GENERAL EMBRYOLOGY

ORGANOGENESIS

LECTURER : BERNARD SM HUTABARAT,dr,PAK

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 Learning Objective

STUDENTS ARE ABLE TO EXPLAIN :

1. STAGES OF THE HUMAN DEVELOPMENT ( CONCEPTUS ) :
1.1. ZYGOTE
1.2. EMBRYO
1.3. FETUS
2. FORMATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF HUMAN GERM LAYERS :
2.1. ECTODERMAL GERM LAYER ( ECTODERM )
2.2. ENTODERMAL GERM LAYER ( ENTODERM / ENDODERM )
2.3. MESODERMAL GERM LAYER ( MESODERM )
3. DERIVATIVES OF GERM LAYER ( ORGANOGENESIS )

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 DEFINITION

ORGANOGENESIS IS PROCESS OF ORGAN FORMATION IN

DEVELOPING EMBRYO ( WEEK 4 – 8 WEEKS )

CRITICAL PERIOD

STAGES OF HUMAN DEVELOPMENT :

1. ZYGOTE : 0 – 2 WEEKS OF GESTATION

2. EMBRYO : 2 - 8 WEEKS OF GESTATION
3. FETUS : 8 - 40 WEEKS OF GESTATION

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 PATHWAYS TO FERTILIZATION

1 ( ONE ) SPERMATOZOON SUCCEDED TO FERTILIZE

SITE OF FERTILIZATION

300 – 500 SPERMATOZOA

AMPULLA OF UTERINE TUBE
UTERINE TUBE
OVARY
UTERINE CAVITY
CERVIX OF UTERUS

VAGINA
3 CC EJACULATE ( 200 MILLIONS – 300 MILLIONS SPERMATOZOA )
DAY 14 1 BEFORE NEXT MENSTRUATION : OVULATION : EXPELL
OF OVUM & SURROUNDING FOLLICULAR CELLS FROM OVARY
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FERTILIZATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF CONCEPTUS

INNER CELL MASS

MORULA

BLASTOCYST CAVITY

OUTER CELL MASS

12-16 CELLLS STAGE
BLASTOCYST ( BLASTOCYSTA )

CLEAVAGE
2 CELLS STAGE

BLASTOMERE
FERTILIZATION: CAPACITATION, ACROSOMIC REACTION,
MEMBRANE PENETRATION, ZONA REACTION. 12/16/2015 5
IMPLANTATION ( NIDATIO , FECUNDATIO )

DAY 5 / 6 - 11 / 12

THREE STAGES :

1. MUSCULAR

2. ADHESIVE

3. INVASIVE

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DIFFERENTIATION OF BLASTOCYST

WEEK 2
EMBRYONIC POLE
( POLUS EMBRYONALIS )
INNER CELL MASS

EMBRYOBLAST

BLASTOCYST CAVITY

OUTER CELL MASS

ABEMBRYONIC POLE
( POLUS ABEMBRYONALIS )
TROPHOBLAST
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DISCUS EMBRYONALIS BILAMINARIS

1. EMBRYOBLAST
1.1.ENTODERM(CUBICAL CELLS)
1.2.ECTODERM
(COLUMNAR CELLS)

2.TROPHOBLAST
2.1. CYTOTROPHOBLAST
(LANGHANS CELLS,
MONONUCLEATED)

2.2. SYNCYTIOTROPHOBLAST
12/16/2015 ( MULTINUCLEATED CELLS ) 8
DISCUS EMBRYONALIS TRILAMINARIS

WEEK 3 :
PROCHORDAL PLATE

CRANIAL INVAGINATION

PRIMITIVE NODE OF HENSEN

( NODUS PRIMITIVUS HENSEN )
PRIMITIVE STREAKS
( SULCUS PRIMITIVUS )
ECTODERM
INVAGINATION
MESODERM

12/16/2015
ENTODERM 9
DEVELOPMENT OF ECTODERM

BEGINNING OF WEEK 3
AMNION

NEURAL PLATE

PRIMITIVE NODE OF HENSEN

(NODUS PRIMITIVUS HENSEN )
PRIMITIVE STREAK
( SULCUS PRIMITIVUS )

NEURAL CREST
12/16/2015
(CRISTA NEURALIS) 10
DEVELOPMENT OF ECTODERM
END OF WEEK 3

NEURAL PLATE
LATERAL FOLDING

PRIMITIVE STREAK
NEURAL CREST
NEURAL FOLD

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FORMATION OF NEURAL TUBE

NEURAL FOLD(PLICA NEURALIS)

CERVICAL REGION
( SOMITE 4 )

NEURAL TUBE(TUBULUS NEURALIS)

LATERAL FOLDING

NEURAL GROOVE

NEURAL CREST

12/16/2015
PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM 12
FURTHER DEVELOPMENT OF NEURAL TUBE
ANTERIOR NEUROPORE
(CLOSURE : 25TH DAY / 18 – 20 SOMITES STAGE)

ELONGATION

BRAIN ( ENCEPHALON )

SOMITES

SPINAL CORD ( MEDULLA SPINALIS )

