Chapter 1 2 PDF

TRANSPORT PROCESSES
a study of processes transfer’s properties from one point to the

other in the environment and condition of the system
Basic equation of transport processes:
factor that will make
the transfer occur
Driving Force
Rate of transfer =
Resistance
amount of factor that will
properties slow down the
delivered per process
units of time
FKKKSA Chem. Eng. Dept

TRANSPORT PROCESSES
Rate of transfer Driving Force Resistance
Heat transfer Heat Flux (J/m2.s) Temperature Thermal Resistance

Different
Heat Rate (J/s)
T (K or oC)
Mass transfer mass Flux Concentration Mass Resistance

(mole/m2.s) Different
mass Rate (mole/s) cA (mole/m3)
Momentum transfer momentum Flux Velocity (m/s) Momentum

( kg/m.s2) Resistance

HEAT TRANSFER
There are three ways heat transfer works: conduction, convection,

and radiation.
•Conduction
nsm1.nsm.iup.edu
regions with greater molecular kinetic energy will pass their thermal energy to
regions with less molecular energy through direct molecular collisions
through solids, liquids & gases

HEAT TRANSFER
• Convection
transporting heat by fluid motion (gas or liquid) in the
form of current
• free convection - movement results from differences

in density
• forced convection - movement is forced by a fan or a

pump

HEAT TRANSFER
• Radiation
Transfer by means of electromagnetic waves
Through space or gases

The higher the temperature of an object, the more thermal radiation it gives
off.
FOURIER’S LAW OF HEAT CONDUCTION
Fourier’s law:
qx dT
= -k
A dx
where
qx = heat transfer rate in the x-direction (W)
A = cross-sectional area normal to the direction of flow of heat (m2)
k = thermal conductivity (W/m.K)
dT/dx = temperature gradient in the x direction
q x2 T
2
x ∫ dx = -k ∫ dT
A x1 T
1
q k æ
= ç T1 - T2 ö÷
A x -x è ø
2 1

THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY
thermal conductivity of a material describes how well the material

conducts heat.

Thermal conductivity Material Thermal conductivity
Material
(W/m K)* (W/m K)*
Silver 406.0 Hydrogen at 0 C 0.14
Copper 385.0 Helium at 0 C 0.14
Brass 109.0 Oxygen 0.023
Aluminum 205.0 Snow (dry) ...
Iron ... Fiberglass 0.04
Steel 50.2 Brick,insulating 0.15
Lead 34.7 Brick, red 0.6
Mercury 8.3 Cork board 0.04
Ice 1.6 Wool felt 0.04
Glass,ordinary 0.8 Rock wool 0.04
Concrete 0.8 Styrofoam 0.01
Water at 20 C ... Wood 0.12-0.04
Asbestos ... Air at 0 C 0.024
*From Young, Hugh D., University Physics, 7th Ed. Table 15-5.
T k
(°C) (cal/cm s C)
H2 27 4.23E-04
(gas)
O2 27 6.35E-05
Benzene 23 3.78E-04
(liquid)
Water 60 1.56E-03
Steel 100 9.08E-01
(solid)
Wood -- 9.00E-05

CONDUCTION - FLAT SLAB/WALL
A q k æ
= ç T1 - T2 ö÷
A x -x è ø
2 1
q
q=
(
T1 - T2 ) (T1 - T2 )
=
Dx R
kA
R = Dx
T1 T2 kA
q
where
R
R = heat transfer resistance (K/W)
A = area perpendicular to heat flow (m2)
k = thermal conductivity of wall (W/m.K)
x = thickness of wall/slab (m)
T1,T2 = temperature at point 1 & 2, respectively (K)
Example 4.1-1
A
Fiber insulating board, q/A = ?
T1=352.7K
Solution:
q
q k æ
T2=297.1K = ç T1 - T2 ö÷
A x -x è ø
2 1
25.4 mm q k
T2 = æç 352.7 - 297.1ö÷
T1 A 25.4x10 è
- 3 ø
q
R
From A.3-15, k for fiber insulating board at 21oC = 0.048 W/m.K
q 0.048 æ
= ç 352.7 - 297.1ö÷ = 105.1W/m
2
A 25.4x10- 3 è ø

