Dissolved Gas Analysis

The Health Indicator for Oil

Immersed Transformers
By RAJARSHI GHOSH
7th April 2017
 What is DGA
• It is the most effective tool for advanced
detection of almost all types of incipient fault
inside an oil filled transformer.
• In a live transformer, Gases in oil always result
from the decomposition of electrical insulation
materials (oil or paper), as a result of faults or
chemical reaction in the equipment.
• Different gases are generated at different
situations and a particular fault can be detected
by analysing the fault gases dissolved in the oil.
 Why DGA is Essential
• The most reliable and proactive method for
identification of fault inside a transformer at an
early stage of development.
• Used world wide since 1960s.
• To reduce risk to the unit – Plant outage
• To reduce risk to the system it is connected -
Interruptions / shutdown
• To reduce risk to the company – Loss of
property / brand name
• To reduce risk to the personnel – Injury / Loss of
human life (internal / external)
 When to Conduct DGA
 In the factory –
• After high voltage and temperature rise test
 At site –
• After high voltage testing
• Immediately before commissioning
• Within two days after commissioning
• After one month of commissioning
• Before lapse of warranty period
• After any major fault
• Periodic checking / online arrangement
 At the end of life (Academic purpose)
Sampling Method
Gas Extraction
DGA Process
Gas Analyser
Chromatogram
Interpretation Techniques
DGA Case Studies
 Thank You
We will now analyse the
Questions, still remained
Dissolved in your minds
Asia Institute of Power
Management

Communication in
Power Utilities
April 2017
Electricity
Challenges to a Power Utility
Solution
 Business Process Cycles of a
Power Utility
Procure
To
Pay

Business Meter
Employee
Life Cycle Process to
Cash
Cycles

Consumer
Induction &
Maintenance
 Communication Systems

Voice

Wire-line Wireless

PLC VHF

PLCC GSM/GPRS

OFC RF Mesh

MPLS-VPN Microwave
Applications

IT
OT
 Wire-line Media

PLC
• Good solution for applications with low bandwidth requirement
• Not preferable due to reliability based on overhead transmission cables
PLCC
• Not considered in applications of Power Utilities

OFC
• Most reliable and available means of Wire-line Communication Solutions
• High Bandwidth can support any application
MPLS-VPN
• Service Provider dependent
• Can be integrated over long distances
 Wireless Media
VHF
• Most popular method of Communication in Power Utilities
• Used for Relaying Alarm Reception in Substations
GSM/GPRS/3G/4G
• Available option for Last-mile Communication Solutions in AMR and DA
• Low Reliability
• Service Provider Dependent
RF Mesh
• Emerging Technology among Power Utilities around the World
• Considered for Street Lighting/Switching, AMI and DA
• Availability is based on Frequency Band used
Microwave
• Regulatory Compliances involved
• Reliability low due to Interference
• Limited Availability of Frequency Spectrum for Power Utilities
Communication in IT Network
 Network Architecture at Data Center
Switch
ISP1 ISP2

Layer 3 Switch - Backup

Layer 3 Switch - Primary
APPLICATION SERVER ZONE
MAIL
AND DATABASE ZONE
IMSVA (2 Nos.)
(2 Nos.) CISCO CISCO 2960G
Switch
2960G Firewall - Primary
Firewall - Backup

WEB / Ext. DNS

SERVER (2 Nos.)
DMZ Switch SERVER 1 SERVER 2

Server Firewall
Server Firewall
(FWSM)
(FWSM)

NAGIOS/ SEP
LMS ALTIRIS Brocade 5000
MRTG/WUG
SAN Switch

CISCO 2960G CISCO

2960G Storage Tek
SL 500
(Tape Library)

Intranet SUN
STORAGE TEK
Altiris DHCP/ Windows IWSVA Linux 6580
DB DNS/ Infra (3 Nos.) Infra (SAN Storage)
SAN ZONE
Proxy (2 Nos.)
 Network Infrastructure for Billing and Treasury
Management

L2
L2 Switch
Switch

SUN
E2900

JBOD NETWORK Supervisor

PC
SUN StorageTek
6130

Billing Server at Cash Office

Datacenter L2
Switch
 Data Connectivity for CRM and Call Centre

I
Handset Agent Handset Agent
V
R
ACD

L2 Switch

NETWORK

L2 Switch L2 Switch

L2 Switch

L2 Switch
GSM
 Voice Connectivity for CRM and Call Centre

BSNL

BSNL IVR1

BSNL
Airtel BSNL
Airtel IVR2 Airtel
LLC
Airtel
Airtel
Airtel IVR3

70 Agents 30 Agents

OFC
LLC

OFC
LLC
Communication in OT Network
 Communication Backbone over SDH for OT

Electrical 64 kbps E1& Eth Access(515T):

