Trigonometry
Definitions 1
(cos A, sin A)
sin A 1
tan A = cot A =
cos A tan A
–1 A 1
1 1
sec A = cosec A =
cos A sin A
Trigonometric ratios of certain angles –1
A (degrees) 0° 90° 180° 270° 30° 45° 60°
π 3π π π π
A (radians) 0 π
2 2 6 4 3
3 1 1 Basic identities
cos A 1 0 –1 0
2 2 2
cos 2 A + sin 2 A = 1
1 1 3
sin A 0 1 0 –1 cos(− A) = cos A
2 2 2
sin( − A) = − sin A
not not 1
tan A 0 defined
0 defined
1 3 tan(− A) = − tan A
3
Compound angle formulae Double angle formulae
cos( A + B ) = cos A cos B − sin A sin B cos 2 A = cos 2 A − sin 2 A
cos( A − B ) = cos A cos B + sin A sin B sin 2 A = 2 sin A cos A
2 tan A
tan 2 A =
sin( A + B ) = sin A cos B + cos A sin B 1 − tan 2 A
sin( A − B ) = sin A cos B − cos A sin B
1 − tan 2 A
cos 2 A =
1 + tan 2 A
tan A + tan B
tan( A + B) = 2 tan A
1 − tan A tan B sin 2 A =
1 + tan 2 A
tan A − tan B
tan( A − B) =
1 + tan A tan B
cos 2 A = 1
2
(1 + cos 2 A)
sin 2 A = 1
2
(1 − cos 2 A)
Products to sums and differences Trigonometry of the triangle
2 cos A cos B = cos( A + B) + cos( A − B )
A
2 sin A cos B = sin( A + B ) + sin( A − B ) c
b
1
2 sin A sin B = cos( A − B) − cos( A + B) Area = 2
ab sin C
B
2 cos A sin B = sin( A + B ) − sin( A − B ) C
a
a b c
Sums and differences to products Sine rule: = =
sin A sin B sin C
A+ B A− B
cos A + cos B = 2 cos cos Cosine rule: a 2 = b 2 + c 2 − 2bc cos A
2 2
A+ B A− B
cos A − cos B = −2 sin sin In a right-angled triangle,
2 2
opposite
A+ B A− B sin =
sin A + sin B = 2 sin cos hypotenuse
2 2
adjacent
A+ B A− B cos =
sin A − sin B = 2 cos sin hypotenuse
2 2
opposite
tan =
adjacent