CONDUCTION - PLANE WALLS IN SERIES
For a single wall:
q=
(
T1 - T2 ) (T1 - T2 )
=
Dx R
kA
where
R = heat transfer resistance (K/W) = Dx
kA
T1 T2 T3 T4 For 3 walls in series:
q
RA RB RC (T1 - T4 )
q=
(T1 - T4 ) =
(T1 - T4 ) or q=
Dx A Dx B Dx C
R A + RB + RC åR + +
k AA k BA kCA
where RA = resistance for wall A (K/W)
kA = thermal conductivity of wall A (W/m.K)
xA = thickness of wall A (m)
Example 4.3-1
A cold storage room is constructed of an inner layer of 12.7 mm of pine, a

middle layer of 101.6 mm of cork board and an outer layer of 76.2
concrete. The wall surface temperature is 255.4 K inside the cold room
and 297.1 K at the outside surface of concrete. The conductivites for pine,
0.151; cork board,0.0433; and concrete, 0.762 W/m.K. Calculate the heat
loss in W for 1 m2and the temperature at the interface between wood and
cork board. Answer: (-16.48 W, 256.79 K)

CONDUCTION - SLABS/WALLS IN PARALLEL
T1 =T3 T2 =T4
AA
T1 A
T2 qT =qA +qB
qT
T1 - T2 ) (T3 - T4 )
(
AB æ ö
ç 1 1 ÷÷
T3 B q= + = æç T - T ö÷ç +
T4 Dx A Dx B è 1 2 øç
çR R ÷
÷
è A B ø
k AAA k B AB
RA
T1 T2
qT
RB
where AA = area perpendicular to heat flow for wall A (m2)
qT = total heat transfer rate (W)
qA = heat transfer rate for wall A (W)
qT = qA = qB+ qC +qD = qE = qF +qG

T1
qT T2
T3
T4
T5

CONVECTION
æç ö æ ö
T - T ÷ çT - T ÷
æ ö è ø è ø
q = hA ç T - T ÷ = 1 ¥ = 1 ¥
1è 1 ¥ø 1 R
hA
1
where
q = heat transfer rate (W)
R = heat transfer resistance (K/W), R = 1
hA
h = convective heat transfer coefficient (W/m2.K)
A1 = surface area perpendicular to heat flow (m2)
T1,T∞ = wall and fluid temperature, respectively (K)


COMBINED CONVECTION & CONDUCTION-
PLANE WALL
Without convection: q=
(
T1 - T2 ) (T1 - T2 )
=
A
Dx R
kA q
With convection:
q=
(T1 - T4 ) =
(
T1 - T4 )
= UAæç T - T ö÷ T1 T2
Ri + Rw + Ro åR
è 1 4ø
q
R
q=
(T1 - T4 )
=
A(T1 - T4 )
= UAæçè T1 - T4 ö÷ø
1 + Äx + 1 1 + Äx + 1
hi A kA ho A hi k ho
where Ri,Rw,Ro = inside, wall & outside heat transfer
resistance, respectively (K/W)
T1 T2 T3 T4 hi,ho = inside and outside convective heat-transfer
q coefficient, respectively (W/m2.K)
Ri Rw Ro U = overall heat-transfer coefficient (W/m2.K)
OVERALL HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT, U :
SLAB/WALL
T1 T2 T3 T4
q
Ri Rw Ro

Example
1. Consider a 0.8m high and 1.5m wide glass

window with a thickness of 8 mm and a thermal
conductivity of k = 0.78 W/m.oC .
2. Consider a 0.8m high and 1.5 m wide double-
pane window consisting of two 4mm thick layers of
glass (k = 0.78 W/m.oC) separated by a 10 mm wide
stagnant air (k = 0.026 W/m.oC).
Determine the steady rate of transfer through the
glass window of (1) and the double-pane window of
(2) and the temperatures of their inner surfaces for
a day during which the room is maintained at 20oC
while the temperature of the outdoors is -10oC. Take
the convection heat transfer coefficients on the
inner and outer surfaces of the window to be h1 =
10 W/m2.oC and h2 = 40 W/m2.oC, which includes
the effects of radiation.
Answer: (266W, -2.2oC,69.2 W, 14.2oC)