Access(515):
Electrical E1:
At Card At Port 515T Interface
At Port 515 Interface
515 Mux E1: LOMIF X’ 12 EXLAN Z’ 32 E1

515T Mux E1: TM 63E1 X” 10 SUBH1 Z” 8 Ethernet

Y’ 8 NEMCA
Optical STM4: TM-8xE1

MF
SF
ACT MF
TM-8xFE-16x
MAP-SFP

1 2 3 4

5 6 7 8
ACT

ST
AM-2xSTM1/4

MF
SF
CRI
MIN
SFP

ACT
SIG
MAJ
REM
AM-2xSTM1/4

MF
SF
CRI
MIN
SFP

ACT
SIG
MAJ
REM
MF
SF
ACT MF
SYN
EXT
IN
ST
MM-1

PWR
FAN
EXT
OUT
SP
CM-8xRJ45

ST SP
1
2
3
4
5
CM-FEx8x
RJ45

MF
SYN
EXT
IN
ST
MM-1

PWR
FAN
EXT
OUT
SP

Z’ 4 DATAS

ST

ST
VT 100 MNGT

VT 100 MNGT
6

IN OUT
7

GND -48DC 0V

GND -48DC 0V
1

ST SP

ST SP
8

IN OUT

SP

SP
2 1 1 1

IN OUT
2 2 2

At Card
3

3 3 3

IN OUT

IN OUT

IN OUT

ALARM

ALARM
4 1 1

4 4 4

IN OUT

IN OUT
IN OUT
5 2 2

5 5 5

IN OUT
6

MNGT

MNGT
6 6 6

IN OUT
7

AUX

AUX
7

Y” 4C,8B TEBIT
7 7

IN OUT
8

SYNC

SYNC
MOD MOD 8 8 8
RES RES
MOD MOD MOD
DIS DIS DIS

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

  FOX515T

515T Mux 2xSTM4 - SFP 21 FM-FAN

E1 Tie Lines Station

A
Y’ TM-8xE1

MF
SF
ACT MF
TM-8xFE-16x
MAP-SFP

1 2 3 4

5 6 7 8
ACT

ST
AM-2xSTM1/4

MF
SF
CRI
MIN
SFP

ACT
SIG
MAJ
REM
AM-2xSTM1/4

MF
SF
CRI
MIN
SFP

ACT
SIG
MAJ
REM
MF
SF
ACT MF
SYN
EXT
IN
ST
MM-1

PWR
FAN
EXT
OUT
SP
CM-8xRJ45

ST SP
1
2
3
4
5
CM-FEx8x
RJ45

MF
SYN
EXT
IN
ST
MM-1

PWR
FAN
EXT
OUT
SP
TM-8xE1

MF
SF
ACT MF
TM-8xFE-16x
MAP-SFP

1 2 3 4

5 6 7 8
ACT

ST
AM-2xSTM1/4

MF
SF
CRI
MIN
SFP

ACT
SIG
MAJ
REM
AM-2xSTM1/4

MF
SF
CRI
MIN
SFP

ACT
SIG
MAJ
REM
MF
SF
ACT MF
SYN
EXT
IN
ST
MM-1

PWR
FAN
EXT
OUT
SP
CM-8xRJ45

ST SP
1
2
3
4
5
CM-FEx8x
RJ45

MF
SYN
EXT
IN
ST
MM-1

PWR
FAN
EXT
OUT
SP
Legend:
ST

ST

ST

ST
VT 100 MNGT

VT 100 MNGT

VT 100 MNGT

VT 100 MNGT
6 6
IN OUT

IN OUT
7 7
GND -48DC 0V

GND -48DC 0V
GND -48DC 0V

GND -48DC 0V
1 1
ST SP

ST SP

ST SP

ST SP
8 8
IN OUT

IN OUT
SP

SP

SP

SP
2 1 1 1 2 1 1 1
IN OUT

IN OUT
2 2 2 2 2 2

Optical
3 3

3 3 3 3 3 3
IN OUT

IN OUT
IN OUT

IN OUT

IN OUT

IN OUT
ALARM

ALARM
ALARM

ALARM
4 1 1 4 1 1

4 4 4 4 4 4
IN OUT

IN OUT

IN OUT

IN OUT
IN OUT

IN OUT
2 2 2 2

Station Station
5 5

5 5 5 5 5 5
IN OUT

IN OUT
6 6
MNGT

MNGT
MNGT

MNGT
6 6 6 6 6 6
IN OUT

IN OUT
7 7
AUX

AUX
AUX

AUX
7 7 7 7 7 7
IN OUT

IN OUT
8 8
SYNC

SYNC
SYNC

SYNC
MOD MOD 8 8 8 MOD MOD 8 8 8
RES RES RES RES
MOD MOD MOD MOD MOD MOD
DIS DIS DIS DIS DIS DIS

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

   

