Internship Report

Construction of Road

SUBMITTED TO : Engr Mudassar Dilawar

SUBMITTED BY : Shahbaz Noor

REGISTRATION NO : Bsct01153204

(Department Of Civil Technology)

The University Of Lahore

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 Dedication
I dedicate this to my Beloved Parents for all their love & attention which has made it possible for me to
make it up to this point and as well as the Internship Advisor.
Who bestowed me with the courage, the commitment and the awareness to follow the best possible
route, by his unmatchable style and by best possible training.

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 Abstract

A 6 weeks internship was carried out at construction of roads a project of Techno Time Construction
(PVT) Ltd. This training included the general studies of the project, working of laying/compaction of
sub-grade, granular sub base & base course (water bound macadam) & stone dust were witnessed &
worked upon.

(The internship also included studying and understanding of project drawings, roads inspection,
execution and supervision such as Field density tests (F.D.T) were witnessed and carried out. A special
lecture on auto level, total station, level sheet, laying center line, fixing pts. with coordinate system
carried out which was very helpful in understanding the application and practicality of each method.

We also learnt about the Civil Engineering techniques. Techno Time Construction (PVT) Ltd.
working system and the management practices being carried out at the project.

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 Preface

The University of Lahore refer me to a contractor company Techno Time Construction (PVT) Ltd.
for 6 weeks internship program. The Techno Time Construction (PVT) Ltd.is working all work of
development specially roads construction in this project. In this internship I did work at construction site
as a interne to gaining knowledge about roads construction and roads materials which are using the best
way to construct as I define about roads are very well way to transportation .

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Table of Contents
Introduction .............................................................................................................................................................. 9
Organizational chart ............................................................................................................................................... 2
Type chapter title (level 3) ................................................................................................................................. 3
Type chapter title (level 1)......................................................................................................................................... 4
Type chapter title (level 2)...................................................................................................................................... 5
Type chapter title (level 3) ................................................................................................................................. 6

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 1. Introduction to Organization
Techno Time Construction (Pvt) Ltd.

It is Contractor Company having contract of development and construction of roads. This company has a
large setup.
Has come a long way to professional Excellence by meeting the stringent, demanding and extra ordinary
work requirements of high engineering and works for the last 10 years.
The ever-increasing efforts towards attaining better and new business ventures have exposed the
company to multitude of engineering disciplines. Now it is company's prerogative to be working in
construction of road and building.

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 2. ORGANIZAIONAL CHART

Project Manager

Construction Manager
I/C HSE

QA/QC

Engineer Safety Engineer

Sr. Engineer

Site Engineer

Surveyor

Alignment (Team)

Site supervisor

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Aggregate (Team)
 3. DEPARTMENT OF ORGANIZATION

Admin Office

This section control and organize the official work such as employs pay, bills, Human
relations etc.

Ridgeway construction (PVT) Ltd. department

In its endeavor to attain excellence and align its Human Resource with overall business
strategy of the organization has established a dedicated Human Resources Department.

Vision: To make Human Resources Department a strategic business partner with all
Directorates/Cells and contribute in maximizing the return on investment from Ridgeway
construction (PVT) Ltd.

Mission: To attract, identify, develop and retain high performing employees.

Sections: Following sections form the Human Resource Department:-

Recruitment &Selection Section:

All current employment on approved vacancies and interviews of prospective

employment.

Liaison with other departments on Human Resources matters like discharge, termination,
exit interviews etc.

Preparation of move work.

Training & Development Section:

Preparation/updating of employees data, reports and returns.

Preparation/updating/maintaining of employees’ personal files.

Handling of grievance settlements, punishments, conduct, dress code, leave / holidays.

Preparation of board for promotion/up gradation/extension.

Preparation and conducting of training and development courses for Ridgeway

construction (PVT) Ltd.
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Civil employees.Compensation & Benefits Section:

Preparing pay and allowances of employees.

Processing welfare cases (marriage, loan, Medical) of employees

Vetting and processing pension, gratuity, TA/DA, death compensation cases.

Conducting audit in relation to pay and allowances.

