the reaction.
3. The Arrhenius equations for the rate constant of decomposition of methyl nitrite and ethyl
nitrate are
 −152300Jmol−1   −157700Jmol−1 
k1 (s −1 ) = 1013 exp   and k 2 (s −1
) = 1014
exp  
 RT   RT 
respectively. Find the temperature at which the rate constants are equal.
23
4.5 EFFECT OF CATALYST ON RATE OF REACTION

A catalyst is a substance that takes part in a reaction. It increases the rate of reaction by
providing a new pathway.
Now let us consider a reaction i.e. hydrolysis of an ester catalysed by an acid.
+
Ester + H 2 O 
H
→ acid + alcohol
The rate of the reaction is given as
Rate = k[ester][H + ]
Since concentration of H + in the beginning and Alternative path
provided by the
at the end is same so. Ea catalyst.
Potential energy
Rate = k′[Ester] Eb
Reactants
∆H
where k′ = k[H + ]
Products
k′ is known as pseudo or effective rate constant

Reaction co-ordinate
Now according to the definition of the catalyst are substances which increases the rate of
reaction by their presence but their presence is not required for the reaction to occur. Now
according to this definition, absence of H + should not let the reaction to happen, therefore
the rate of reaction in the absence of H + should be, Rate = K[ester]
If [H + ] < 1 M then rate of reaction would becomes less than the rate which we had in its
absence. In order to avoid above controversies, we are required to go through the
functioning of catalyst.
There are two types of catalyst.
a) Reactant catalyst b) Non-reactant catalyst.
Former increases the rate of reaction by existing in the rate law. Therefore, in the absence
of reactant catalyst the reaction rate will be zero i.e. no reaction will take place.
The non-reacting catalyst on the other hand do not exist in the rate expression. Changing
the concentration of non-reacting catalyst has no effect on the rate. These catalyst increase
the rate of reaction by either decreasing activation energy or by increasing Arrhneius
constant.
5. KINETICS OF SOME COMPLEX FIRST ORDER REACTIONS
5.1 PARALLEL REACTIONS

First order parallel chain reaction: If A decomposes into B and C parallely following two
paths with first order rate constants k1 and k2 respectively, then it is known as first order
parallel chain reaction. Let the overall rate constant of A is k0 by which decay into B and C.
24
k1 B
k2 C
d [ B]
∵ + = k1 [ A ]t …(i)
dt
d [ C]
∵ + = k 2 [ A ]t …(ii)
dt
d [A ]
∵ − = k 0 [ A ]t …(iii)
dt
d [A] d [ B] d [ C]
∵ − =+ + …(iv)
dt dt dt
Putting equations (i), (ii) and (iii) in equation (iv), we get
k 0 [ A ]t = k1 [ A ]t + k 2 [ A ]t
or, k 0 = k1 + k 2
From equation (i) and (ii), we get
d [ B]
= k1 [ A ]t
dt
or, [ B]t = ∫ d [ B] = k1 ∫ [ A ]t dt …(v)
Similarly, [ C]t = ∫ d [ C] = k 2 ∫ [ A ]t dt …(vi)
Divide equation (v) by equation (vi), we find

[ B ]t k2
= (at any time t) …(vii)
[ C ]t k1
∵ [ A ]0 = [ A]t + [ B]t + [ C]t

or [ A ]0 − [ A ]t = [ B]t + [C]t (viii)
[ A]0
∴ ( k1 + k 2 ) t = 2.303log
[ A ]t
If k1 and k2 , t and [A]0 is known, then [A]t can be calculated then by solving equations
(vii) and (viii), the concentration of B and C at any time i.e., [B]t and [C]t can be calculated.
(b) Half lives of A in different path of parallel chain reaction.
∵ for parallel chain reaction
25
k1 B
k2 C
k0 = k1 + k2
or k0 > k1 and k0 > k2
Let the rate of formation of B is x% rate of decomposition of A.
d [ B] d [A]
∴ + = x% × −
dt dt
⇒ k1 [A]t = x % × k0 [A]t
or, k1 = x% × k0
ln2 x l n2
⇒ = ×
( t1/ 2 )1 100 ( t1/ 2 )overall
100 × ( t1/ 2 )overall
or, ( t1/ 2 )1 =
x
where (t1/2)1 is the half life of A, while it is converting into B and (t1/2)overall is the half life
of A.
Similarly, half–life of A, i.e. (t1/2)2 while it is converting into C will be
100 × ( t1/ 2 )overall

( t1/ 2 )2 =
(100 − x )
(c) For the first order parallel chain reaction
k1 mB
k2 nC
[ B ]t mk1
=
[ C ]t mk 2
and koverall = k1 + k2
26
5.2 CONSECUTIVE OR SEQUENTIAL REACTIONS

Consider the following consecutive reaction
A 
K1
→ B 
K2
→C
B will exist in the sequential reaction provided that the rate of formation of B must be
higher than is rates of decay; which is governed by its rate constant of formation and
deformation. The stage of the reaction where the rate of formation of B is equal to its rate
of decay is known as steady state.
Now from the sequential reaction, it is very clear that
d [A]
− = k1 [ A ]t ⇒ [ A ]t = A 0 e − k,t …(i)
dt
d [ B]
+ = k1 [ A ]t − k 2 [ B]t
dt
d [ B]
or + k [ B]t = k1 [ A ]t = k1 [ A ]0 e − k1 t …(ii)
dt
Solving first degree differential equation (ii) with integrating factor e k 2 t , then we get
concentration of B at any time t.
k1 [ A ]0
[ B ]t = e − k1 t − e − k 2 t 
k 2 − k1  
(b) Time at which concentration of B is maximum

1 k
t= ln 2
k 2 − k1 k1
(c) Maximum concentration of B

x
k  k2
[ B]max = [ A ]0  2  where x =
 k1  k1 − k 2
d [ B]
(d) Time at which is maximum
dt
2 k
t= ln 2
k1 − k 2 k1
(e) At steady state,

k1 [A]t = k2 [B]t
(f) If k1 < < k2, then sequential reaction converts into
k1
A  →C
27
d [A ]
∴ − = k1 [ A ]t
dt
Illustration 10 : 227Ac has a half-life of 22.0 years with respect to radioactive decay. The decay
follows two parallel, paths, one leading to 222Th and the other to 223Fr. The
percentage yields of these two daughter nuclides are 2.0 and 98.0 respectively.
What are the decay constants (λ) for each of the separate paths?
Solution : The rate constant of the decay is
0.693 0.693
k= =
t 12 22
222
If k1 and k2 are the rate constants of the reactions leading to Th and Fr223,
respectively we have
0.693
k1 + k2 = ;
22
k1 2
=
k 2 98
On solving for k1 and k2, we get
k2 = 0.03087 y−1
k1 = 0.00063 y−1
EXERCISE 5 :
1. An organic compound A decomposes following two parallel first order mechanisms.
B
k1 1
A = and k1 = 1.3 × 10−5 s−1
k2 9
C
Calculate the concentration ratio of C to A, if an experiment is allowed to start with only
A for one hour.
2. For a consecutive first order reaction A 
K1
→ B 
K2
→C, the values of K1 and K2 are
–1 –1
45 sec and 15 sec respectively. If the reaction is carried out with pure A at a
concentration of 1.0 mol dm–3,
a) How much time till be required for the concentration of B to reach a minimum.
b) What will be the maximum concentration of B.
c) What will be the composition of the reacting system after a time interval of 10
minute.
28
5.3 REACTIONS INVOLVING OPPOSING OR REVERSIBLE REACTIONS

Such reactions results in equilibrium. In other words the reactant changes to product and
vice versa.
Say we have an opposing reaction in which both forward and backward reactions are first
order, viz.,
(k1 and k2 are rate constant of forward and backward reaction)
Say initial conc. of A and B are a and b mol L–1 respectively.
If after time t, x moles/L of A change into B, then conc. of A and B will be (a – x) and
(b + x) respectively.
The net rate of the reaction would be given as :
Rate = k1 (a – x) – k2 (b + x) … (i) [∵ both processes occur simultaneously]
When equilibrium is reached, the net rate is zero
Thus, k1 (a – xe) = k2 (b + xe) (e = equilibrium)
k1 k1
Hence, (b + xe) = (a – xe) or b= (a – xe) –xe
k2 k2
Substituting value of b in eqn. (i)
dx k 
Rate of reaction, = k 1 (a − x ) − k 2  1 (a − x e ) − x e + x 
dt k2 
on solving, we get
Rate = (k1 + k2) (xe – x)
After rearranging and integrating the equation, we get an equation similar to first order
reaction as shown below.
dx k
or = (k 1 + k 2 )dt A k1 B
xe − x 2
x dx t
∫x0 xe − x
= ∫ (k1 + k 2 )dt
0
xe − x0
log = (k1 + k 2 )t
or xe − x
1 x − x0
Or (k 1 + k 2 ) = log e
t xe − x
The equation is similar to first order reaction except that the measured rate constant is now
the sum of the forward and the reverse rate constants.
29
5.4 PRESSURE CHANGE METHOD

This method is used for gaseous reactions.
As reaction proceeds there is change in pressure.
For a reaction, A(g) → B(g) + C(g)
Initial pressure at t = 0 P0 0 0
Pressure at time (t) (P0 – x) x x
(Here x is no. of moles of A which change to produce)
Thus, total pressure (Pt) at time (t) = P0 – x + x + x
or Pt = P0 + x, x = Pt – P0
a – x = P0 – (Pt – P0) = 2P0 – Pt
2.303 P0
Thus, k= log
t (2P0 − Pt )
6. METHODS OF DETERMINING ORDER

(i) Integration Method : In this method, the data is substituted into integrated rate
equations for different order reactions. The equation which gives a constant value of K
decides the order of reaction. Suppose we have to check whether a reaction is
following first order kinetics or not then we will calculate values of K by using
expression.
1 [A]0
K = ln . If for different values of t and [A]t , K comes constant then order of
t [A]t
reaction will be 1 other wise we will switchover to higher order expressions.
Integrated Expressions for various reactions

x
Zero order k0 =
t
2.303 a
First order k1 log
t (a − x)
1 x 
Second order k2 =  
t  a(a − x) 
1  x(2a − x) 
Third order k3 =  2 
t  a (a − x 2 ) 
30
(ii) Graphical Method: In this method the data are plotted according to different
integrated rate equations so as to yield a straight line suppose log (a–x) vs t is a straight
line then order of reaction will be 1.
Zero order First order 1

(a − x) log(a − x)
(a − x) Second order
t t t
1
(a − x)2 Third order
(iii) Half life Method: As we have seen for nth order reaction
1
t1/ 2 ∝
a n −1
Let t11/ 2 be the half life at initial concentration a1 and t 21/ 2 be the half life at intial
concentration a 2 .
1
Then t11/ 2 ∝
a1n −1
1
t 21/ 2 ∝
a n2 −1
n −1
t11/ 2 a 
= 2 
t 21/ 2  a1 
So by knowing half life at two different initial concentrations, order of reaction can be
calculated.
Initial Rate Method

In this method concentration of one of the reactants is varied by a known factor and its
effect on the initial rate of the reaction is studied for example if the rate doubles on
doubling the concentration of a reactant then order with respect to that reactant will be
1. If rate becomes four times on doubling the concentration then order with respect to
that reactant will be two. This way by changing the concentration of all the reactants
one by one and keeping the concentrations of rest all reactants constant we can find
order with respect to each of reacting species.
31
7. NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY
7.1 INTRODUCTION
In chemical reactions, atoms of the reactants combine by a rearrangement of extra nuclear
electrons but nuclei of the atoms remains unchanged. In a nuclear reaction on the other
hand, it is the nucleus of the atom which is involved.
7.2 RADIOACTIVITY
This can be defined as the spontaneous emission of certain kinds of radiations by some
elements and the elements emitting such radiation are called radioactive elements.
Radiation emitted by radioactive substances are of three types :—
Sl. α -particles β-particles γ -rays.