STM4 PDH Mux: ABB 515

FOX515T FOX515T

D B
21 FM-FAN 21 FM-FAN

Z’ X”

Electrical TM-8xE1

MF
SF
ACT MF
TM-8xFE-16x
MAP-SFP

1 2 3 4

5 6 7 8
ACT

ST
AM-2xSTM1/4

MF
SF
CRI
MIN
SFP

ACT
SIG
MAJ
REM
AM-2xSTM1/4

MF
SF
CRI
MIN
SFP

ACT
SIG
MAJ
REM
MF
SF
ACT MF
SYN
EXT
IN
ST
MM-1

PWR
FAN
EXT
OUT
SP
CM-8xRJ45

ST SP
1
2
3
4
5
CM-FEx8x
RJ45

MF
SYN
EXT
IN
ST
MM-1

PWR
FAN
EXT
OUT
SP

ST

ST
VT 100 MNGT

VT 100 MNGT
6

IN OUT
7

GND -48DC 0V

GND -48DC 0V
1

ST SP

ST SP
8

IN OUT

SP

SP
2 1 1 1

10/100 Ethernet SDH Mux: ABB 515T

IN OUT
2 2 2
3

3 3 3

IN OUT

IN OUT

IN OUT

ALARM

ALARM
4 1 1

4 4 4

IN OUT

IN OUT
IN OUT
5 2 2

5 5 5

IN OUT
6

MNGT

MNGT
6 6 6

IN OUT
7

AUX

AUX
7 7 7

IN OUT
8

SYNC

SYNC
8 8 8

( 8xFE card on
MOD MOD
RES RES
MOD MOD MOD
DIS DIS DIS

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

  FOX515T

Station 21 FM-FAN

515T)
C EPABX
RTU
TM-8xE1 TM-8xFE-16x AM-2xSTM1/4 AM-2xSTM1/4 MM-1 CM-8xRJ45 CM-FEx8x MM-1
MAP-SFP SFP SFP RJ45
ST SP
MF ACT MF ACT MF ACT MF ACT MF ACT MF PWR 1 MF PWR
SF SF SIG SF SIG SF SYN FAN 2 SYN FAN
1 2 3 4 CRI CRI EXT EXT EXT EXT
MAJ MAJ IN OUT 3 IN OUT
ST ST SP
MIN REM MIN REM 4 ST SP
5 6 7 8
5

Electrical 64 kbps Access

ST

ST
VT 100 MNGT

VT 100 MNGT

6
IN OUT

7
GND -48DC 0V

GND -48DC 0V

1
ST SP

ST SP

8
IN OUT

SP

SP

2 1 1 1
IN OUT

2 2 2
3

3 3 3
IN OUT

IN OUT

IN OUT

ALARM

ALARM

4 1 1

4 4 4
IN OUT

IN OUT
IN OUT

5 2 2

5 5 5
IN OUT

6
MNGT

MNGT

6 6 6
IN OUT

7
AUX

AUX

7 7 7
IN OUT

Electrical E1
8
SYNC

SYNC

MOD MOD 8 8 8
RES RES
MOD MOD MOD
DIS DIS DIS

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

  FOX515T

21 FM-FAN

Control
Electrical 10/100 Ethernet
Centre
Z’ Optiical STM4
RMU Automation over VPN through GPRS & CDMA
 Communication Infrastructure for RMU Automation
over OFC – Present Practice

• Reliable two-way communication link with low latency is required `

• Communication Protocols:
• IEC 60870-5-101 / 104, DNP3
• Interoperability among devices must be ensured

O.F.
O.F. Link
Link Remote
M/C

IEC 104 IEC 104

Local M/C
FRTU FRTU FRTU FRTU FRTU FRTU FRTU

RMU RMU RMU RMU RMU RMU RMU

Communication Schematic for AMR System

GSM / GPRS

Application Web
Server Server
OFC Intranet
 Network Infrastructure for Metering Data Management
over GPRS

GW Router of
Meter - Radio SGSN GGSN Service
Modem Interface Provider

Application
Server

Utility LAN
Internet
Cloud
GW Router of
RT Server ISP

Web Server

Interface
Future Roadmap in
Communications
Concept of Smart Metering and Communication
Networks involved
 AMI & DA over Wireless
Communication Network Schematic

RMU no. 1 Relay on Road-side

Backbone

Master Bridge at Fiber PoP no. 1

Router at Control
RMU no. 2 Access Point at Fiber PoP no. 2 Room

Relay on Road-side

M Access Point at Fiber PoP no. 3

Remote Server for DMS Server at Control
Metering Room
M M
DA RF Redundant Route
DA RF Active Route
M
AMI RF Active Route
M Smart Meters at Various Locations
AMI RF Redundant
Route
 Network Schematic for AMI and DA Data
Hosted Server at Remote Location
Reporting