3.1 Health & Safety Section:

Providing and maintaining a safe working environment for employees to work.

Ensuring safety while using machinery, plant and equipment.

Assessing the risks associated with the work place and implementing adequate control
measures.

Monitoring the compliance of the company and employees with health and safety
procedures.

3.2Organizational Development/Staffing:
Ridgeway construction (PVT) Ltd.Organizational Development section acts as change
agent and provides input related to overall capacity development of staff and officers.

Dealing with implementations, adherence and compliance of the initiatives taken by the
management.

Assisting in future guidance programs through change persuasion, coordination,

counseling and explanation.

3.3Project Management:

Ridgeway construction (PVT) Ltd.Has extensive and proven track record and capability
to handle high financial, technical and engineering value projects in construction.
Multiple controls applied during the inception and executions of project are as under:

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Integration Management

Plan Development

Plan Execution

Change Control

3.4Project Time Management:

Activity Definition

Activity Sequencing

Activity Duration Estimating

Schedule Development

Schedule Control

3.5 Project Cost Management:

Recourse Planning

Cost Estimating

Cost Budgeting

Cost Control

3.6 Project Quality Management:

Quality Planning

Quality Assurance

Quality Control

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3.7Project Human Resource Management:
Organizational Planning

Staff Acquisition

Team Development

3.8 Project Communication Management:

Communications Planning

Information Distribution

Performance Reporting

Administrative Closure

3.9 Project Risk Management:

Risk Identification

Risk Quantification

Risk Response Development

Risk Response Control

3.10 QA/QC Department:

Ensure the quality of material.

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Ensure and check to minimizing the pores of concrete during laying of concrete.

Also design the concrete according to specification.

Checking quality of material like brick porosity, sieve analysis, compressive strength of
concrete, aggregate quality.

Checking slump of concrete on batching plant and also on site.

Procurement:

Procurement makes an important and integral part of project costing and execution. Our
agile teams of professionals are continuously in touch with local and international
markets to secure the timely availability of materials at site as per laid down
specifications by the client.

Safety Department:

Safety department ensure the safety man power working on the project through different
precautions, tools and techniques. Safety department provides equipment for safety.

HSE Tools & Equipment:

 Safety helmet
 Safety Goggles
 Gloves
 Safety shoes
 Dust mask
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 4. ROADS

A road is define in two ways which are following:

• A wide way leading from one place to another.

• The part of such a way intended for vehicles.

There are three layers of road sub base, base and carpeting. Some terminology use in road
and they are following.

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 4.1 Roads Terminology:

• Alignment

The Alignment is the route of the road.

• Camber or Crown:

The slope of the road surface downwards away from the Centre of the
road, so that surface water can flow freely to the edge of the carriageway.

• Grade

Longitudinal slope.

• Curb (kerb)

A raised edge at the side of the roadway.

• Median

Ondivided roads, such as dividedhighways/dual

carriageways or freeways/motorways.

• Gutter

A drainage channel usually at the edge of the road or along a median.

Shoulder

A clear, level area to the side of the roadway available for stopping if needed.

Project Site:

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 These are the point or site map. Which work had been done. There are a list which
work done and how it’s done on site.

Layers of road.

 Sub Grade

 Sub Base

 Base (Water Bound)

 Surface course

 Asphalt Layer

 Curb (kerb).

4.2Execution Of Road Layers:

 Sub Grade:

In transport engineering, subgrade is the native material underneath a constructed

road. It is also called formation level.

Construction:

Subgrades are commonly compacted before the construction of a road. In that project
subgrade was cleaned with grader because the subgrade was not in actual require
level. After adjustment, subgrade was compacted with compacters.

 Sub grade cleaned with grader.

• Filling with soil at required level

• Preparation of bed for sub-base.

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 The subgrade is the foundation of the pavement structure, on which the sub base is
laid.

Subgrade minimum compacting factor is 95%.

 Sub Base:

In highway engineering, sub base is the layer of aggregate material laid on

the subgrade on which the base course layer is located. It may be omitted when there
will be only foot traffic on the pavement, but it is necessary for surfaces used by
vehicles. Sub base is often the main load-bearing layer of the pavement.