No.
1. 2 units +ve charge & 4 Unit –ve charge with no Electromagnetic waves
units mass. mass of short wavelength.
2. Represented as 2 He 4 or Represented as –1 eo Represented as 0 γ 0
He ++
3. They have high ionizing Ionizing power is less than Ionizing power is very
power that of α particle less
4. These have low Penetrating power is 100 Penetrating power is 100
penetrating power times that of α particle times that of β particle.
5. Velocity is of the order of Velocity is of the order of Velocity is same as that
2 × 109 cm/s 2.8 × 1010 cm/s of velocity of light
( 3 × 1010 m/s).
6. When an α -particle is When a β particle is There is no change in
emitted atomic number emitted, atomic number atomic number or atomic
decreases by 2 units and increases by one unit and mass.
atomic mass decreases by atomic mass remains
4 units unchanged
7.3 STABILITY OF NUCLEI

At some point, you may have wondered, ‘‘If positive charges repel one another, how is it
possible for protons to be packed so closely in the nuclei of atoms ?’’ The answer is that
there are attractive nuclear forces that are much stronger than electrostatic forces. The
strengths of these forces are closely related to the numbers of protons and neutrons in a
nucleus. We begin with some observations about the naturally occurring stable nuclides.
32
(i) About 160 stable nuclides have an even number of protons and an even number of
neutrons, for example, 126 C
(ii) About 50 stable nuclides have an even number of protons and an odd number of
neutrons, for example, 25
12 Mg .
(iii) About 50 stable unclides have an odd number of protons and an even number of
neutrons, for example, 199 F .
(iv) Only 4 stable nuclides have an odd number of protons and an odd number of neutrons.
They are 12 H, 36 Li, 105 B, and 147 N .
One theoretical approach to nuclear stability is the nuclear shell theory. In simplest terms,
this theory proposes that the protons and the neutrons each exist in shells within the
nucleus. This is much like the existence of electrons in shells outside the nucleus. The
similarity extends to the special stability associated with the closing of shells, similar to
what is seen with the noble gases in electrons configuration. In the nuclear shell theory, a
special stability is associated with nuclei that have any of the following numbers as
numbers of protons or neutrons.
2, 8, 20, 28, 50, 82, 126
These numbers are called magic numbers because scientists recognized their significance
in relation to nuclear stability before they had developed a theory to explain them.
One observation consistent with these magic numbers is the fact that alpha particles are
very stable; they have 2 protons and 2 neutrons and are ‘‘doubly magic.’’ Another
observation is that tin (Z = 50) has ten naturally occurring stable nuclides, more than any
other element. The magic number of protons (50) seems to allow for a greater variation in
the number of neutrons in the tin nucleus than in others. Also, the uranium-238 radioactive
decay series terminates in the nuclide 20826 Pb ; the uranium-235 series, in 20827 Pb ; and the
208
thorium-232 series, in 82 Pb . All these terminating includes have the magic number 82 in
208
lead (Z = 82); 82 Pb is doubly magic, with 82 protons and 126 neutrons.
A crucial factor in the stability of a nucleus is the ratio of the neutron number (N) to the
proton number (Z). Some nuclides of the lightest elements have an N/Z ratio of 1, and as a
group these nuclides have an average ratio slightly greater than 1. Examples of nuclides in
this group are 42 He, 186 O, 13
27 39
Al, 19 40
K, and 20 Ca . Nuclides with Z > 20 require a large number
of neutrons than protons to moderate the effect of increasing proton repulsions. For
example, the N/Z ratio in 56 133 209
26 Fe is 30/26 = 1.15; in 55 Cs it is 78/55 = 1.42, and in 83 Bi ,
126/83 = 1.52. For nuclides with Z > 83, the protons repulsions are too large to be
overcome by proton-neutron interactions, and the nuclides are all radioactive.
The general pattern for nuclear stability in terms of neutron and proton numbers is shown
in figure, a graph of neutron number (N) versus proton number (Z). All of the naturally
occurring stable nuclides are indicated by dots within the belt labeled the belt of stability.
However, other nuclides in this belt that are not shown are radioactive. Also all nuclides
33
falling outside the belt are radioactive, and their mode of decay is one that brings the
nuclides formed in the decay process into the belt. Nuclides above the belt decay by beta
emission, and those below the belt by positron emission and electron capture. Many of the
nuclides in the upper right corner decay by alpha emission. If the numbers 114 and 184 are
also magic numbers, as some scientists think they are, there might be a small island of
stability centered on the nuclide with Z = 114 and N = 184. This nuclide may someday be
synthesized, and there have even been unsuccessful attempts to find element 114 in natural
sources.
118 234
Illustration 11 :Which of the following would you expect to be radioactive, 50 Sn, 91 Pa, 54
25 Mn,
74
30 Zn ?
118
Solution : Sn : This nuclide has 50 protons and (118 – 50) = 68 neutrons. This is an even-
50
even combination, the most common for stable nuclides. Also, the neutron :
proton ratio of 68:50 lies within the belt of stability so 11508 Sn is non-radioactive.
234
91 Pa : Atomic number 91 exceeds the limit for the naturally occurring stable
234
nuclides (Z > 83). 91 Pa is radioactive.
54
Mn : This nuclide has 25 protons and (54 – 25) = 29 neutrons. This is an odd-
25
odd combination found only in four stable nuclides of low atomic numbers. We
should expect that it is radioactive.
34
74
30 Zn : This nuclide has 30 protons and (74 – 30) = 44 neutrons. So Z = 30, the
74
upper limit of the belt of stability is at about N = 40. The nuclide 30 Zn lies above
the belt and is radioactive.
7.4 MODE OF DECAY

Alpha-particle emission : An alpha (a ) particle has the same composition as a helium
nucleus : two protons and two neutrons. Thus an a particle has a mass of 4 u and a charge
of 2+. Because they carry a positive charge, a particles are deflected in electric and
magnetic fields. The penetrating power of alpha particles through matter is low; the
particles can generally be stopped by a sheet of paper. The symbol for an alpha particles is
4
2 He . We can represent a -particle emission with a nuclear equation, as in the radioactive
decay of uranium-238.
Sum of mass numbers : 238 234 + 4 = 238
238 234
92 U ¾ ¾® 90 Th + 24 He
Sum of atomic numbers : 92 90 + 2 = 92
When a nucleus emits an alpha particles, its atomic number decreases by 2 and its mass
number decreases by 4. The new nuclide is that of a different element than the decaying
nuclide.
Beta-particles emission : Beta (β - ) particles are electrons. Like all electrons, they have
very little mass and carry a charge of 1–. Beta particles are deflected in electric and
magnetic fields, but in the opposite direction from alpha particles. Beta particles are more
penetrating than a particles. They can pass through aluminum foil 2 to 3 mm thick. The
symbol for a beta particle is -01 e .
Although an atomic nucleus contains the protons and neutrons that make up an alpha
particle, a nucleus does not contain electrons. Instead, a neutron in converted to a proton
and an electron, represented in the following nuclear equation.
1 1
0 n ¾ ¾® 1p + -01e
Because the atomic number represents the positive charge on a particle, the neutron has an
atomic number of 0 (no charge). The electron has the equivalent of an atomic number of –
1; it carries the same charge as a proton, but negative in sign. An example of a radioactive
decay that produces beta particles is shown below :
234 234 0
90 Th ¾ ¾® 91 Pa + e
-1
Sum of atomic numbers : 90 91 + -1 = 90

When a nucleus emits a beta particle, its atomic number increases by 1 and its mass
number is unchanged. The new nuclide is that of a different element than the decaying
nuclide.
35
Gama-ray emission : Gamma (γ) rays are a highly penetrating form of electromagnetic
radiation. They consist of photons, and thus they are not particles of matter. They are
emitted by energetic nuclei as a means of reaching a lower energy state. In a nuclear
equation for gama-ray emission, we represent the energetic nucleus by affixing the symbol
m to its mass number. For example, in the radioactive decay of uranium-238 by alpha-
particle emission, 23% of the thorium-230 nuclei formed are in an excited state : 230m
90 Th .
These nuclei then emit energy as gamma rays.

234m 230
90 Th ¾ ¾® 90 Th + g
When a nucleus emits a gamma ray, both its atomic number and mass number remain
constant. The new and old nuclide are of the same element. As we would expect for a form
of electromagnetic radiation, gamma rays are unaffected by electric and magnetic fields.
Positron emission : Positrons are particles having the same mass as electrons but carrying
a charge of 1+. They are sometimes called positive electrons and referred to as b+
particles. Their penetrating power through matter is very limited because when a positron
comes into contact with an electron, the two particles annihilate each other and are
converted to two gamma rays. Positrons are formed in the nucleus through the conversion
of a proton to a neutron and a positron.
1 1
1 p ¾ ¾® 0 n + 10e
Positrons are most commonly emitted in the radioactive decay of certain nuclides of the
lighter elements. The radioactive decay of alumium-26 is 82% by positron emission.
26 26 0
13Al ¾ ¾® 12Mg + 1e
When a decaying nucleus emits a positron, its atomic number decreases by 1 and its mass
number is unchanged. The new nuclide is that of a different element from the decaying
nuclide.
Electron capture : Electron capture (EC) is a process in which the nucleus absorbs an
electron from an inner electronic shell, usually the first or second. An X ray is released
when an electron from a higher quantum level drops to fill the level vacated by the
captured electron. Once inside the nucleus, the captured electron. Once inside the nucleus,
the captured electron combines with a proton to form a neutron.
0
-1 e + 11P ¾ ¾® 1
0 n
Nuclear equations for electron capture usually show the captured electrons as a reactant.
Iodine-125, used in medicine to diagnose pancreatic function and intestinal fat absorption,
decays by electron capture.
36
Sum of mass numbers : 125 0 125

125 0 125
53 I + -1 e ¾ ¾® Te
52
Sum of atomic numbers : 53 -1 52

The result of electron capture is the same as positron emission. The atomic number of the
nucleus decreases by 1, and the mass number is unchanged. The new nuclide is that of a
different element than the decaying nuclide.
84
Illustration 12 :What kind of radioactive decay would you expect the nuclide 40 Zr to undergo ?
Solution : When we check the belt of stability at Z = 40, we see that a nuclide with N = 44
lies below the belt. This confirms that the nuclide is radioactive. We would expect
a decay that moves the neutron:proton ratio closer to the belt. This means
converting a proton to a neutron. The atomic number goes down by one, and the
mass number remains the same. These changes are achieved either by positron
emission or electron capture.
84 84
Positron emission : 40 Zr ¾ ¾® 39 Y + 10e
84
Electron capture : 40 Zr + -01e ¾ ¾® 84
39 Y
84
Notice that in each case, the neutron:proton ration increases from 44/40 in 40 Zr to
45/39 in 84
39 Y .
7.5 NUCLEAR FISSION

Splitting of a nucleus into lighter nucleus is known as nuclear fission. U 235 isotope is
unstable and when it is hited by slow moving neutrons, it splits into a number of fragments,
each of which has mass smaller that that of Uranium with the evolution of large amount of
energy. This process is called nuclear fission.
56 Ba140 + 36 Kr 93 + 30 n1
92 U 235 + 0 n1 54 Xe
144
+ 38 Sr 90 + 20 n1
55 Cs
144
+ 37 Rb 90 + 20 n1
It has been observed that during nuclear fission, the sum of the masses of the products
formed is slightly less than the masses of target species and bombarding neutrons. This loss
is known as mass defect. This loss in mass is converted to energy. Loss in lamu produces
931.48 Mev energy.
7.6 NUCLEAR FUSION

