Chapter Four Fluid Flow Fluid Dynamic

7. Graphical evaluation of friction factor

As with the results of Reynolds number the curves are in three regions (Figure 3.7
vol.I). At low values of Re (Re < 2,000), the friction factor is independent of the
surface roughness, but at high values of Re (Re > 2,500) the friction factor vary
with the surface roughness. At very high Re, the friction factor become
independent of Re and a function of the surface roughness only. Over the transition
region of Re from 2,000 to 2,500 the friction factor increased rapidly showing the
great increase in friction factor as soon as turbulent motion established.

Figure (3.7) Pipe friction chart Φ versus Re

Example -4.3-
Water flowing through a pipe of 
20 cm I.D. at section  and 10 cm
at section . The discharge
through the pipe is 35 lit/s. The
section  is 6 m above the datum
line and section  is 2 m above it.
If the pressure at section  is 245 6m 
kPa, find the intensity of pressure
at section . Given that ρ = 1000
kg/m3, μ= 1.0 mPa.s. 2m
Datum line
11-Ch.4 Dr. Salah S. Ibrahim