 Preparation of bed for sub-base.

 Layer of 6 inches of sub-base having size 3to 4 inches of stones.
 And then a layer of 6 inch thick of silt laid on it and then mix them with
cultivator.

In that project the sub base was laid on subgrade and almost 12 to 15 dumpers of
subbase martial. When subbase layer laid, it was spread with the help of Grader. And
after that the engineer and me and some assistant surveyor gave the levels of sub base.

 Edging:

A line of vertical on both sides of roads is built to prevent base material.

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  Base (Water bound layer):

The base course or base course in pavements is a layer of material in

an asphalt roadway that is located directly under the surface layer.

If there is a sub-base course, the base course is constructed directly above this layer.
Otherwise, it is built directly on top of the subgrade. Typical base course thickness ranges
from 4 to 6 inches and is governed by underlying layer properties.

 A layer of 10 inch of base aggregate having size 4-5 inches is spread

 And after compaction its thickness should be 7 inches.
 On base aggregate 1inch layer of stone dust is spread and sprinkle water on it more
compaction is done the water bound surface is prepared
Generally consisting of a specific type of construction aggregate, it is placed by
means of attentive spreading and compacting to a minimum of 95% relative
compaction, thus providing the stable foundation needed to support either
additional layers of aggregates or the placement of an asphalt concrete wearing
course which is applied directly on top of the base course. Aggregate Base of
mixing different sizes of crushed rock.

The method of giving level was same as Sub-base course. And after when base
course was laid the compactors compact properly and try to gain 95% compaction. After
that stone dust spread on base course. Dust stone was used to fill the pores present in the
base course.

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  Surface course:

The surface course of a flexible pavement protects the underlying base course from
traffic and water while also providing adequate tire friction, generating minimal noise in
urban areas, and giving suitable light reflectance for night-time driving. Such surfaces are
provided either by a bituminous film coated with stone (called a spray-and-chip seal) or
by a thin asphalt layer.

 Asphalt layer on site:

It was very hot day of Ramadan, when the company decided for asphalt. First of
all the base course was cleaned with brushes and the labor remove the little bit stone dust
for proper grip of asphalt with base aggregates. Then we gave them half line of road with
lime because the paver was not laser. After all the bitumen was spray on base course, its
work as sticky material. The paver was set on his place and dumpers of asphalt had come
and the dumpers was put into paver and paver start with the thickness of 2” of road. The
work had completed in 3 to 4 days because society had small portions of roads too. When
the surface course was completed due to some reasons the segregation of martial was
held after laying the layer. To avoid for segregation the dust stone was sprayed on the
whole road and after this the road was open for public use.

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  Curb Stones:

A curb (US English), or kerb (UK English), is the edge where a raised pavement,
sidewalk, footpath, road median, or road shoulder meets an unraised street or
other roadway. The maximum strength of curb stone is 3750 Psi.

KERB Stone

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 • Method of Level points:

First of all we have the NSL (natural surface level) from drawing, then have to find
the HI (height of instrument) then we know the thickness of Base + Carpeting. Now
subtract the thickness of both from NSL and Remain Reading Subtract from HI.
Which value are remain it is the Level of your require level. Now we have to add up
.18 or 2% slope every 9ft horizontal distance of road we find out the exact level of that
point.

Then Grader gave u the exact level and surface of sub base. After that compactors
compact it very carefully. Compactors drive 8 to 9 rounds on sub base and if
need.Theycomplete their 1st one or two rounds with vibrator.

We have to gain 98% of compaction on sub-base layer. FDT test was used in field to
find out the compacting factor of sub-base. When we applied the test on sub-base
layer we were gain 98.1% compaction.

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 5. Problems and Disturbance in project.

Every project when started have many types of problems and distortions in project
like some construction problem, environment or climatic problems. Our some projects
had too that types of problems. When the projects was running the weather was not
stable, after 2 days or 3 days rain had come and ruined the whole work done. In base of
water tank execution rain the water enters in that soil and soil becomes wet. There were
no more possibilities for work and work had been stopped. In road work when rain fall
had dropped down the water enters in sub base and base course. We had to wait for some
days because the wet sub base or base and become reason of slush, and slush is so
dangerous for roads. The all roads which was under construction look like a pool after
rain.