What would you thing of constructing one giant nuclear reactor out in space that would
transmit abundant energy to Earth almost forever ? Well, that’s exactly what we earthlings
have in our sun, 92 million miles away. The sun is powered by the fusion of atomic nuclei,
and its fuel supply–mostly 11 H —will last for billions of years.
37
On Earth, scientists have unleashed the extraordinary energy of uncontrolled fusion

reactions in hydrogen bombs. In a hydrogen bomb, nuclear fusion is initiated by the fission
reaction in a fission (atomic) bomb. However, such a totally uncontrolled fusion reaction
cannot be used for practical purposes. Control of fusion reactions as energy sources is
probably still decades away.
Scientists face a daunting challenge in developing a fusion energy source. The most
promising nuclear reaction is the deuterium-tritium reaction.
2
1 H + 13H 
→ 42He + 10n
Before they will fuse, however, the nuclei of deuterium and tritium must be forced
extremely close together. And because the positively charged nuclei repel one another so
strongly, close approach requires that the nuclei have enormously high thermal energies. At
the required temperature, gases are completely ionized into a mixture of atomic nuclei and
electrons known as plasma. A temperature of over 40,000,000 K is necessary to initiate
self-sustaining fusion–a nuclear reaction that releases more energy than it takes to get it
started. Another requirement is that the plasma be confined at an enormously high density
long enough for the fusion to plasma be confined at an enormously high density long
enough for the fusion to occur. Moreover, this confinement must be done without the
plasma contacting the walls of the reactor, where it would immediately lose heat and thus
its capability to fuse. One method is to confine the plasma in a magnetic field.
8. KINETICS OF RADIOACTIVE DISINTEGRATION

Rate of decay of disintegration : Rate of disintegration of radioactive isotope is
proportional to it’s number of atoms.
Rate of decay ∝ N
dN
– ∝ N.
dt
N 
→ number of atoms of radioactive isotope.
Rate of decay of A
No. of atoms of A
Time Time
dN
– ∝N
dt
dN
or – = λN … (i)
dt
λ is known as decay constant or disintegration constant.
If dt = 1 second.
38
dN
Then –=λ
N
Decay constant ( λ ) : Thus decay constant ( λ ) is equal to the fraction of radioactive
isotope disintegrating per second.
From equation (i)
dN
∫– N ∫
= λ dt
– log N = λt + C
where C is integration constant
when t = 0; N = No. (initial number of atoms)
–log N 0 = C
So –log N = λ t – log N 0
N0
λt = log
N
1 N
λ = ln 0
t N
2.303 N
λ= log 0
t N
All radioactive decay follows first order kinetics.
8.1 ACTIVITY AND UNITS OF ACTIVITY

The unit of radioactivity is measured as the rate at which it changes into daughter nucleus.
It has been derived on the scale of disintegration of radium. Let us consider 1 g of Ra (at.
Wt. 223 and t1/ 2 = 1600 years).
Rate of decay (activity ) = λ × No. of atoms in 1 g Ra.
.6932 1× 6.023 × 1023
= × =3.7 × 1010 dps
1600 × 365 × 24 × 60 × 60 223
= 3.7 × 1010 Becque rrel
1 curie = 3.7 × 1010 dps = 3.7 × 1010 Becquerrel
1 Rutherford = 106 dps.
Initial activity ∝ Initial amount
Activity after `t’ time ∝ amount left undisintegrated after t time.
2.303 initial activity
λ= log
t activity after t time
39
as we have seen
– ln N = λt – ln N 0
N
ln = – λt
N0
N
= e – λt
N0
or N = No e – λt
Half life period (t1/ 2 ) : It is the time after which activity of a radioactive isotope reduces
to half of it’s initial value.
When t = t1/ 2 , N = N 0 / 2
2.303 N
λ= log 0
t N
2.303 N
t1/ 2 = log 0
λ N0 / 2
0.6932
t1/ 2 =
λ
Unit of λ = time –1
Specific activity : This is defined as activity per unit mass of the sample.
Average life (K) : The reciprocal of decay constant is defined as average life of radioactive
isotope.
1
Average life =
λ
1 t
K= = 1/ 2
λ 0.6932
K = 1.44 t1/ 2
8.2 RADIOACTIVE EQUILIBRIUM

–α –β –β
92 U 238  → 90Th 234  → 91Pa 234  → 92 U 234
Suppose a radioactive isotope. A is producing another radioactive substance B, which in
turn is producing C.
A 
→ B 
→C
Rate of decay of A ∝ N1 [ N1 is no. of atoms of A].
40
Rate of decay of A = λ1N1 [ λ1 is decay constant of A]
Rate of decay of B ∝ N 2 [N 2 is no. of atoms of B]
= λ 2 N 2 [λ 2 is decay constant of B]
at radio active equilibrium
Rate of formation of B = Rate of decay of B
But rate of formation of B = Rate of decay of A
So at equilibrium
λ1 N1 = λ 2 N 2
λ1 N 2 0.6932 / T1
= =
λ 2 N1 0.6932 / T2
λ1 N 2 T1
= =
λ 2 N1 T2
1
but λ=
K
λ1 K 2 N T
so = = 2 = 1
λ 2 K1 N1 T2
8.3 CARBON DATING

7 N 14
+ 0 n1 
→ 6C14 + 1H1
atomspheric cos mic
nitrogen rays
6 C14 is radiocarbon ( β -emitter)
6 C14 
→ 7 N14 + –1β0
Carbon dating is based upon the fact that radio carbon –14 is produced in the atmosphere
by the action of cosmic rays C14 is a β emitter with a half life of 5730 years. It’s rate of
formation has been constant so the atmosphere has an equilibrium concentration of C14
corresponding to nearly 16 disintegration per minute per gram of carbon. All living plants
and animals contains this equilibrium concentration but when a plant or animal dies no
further exchange between it and environment takes place and C14 content start decreasing
as a result of radio active decay. After 5730 years there will remain only 8 disintegration
per minute per gram of carbon. By measuring the activity of a fresh piece and the old piece,
the age of old piece may be determined.
2.303 N
λ= log 0
t N
2.303 λN 0
λ= log
t λN
41
2.303 Initial activity

λ= log
t activity after t time
2.303 C / C in fresh sample
λ= log 14 12
t C14 / C12 in old sample
8.4 MINERAL DATING (GEOCHRONOLOGY).

Determination of age of rocks, earth etc. is known as mineral dating
2.303 N
λ= log 0
t N
2.303 P+D
λ= log
t P
P = no. of atoms of parent element
D = no. of atoms of daughter element.
Illustration 13 :Radioactive decay is a first order process. Radioactive carbon wood sample
decays with a half life of 5770 years. What is the rate constant in (years)–1 for
the decay? What fraction would remain after 11540 years?
0.693 0.693
Solution : K= =
T1 / 2 5770
= 1.201 × 10–4 year–1
2.303 N
K= log 0
t Nt
2.303 N
1.201 × 10–4 = log 0
11540 Nt
N0
4.002 =
Nt
Nt 1
∴ (Remaining fraction) =
N0 4.002
EXERCISE 6 :
1. The bones of a prehistoric bison were found to have a 14C activity of 2.80 dis/min. g
carbon. Approximately how long ago did the animal live? (t1/2 = 5730 years) 14C activity
of fresh sample = 15.3 dis/min/gC.
2. Potassium contains 9.310 atom % 39K, having mas 38.9637 u; 0.0118 atom % 40K, which
has mass of 40.0 u and is radioactive with t1/2 = 1.3 × 109 y and 6.88 atom % 41K having a
mass of 40.96184u. Calculate the specific activity of naturally occurring potassium.
3. A mixture of 239Pu and 240Pu has a specific activity of 6 × 109 dis/s/g, The half lives of the
isotopes are 2.44 × 104y and 6.08 × 103y specific activity of naturally occurring
potassium.
42
Chemistry : Chemical Kinetics and Nuclear Chemistry NARAYANA
SECTION - I
SUBJECTIVE TYPE PROBLEMS
Problem 1: The half life of a chemical reaction at a particular concentration is 100 min. When
the concentration of the reactant is doubled, the half life becomes 50 min, then what is
the order of the reaction ?
n −1
(t1/ 2 )1  a 2 
Solution : = 
(t1/ 2 )2  a1 
n −1
100  2 
⇒ = 
50  1 
⇒ 2 = 2(n–1)
⇒ =n–1
⇒ n=2
Problem 2: An optically active drug has one chiral center and only dextrorotatory isomer is
effective. Moreover it becomes ineffective when its optical activity reduces to 60% of
the original in the equilibrium mixture at 27ºC and at one 127°C, its optical activity
reduces upto 80%. Then find out ∆H of the reaction assuming that the specific rotation
of the isomers remains constant during this temperature range. [log 3 = .477]
Solution : Let the dextrorotatory isomer A and laevoratatory is B
θ0 = initial observed rotation
θt = observed rotation at time t
A !!"
#!! B
t=0 θ0 0
⇒ θ0 – θ –θ
From question,
θ0 = 100, θt = 60
⇒ 60 = 100 – 2θ
∴ θ = 20 = θ0 – θ = 100 – 20
∴ At 27°C,r
[B] 20 1
Keq. = K1 = = =
[A] 80 4
Similarly, at 127°C.
[B] 10 1
Keq. = K2 = = =
[A] 90 9
since
1/ 4 ∆H  1 1 
= −
1/ 9 R  300 400 

2.30 log =
43
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NARAYANA
Chemistry : Chemical Kinetics and Nuclear Chemistry
9 ∆H  100 
⇒ =
4 R  300 × 400 
2.303 log
∆H 1
⇒ 2.303 [log 9 – log 4] = ×
R 1200
∆H 1
⇒ 2.303 [2 log 3 – 2 log 2] = ×
R 1200
⇒ 2.303 (2 × 0.477 – 2 × 0.301)
⇒ ∆H = 2.303 [0.954 – 0.602] × 8.314 × 1200
∆H = 8.188 kJ
Problem 3: A mixture of two substances X & Y produces Z simultaneously through parallel chain
reaction as under
I
X
Y
I
The rate constant for the first path is 1.2 × 10 –2 s –1 and of second path is
4 × 10–3 s–1. After 40 seconds, the mole percentage of Z is found to be 36. Find out
its mole-percentage after 60 seconds. Given that antilog (0.208) = 1.6 and Antilog
(0.303) = 2.50.
Solution : Let the total moles of mixture = 100
Initial moles of X = a
∴ Initial moles of Y = 100 – a
Out of “a” moles of X, p moles converts into C and q moles of Y converts into C
Now.
a–p, k1=1.2×10-2s-1
X
C p+q
Y
-3 -1
100–a–q, k2=4×10 s
p 1.2 × 10−2 3
Now, = =
q 4 × 10−3 1
⇒ p = 3q
Again, p + q = 36
4q = 36
∴ q=9
44
∴ p = 27
a
Now k1 × 40 = 2.303 log
a − 27
1.2 × 10−2 × 40 a
= log
2.303 a − 27
a
⇒ 0.208 = log
a − 27
a
⇒ = 1.6
a − 27
⇒ a = 72
Now, for 60 seconds, let the amount of “X” converted into Z is p′ and the amount of Y
converted into Z is q′.
1.2 × 10−2 × 60 72
= log
2.303 72 − p'
72
⇒ 0.313 = log 72 − p′
72
2.050 = 72 − p′
p′ = 36.88
q′ = 12.29
∴ mole percentage of Z is = p′ + q′ = 49.17%
Problem 4: What is the amount of activation energy in kilo joules at 298 K for 10–3% molecule to
cross over the energy barrier? Given that, ln10–5 = –11.515.
Solution : Fraction of molecules crossing over the energy barrier = e− Ea / RT
10−3
⇒ = = e− Ea / RT
100
⇒ 10–5 = e− Ea / RT
Ea
⇒ – 11.515 = −
RT
⇒ Ea = 11.515 × 8.314 × 298 Joule
= 28.53 KJ
Problem 5 : The reaction given below, involving the gases is observed to be first order with rate
constant 7.48 × 10−3 sec−1.Calculate the time required for the total pressure in a
system containing A at an initial pressure of 0.1 atm to rise to 0.145 atm and also find
the total pressure after 100 sec.
2A(g) → 4B(g) + C(g)
45
NARAYANA
Solution : 2A(g) → 4B(g) + C(g)

Po 0 0
Po − P′ 2P′ P′/2
3P '
Ptotal =Po − P′ + 2P′ + P′/2 = Po +
2
2
P′ = (0.145 − 0.1) =0.03 atm
3
2.303 Po
k = log
t Po − P '
2.303  0.1 
t= −3
log  
7.48 × 10  0.07 
t = 47.7 sec
2.303  0.1 
Also, k = log  
t  Po − P ' 
2.303  0.1 
7.48 × 10−3= log  
100  0.1 − P ' 
0.1 − P′ = 0.047
P′ = 0.053
3
Ptotal = 0.1 + (0.053) ≈ 0.180 atm.
2
Problem 6 : For the reaction :
C2H5I + OH− → C2H5OH + I−
the rate constant was found to have a value of 5.03 × 10−2 mol−1 dm3 s−1 at 289 K and
6.71 mol−1 dm3 s−1 at 333 K. What is the rate constant at 305 K.
Solution : k1 = 5.03 × 10−2 mol−1 dm3 s−1 at T1 = 289 K
k2 = 6.71 mol−1 dm3 s−1 at T2 = 333 K
 6.71  Ea  333 − 289 

log  −2  =  
 5.03 × 10  2.303 × 8.314  333 × 289 
On solving we get, Ea = 88.914 kJ
The rate constsnt at 305 K may be determined from the relation:
k2 Ea  1 1 
log k = 2.303R  T − T 
1  1 2 
 k2  88914  1 1 
log  −2 
=  − 
 5.03 × 10  2.303 × 8.314  298 305 
On solving we get, k2 = 0.35 mol−1 dm3 s−1
46
Problem 7 : The decomposition of Cl2O7 at 400 K in the gas phase to Cl2 and O2 is of I order. After
55 sec at 400 K, the pressure of Cl2O7 falls from 0.062 to 0.044 atm. Calculate :
(a) The rate constant.
(b) Pressure of Cl2O7 after 100 sec.