Server -01
ISP

Server -02
DC DR

Server -03

Redundant OF Link
Server -04
L2 Switch L2 Switch

Router/Firewall
Router/Firewall

L3 Core Switch at DC L3 Core Switch at DR

L2 Switch Server Farm L2 Switch L2 Switch

L2 Switch

Access Access Access

Points Points Points Access
Points

LAN Users
LAN Users

Smart Meters Smart Meters

(RF Mesh) (RF Mesh)
 Hosted Server at Remote Location

ISP

DC DR
Corporate LAN
Redundant OF
Link
SCADA Loss Control Metering and
IT and Billing
Terminal at Cell Testing
Control Room Server Farm

CRM and LT
Control Room

• Meter Data from Smart Meters reach the Hosted L2 Switch L2 Switch L2 Switch

Server at remote Location via Access Points over OFC OFC

RF and via ISP over OFC based Backbone Network Access Access
Points Points

• The same data is fetched from the Hosted Server

by the specific users in the Corporate LAN Bus via LAN Users
the same VPN setup

• DA data reports directly to SCADA Terminal at

Control Room via OFC based Backbone Network Smart Meters
(RF Mesh)
 Multi-Protocol Label Switching (MPLS) as a
Backhaul Communication Solution

Utility network – site 1 Provider network Utility network – site 2

Customer Router Provider Ingress Router Provider Egress Router

Customer Edge Router Customer Router
Provider Router
Customer Edge Router

VPN Tunnel between 2

Utility Locations

Network Management
is in Scope of Service
Access Points for RF Mesh Provider
Last-mile Communication
MDMS & SCADA Servers
RMU Automation
Power System Protection
Schemes
 Optical Fiber based Line Differential Protection

Based on digital
communication Easy to discriminate
Compare current flow
channels such as internal & external
in & out line terminals
optical fibers, SONET faults
network, etc.

High dependability – High security – no

instantaneous trip for operation for external
all internal faults faults

87L 87L
 Optical Fiber based Line Differential Protection

Differential Function
• Responds to the sum of all the currents of its zone of protection
• Sum equals zero under all events except for internal faults
Features
• Used in Protection of 33 kV, 132 kV and 220 kV Transmission Circuits in CESC
• Mainly optical fiber based
• Protective Relays also capable of Fault recording, and other analysis

Communication
• Ideally connected in a point-to-point mode
• Can be multiplexed over a network if dedicated channels cannot be spared (IEEE C37.94)
• Ideally 64 kbps channels allotted for Communication
• Maximum Distance Supported – 60 km in 1330 nm Single Mode

Relay Operation
• Numerical Relays capable of sampling analog current input from CTs in zones
• Sampled data transmitted over OFC to remote peer Relay
• Relay receives full set of data from Remote peer Relay
• Operates autonomously
• Issues Direct Transfer Trip signals to Remote peers for tripping of both CBs
• Synchronised via GPS
 Optical Fiber based Line Differential Protection
– Numerical Relay Function

Relay 1 Relay 2
Frequency Frequency
Sampling Comm. Channel Sampling
(OFC)
iTX iTX

iAnalog
A/D ALU iRX iRX ALU A/D
iDigital iDigital iAnalog

iDIF iDIF

Protection Direct Transfer Protection

Trip Tripping Signal Trip
Calculation Calculation

Logic Logic

OUTPUT OUTPUT
 Optical Fiber based Line Differential Protection
Scheme

Ideal usage of Line Differential Protection using Main and Standby Protection
Relays over different Communication Routes

MUX MUX
 Distance Protection

Uses both Current and

Settings based on
Voltage to determine if
positive and zero Measures phase and
a fault is within the
sequence transmission ground fault loops
relay’s set zone of
line impedance
protection

Impedance zone has a Greater instantaneous

fixed impedance reach coverage

Zs

VR IR ZL
 Zones of Distance Protection

Zone 1 • 80% of protected line

Zone 2 • 100% of protected line + 20% of shortest adjacent line

section or 100% + 50% of transformer impedance

Zone 3 • 100% of protected line + 100% of longest adjacent line

or 100% + 100% of transformer impedance

Z3

Z2

Z1
 Lockout Scheme – Contact Transfer

Load Point 1 Load Point 2

Trip Contact
Trip Contact Transfer Trip Contact
Transfer Load Shed through SDH Load Shed Transfer
through SDH Backbone through SDH
Backbone
Backbone
Load Point 3

Generator Trip Trip Contact Load Shed

Transfer
through SDH
Load Point 4 Backbone

Load Shed