CONDUCTION - HOLLOW CYLINDER/PIPE
T1 A
q=
(
T1 - T2 ) (T1 - T2 )
=
T2 æ
ç
ö
÷r R
ln
ç 2÷
ç ÷
ç ÷
è 1ø
r
2pkL
T1 T2
q
R ær ö
where lnçç r2 ÷÷
R = heat transfer resistance (K/W) = è 1ø
2pkL
A = area perpendicular to heat flow (m2) = 2rL
r1 = inside radius (m)
r2 = outside radius (m)
T1,T2 = inside and outside temperature, respectively (K)
Example 4.2-1
A thick wall cylindrical tubing of hard rubber (k=0.151 W/m.K)having an

inside radius of 5 mm and an outside radius of 20 mm is being used as a
temporary cooling coil in a bath. Ice water is flowing rapidly inside and
the inside wall temperature is 274.9 K. The outside temperature is at
297.1 K. A total of 14.65 W must be removed from the bath by the
cooling coil. How many m of tubing are needed?
Answer (0.964 m)

CONDUCTION - MULTILAYERS CYLINDER
For a single cylinder:
q=
(
T1 - T2 ) (T1 - T2 )
=
æ ö
ç r
÷ R
lnç 2÷
ç ÷
ç r
÷
è 1ø
2pkL
For multilayers cylinder:
T1 T2 T3 T4 q=
(T1 - T4 ) =
(T1 - T4 )
q R A + RB + RC åR
RA RB RC where
ær ö ær ö ær ö
lnçç r2 ÷÷ lnçç r3 ÷÷ lnçç r4 ÷÷
RA = è 1ø RB = è 2ø RC = è 2ø
2pk AL 2pk BL 2pk CL
Ai = inside area perpendicular to heat flow (m2) = 2r1L
Ao = outside area perpendicular to heat flow (m2) = 2r4L
Example 4.3-2
A thick walled tube of stainless steel (A) having a k = 21.63 W/m.K with
dimensions of 0.0254 m ID and 0.0508 m OD is covered with a 0.0254
thick layer of insulation (B), k = 0.2423 W/m.K. The inside wall
temperature of the pipe is 811 K and the outside is at 310.8 K. For a
0.305 m length pipe, calculate the heat loss and also the temperature at
the interface between the metal and the insulation.
Answer: (331.7 W, 805.5 K)

COMBINED CONVECTION & CONDUCTION-
CYLINDRICAL WALL
Without convection:
q=
(T1 - T2 )= (T1 - T2 )
æ ö
T T1 R T2 çr ÷ R
q ln ç 2÷
ç ÷
2
çr ÷
è 1ø
T
1 With convection: 2pkL
q=
(T1 - T4 ) = (T1 - T4 )= U A æçT - T ö÷ = U A æçT - T ö÷
i iè 1 o oè 1
Ri + Rp + Ro å R 4ø 4ø
q=
(T1 - T4 ) = U i A i æçè T1 - T4 ö÷ø = Uo Ao æçè T1 - T4 ö÷ø
ro
ln
1 + ri + 1
h i A i 2pkL ho Ao
where
Ai,Ao = inside and outside area, respectively (m2)
Ui,Uo = inside and outside overall heat-transfer
coefficient, respectively (W/m2.K)
OVERALL HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT, U:
CYLINDER
q=
(T1 - T4 ) = U i A i æçè T1 - T4 ö÷ø = Uo Ao æçè T1 - T4 ö÷ø
ro
ln
1 + ri + 1
h i A i 2pkL ho Ao
1
Ui =
T1 T2 T3 T4 Ai å R
q
1
Ri Rw Ro Uo =
Ao å R

Example
Steam at T∞1 = 320°C flows in a cast iron pipe (k

= 80 W/m · °C) whose inner and outer diameters
are D1 = 5 cm and D2 = 5.5 cm, respectively. The
pipe is covered with 3-cm-thick glass wool
insulation with k = 0.05 W/m · °C. Heat is lost to
the surroundings at T∞2 = 5°C by natural
convection and radiation, with a combined heat
transfer coefficient of h2 = 18 W/m2 · °C. Taking
the heat transfer coefficient inside the pipe to be h1
= 60 W/m2 · °C, determine the rate of heat loss
from the steam per unit length of the pipe. Also
determine the temperature drops across the pipe
shell and the insulation.
Answers: (121W, 0.02oC, 284oC)

CONDUCTION - HOLLOW SPHERE
For a single sphere:

T2
q=
(T1 - T2 ) = (T1 - T2 )
æ ö æ ö
ç1 ÷÷ çç 1 ÷÷ R
ç
ç
- ÷
÷ ç
T1 çr ÷ø çè r2 ÷ø
è 1
4pk
T1 T2
q
where R æ1ö æ 1ö
ç ÷-ç ÷
çr ÷ çr ÷
R = heat transfer resistance (K/W) = è 1 ø è 2 ø
4pk
r1 = inside radius (m)
r2 = outside radius (m)
T1,T2 = inside and outside temperature, respectively (K)
CONDUCTION WITH INTERNAL HEAT GENERATION
PLANE WALL: • heat generated inside conducting medium
Eg. Electric resistance heaters, nuclear fuel
rods, exothermic chemical reaction
• only in x-direction
.
q
T = - x 2 + To
•Temperature profile:
2k
. 2
• center temperature: To = - q L + Tw
2k
. . .
• total heat loss from 2 faces, qT: q
qT = (2LA)
where
.
q = heat generated per unit volume (W/m3)
To = midplane (center) temperature (K)
Tw = wall temperature (K)
A = cross-sectional area (surface area at Tw) (m2)
Example
A plane wall is a composite of two materials, A and B. The wall of
material A has uniform heat generation =1.5×106 W/m3. The wall of
material B has no heat generation. The inner surface of material A is well
insulated. Given: T∞ = 30 °C, h = 1000 W/m2K, kA = 75 W/mK, LA =
50 mm thick, kB = 150W/mK, LB = 20 mm thick. Determine the
temperature T0 of the insulated surface and the temperature T2 of the
cooled surface under the steady-state condition
Answers: (140oC,115oC)

CONDUCTION WITH INTERNAL HEAT GENERATION
SOLID CYLINDER:
• flow radially (ends neglected or insulated)
R •Temperature profile:
. Tw .
q q
To T = æçç R 2 - r 2 ö÷÷ + TW
4k è ø
T
• center temperature:
. 2
To = q R + Tw
where 4k
R = radius of cylinder (m)
r = distance from center (m)
.
q = heat generated per unit volume (W/m3)
To = midplane (center) temperature (K)
Tw = wall temperature (K)
Example 4.3-4
An electric current of 200A is passed through a stainless steel wire

having a radius of 0.001268 m. The wire is L = 0.91 m long and has a
resistance of 0.126 Ω. The outer surface temperature Tw is held at 422.1K.
The average thermal conductivity is k = 22.5 W/m.K. Calculate the center
temperature.
Answer: (441.7K)

HEAT GENERATION WITH CONVECTION
PLANE WALL: SOLID CYLINDER:
TO
Tw Tw TO
Tw Tw
T∞ T∞
T∞ T∞
T∞ Tw Tw T∞ T∞ Tw Tw T∞
qq qq
R R R R
Rate of heat transfer = rate of energy generated
.
q =q V = hA çè Tw - T¥ ÷ø =
æ ö
(
Tw - T¥ ) (Tw - T¥ )
=
1 R
hA
Example
A long cylindrical rod of radius 10 cm consists of a nuclear reacting
material (k = 0.5 W/m.K) generating 24,000 W/m3 uniformly throughout
its volume. This rod is encapsulated within another cylinder whose outer
radius is 20 cm and that has a thermal conductivity of 4 W/m⋅K. The
outer surface is surrounded by a fluid at 100°C, and the convection
coefficient between the surface and the fluid is 20 W/m2⋅K. Find the
temperatures at the interface between the two cylinders and at the outer
surface.
Answers : (150.79oC, 130oC)

CRITICAL THICKNESS OF INSULATION
INSULATED PIPE: Insulation thickness affects heat-transfer rate
T2
Insulation thickness 
 conduction resistance of insulation layer
 convection resistance of surface
Heat transfer from pipe =  or  ?

CRITICAL THICKNESS OF INSULATION
q
qmax
qbare
r2 rcr = k/h
maximum heat-transfer occur at rcrit. = kin/ho
r2  rcrit. , adding insulation increases heat-transfer rate

r2  rcrit. , adding insulation decreases heat-transfer rate

EXAMPLE
An electric wire having a diameter of 1.5mm and covered with a plastic

insulation (thickness = 2.5mm) is exposed to air at 300K and h0 = 20 W/m2K.
The insulation has a k of 0.4 W/m.K. It is assumed that the wire surface
temperature is constant at 400K and is not affected by the covering.
a) Calculate the value of critical radius.
b) Calculate the heat loss per m of wire length with no insulation.
c) Repeat (b) for insulation present. q
Answers: a) 20 mm b) 9.42W c) 32.98 W

EXTENDED SURFACE OR FINNED EXCHANGERS
• increase the rate of heat removal
•greater area through which energy can flow

The thin plate fins of a car radiator greatly

increase the rate of heat transfer to the air


TYPICAL FIN CONFIGURATIONS
Straight fins of (a) uniform and (b) non-uniform cross sections; (c) annular
fin, and (d) pin fin of non-uniform cross section.