→
7
Solution : Cl2O7 Cl2 + O
2 2
Mole at t = 0 a 0 0
Mole at t = 55 sec. (a – x) x 7x/2
(a) Since Pressure of Cl2O7 is given and therefore,
a ∝ 0.062
(a – x) ∝ 0.044
2.303 0.062
∵ K= log10
t 0.044
K = 6.23 × 10–3 sec–1.
(b) Let at t = 100 sec, (a – x) ∝ P
2.303 0.062
∴6.23 × 10–3 = log10
100 P
∴ P = 0.033 atm.
Problem 8: A radioactive element A says to B “ I am half of what you were when you are one
fourth of what I was. Moreover I was 1.414 time than what you were. “ If the half life
of A is 8 days, what is the half life of B?
Solution : Let the initial number of nuclide of X be x0
Let the initial number of nuclide of Y be y0
Let the number of nuclide of X after time t be xt
Let the number of nuclide of Y after time t be yt
∴ xt = ½ y0; yt = ¼ x0
x0 = 1.414 y0
Now, xt = x0 e −λ1t = ½ y0 …(1)
yt = y0 e −λ2 t = ¼ x0 ….(2)
Dividing equation. (1) by (2)
2y0 x0 e(λ 2 −λ1 )t

=
x0 y0
x02 (λ 2 −λ1 )t
2= e
y 02
Since x0 = 2 y0
x02 = 2y02
47
NARAYANA
∴ 2 = 2e(λ 2 −λ1 )t
∴ e(λ 2 −λ1 )t = 1
Since t is not zero, hence λ2 = λ1. Therefore the half life of the other radioactive element is
also 8 days.
Problem 9 : On analysis a sample of Uranium was found to contain 0.277 g of 82Pb206 and 1.667 g
of 92U238. The half life period of 92U238 is 4.51×109 years. If all the lead were assumed
to have come from decay of 92U238, what is the age of the earth?
238
1.667
Solution : 92U = 1.667 g = mole
238
206
0.227
82Pb = 0.227g =
206
mole
∵ All the lead have come from decay of U.

0.277
∴ Moles of Pb formed =
206
0.277
∴ moles of U decayed =
206
1.667 0.277
∴ Total moles of Uranium = + , ie N0-
238 206
1.667
Also N for U238 =
238
1.667 0.277
+
2.803 N 0 2.303 × 4.51 × 10 9 238 206
∵ for U238 t = log = log 1.667
k N 0.693
238
∴ t = 1.143 × 109 yrs .
Problem 10 : An optically active compound A is hydrolysed by dilute acid to give
two optically compounds B and C according to the following chemical equation,
A + H2O → 2B + C. The angle of rotation after 40 minutes was observed to be
26° and that after completion of reaction was 10° at 27°C. Find the half - time of the
reaction assuming it to follow pseudo first order kinetics. The observed rotation per
mole of A,B and C are 60°, 50° and –80°. A plot of logarithm of rate constant of the
above reaction vs T–1 give straight line with intercept equal 15.046 on log K axis.
Calculate at what temperature half - time of the reaction will be 31.1 min.
Solution : A + H 2O → 2B + C
a excess 0 0
(a-x) const. x 2x
0 const. 2a a
48
After completion of reaction 50 × 29 + (–80) × a = 10, ∴ a = 0.5

After 40 minute. 60(a-x) + 50 × 2x – 80 × x = 26
⇒ x = 0.1
2.303 a 2.303 0.5 2.303

K= log = log =
t (a − x) 40 0.5 − 0.1 40 log 5/4
∴ K = 5.57 × 10–3 min–1
0.693 0.693
∴ t1/2 = = = 124.4 min
K 0.00557
From Arrhenius equation, K = Ae–Ea/RT
−Ea
LogK = + log A; Intercept = log A
2.303RT
WhenT = 27 + 273 = 300K , log K = log (5.57 × 10–3) = –2.254
Putting the value in above equation
− Ea 1
– 2.254 = × + 15.046
2.303 × 8.314 300
∴ Ea = 99.37 kJ /mol
In order that t1/2 of reaction may decrease from 124.4 min, rate constant will have to
increase 4 time.
99370 1
Log (4 × 5.57 × 10–3) = × + 15.046
2.303 × 8.314 T
99370 1
∴ – 1.652 – 15.046 = ×
2.303 × 8.314 T
∴ T = 310.80 K
49
NARAYANA
SECTION - II
SINGLE CHOICE PROBLEMS
Problem 1: !!" nB with time is presented in the figure, the value of n
The progress of the reaction A #!!
is
(a) 2 (b) 3
(c) 4 (d) 5
B
0.6
Con. ol/litre
0.3
A
1 3 5 7
Time/hour
Solution : A !!"
#!! nB
t=0 0.06 0 (initial conc. in mol L–1)
At equi. 0.6 – x nx (conc. at equilibrium)
From the graph
0.6 – x = 0.3
Also from the graph
nx = 0.6
∴n=2
∴ (a)
Problem 2 : For the elementary reaction, 2NO + H2 → N2O + H-2O; the half life time is 19.2 sec at
820°C when partial pressure of NO and H2 are 600 mm of Hg and 10 mm of Hg respectively.
The value of half time at the same temperature when partial pressure of NO and H-2 are
600 mm of Hg and 20 mm of Hg respectively would be
(a) 19.2 sec (b) 10 sec
(c) 830 sec (d) 415 sec
Solution : According to Ostwald isolation method of order determination, the concentration terms of
reactants present in excess remain virtually unchanged and thus can be merged with the
rate constant. In this case, the rate of the reaction depends only on the concentration o f that
reactant which is not present in excess. The reaction is known to be pseudo first order.
The partial pressure of NO is very large in comparison to that of hydrogen. Thus, we may
consider the rate of reaction to be independent of PNO and hence reaction will follow the
rate law.
dp(N 2O)
= k ′PH 2 ; where k ′k(PNO ) 2 = Pseudo first order reaction rate constant.
dt
50
Half-life time of first order reaction is independent of initial concentration. Hence the required
half-life time will be 19.2 sec.
∴ (a)
Problem 3 : Two reactions one of first order and other of second order have same values of rate constants
(k1 = k2) when concentration are expressed in mole dm–3. If the concentrations are expressed
in mole ml–1 the relation between their rate constants k′1 and k′2 will be
(a) k′1 = k′2 (b) k′2 × 103 = k′2
(c) k′2 × 10–3 = k′1 (d) k′1 = 10k′2
Solution : Since kα[a]1− n
For first order reaction,
k1α[a]1−1
k1α1
So k is constant and independent of unit of a, Therefore k1 = k′1
For second order reaction
1
k2 ∝
a
1 1
k2 ∝ = −3
a mole dm -3
a × 10 mole ml-1
1
k ′2 ∝ −1
a mole ml
∴ k 2 = k ′2 × 103 = k1′
∴ (c)
B
Problem 4 : For the first order reaction 3A → B
concentration varies with time as shown
in the adjacent graph. The half-life of the Conc.
reaction would be (In M) A
(a) 2 minutes
(b) 4 minutes
(c) 8 minutes 2 4 6 8
(d) 16 minutes Time (in minutes)
Solution : From graph it follows that at time 4 minute from the start of the reaction
[A] = [B]
3A → B
t=0 a
t = 4 min a – x x/3
x 3a
∴ a−x= ⇒x=
3 4
3a a
∴ a−x=a− =
4 4
i.e., in 4 minutes concentration of A has reduced to 25% of the initial value therefore,
t3/4 = 4 min. As t3/4 = 2t1/2 for a first order reaction, so half-life of this reaction = 2 min
∴ (a)
51
NARAYANA
Problem 5 : The inversion of cane sugar proceeds with half−life of 500 minute at pH 5 for any
concentration of sugar. However if pH = 6, the half−life changes to 50 minute. The rate law
expression for the sugar inversion can be written as
(a) r = K[sugar]2[H]6 (b) r = K[sugar]1[H]0
(c) r = K[sugar]0[H+]6 (d) r = K[sugar]0[H+]1
Solution : Since t1/2 does not depends upon the sugar concentration means it is first order respect to
sugar concentration. t1/2 ∝ [sugar]1.
t1/2 × an-1 = k
( t1/ 2 )1 [H + ]11− n
=
( t1/ 2 )2 [H + ]12− n
1− n
500  10−5 
= 
50  10−6 
10 = (10)1-n
Hence n = 0
∴ (b)
Problem 6 : Two substances A and B are present such that [A0] = 4[B0] and half−life of A is 5 minute
and that of B is 15 minute. If they start decaying at the same time following first order
kinetics how much time later will the concentration of both of them would be same.
(a) 15 minute (b) 10 minute
(c) 5 minute (d) 12 minute
n
1 1
Solution : Amount of A left in n1 haves =   [A 0 ]
2
n
1 2
Amount of B left n2 halves =   [B0 ]
2
At the end, according to the question
[A 0 ] [B0 ]
= n
2n1 22
4 1
⇒ n1
= n , [[A 0 ] = 4[B0 ]]
2 22
2n1
∴ n2
= 4 ⇒ 2n1 − n 2 = (2) 2 ∴ n1 − n 2 = 2
2
∴ n 2 = (n1 − 2) …(1)
Also t = n1 × t1/ 2(A) t = n 2 × t1/ 2(B)