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 6. Schedule of Internship

I join the construction site at 01-June-2016 the schedule and work progress during my
training program is as given below.

Everyday Timing of training is 09:00 am to 05:00pm in regular days

Everyday Timing of training is 07:00 am to 12:00 pm in Ramadan.

My internship was 8 weeks internship, and 8 weeks internship schedule is given below.

Internship Duration 8 weeks

 start June 01, 2016
 End July30 ,2016
 01 June
First day we met with project manager he describes about the project. Then we visit
the site .

 02 June
On July second visit the site

 02 June to 30 July
From 02 June to 30 July we visit the construction site and execute construction
works on construction projects.

 02 June To 30 July
We daily visit the site and look how construction is done. and what the methods
and technology used.

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 7. Description of equipment’s

Every project without equipment’s and tools is incomplete. It is a common fact that we
find a wide variety of construction machines on every construction sites, which make the
construction jobs easy, safe and quicker. Equipment’s is define as “The necessary items
for a particular purpose”.The Cost of Equipment in a project varies from 10 to 30% of the
total project depending upon the extent of work. Proper planning, selection, procurement,
installation, operation, maintenance plays and important role in the completion of the
project.

I had work two types of projects in field, Retaining wall and Road. Different types
of equipment’s was used in both of project. Depending on the application, construction
machines are used to its requirements, and machine which are used in training program
are following:

• Auto level
• Total Station
• Excavators
• Loaders
• Grader
• Dumpers
• Tractor with bulldozer and rooter
• Tractor Trailer
• Compactors
• Bitumen spray tractor
• Paver
• Tandem Vibratory Rollers

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 • Pneumatic Tyred Roller
• Concrete Mixer
• Water Bowsers

a. Auto level:

Automatic level is an optical instrument used to establish or check points in the same

horizontal plane. It is used in surveying and building to transfer, measure, or set

horizontal levels.

Auto Level Setting out:

There are 5 setups to setting out the Auto level.

• Setup your tripod as level as possible, step on tripod legs to

drive into the ground.
• Attach auto level to the tripod.

• Adjust level so bubble is centered in vial.

• Adjust recital until crosshairs are clear.Auto Level

• Adjust the objective lens until object you are sighting on is clear.

b. Total station:

A total station is an electronic/optical instrument used in modern surveying and building

construction. The total station is an electronic theodolite (transit) integrated with an
electronic distance meter (EDM) to read slope distances from the instrument to a
particular point.

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 c. Excavators:

Excavators are heavy construction equipment consisting of a boom, stick, bucket and

cab on a rotating platform (known as the "house"). The house sits atop an undercarriage

with tracks or wheels. A cable-operated excavator uses winches and steel ropes to

accomplish the movements. They are a natural progression from the steam shovel sand

often called power shovels. All movement and functions of a hydraulic excavator are

accomplished through the use of hydraulic fluid, with hydraulic cylinders and hydraulic

motors.

Usage:

Excavators are used in many ways:

Digging of trenches, holes, foundations

Material handling

Demolition

General grading/landscaping

Heavy lift, e.g. lifting and placing of pipes

Mining, especially, but not only open-pit mining

River dredging

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 d. Loaders:

A loader is a heavy equipment machine often used in construction, primarily used to load

material (such as asphalt, demolition debris, dirt, snow, feed, gravel, logs, raw minerals,

recycled material, rock, sand, and woodchips) into or onto another type of machinery

(such as a dump truck, conveyor belt, feed-hopper, or railcar).

e. Grader:

A grader, also commonly referred to as a road grader, a blade, a maintainer, or a motor

grader, is a construction machine with a long blade used to create a flat surface. Typical

models have three axles, with the engine and cab situated above the rear axles at one end

of the vehicle and a third axle at the front end of the vehicle, with the blade in between.

Some construction personnel refer to the entire machine as "the blade." Capacities range

from a blade width of 2.50 to 7.30 m and engines from 93–373 kW (125–500 hp). Certain

graders can operate multiple attachments, or be used for separate tasks like underground

mining.