FIN ARRAYS
(a) rectangular (b) annular fins.

RECTANGULAR FIN
CASE 1: FIN TIP INSULATED
•Temperature profile:
T - T¥ cosh éêëm(L - x)ùúû
=
To - T¥ cosh mL
•Fin efficiency : •Heat lost by fin: 1
h f = tanh mL q = (hPkA) 2 (To - T¥ )tanh mL

mL
CASE 2: FIN LOSES HEAT FROM TIP
Corrected length: Lc = L + t/2
where 1
m = çç hP ÷÷ 2
æ ö
A = cross-sectional area of the fin (m2)
è kA ø
P = perimeter of the fin (m)
k = thermal conductivity of fin (W/m.K)
h = convective heat transfer coefficient (W/m2.K)
CIRCULAR FIN

FIN EFFICIENCY
qactual h f A f h(To -T¥ )
Fin efficiency, f = q =
where ideal A f h(To -T¥ )
Af = outside surface area of the fin (m2)
A f = PLc + wt Longitudinal fin
éæ ù
A f = 2p Lc +r -r
êç
ö÷2 2ú
circular fin
ëè 1ø 1 û
Longitudinal/rectangular fin circular/transverse fin

EFFICIENCY OF CIRCULAR FIN

EXAMPLE 4.13-2
A circular aluminum fin is shown in the figure below k = 222 W/m·K) is attached
to a copper tube having an outside radius of 0.04 m. The length of the fin is 0.04
m and the thickness is 2 mm. The tube base is held at 523.2K and the external
surrounding air at 343.2 K has a convective heat transfer coefficient of 30
W/m2·K. Calculate the fin efficiency and the heat loss from the fin.
Answers: (0.89,149.9W)

HEAT TRANSFER FOR FINNED SURFACE
Rate of heat transfer from a finned surface:
qtotal = qexpose + qfin
qexposel = hoAt(To-T∞)
qfin = fhoAf(To-T∞)
qtotal = h (At + fAf )(To-T∞)
where
At = Aunfin = area of bare/exposed surface between
the fins (m2)
Af = Afin = area of fins (m2)
ho = outside convective heat transfer coefficient (W/m2.K)

HEAT TRANSFER FOR FINNED SURFACE
Awithout fin= Ano fin = wH

At = Aunfin = wH – 3(wt)
Af = Afin = 3(PLc + wt ) for 3 fins
where
At = Aunfin = area of bare/exposed tube between the fins (m2)
Af = Afin = area of fins (m2)

EXAMPLE
Steam in a heating system flows through tubes

whose outer diameter is 3 cm and whose walls
are maintained at a temperature of 120oC.
Circular aluminum fins ( k = 180 W/moC) of
outer diameter 6 cm and constant thickness t =
2mm are attached to the tube, as shown in the
Figure. The space between the fins is 3 mm,
and thus there are 200 fins per meter length of
the tube. Heat is transferred to the surrounding
air at = 25oC, with a combined heat transfer
coefficient of h = 60 W/m2 oC. Determine the
increase in heat transfer from the tube per
meter of its length as a result of adding fins.
Answer: 4786.4W

OVERALL HEAT-TRANSFER COEFFICIENT
FOR FINNED TUBES
ro
Rfin
T∞ R
T To T∞ To T∞
To =
Ti
Rbare
ri
Ti T To T∞ Total heat leaving outside of tube (single fin) :
q
Ri Rw R q = qbare + qfin = hoAt(To-T∞)+fhoAf(To-T∞)
To  T To  T
q = (hoAt + hoAff)(To-T∞) = 
1 R
ho (A t  A f  f )
R  1
 ho (At  A f  f )
where
At = Aunfin = area of bare(exposed) tube between the fins (m2)
Af = area of fins (m2)
OVERALL HEAT-TRANSFER COEFFICIENT
FOR FINNED TUBES
ro Overall heat transfer coefficient for finned tube exchanger :
T∞ T -T
T To q = R +i R ¥+ R =UiAi(Ti-T∞) = UoAo(Ti-T∞)
i w
Ti
1 1
U = =
ri i A åR ær ö
r lnç o ÷
Ti T To T∞ i
q i çr ÷ A
1 è iø i
Ri Rw R + +
h k h (A + A h )
i o t f f
Uo = 1 = 1
Ao å R ær ö
rolnçç ro ÷÷
ro Ao
+ è iø
+
rihi k ho(At + A f h f )