(Let concentration both become equal after time t)
52
n1 × t1/ 2(A) n1 × 5 n
∴ =1⇒ =1⇒ 1 = 3 …(2)
n 2 × t1/ 2(B) n 2 × 15 n2
For equation (1) and (2)

n1 = 3, n2 = 1
t = 3 × 5 = 15 minute
∴ (a)
Problem 7 : The reaction A(g) + 2B(g) →C(g) + D(g) is an elementary process. In an experiment, the
initial partial pressure of A and B are PA = 0.60 and PB = 0.80 atm. When PC = 0.2 atm the
rate of reaction relative to the initial rate is
(a) 1/48 (b) 1/24
(c) 9/16 (d) 1/6
Solution : R1 = K[A][B] = K[0.6][0.80]2
After reaction
A + 2B 
→ C + D
0.6 – 0.2 0.8 – 0.4 0.2 0.2
0.4 0.4 0.2 0.2
R 2 K(0.4)(0.4) 2 1
= =
R1 (0.6)(0.8) 2 6
∴ (d)
Problem 8 : A first order reaction : A → Products and a second order reaction :
2R → Products both have half - time of 20 minutes when they are carried out taking 4
mole L–1 of their respective reactants. Number of mole per litre of A and R remaining
unreacted after 60 minutes from the short of the reaction, respectively will be.
(a) 1 and 0.5 (b) 0.5 and negligible
(c) 0.5 and 1 (d) 1 and 0.25
Solution : In the case of first order reaction t1/2 will remain constant independent of initial concentration
so.
20 min 2 mole L–1
4 mole L–1  20 min –1 20 min –1
→  → 1 mole L  → 0.5 moile L .
That is, after 60 minutes 0.5 mole L–1 of A will be left unreacted.
In the case of second order reaction t1/2 is inversely proportional to initial concentration of
reactant i.e., t1/2 will go on doubling as concentration of reactant will go on getting half.
That is, t1/2 a will be constant, so.
20 min
4 mole L–1  –1 40 min –1
→ 2 mole L  → 1 mole L .
That is, after 60 minutes, the concentration of R remaining unreacted will be 1 mole L–1.
Note that t1/2 a = 20 × 4 = 40 × 2 = 80 mole L–1 min, a constant.
∴ (b)
53
NARAYANA
Problem 9 : The thermal decomposition of acetaldehyde : CH3CHO → CH4 + CO, has rate constant
d[CH3CHOO]
of 1.8 × 10–3 mole–1/2L1/2 min–1 at a given temperature. How would - will
dt
change if concentration of acetaldehyde is doubled keeping the temperature constant?
(a) will increase by 2.828 times (b) will increase by 11.313 times
(c) will not change (d) will increase by 4 times
Solution : Unit of the rate constant mole –1/2L1/2.min1/2 suggests that the reaction obeys kinetics of 1.5
order.
Rate = k [CH3CHO]3/2
Rate moleL−1 min −1

or k= = = Mole–1/2, L1/2.min–1
[CH3CHO]3/ 2 (mole L-1 )3/ 2
So, by doubling the concentration of acetaldehyde the rate will increase 21.5 i.e., 2.828
times.
∴ (a)
Problem 10 : The reaction ; 2O3 → 3O2, is assigned the following mechanism.
I. O3 → O2 + O
II. O3 + O → 2O2 (slow)
The rate law of if the reaction will, therefore be
(a) r α [O3]2[O2] (b) r α [O3]2 [O2]–1
(c) r α [O3] (d) r α [O3] [O2]–2
Solution : Step II, being r.d.s.
Rate of overall reaction = rate of Step II = KII [O3][O]
Putting the value of [O] from the equilibrium of Step I,
K II K C [O3 ]2
Rate =
[O 2 ]
∴ (b)
54
SECTION - III
MULTIPLE CHOICE PROBLEMS
Problem 1: Arrhenius equation may be represented as
A Ea d ln k Ea
(a) ln = (b) =
k RT dt RT
Ea  Ea  k
(c) log A = log k + (d) log  − =
2.303RT  RT  A
Solution : (a, c)
(a) is correct as explained below :
k k −Ea A Ea
k = Ae–Ea/RT ⇒ = e− Ea / RT ln = ⇒ ln =
A A RT k RT
d d d  Ea 
(b) is not correct (ln A) − (ln k) =  
dT dt dt  RT 
d −Ea
− (ln k) = [ln A does not change with T]
dT RT 2
d Ea
⇒ (ln k) =
dT RT 2
(c) is correct. k = Ae–Ea/RT
Ea
ln k = ln A – Ea/RT ⇒ ln A = ln k + Ea/RT ⇒ log A = log k +
2.303RT
Hence (d) is not correct it follows from explanation of (a), (b) and (c).
Problem 2 : A positive catalyst
(a) increase the average kinetic energy of the reacting molecules
(b) decreases the activation energy
(c) alters the reaction mechanism
(d) increases collision frequency
Solution : (b, c)
(b) is correct because the catalyst lowers down the activation energy by altering the
mechanism.
(c) is correct because it provides alternative short-cut path or mechanism of the reaction.
(a) is not correct because K.E. ∝ T.
(d) is wrong because collision frequency is increased by temperature and pressure.
55
NARAYANA
Problem 3: For first order reaction

(a) the degree of dissociation is equal to (1 – e–kt)
(b) a plot of reciprocal of conc. of reactant vs time gives a straight line
(c) t75% = 3t1/2
(d) The pre-exponential factor in Arrhenius equation has the dimension of time T–1.
Solution : (a, d)
[A 0 ] − [A] [A 0 ] − [A 0 ]e− kt
(a) is correct α = = = 1 − e− kt
[A 0 ] [A 0 ]
(d) is correct, k = Ae–Ea/RT

Units of pre-exponential factor A = units of k = mol L–1 s–1
Dimension of time in A is T–1, i.e., s–1.
(b) is not correct because log (conc.) vs time is straight line.
(c) is not correct because t75% = 2t1./2
Problem 4 : For the reaction
H2(g) + Br2(g) → 2HBr (g)
Which of the following statements are wrong
(a) order is 2, molecularity is 2 (b) order is 3/2, molecularity is 2
(c) order is 1, molecularity is 2 (d) order is 2, molecularity is 1
Solution : (a, c, d)
(a) is correct because it is a wrong statement as order cannot be determined theoretically.
(c) is correct because it is a wrong statement as order is 1.5 and not 1.
(d) is correct becasue it is a wrong statement as mostly order is not greater than molecularity.
(b) is not correct as it is a correct statement because experimentally, order of this reaction is
found to be 3/2 and it involves two molecules. ∴ molecularity is 2.
Problem 5 : Which of the following statements are correct.
(a) A plot of log kp vs 1/T is linear
(b) A plot of log A vs time is linear for 1st order reaction
(c) A plot of log P vs 1/T is linear at constant volume
(d) A plot of P vs 1/V is linear at constant temperature
Solution : (a, b, d)
Ea
(a) is correct because ln k = ln A −
RT
2.303 [A ]
(b) is correct because k = log 0
t [A]
1
(d) is correct because P ∝ at constant temperature.
V
(c) is not correct because P ∝ T .
56
Problem 6 : Which of the following is a first order reaction

(a) decomposition of NH4NO2 to N2 and H2O
(b) catalytic decomposition of ammonia
(c) decomposition of H2O2 in aqueous solution
(d) all of these
Solution : (a, c)
(a) is correct as it is observed that the rate of reaction is directly proportional to the
concentration of NH4NO2 (The amount of NH4NO2 reacted is known by measuring the
volume of N2 formed).
(c) is correct as it is observed that the rate of reaction is directly proportional to the
concentration of NO2.
(b) is a 2nd order reaction. It follows that (d) cannot be correct.
Problem 7 : Which of the following will emit positron
13 30
(a) 7N
(b) 15 P
3 14
(c) 1H
(d) 6C
Solution : (a, b)
(a) is correct ∵ n p < 1 7 N 

→ 136 C +
13 0
+1 e (positron)
n
(b) is correct ∵ p = 1 but still it is radioactive isotope or phosphorus and emits positron so as
to increase n/p ratio.

30
15 P 
→ 30
14 Si +
0
+1 e
While (c) and (d) are incorrect.

Problem 8 : Which of the following statements is/are correct?
(a) Nuclear fusion involves chain reaction
(b) Nuclear fusion forms products which are radioactive
(c) Nuclear fusion takes place at high temperature (106 K)
(d) Nuclear fusion produces more energy than nuclear fission.
Solution : (b, c, d)
(b) is correct because nuclear fission forms the product which are radioactive.
(c) is correct because high temperature of the order of 106 K is required so as to overcome
repulsion between the nuclei to be fused together.
(d) is correct because in fusion reaction energy released is more than fission reaction e.g.,
sun is source of energy due to fusion reaction between isotopes of hydrogen.
(a) is not correct because nuclear fusion does not involve chain reaction.
57
NARAYANA
Problem 9 : If n/p is less than 1, the nucleide can

(a) emit positron (b) K-capture
(c) emit β-particle (d) emit α-particle
Solution : (a, b)
(a) is correct because n/p increases during positron emission because proton gets converted
into neutron.
(b) k-capture means capture of electrons which will convert proton into neutron ∴ increasing
1 p + −1 e 
→ 01 n
1 0
n/p ratio.
(c) β-particle emission leads to decrease in n/p ratio.
(d) α-particle emission leads to increase in n/p ratio but n/p should not be less than 1 in parent
nucleides.
n n
92 U 
→ 234 + 24 He; for
238 238 234
e.g., 90Th 92 U is 1.58; for 90Th is 1.60.
p p
Problem 10 : Which of the following are used for measuring radioactivity?
(a) Gieger Muller counter (b) Wilson cloud chamber
(c) Scintillation counter (d) none of these
Solution : (a, b, c)
Geiger Muller Counter, Wilson Cloud Chamber, Scintillation counter are used for measuing
radioactivity ∴ (a), (b), (c) are correct.
58
MISCELLANEOUS PROBLEMS
SECTION - IV
COMPREHENSION TYPE PROBLEMS
Write up – I
Nucleus is considered to resemble a liquid drop in which nucleons are present having very rich
density i.e. 130 trillion tonnes m–3 which is about trillion times the density of water. It has high
surface tension of about 1.24 × 1018 times, the surface tension of water. The high surface tension
keeps the nucleons together against the force of repulsion.
Problem 1 : The nuclear volume is

(a) directly proportional to mass number (b) inversely proportional to mass number
(c) inversely proportional to atomic number (d) independent of mass number
Solution : Ans. (a)
4 3
The nuclear volume = πr r α[A]1/ 3 , ∴ V ∝ |A|1/3 where A is mass number.
3
Problem 2 : The radius of nucleus of 12C is equal to
(a) 3.5 × 10–15 m (b) 4 × 10–15 m
(c) 5 × 10–15 m (d) 6.0 × 10–15 m
Solution : Ans. (a)
r = 1.4 × 10–15 (12)1/3 = 1.4 × 10–15 × 2.3 = 3.2 × 10–15 m
Problem 3 : Radius of nucleus is directly proportional to
(a) [A] 2 (b) [A] 1/3
(c) [A] 3 (d) [A]
Solution : Ans. (b)
r α [A]1/3 where ‘A’ is mass number
Write-up II
For a particular first order reaction at 27°C, the concentration of reactant is reduced to one half of
its initial value after 5000s. At 37°C, the concentration is halved after 1000s.
Problem 4 : The constant of the reaction at 27°C is :

(a) 1.386 × 10–4 s–1 (b) 6.93 × 10–4 s–1
(c) 11.231 × 10–4 s–1 (d) 9.232 × 10–4 s–1
Solution : Ans. (a)
(T50)300 K = 5000s
0.693 0.693
k1 (3000 k) = = = 1.386 × 10-4 s–1
(T50 )300 k 5000
59
NARAYANA
Problem 5 : What is the time required for the concentration to be reduced to one quarter of its value at
37°C?
(a) 1000 s (b) 500 s
(c) 2000 s (d) 1500 s
Solution : Ans. (c)
(T50)310 k = 1000 s
0.693
k2 (310 k) = = 6.93 × 10−4 s −1
1000
T75 = 2 × T50 for first order reaction, (when concentration is reduced to one quarter i.e.. 75%
reaction)
Hence, T75 (310 k) = 2000 s
Problem 6 : The activation energy of the reaction is :
(a) 124.46 kJ/mol (b) 650 kJ/mol
(c) 229.12 kJ/mol (d) 693.15 kJ/mol
Solution : Ans. (a)
2.303 RT1T2 k
Ea = log10 2 = 124.46 kJ/mol
T2 − T1 k1
MATCHING TYPE PROBLEM
7. Column (I) Column (II)
4 Be + 2 He 
→ 126 C + 01 n
9 4
(a) (p) Hydrogen bomb
(b) 24
12 Mg + 42 He 
→ 27
14 Si + 0 n
1
(q) Radiolysis in Redox systems
(c) 2
1D + 31T 
→ 24 He + 01 n + 17.6 MeV (r) Artificial transmutation
(d) BrO3− + 3I − 
NaCl
→ Br − + I 2 + IO3− (s) Induced radio-activity
Sol. (a) → (r), This reaction is the transmutation of 94 Be to 12

6C
by using 42 He as projectile.
(b) → (r), (s); This reaction is an artificial transmutation leading to the formation of unstable nuclei
27 27
14 Si
which gives stable 13 Al
27
14 Si 
→ 13 Al + +1 e
27 0
(c) → (p) ; This is the reaction taking place in a hydrogen bomb.