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 f. Dumpers:
A dumper is a vehicle designed for carrying bulk material, often on building sites.
Dumpers are distinguished from dump truck by configuration: a dumper is usually an
open 4-wheeled vehicle with the load skip in front of the driver, while a dump truck has
its cab in front of the load. The skip can tip to dump the load; this is where the name
"dumper" comes from. They are normally diesel powered. A towing eye is fitted for
secondary use as a site tractor. Dumpers with rubber tracks are used in special
circumstances and are popular in some countries.

Dumper

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 g. Tractor with bulldozer and rooter:

h. Tractor Trailer:

It is used for loading and unloading of require material.

Tractor Trailer

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 i. Compactors:

A compactor is a machine or mechanism used to reduce the size of waste material or soil
through compaction. A trash compactor is often used by homes and businesses to reduce
the volume of trash. Normally powered by hydraulics, compactors take many shapes and
sizes.

Compactors

J. Bitumen spray tractor:

Bitumen spray tracto

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 j. Paver:

A paver (paver finisher, asphalt finisher, paving machine) is a piece of construction

equipment used to lay asphalt on roads, bridges, parking lots and other such places. It

lays the asphalt flat and providing minor compaction before it is rolled by a roller.

Paver

k. Tandem Rollers:

A tandem roller is a piece of machinery used in paving roads and parking lots.

Commonly referred to as a steam roller, the tandem roller is made up of two very heavy

and unequal sized steel rollers fitted to a chassis, which is powered by steam, gasoline or

diesel. The tandem roller is used to smooth out and compact asphalt or blacktop before it

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cools and hardens. The steel drums or rollers the machine rides on are often cooled with a

stream of water in order to prevent the pavement from sticking to the rollers.

Tandem Rollers

l. Pneumatic Tired Roller:

It’s Called “PTR” also. It is used on bitumen road. PTR finish the road after tandem
roller. If the road temperature below 110c then the PTR never drive on road for finishing.

Pneumatic Tired Roller

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 m. Concrete Mixer:

A concrete mixer (also commonly called a cement mixer) is a device that

homogeneously combines cement, aggregate such as sand or gravel,

and water to form concrete. A typical concrete mixer uses a revolving drum

to mix the components. For smaller volume works portable concrete mixers

are often used so that the concrete can be made at the construction site.

Concrete Mixer

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 n. Water Bowsers:

The term bowser is used by water companies in the United Kingdom to

refer to mobile water tanks deployed to distribute fresh water in emergency

situations where the normal system of piped distribution has broken down or is

insufficient. The term rose to prominence in general usage in England in July 2007

when severe flooding in the valley of the River Severn caused interruption of the

piped-water supply to a large area.

Water Bowsers

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 8. Skills and Techniques Learnt During Internship

I have learnt many skills and gain lots of knowledge from that 8 weeks internship.
The University of Lahore gave me knowledge and that opportunity of internship. From
that knowledge and my studies I had to learnt that how to implement that knowledge to
field.

Internships provide work experience opportunities to me, recent graduates and people
considering career changes. Employers are willing to hire interns with little or no
experience.

Internship is not like just you learnt about your field its means u learnt everything you
saw. You have to prove everyone that you r not good in just your field instead you know
everything that how to deal, how to talk and many things.

Basically I was work in a society and work on Roads and retaining wall. So that I have
learnt many things Surveying and leveling include Auto level work and total Station.

8.1 Surveying and leveling:

I saw how to layout the road and how to start work with the help surveyor, without
surveyor you can never start any construction projects. I have learnt about leveling how
can we find distance with the help of auto level.

In auto level eye piece a cross hair shown. When you sew from cross hair to staff u have
one line or cut above the cross hair and one below the cross hair. Note both of readings.
One formula tells you the distance [Distance = (up reading – down reading) 100].

