PRODUCT TO SUM IDENTITIES SIGMA NOTATION

k
sin(a+b)+sin(a−b)
sin acos b=
2 ∑ a n=a1+... ak
n=1
sin(a+b)−sin (a−b)
cos asin b=
2 NTH TERM OF ARITHMETIC SEQUENCE
cos( a+b)+cos( a−b) a n= a1 +(n−1)d d = common difference
cos acos b=
2
cos(a−b)−cos (a+b) SUM OF ARITHMETIC SERIES
sin asin b=
2 n n
S n = (a1 +an ) S n= [2a 1 +( n−1)d ]
SUM TO PRODUCT IDENTITIES 2 2

sin a+sin b=2sin( a+b2 ) ( 2 )

cos
a−b NTH TERM OF GEOMETRIC SEQUENCE
a2
a+b a−b a n=a 1 rn−1 r= ;r ≠1 r = common
sin a−sin b=2cos (
2 ) ( 2 )
sin a1
ratio
a+b a−b
cos a+cos b=2 cos (
2 ) ( 2 )
sin
SUM OF FINITE GEOMETRIC SERIES
a+b a−b
cos a−cos b=−2sin (
2 ) ( 2 )
1−r n a1 −a n r
sin S n= a1 ( 1−r ) S n=
1−r
DEGREES AND RADIANS
SUM OF INFINITE GEOMETRIC SERIES
1ο= Π radians
180 a1
BASIC TRIG FUNCTIONS POWER REDUCING IDENTITIES 180
Ο
S= ∣r∣<1
1radian= Π 1−r
opp y 2 1−cos2Θ
sin Θ= = sin Θ =
hyp r 2 GRAPHING SINE & COSINE BINOMIAL EXPANSION
cosΘ= adj = x 2 1+cos2 Θ y =asin(bx+c )+ d n
cos Θ= (a+b) = nC r a
n−r
b
r
where r = 0, 1, 2... n
hyp r 2 a≠0 b≠0
opp =y 2 1−cos2 Θ Amplitude = ∣a∣
tan Θ= tan Θ= BINOMIAL PROBABILITY
adj x 1+cos2 Θ 2Π x n− x
Period = Prob= n C x p q n independent trials, p
csc Θ= hyp = r sin 2 Θ cos2 Θ=
1−cos 4Θ b
opp y 8 1 probability of success, q = 1 – p
Frequency =
secΘ= hyp = r SUM IDENTITIES period PROPERTIES OF LOGARITHMS
adj x c
sin(a+b)=sin acos b+cos asin b Phase shift = − Given that b>0 ; b≠1 :
adj x ∣b∣
cot = = cos(a+b)=cosa cosb−sin a sin b
opp y Midline = y =d log b x=a → b a= x
tan a+tan b
PYTHAGOREAN tan (a+b)= SECTORS, ARCS, AND SPEED
1−tan a tan b x
IDENTITIES
rΘ log b b=1 log b 1=0 log b b =x
2 2 DIFFERENCE IDENTITIES Sector area = logb x
sin Θ+cos Θ=1
2 2 sin(a−b)=sin acos b−cos asin b 2 b =x
tan Θ+1=sec Θ Θ
cos (a−b)=cosa cosb+sin a sin b Angular speed = Given that m and n are positive:
2 2
cot Θ+1=csc Θ time
COFUNCTION IDENTITIES tan (a−b)= tan a−tan b Linear speed =
rΘ log b mn=log b m+log b n
1+tan a tan b time m
sin Θ=cos Π −Θ
2 ( ) HALF ANGLE IDENTITIES Arc length= r Θ
LAW OF SINES (AAS, ASA)
log b =log b m−log b n
n
cos Θ=sin Π −Θ
2 ( ) sin Θ =±
2 √1−cosΘ
2 sin A sin B sin C
= =
CHANGE OF BASE FORMULA
tan Θ=cot Π −Θ
2 ( ) Θ
cos =±
2 √1+cosΘ
2
a b c
LAW OF COSINES (SSS, SAS)
log b x=
log a x
log a b

√
SHIFT IDENTITIES Θ 1−cosΘ a 2= b2 +c 2 −2bc cos A
tan =±
sin Θ+ Π =+cosΘ 2 1+cosΘ
( 2 ) Θ
tan =
1−cos Θ
AMBIGUOUS CASE (SSA)
h=bsin A
cos Θ + Π =−sin Θ
( ) 2 sin Θ
a=opp
2 sin Θ
pi tan Θ = b=adj
(
tan Θ+
2 )
=−cot Θ 2 1+cos Θ
DOUBLE ANGLE IDENTITIES
IF A IS OBTUSE

ODD-EVEN IDENTITIES
a≤b = No solution
sin 2Θ= 2sinΘ cosΘ a>b = One solution
sin(−Θ)=−sin Θ 2 tan Θ
tan 2Θ= IF A IS ACUTE
cos(−Θ)=cos Θ 1−tan2 Θ
tan (−Θ )=−tan Θ cos 2Θ=cos 2 Θ−sin 2 Θ a<b a<h = No solution
csc(−Θ)=−cscΘ cos 2Θ=2cos 2 Θ−1 a<b a=h = One solution
sec(−Θ)= sec Θ cos 2Θ=1−sin 2 Θ a<b a<h = Two solutions
cot (−Θ )=−cot Θ a≥b = One solution
AREA FOR SSS
AREA FOR SAS AREA FOR AAS, ASA
A= √ s (s −a)(s−b)( s−c)
A=0.5bcsin A sin B sin C
a+b+c A=0.5a 2
s= sin A
2

Written by Rishabh Mishra. Licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 3.0 Unported License. Version 20110912
 CONIC SECTIONS

ELLIPSES PARABOLAS HYPERBOLAS

HORIZONTAL

(x−h)2 ( y− k)2 ( y−k )2 =4FL (x− h) (x−h)2 ( y− k)2

+ =1 − =1
a2 b2 Vertex (h,k) a2 b2
Center (h,k) Focus (h + FL, k) Center (h,k)
Foci (h ± c, k) Axis of y=k Foci (h ± c, k)
Vertices (h ± a, k) symmetry Vertices (h ± a, k)
Covertices (h, k ± b) Directrix x = h – FL Transverse axis y=k
Major axis y=k Conjugate axis x=h
Minor axis x=h Asymptotes
y− k= ±b ( x−h)
a
Eccentricity
(vertical or
horizontal):
c
e=
a
VERTICAL

(x−h)2 ( y− k)2 (x−h)2 =4FL ( y−k ) ( y−k )2 ( x−h)2

+ =1 − =1
b2 a2 Vertex (h, k) a2 b2
Center (h,k) Focus (h, k + FL) Center (h, k)
Foci (h ± c, k) Axis of x=h Foci (h, k ± c)
Vertices (h ± a, k) symmetry Vertices (h, k ± a)
Covertices (h, k ± b) Directrix y = k - FL Transverse axis x =h
Major axis y=k CIRCLES Conjugate axis y=k
Minor axis x=h Asymptotes
(x− h)2+( y− k )2 =r 2 y− k= ±a ( x−h)
b
Points are as same as an ellipse. Divide by r2
c 2 =a2 −b 2 c 2 =a2 +b 2
ABC

to find a and b.

CONIC ROTATION ECCENTRICITY

B 2 2 c
tan 2Θ= for the form Ax + Bxy+Cy + Dx +Ey +F =0 ; A≠0 e= e>1 → Hyperbola e=1 → Parabola e<1 → Ellipse
A−C a
e=0 → Circle

Written by Rishabh Mishra. Licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 3.0 Unported License. Version 20110912