(d) → (q); This is radiolysis where a substance is exposed to high energy radiation such as gamma
rays. It involves two stages
Primary stage : A 

High energy
Radiation
→ A + e−
60
Secondary stage : A+ + e– → A
or M + e – → M–
A+ + M– → Å + M
Here NaCl is the one which induces this reaction which is redox reaction.
ASSERTION-REASON TYPE PROBLEMS
The question given below consist of an ASSERTION and the REASON. Use the following key for the
appropriate answers
(a) If both Assertion and Reason are correct and Reason is the correct explanation for Assertion
(b) If both Assertion and Reason are correct and Reason is not the correct explanation for
Assertion
(c) If Assertion is correct but Reason is not correct.
(d) If Assertion is incorrect but Reason is correct.
8. Assertion : Photochemical reactions are zero order reactions.
Reason : Photochemical reactions involve free radicals and they are very fast reactions.
Solution : Photochemical reactions are extremely fast, therefore, lead to completion. Their rate is not
affected by concentration of reactant.
Ans. (a)
9. Assertion : 2FeCl3 + SnCl2 → 2FeCl2 + SnCl4 is a 3rd order reaction.
Reason : The rate constant for third order reaction has unit L2 mol–2 s–1.
Solution : rate = k [FeCl3]2 [SnCl2]1
rate = k[A]3 ⇒ mol L–1 s–1 = k [mol L–1]3
⇒ k = L2 mol–2 s–1
Ans. (b)
10.Assertion : β-particles are emitted by nucleus
Reason : In nucleus, 01 n 
→ 11 p + 0
−1 e
Solution : A is correct, R is correct and ‘R’ is correct explanation of ‘A’

Ans. (a)
61
NARAYANA
ASSIGNMENTS
SECTION - I
SUBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
LEVEL - I
1. The isomerism of cyclopropane to propene is of first order with k = 8.25 × 10–4 s–1 at 500°C. If
cyclopropane is enclosed in a heated tube at 500°C. What will be the minimum time needed to yield at
least 10% propene in resultant gas sample.
2. For a reaction, A → B + C, it was found that the end of 10 minutes from the start the total optical
rotation of the system ws 50° and when the reaction is complete, it was 100°. Assuming that only B
and C are optically active and dextro rotatory. What would be the rate constant of this first order
reaction.
3. At a given instant thee are 25% undecayed radioactive nuclei in a sample. After 10 seconds the
number of undecayed nuclei reduces to 12.5%. What is the time in which the number of undecayed
nuclei will further reduce to 6.25% of the reduced number.
4. Naturally occurring potassium consist of 0.01% K40, which has a half life of 1.28 × 109 yr. What would
be the activity of 1.0 g sample of KCl.
5. A catalyst lowers the activation energy of a reaction from 20 kJ mole–1 to 10 kJ mole–1. What is the
temperature at which the uncatalysed reaction will have the same rate as that of the catalysed at 27°C.
6. For the first order reaction A(g) → 2B(g) + C(g), the initial pressure is PA = 90 mm Hg, the pressure after
10 minutes is found to be 180 mm Hg. What is the rate constant of the reaction ?
7. The activity of a radioactive sample reduced from 20 Ci to 1.25 Ci in 2000 years. What are the half -
life of the sample and its decay constant.
8. In the sequential chain reaction A k1

→ B 
k2
→ C at the steady state, the half life of B is 30 seconds,
then what will be the half life of A? Given that at any time, the number of atoms of A is twice the
number of atoms of B.
9. What is the percentage fraction of the molecule crossing over the energy barrier at 27ºC. Given that
Ea(b) = 80 cal, ∆H = 20 cal and antilog (0.072) = 1.181.
10. At 278°C the half life period for the first order thermal decomposition of ethylene oxide is 363 min and
the energy of activation of the reaction in 52,00 cal/mole. From these data estimate the time required
for ethylene oxide to be 75% decomposed at 450°C.
62
LEVEL - II
1. For the following reaction, the rate law has been determined to be
rate = k[A][B]2 with k = 2 × 10−6 mol−2 L2 sec−1
2A + B + C → A2B + C
For this reaction the initial conc of the various species.
[A] = 0.1 mol L−1; [B] = 0.2 mol L−1; [C] = 0.8 mol L−1. Determine the rate after 0.04 mol L−1 of A has
reacted.
2. For the reaction process A + B ——→ products, the rate is first order w.r.t A and second order w.r.t
B. If 1 mol each of A and B were introduced into a 1 L vessel, and the initial rate were 1 × 10-2 (mol/
L)sec-1. Calculate the rate when half the reactants have been turned into products.
3. 10g atoms of an α-active radioisotope are disintegrating in a sealed container. In one hour helium gas
collected at STP is 11.2 litre. Calculate the half-life of the radioisotope.
4. The gas phase decomposition of dimethyl ether follows first-order kinetics.
CH3OCH3(g) 
→ CH 4(g) + H 2(g) + CO(g)
The reaction is carried out at constant volume in a container at 500°C and has a half-life of 14.5
minutes. Initially only dimethyl ether is present at a pressure of 0.40 atmosphere. What is the total
pressure of the system after 12 minutes? Assume ideal gas behaviour.
5. In the Arrhneius equation for a certain reaction, the value of A and Ea (activation energy) are 4 × 1013
s–1 and 98.6 kJ mol–1, respectively. If the reaction is of first order, at what temperature will its half-life
period be ten minutes?
6. The reaction 2NO(g) + 2H2 → N2(g) + 2H2O(g) has been studied at 904°C
Sl. No. Initial Concentration Rate of appearance of N2 (mol litre–1 sec–1

NO H2
1. 0.42M 0.122M 0.136
2. 0.21M 0.122M 0.0339
3. 0.21M 0.244M 0.0678
4. 0.105M 0.488M 0.0339
Determine the reaction order
7. The decomposition of N2O5 according to the equation 2N2O2(g) + O2(g) is a first order reaction. After 30
min from start of decomposition in a closed vessel the total pressure developed is found to be 284.5 mm
Hg. On complete decomposition, the total pressure is 584.5 mm Hg. Calculate the rate constant of the
reaction.
8. A certain physiologically important first order reaction has an activation energy equal to 45.0 kJ/mol at
normal body temperature (37°C). Without a catalyst, the rate constant for the reaction is 5.0 × 10–4s–
1
. To be effective in the human body, where the reaction is catalysed by an enzyme, the rate constant
must be at least 2.0 × 10–2s–1. If the activation energy is the only factor affected by the presence of the
enzyme, by how much must the enzyme lower the activation energy of the reaction to achieve the
desired rate?
63
NARAYANA
1
9. The half-life period for the reaction, N 2 O5 
→ 2NO 2 + O 2 is 2.4 hours at 30°C. What time would
2
be required to reduce 5 × 1010 molecules of N2O5 to 108 molecules?
10. For a certain reaction, it takes 5 minutes for the initial concentration of 0.5 mole/L to become 0.25
mole/L and another 5 minutes to become 0.125 mole/L.What is the order and specific rate constant of
the reaction?
LEVEL - III
1. Two I order reactions having same reactant concentration proceed at 25°C at the same rate. The
temperature coefficient of the rate of the first reaction is 2 and that of second reaction is 3. Find the
also of the rates of these reactions at 75°C.
2. In a certain reaction Bm+ is getting converted to B(n+4)+ in solution. The rate constant of this reaction is
measured by titrating a volume of the solution with a reducing agent which reacts only with Bn+ and
B(n+4)+. In this process, it converts Bn+ to B(n–2)+ and B(n+4)+ to B(n-1)+. At t = 0, the volume of reagent
consumed is 25 mL and at t = 10 min, the volume used is 32 mL. Calculate the rate constant of the
conversion of Bn+ to B(n+4)+ assuming it to be a first order reaction.
3. For the reaction
2NO + H2 → N2O + H2O
dp
the value of − was found to be 1.50 torr s–1 for a pressure of 359 torr of NO and 0.25 torr s–1 for
dt
a pressure of 152 torr, the pressure of H2 being constant. On the other hand, when the pressure of NO
dp
was kept constant, − was 1.60 torr s–1 for a hydrogen pressure of 289 torr and 0.79 torr s–1 for a
dt
pressure of 1.47 torr. Determine the order of the reaction.
4. Calculate the value of rate constant and time required for solution to become optically inactive.
Time/min 0.0 7.2 36.8 46.0 68 ∞
Rotation of Polarized light /degree 24.1 21.4 12.4 10.0 5.5 –10.7
5. Decomposition of H2O2 is a first order reaction. A solution of H2O2 labelled as 20 volumes was left
open. Due to this some H2O-2 decomposed. To determine the new volume strength after 6 hours, 10 Ml
of this solution was diluted to 100 Ml. 10 Ml of this diluted solution was titrated against 25 Ml of 0.025
M KmnO4 acidified solution. Calculate the rate constant for decomposition of H2O2.
6. The inversion of the sugar proceeds with constant half life of 500 minute at Ph = 5 for any concentration
of sugar. However, if Ph = 6, the half life changes to 50 minute. Derive the rate law for inversion of
cane sugar.
7. Bi-cyclohexane was found to undergo two parallel first order rearrangements. At 730 K, the first order
rate constant for the formation of cyclohexane was measured as 1.26 × 10–4 s–1 and for the formation
of methyl cyclopentene the rate constant was 3.8 × 10–5s–1. What was the % distribution of the
rearrangement products.
64
8. If a reaction A → Products, the concentrations of reactant A are C0, Ac0, a2C0, a3C0.. after time
interval 0, t, 2t, 3t, …. Where a is constant. Given 0 < a < 1. Show that the reaction is of I order. Also
calculate the reaction in K, a and t.
9. For a homogeneous gaseous phase reaction 2A → 3B + C, the initial pressure was P0 while pressure
at time ‘t’ was P. Find the pressure after time 2t. Assume first order reaction.
10. The decomposition of a compound A, at temperature T according to the equation.
2P(g) 
→ 4Q(g ) + R (g ) + S(l)
is the first order reaction. After 30 minutes from the start of decomposition in a closed vessel, the total
pressure developed is found to be 317 mm Hg and after a long period of time the total pressure
observed to be 617 mm Hg. Calculate the total pressure of the vessel after 75 minutes, if volume of
liquid S is supposed to be negligible. Also calculate the time fraction t7/8.
Given: Vapour pressure of S(l) at temperature T = 32.5 mm Hg.
65
NARAYANA
SECTION - II
SINGLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
1. The instantaneous rate of disappearance of the MnO −4 ion in the following reaction is
4.56 × 10–3 Ms–1.
2MnO −4 + 10I − + 16H + 

→ 2Mn 2 + + 5I 2 + 8H 2 O
The rate of appearance of I2 is
(a) 1.14 × 10–3 M s–1 (b) 5.7 × 10–3 M s–2
(c) 4.56 × 10–4 M s–1 (d) 1.14 × 10–2 M s–1
2. The rate constant for a zero-order reaction is
C0 C0 − C t
(a) k = (b) k =
2t t
C0 − C t C0
(c) k = ln (d) k = C
2t t
3. The rate expression for the reaction A(g) + B(g) → C(g) is rate = kC2A C1/B 2 . What changes in the initial
concentrations of A and B will cause the rate of reaction to increase by a factor of eight?
(a) CA × 2; CB × 2 (b) CA × 2; CB+ × 4
(c) CA × 1; CB × 4 (d) CA × 4; CB × 1
4. In an exothermic reaction X → Y, the activation energy is 100kJ mol–1 of X. The enthalpy of the
reaction is –140 kJ mol–1. The activation energy of the reverse reaction Y → X is
(a) 40 kJ mol–1 (b) 340 kJ mol–1
(c) 240 kJ mol–1 (d) 100 kJ mol–1
5. The rate constant, the activation energy and the pre-exponential factor of a chemical reaction at 25°C
are 8.0 × 10–4 s–1, 112 kJ mol–1 and 4 × 1015 s–1 respectively. The value of the rate constant as T → ∞
is
(a) 8 × 1016s–1 (b) 4 × 104s–1
(c) 4 × 1015s–1 (d) 112 × 1012s–1
6. Two first order reactions have half-lives in the ratio 3:2. Calculate the ratio of time intervals t1 : t2; t1 is
the time period for 25% completion of the first reaction and t2 for 75% completion of the second
reaction.
(a) 0.311:1 (b) 0.420:1
(c) 0.273:1 (d) 0.119:1
7. Which of the following rate law has an overall order of 0.5 for the reactions involving substances x,y,z?
(a) Rate = k(Cx) (Cy) (Cz) (b) Rate = k (Cx)0.5 (Cy)0.5 (Cz)0.5
R ( Cx )( Cz )
o
(c) Rate = k(Cx)1.5 (Cy)–1(Cz)0 (d) Rate =