SURFACE/THERMAL CONTACT RESISTANCE
RC = 1
hC A
where
Rc = contact resistance
hc = contact-resistance coefficient (W/m2.K)
SURFACE/THERMAL CONTACT RESISTANCE

EXAMPLE
Heat transfer from a transistor may be enhanced by inserting it in an aluminium

sleeve (k = 200 W/m.K) having 12 integrally machined longitudinal fins on its outer
surface. The transistor radius and height are r1 = 2 mm and H = 6mm, respectively,
while the fins are of length L = r3-r2 = 10 mm and uniform thickness t = 0.7mm. The
thickness of the sleeve base is r2-r1 = 1 mm, and the contact resistance of the
sleeve-transistor interface is Rt,c = 10-3 m2.K/W. Air at T∞ = 20oC flows over the fin
surface, providing an approximately uniform convection coefficient of h = 25
W/m2.K. If the temperature of the transistor case is T1 = 80oC, what is the rate of
heat transfer from the sleeve? Answer: 1.63 W

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TRANSPORT PROCESSES

a study of processes transfer’s properties from one point to the

FKKKSA Chem. Eng. Dept

Rate of transfer Driving Force Resistance

Heat transfer Heat Flux (J/m2.s) Temperature Thermal Resistance

Mass transfer mass Flux Concentration Mass Resistance

mass Rate (mole/s) cA (mole/m3)

Momentum transfer momentum Flux Velocity (m/s) Momentum

FKKKSA Chem. Eng. Dept

There are three ways heat transfer works: conduction, convection,

FKKKSA Chem. Eng. Dept

• free convection - movement results from differences

• forced convection - movement is forced by a fan or a

FKKKSA Chem. Eng. Dept

Transfer by means of electromagnetic waves

Through space or gases

FKKKSA Chem. Eng. Dept

thermal conductivity of a material describes how well the material

FKKKSA Chem. Eng. Dept

FKKKSA Chem. Eng. Dept

FKKKSA Chem. Eng. Dept

For a single wall:

A cold storage room is constructed of an inner layer of 12.7 mm of pine, a

FKKKSA Chem. Eng. Dept

qT = qA = qB+ qC +qD = qE = qF +qG

FKKKSA Chem. Eng. Dept

T1,T∞ = wall and fluid temperature, respectively (K)

FKKKSA Chem. Eng. Dept

FKKKSA Chem. Eng. Dept

FKKKSA Chem. Eng. Dept

1. Consider a 0.8m high and 1.5m wide glass

FKKKSA Chem. Eng. Dept

A thick wall cylindrical tubing of hard rubber (k=0.151 W/m.K)having an

FKKKSA Chem. Eng. Dept

FKKKSA Chem. Eng. Dept

FKKKSA Chem. Eng. Dept

Steam at T∞1 = 320°C flows in a cast iron pipe (k

FKKKSA Chem. Eng. Dept

For a single sphere:

FKKKSA Chem. Eng. Dept

An electric current of 200A is passed through a stainless steel wire

FKKKSA Chem. Eng. Dept

PLANE WALL: SOLID CYLINDER:

FKKKSA Chem. Eng. Dept

INSULATED PIPE: Insulation thickness affects heat-transfer rate

 conduction resistance of insulation layer

 convection resistance of surface

Heat transfer from pipe =  or  ?

FKKKSA Chem. Eng. Dept

maximum heat-transfer occur at rcrit. = kin/ho

r2  rcrit. , adding insulation increases heat-transfer rate

FKKKSA Chem. Eng. Dept

An electric wire having a diameter of 1.5mm and covered with a plastic

FKKKSA Chem. Eng. Dept

FKKKSA Chem. Eng. Dept

The thin plate fins of a car radiator greatly

FKKKSA Chem. Eng. Dept

FKKKSA Chem. Eng. Dept

FKKKSA Chem. Eng. Dept

(a) rectangular (b) annular fins.

FKKKSA Chem. Eng. Dept

h f = tanh mL q = (hPkA) 2 (To - T¥ )tanh mL

FKKKSA Chem. Eng. Dept