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8.2 How to give the level of Edging of road:
Edging is basically the level of sub base and base course. First of all edging is gave
by surveyor. We have three layers of road Surface (2”) base (6’) and sub base (6”)
[6+6+2= 1.17’] there we have 1.17’ total height of road, now we have to find out the top
level of edging. Therefore we will subtract the height of base (6”) and sub base (6”)
means total subtract 1ft. After that we have the value 0.17” and we have slope or camper
of road 1% that means 0.08. On road work we gave some margin like here .17 margin.
We have the total value 0.21.

Edging find by (PGL – 0.21) =A& (A - H.I) = Edging level.

8.3 How to set the Coordinate with Total Station:

I had learnt and I had work on that coordinate system. First of all set out the total
station. After setting out the total station first reading on B.M is called back sight. Now
putting the data in Total Station [Coordinate > Back site > Put data of back sight > setout
> put coordinate values > press F4] now we have the value of bearing and length. Set the
bearing 00-00’-00” and set out distance that if value of length in –ve say go back at
giving distance on total station.

8.4 Gain Work Experience:

An internship provides the opportunity to gain hands on work experience that you
just can’t get in the classroom.

8.5 Gain Confidence:

Getting experience is a great way to build your confidence. What's more, if you
have an impressive resume, you will be more confident in your chances of securing a job.
After you’ve done an internship.

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 9. Role/Responsibilities of Internee

Responsibilities of the Internee are

• I’m sent from of University of Lahore.

• My mistakes disrespect of mine and especially for University.

• So, always positive attitude where ever I worked (internee).

• Follow the Professional Code of Ethics.

• Contact your site supervisor within one week of the Placement Meeting.

• I was met with Engr.QaiserMajeed Director of AABCO very 1st day. He sent me to
field under engineers.

• Before you begin interning, contact your UOL Supervisor to go over the
expectations during your internship experience.

• To assist Site Engineer/Chief engineer.

• To check the contractor’s working methods.

• Keeping proper record of all design work.

• Reporting regularly to the resident engineer on all matters.

• To ensure that the contractor’s workmanship conform to the specification and

drawing and is according to good construction practice.

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 • To check the contractor’s equipment to see that it is in good working order is being
used safely and properly and meet the acquirements of the construction schedule.

• To check the contractor’s work force to see that it agree with the contractor’s
report and that it is suitable in quantity and quality to meet the requirement of the
construction schedule.

• To check the implementation of safety program & to ensure that proper safety
practices.

• Reporting to the Resident Engineer any dangerous incident, accident, fire or

damage to property that may occur on site.

• Reporting to Resident Engineer on any vehicle accident involving the consultant’s

personnel.

• Assisting Resident Engineer to issue site instructions to the contract related to

work in progress.

• To submit to Resident Engineer a daily inspection report.

• To check the total work with your site engineer.

• Learn from every part of field, and make notes for your ease.

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 10. Suggestion for improving internship programs

Introduce the intern on the first day to other employees.

• Meetings with colleagues they will frequently to become comfortable.

• The University of Lahore provide proper check and balance to inters, sometime
some companies have no information about internship and its waste of time for
students so check proper companies.

• Treat the intern like a real member of the team and not just a temporary employee.

• Provide meaningful work opportunities.

• Create an internship binder that provides information on where to find resources

important to the intern’s job, including work phone numbers and emails of
colleagues.

• Provide interns with job descriptions and base performance on description.

• Give feedback in a timely and respectful manner, realizing that this may be the
intern’s first experience in a professional job setting.

• Rotate the intern through various parts of the department or provide opportunities
to work with various people by rotating supervisors.

• Invite interns to attend staff meetings and professional networking events with you.

• The internship supervisor should piece of their job. Be sure the assigned internship
supervisor has adequate time to spend with the intern.

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 • Provide mentoring to the intern, not just supervision.

• Have patience. The intern needs to learn the company very fast as they are only
there for a short period of time.

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 11. Conclusion:
Professional life is entirely different from the student life. The knowledge that I
have attained from the internship is a lot specially I feel a lot of difference between
the study and the field. I come to know the working methodology of different
machines that I have study in my books and how the actual work is done in the
field. I also come to know how to coordinate with seniors. Field job is tough and
that I realize during the internship. This internship have so mean of me and
InshAllahit will useful to me coming life

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