(Cy )2
66
8. The reaction A(g) + 2B(g) → C(g) + D(g) is an elementary process. In an experiment, the initial
partial pressure of A & B are PA = 0.60 and PB = 0.80 atm. When PC = 0.2 atm the rate of reaction
relative to the initial rate is
(a) 1/48 (b) 1/24
(c) 9/16 (d) 1/6
9. For a second order reaction of the type rate = k [A]2, the plot of [A]t versus t is linear with a
(a) positive slope and zero intercept
(b) positive slope and non zero intercept
(c) negative slope and zero intercept
(d) negative slope and non zero intercept
10. If concentration are measured in mole/lit and time in minutes, the unit for the rate constant of a 3rd
order reaction are
(a) mol lit–1 min–1 (b) lit2 mol–2min–1
(c) lit.mol–1 min–1 (d) min–1
11. Radioactivity is affected by
(a) Temperature (b) Pressure
(c) State of chemical combination (d) None
12. No. of β – particles emitted during the change a X b →c Yd is
a −d a −d
(a) (b) c +  +b
4  2 
b−d a −d
(c) c +  −a (d) c +  −b
 2   2 
13. For two atoms Z1 X
A1
and Z2 X A 2 where Z1 ≠ Z2 and A1 ≠ A 2 , A1 – 2Z1 = A2 – 2Z2, the species
would be called
(a) Isotonic (b) Isodiaphers
(c) Isoters (d) none
14. Which statement is true about N/P ratio
(a) It increases by β –emission (b) It increases by α –emission
(c) It increases by γ –emission (d) None of these
15. How many α and β particles should be eliminated so that an isodipher is formed
(a) n α , n β (b) n α , (n + 1) β
(c) n α (d) n β
16. 92 U + 0 n1 →92 U 236 → Pr oducts + x 0 n1 + 3.2 × 10−11 J . The energy released when 1 gm of
235
92 U
235
finally undergoes fission is

(a) 12.75 × 108 kJ (b) 16.4 × 107 kJ
(c) 8.2 × 107 kJ (d) 6.5 × 106 kJ
67
NARAYANA
17. At radioactive equilibrium the ratio between two atoms of radioactive elements A and B are 3×109 :
1. If t1/2 of A is 1010 years. What is t1/2 of B
(a) 30 years (b) 0.3 years
(c) 3.3 years (d) none
18. In the sequence of following nuclear reactions
−α −β −β − nα
92 X
238
→ Y  → Z  → L  →84 M 218 the value of n is
(a) 3 (b) 4
(c) 5 (d) 6
1 4
19. The mass of 1H is 1.0076 amu and that of 2He is 4.0015 amu the energy released in the reaction
41 H1 →2 He 4 + 20 e1 is nearly
(a) 9 meV (b) 27 meV
(c) 36 meV (d) 54 meV
20. Co–60 has t1/2 = 5.3 years the time taken for 7/8 of the original sample of disintegrate will be
(a) 4.6 years (b) 9.2 years
(c) 10.6 years (d) 15.9 years
68
SECTION - III
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
1. Molecularity of a reaction can’t be
(a) zero (b) (–) ve
(c) fractional (d) greater than 3 (genrally
st
2. For a 1 order reaction
(a) dx/dt = k(a–x)
2.302 a
(b) K = log
t a−x
2.302 a − x1
(c) t 2 − t1 = k
log
a − x2
(d) Plot between t and log(a–x) will be straight line

3. For a 1st order reaction
(a) t 3/ 4 = 2t1/ 2 (b) t 7 / 8 = 3t1/ 2
10
(c) t 99% = 2t 90% (d) t 90% = t 50%
3
4. Conditions when K =a
(a) Ea = 0 (b) T = 0
(c) T = ∞ (d) all
5. Which are temperature independent?
(a) A (b) Ea
(c) R (d) K
6. Which is true statement
(a) lightest radioactive isotope is tritium
(b) nuclides having at no. > 82 are radioactive
(c) highest degree of radioactive is shown by uranium
(d) all of these are true
7. Primary emission is
(a) α –emission (b) β –emission
(c) γ –emission (d) all
8. A radioactive element present in VIII group of the periodic table. If it emits one α –particle, the
new position of the nuclide will be
(a) VI B (b) VIII
(c) VII B (d) IB
69
NARAYANA
9. Which is true about γ emission

(a) γ rays are the most penetrating
(b) emission of γ rays leads to the formation of a new element
(c) γ –emission is known as secondary emission
(d) all of these
10. Which is true about decay constant ( λ )
(a) unit of λ is time –1
(b) value of λ is always less than 1
(c) λ is independent of temperature
(d) λ is defined as the ratio of no. of atoms disintegrating per unit time to the total no. of atom
present at that time
70
MISCELLANEOUS QUESTIONS
SECTION - IV
COMPREHENSION TYPE QUESTIONS
Write-up I
In a parallel reaction reactant cobalt which is a transition metal decays by parallel pathways to form
2 products B and C.
B
β - emission (k1 )
58
27 Co
β + emission (k2 ) .
The ratio of concentration of [B] : [C] are 2 : 98 and the half life of Co is 22 years.
1. The decay constant for (B) should be

(a) 63 × 10–5 y–1 (b) 126 × 10–5 y–1
(c) 863 × 10–3 y–1 (d) None of these
2. The product B will be
(a) Copper (b) Manganese
(c) Nickel (d) Zinc
3. The product C will be
(a) Copper (b) Manganese
(c) Nickel (d) Iron
Write-up II
Ozone is prepared in laboratory by passing silent electric discharge through pure and dry oxygen in
an apparatus known as ozoniser. This conversion from oxygen to ozone is a reversible and endothermic
reaction. When oxygen is subjected to an ordinary electric discharge, most of the O3 produced will
get decomposed. When any insulating material such as glass, is inserted in the space between the
two electrodes and high current density is applied, silent electric discharge passes on between the
two electrodes. By this process no spark is produced and much less heat is generated, and as a
result the decomposition of the produced ozone is much retarded.
The decomposition of ozone is believed to occur by the following mechanism:
!!!
Kf
O3 #!! "
! O2 + O (fast step)
K b
O3 + O 
K1
→ 2O2 (slow)
71
NARAYANA
4. Molecularity of reaction is defined by

(a) slow step (b) reversible step
(c) from overall reaction (d) fast step
5. When the concentration of O2 is increased, for the same concentration of ozone, its rate
(a) increases (b) decreases
(c) remains the same (d) cannot be answered
6. When the concentration of O3 is increased, for the same concentration of oxygen, its rate
(a) increases (b) decreases
(c) remains the same (d) cannot be answered
MULTIPLE MATCHING TYPE QUESTIONS
Match the following
7. Column – I Column – II
(a) Decomposition of H2O2 (p) 10t1/2
k 308 K
(b) k 298 K (q) 1st order
(c) Arrhenius equation (r) Temperature coefficient
k2 E a  T2 − T1 
(d) t 99.9% (s) log k = 2.303 R  T T 
1  1 2 
8. Column – I Column – II
(a) Rate of reaction (p) Can be fractional
(b) rate constant (q) Will be a whole number
(c) Order of reaction (r) Decreases with increase in concentration
(d) Molecularity (s) Increases with increase in temperature
72
ASSERTION-REASON TYPE QUESTIONS

The question given below consist of an ASSERTION and the REASON. Use the following key for the
appropriate answers
(a) If both Assertion and Reason are correct and Reason is the correct explanation for Assertion
(b) If both Assertion and Reason are correct and Reason is not the correct explanation for
Assertion
(c) If Assertion is correct but Reason is not correct.
(d) If Assertion is incorrect but Reason is correct.
9. Assertion : In zero order reaction, the conc. vs time graph is a straight line.
Reason : The rate of change of conc. per unit time in zero order reaction remains constant.
10. Assertion : Photochemical reactions always occur in the presence of light.
Reason : Photochemical reactions do not require activation energy.
11. Assertion : Many of photochemical changes have positive sign of , yet they are spontaneous.
Reason : The activation energy in photochemical reactions is provided by light energy.
12. Assertion : The order of a reaction can have a fractional value.
Reason : The molecularity of a reaction can have a fractional value.
13. Assertion : For a zero order reaction, rate of reaction is independent of conc. of reactants.
Reason : For a zero order reaction, reaction proceeds at a constant rate which is equal to rate
constant of the reaction.
14. Assertion : To separate U-235 from the more abundant, all the uranium converted into UF6
Reason : UF6 is one of the few compounds that exist in gaseous state under ordinary conditions
which helps in separation of U-235 from U-238.
30 40
15. Assertion : Nucleide 13 Al
is less stable than 20 Ca
Reason : Nucleide having odd number of protons and neutrons are generally unstable.
73
NARAYANA
SECTION - V
(PROBLEMS ASKED IN IIT-JEE)
A. Only one option is correct (Objective Questions)

23
1. A positron is emited from 11 Na
. The ratio of the atomic mass and atomic number of the resulting
nuclide is (2007)
(a) 22/10 (b) 22/11
(c) 23/10 (d) 23/12
2. Consider a reaction aG + bH → Products. When concentration of both the reactants G and H is
doubled, the rate increases by eight times. However, when concentration of G is doubled keeping the
concentration of H fixed, the rate is doubled. The overall order of the reaction is (2007)
(a) 0 (b) 1
(c) 2 (d) 3
23 24
3. Na is the more stable isotope of Na. Find out the process by which 11 Na
can undergo radioactive
decay: (2003)
(a) β– emission (b) α emission
(c) β+ emission (d) K electron capture
4. The number of neutrons accompanying the formation of 139
54 Xe
and 94
38 Sr
from the absorption of a slow
235
neutron by 92 U
, followed by nuclear fission is : (1999)
(a) 0 (b) 2
(c) 1 (d) 3
5. The rate constant for the reaction, 2N 2 O5 → 4NO 2 + O 2 is 3.0 × 10 –5 sec –1. If the rate is
2.40 ×10–5 mol/L/sec., then the concentration of N2O5 (in mol/L) is : (2000)
(a) 1.4 (b) 1.2
(c) 0.04 (d) 0.8
6. If l is the intensity of absorbed light and C is the concentration of AB for the photochemical process.
AB + hν → AB* , the rate of formation of AB is directly proportional to:
*
(2001)
(a) C (b) I
(c) I 2 (d) C.I
7. Consider the chemical reaction,
N 2 (g ) + 3H 2 (g ) → 2NH3 ( g )
The rate of this reaction can be expressed in terms of time derivatives of concentration of N2 (g), H2
(g) or NH3 (g). Identify the correct relationship amongst the rate expressions: (2002)
d [N 2 ] 1 d [H 2 ] 1 d [ NH3 ] d [N2 ] d [H 2 ] d [ NH3 ]
(a) Rate = − =− = (b) Rate = − = −3 =2
dt 3 dt 2 dt dt dt dt
d [N 2 ] 1 d [H 2 ] 1 d [ NH3 ] d [N2 ] d [H 2 ] d [ NH 3 ]
(c) Rate = − = = (d) Rate = − =− =
dt 3 dt 2 dt dt dt dt
74
8. In a first order reaction the concentration of reactant decreases from 800 mol/dm3 in 2×104 sec. The
rate constant of reaction in sec–1 is : (2003)
(a) 2 × 104 (b) 3.45 × 10–5
(c) 1.386 × 10à (d) 2 × 10–4
9. (A) follows first order reaction. (A) → product
Concentration of A, changes from 0.1 M to 0.025 M in 40 minutes. Find the rate of reaction of A when
concentration of A is 0.01 M: (2004)
(a) 3.47 × 10–4 M min –1 (b) 3.47 × 10–5 M min –1
(c) 1.73 × 10–4 M min –1 (d) 1.73 × 10–5 M min –1
10. Which of the following statement for order of reaction is not correct? (2005)
(a) Order can be determined experimentally
(b) Order of reaction is equal to sum of the power of concentration terms in differential rate law
(c) It is not affected with stoichiometric coefficient of the reactants
(d) Order can not be fractional
B. More than one options are correct (Objective Question)

1. The nuclear reactions accompanied with emission of neutron (s) are (1988)
(a) 17
13 Al + 42 He →15
30
P (b) 6 C +1
12 1
H →14
7 N
(c) 30
→14
15 P
30
Si + e10 (d) 241
96 Am + 42 He →97
244
Bk + e10
2. Decrease in atomic number is observed during : (1988)
(a) alpha emission (b) beta emission
(c) positron emission (d) electron capture
SUBJECTIVE
1. The time required for 10% completion of a first order reaction at 298 K is equal to that required for
its 25% completion at 308 K. If the pre-exponential factor for the reaction is 3.56 × 109 s –1 , calculate
its rate constant at 318 K and also the energy of activation.
[IIT 1997]
2. The rate constant of a reaction is 1.5 × 107 sec –1 at 50°C and 4.5 × 107 sec –1 at 100°C. Evaluate the
Arrhenius parameters A and E a . [IIT 1998]
3. A first order reaction A  → B requires activation energy of 70 kJ mol –1 . When a 20% solution of
A was kept at 25°C for 20 minute, 25% decomposition took place. What will be the per cent decomposition
in the same time in a 30% solution maintained at 40°C ? Assume that activiation energy remains
constant in this range of temperature. [IIT 1993]
4. A 1st order reaction is 50% complete in 30 minute at 27°C and in 10 minute at 47°C. Calculate the :
(a) Rate constant for reaction at 27°C and 47°C
(b) Energy of activation for the reaction.
(c) Energy of activation for the reverse reaction if heat of reaction is –50 kJ mol –1 . [IIT 1988]
75
NARAYANA
5. At 380°C, the half life period for the first order decomposition of H 2O 2 is 360 min. The energy of
activation of the reaction is 200 kJ mol –1 . Calculate the time required for 75% decomposition at
450°C. [IIT 1995]
6. A hydrogenation reaction is carried out at 500 K. If the same reaction is carried out in presence of a
catalyst at the same rate, the temperature required is 400 K. Calculate the activation energy of the
reaction if the catalyst lowers the activation energy barrier by 20 kJ mol –1 . [IIT 2000]
7. The rate constant for the first order decomposition of a certain reaction is given by the equation,
1.25 × 104
ln K(sec –1 ) = 14.34 –
T
Calculate :
(a) The energy of activation
(b) The rate constant at 500 K.
(c) At what temperature will its half life period be256 minute? [IIT 1997]
8. Two reactions (I) A  → Products (II) B  → Products follow first kinetics. The rate of the
reaction (I) is doubled when temperature is raised from 300 K to 310 K. The half life for this
reaction at 310 K is 30 minute. At the same temperature B decomposes twice as fast as A. If the
energy of activation for the reaction (II) is half that of reaction (I), calculate the rate constant of
reaction (II) at 300 K. [IIT 1992]
9. From the following data from the reaction between A and B,
Initial rate mol litre–1 Sec–1

[A] mol litre–1 [B] mol litre–1
300 K 320 K
2.5 × 10 –4 3.0 × 10 –5 5.0 × 10 –4 2.0 × 10 –3
5.0 × 10 –4 6.0 × 10 –5 4.0 × 10 –3 —
1.0 × 10 –3 6.0 × 10 –5 1.6 × 10 –2 —
Calculate :
(i) The order of reaction with respect to A and with respect to B.
(ii) The rate constant at 300 K.
(iii) The energy of activation.
(iv) The pre-exponential factor. [IIT 1994]
10. In the Arrhenius equation for a certain reaction, the values of A and E a (energy of activation) are
4 × 1013 sec –1 and 98.6 kJ mol –1 respectively. If the reaction is of first order, at what temperature will
its half life period be 10 minute? [IIT 1990]
76
ANSWERS
EXERCISE - 1
4 d[O 2 ] d[NO] 4 d[H 2 O]
1. − = =
5 dt dt 6 dt
2. 1.2 × 10–2 atm min–1
3. (a) 5 × 10–4 mol litre–1sec–1 (b) 1.25 × 10–4 mol litre–1 sec–1
(c) 2.5 × 10–4 mol litre–1sec–1
EXERCISE - 2
1 2 0
1. (a) K[A] [B] [C] (b) r2 = 8r1
2. rate = K1[NO]2[Br2]
3. (a) 2O3(g) → 3O2(g);
(b) intermediate is O(g);
(c) first step is unimolecular second is bimolecular.
EXERCISE - 3
Do your self
EXERCISE - 4
1. (i) Greater the temperature dependence for reaction with larger value of Ea.
(ii) A = 6.73 × 1011 sec–1 K = 5.10 × 105sec–1 Ea = 92.011 Kj /mol
2. (a) 1.386 × 10–4s–1
(b) 2000s
(c) 124.46kJ mol
3. T = 282 K
EXERCISE - 5
1. 0.537
2. (a) 132 sec (b) 0.58 mol dm–3
(c) [A] = 0, [B] = 0.12 mol dm–3, [C] = 0.88 mol dm–3
EXERCISE - 6
1. 14,000 years
2. Specific activity = 30.69 dis.g–1s–1
239 240
3. Pu = 45.1%, Pu = 54.9%
77
NARAYANA
SECTION - I
(Subjective Questions)
LEVEL - I
1. 127.7 s 2. 0.069 min–1

3. 40 sec 4. 4.37 × 108 yr–1
5. 327°C 6. 1.15 × 10–3 sec–1
7. 500 yrs and 1.386 × 10–3 yrs–1 8. 60 sec
9. 84.7% 10. 236.48 min
LEVEL - II
1. 3.38 × 10–9 mol L–1 sec–1 2. 1.25 × 10–3

3. 13.51 hours 4. 0.7488 atm
5. 311.35K 7. K1 = 5.2 × 10–3 min–1
8. 10kJ/mol 9. 21.5 hours
–1
10. First; 0.138 minute .
LEVEL - III
1. 7.5937 2. 2.07 × 10–2 min–1

3. rate = k[NO]2 [H2] 4. k = 0.0119, t = 105.4 min
–1
5. 0.022 hr 6. K [Sugar]1 [H+]0
7. 0.768, 0.232
8. K comes constant and thus, it is I order reaction
2.303 1
K= log
t a
(2P 0 − P)2
9. PT = 2P 0 −
P0
10. Pt = 268.11 mm Hg, t7/8 = 43.76 min
78
SECTION - II
(Single Choice Questions)
1. (d) 2. (b)
3. (b) 4. (c)
5. (c) 6. (a)
7. (c) 8. (d)
9. (b) 10. (b)
11. (d) 12. (c)
13. (b) 14. (b)
15. (c) 16. (c)
17. (c) 18. (b)
19. (b) 20. (d)
SECTION - III
(Multiple Choice Questions)
1. (a, b, c, d) 2. (a, b, c, d)
3. (a, b, c, d) 4. (a, c)
5. (a, b, c) 6. (a, b)
7. (a, b) 8. (a, b, c)
9. (a, c) 10. (a, b, c, d)
SECTION - IV
(Comprehension Type Questions)
1. (a) 2. (c)
3. (d) 4. (a)
5. (b) 6. (a)
(Multiple Matching Type Questions)
7. (a) (q) (b) (r)

(c) (s) (d) (p)
8. (a) (r, s) (b) (s)
(c) (p, q) (d) (q)
79
NARAYANA
(Assertion Reason Type Questions)
9. (a) 10. (c)

11. (b) 12. (c)
13. (b) 14. (a)
15. (a)
SECTION - V
(Problems asked in IIT-JEE)
A. Only one option is correct (Objective Questions)

1. (c) 2. (d)
3. (a) 4. (d)
5. (d) 6. (d)
7. (a) 8. (c)
9. (a) 10. (d)
B. More than one option are correct (Objective Questions)

1. (a, d) 2. (a, c, d)
SUBJECTIVE
1. K318 = 9.22 × 10–4 sec–1
Ea = 18.3 kcal mol–1
2. Ea = 2.2 × 104 J mol–1
A = 5.42 × 1010
3. 67.21%
4. (a) K1 at 27°C = 2.31 × 10–2 min–1
K2 at 47°C = 6.93 × 10–2 min–1
(b) Ea = 43.85 kJ mol–1
(c) 93.85 kJ mol–1
5. 20.39 min 6. 100 kJ mol –1
7. 24.83 k cal mol–1, 2.35 × 10–5 sec–1; T = 513 K
8. 0.0327 min–1
9. (i) 2 and 1
(ii) 2.66 × 108 litre2 mol–2 sec –1
(iii) 55.33 kJ
(iv) 1.140 × 1018
10. 311.35 K
80

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THE NARAYANA TEAM

We are thankful to all of them.

THE NARAYANA TEAM

(i) Subjective Type Problems

(ii) Single Choice Problems

(iii) Multiple Choice Problems

(iv) Miscellaneous Problems

• Comprehension Type Problems

• Matching Type Problems

• Assertion-Reason Type Problems

(i) Subjective Questions

(ii) Single Choice Questions

(iii) Multiple Choice Questions

(iv) Miscellaneous Questions

• Comprehension Type Questions

• Matching Type Questions

• Assertion-Reason Type Questions

(v) Problems Asked in IIT-JEE

1.1 AVERAGE RATE

1.2 INSTANTANEOUS RATE

Consider the hypothetical reaction

Similarly we can prove that

Illustration 1 : Dinitrogen pentaoxide decomposes as follows:

2.3 ORDER OF REACTION

Difference between order and Molecularity : Molecularity of a reaction can be used to

3 × 10–3 = k [0.15]m [0.05]n …(3)

a) ∴ order with respect to NO is 2 and w.r.t. to Cl2 is 1.

b) Also, rate expression r = k[Cl2]1 [NO2]2

d) Further, r = k[Cl2]1 [NO]2 = 8 [0.2]1 [0.4]2

3. INTEGRATED RATE LAWS

3.1 FIRST ORDER REACTION

[A]0 2.303 [A]0

3.2 CHARACTERISTICS OF A FIRST ORDER REACTION

3.3 HALF LIFE PERIOD

3.4 HALF LIFE FOR NTH ORDER REACTION

3.5 EXAMPLES OF FIRST ORDER REACTION

3.5.1 Decomposition of H2O2

3.5.2 Decomposition of NH4NO2 in aqueous solution

3.5.3 Conversion of N-Chloroacetinalide into p-chloro acetanialide

3.6 PSEUDO FIRST ORDER REACTION

ii) CH3 CH3

Since slowest step is rate determining step.

3.6.1 Hydrolysis of Ester catalysed by an acid

Rate ∝ [CH 3COOC 2 H 5 ][H 2O]

Rate = k[CH 3COOC 2 H 5 ]

Vt − V0 ∝ x [x = conc. of CH3 COOH formed after t time]

Time (minutes) 0 75 119 183 ∞

3.6.2 Inversion of Cane Sugar

Rate ∝ [C12 O22 O11 ][H 2 O]

But under ordinary conditions H 2O and H + are constant so,

Specific rotation +52.5° −92°

Prism dextro rotatory

The value of k at different times is calculated as follows :

Time in minutes 0 75 119 183 ∞

4. ACTIVATION ENERGY (E)

Reaction co-ordinate Reaction co-ordinate

E a = activation energy of forward reaction

E b = activation energy of backward reaction

Since Ea > E b Since Ea < Eb

4.1 FACTORS INFLUENCING THE RATE OF A REACTION

4.2 EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON REACTION RATE