ELONGATION

POSTERIOR NEUROPORE
(CLOSURE : 27TH DAY / 25 SOMITES STAGE)
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 DERIVATIVES OF ECTODERM

ORGANS THAT ENHANCE CONTACT WITH ENVIRONMENT :

1. CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

2. PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
3. NERVOUS TISSUE
4. SKIN AND ADNEXA ( HAIR, SWEAT GLANDS )
5. SALIVARY GLANDS
6. TOOTH ENAMEL ( EMAIL )

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DIFFERENTIATION OF MESODERM
AMNIOTIC CAVITY

3.INTERMEDIATE MESODERM

ECTODERM

ENTODERM

MESODERM
NOTOCHORD
1.PARAXIAL MESODERM
2. LATERAL MESODERM
THIN LAYER
DAY 17: 3 PARTS

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DIFFERENTIATION OF MESODERM
END OF WEEK 3
PARAXIAL MESODERM

SOMITES

LATERAL MESODERM :
1. PARIETAL(SOMATIC)
MESODERM
2. VISCERAL MESOD.
(SPLANCHNIC MESOD)
INTERMEDIATE MESODERM
INTRAEMBRYONIC COELOM

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DERIVATIVES OF MESODERM
NEURAL TUBE
PARAXIAL MESODERM
LATERAL MES.
SOMITE

SCLEROTOME
INTERMEDIATE MESODERM
CARTILAGE
KIDNEY
MYOTOME
GONADS
MUSCLE
SOMATIC SPLANCHNIC
DERMATOME
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
DERMIS
12/16/2015 BODY CAVITY & ORGANS LINING/MEMBRANE 17
DIFFERENTIATION OF ENTODERM

PEDUNCULUS VENTRALIS

ALLANTOIS
ANT.& POST. INTESTINAL PORTALS
FORE GUT
HINDGUT

ECTODERM
ENTODERM

CEPHALOCAUDAL & LATERAL FOLDINGS

MIDGUT
VITELLINE DUCT

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DIFFERENTIATION OF ENTODERM

BUCCOPHARYNGEAL MEMBRANE( RUPTURE END OF WEEK 3 )

CLOACA

ANT. & POST INTEST .PORTALS

HINDGUT

LUNG BUD
LIVER BUD
MIDGUT
VITELLINE DUCT

CLOACA
VITELLINE DUCT
BUCCOPHARYNGEAL MEMBRANE 12/16/2015 19
 DERIVATIVES OF ENTODERM

BUCCOPHARYNGEAL MEMBRANE
RESPIRATORY BUD

» HEPATIC BUD
FORE GUT
MOUTH (CAVUM ORIS), ESOPHAGUS
GASTER, DUODENUM, PANCREAS,
LIVER, GALL BLADDER & LUNGS

MID GUT
MESENTERIAL INTESTINE(JEJUNUM
& ILEUM ) & PROXIMAL COLON.

HIND GUT
DISTAL PARTS OF COLON & UPPER
PORTION OF ANAL CANAL
12/16/2015 CLOACAL MEMBRANE 20
 TERATOLOGIA

DEFINITIONS
BRANCH OF EMBRYOLOGY THAT STUDY ABNORMAL
DEVELOPMENT OF CONCEPTUS ( CONGENITAL MALFORMATION )
INCLUDING ITS END RESULT

CONGENITAL MALFORMATION : PHYSICAL MALFORMATION

( ABNORMAL FORM ) THAT CLEARLY SEEN DIRECTLY
AFTER BIRTH.

TERATOGENS : SUBSTANCES / MATERIALS THAT MAY CAUSE

CONGENITAL MALFORMATION.

TERATOGENESIS : THE MECHANISM OF CONGENITAL

MALFORMATION ( HOW IT HAPPEN )

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ETIOLOGY OF CONGENITAL MALFORMATION

≤ 1940 : HEREDITARY FACTORS

( JAVANESE : THE FIVE B’S : BIBIT, BEBET, BOBOT, BABAD ,BUBUT )

GREGG : GERMAN MEASLES ( RUBELLA ) DURING PREGNANCY

CONGENITAL MALFORMATION

ENVIRONMENT : 10%

GENETIC & CHROMOSOME : 10%

COMBINATION OF “ 1 & 2 “ : 80%

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ENVIRONMENT ETIOLOGY

1. INFECTIOUS AGENTS:
1.1. VIRUS : TORCH , MEASLES
1.2. BACTERI : TREPONEMA PALLIDUM ( SYPHILIS )
2. RADIATION :
ATOMIC BOMB ( HIROSHIMA , NAGASAKI ) , X-RAY
3. CHEMICALS :
3.1. DRUGS : TERATOGENIC DRUGS ( THALIDOMIDE ,
ANOREXOGENIC DRUGS )
3.2. ALCOHOL
3.3. NICOTINE / CIGARETTES
3.4. ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMICALS : ORGANIC MERCURY
( MINAMATA BAY DISEASE )
4. HORMONES :
PROGESTINE , MATERNAL DIABETES
5. FOOD / NUTRIENTS DEFICIENCY
6. HYPOXIA 12/16/2015 23
MECHANISM OF CONGENITAL MALFORMATION

1. STAGNANT
1.1. AGENESIS : RENAL AGENESIS
1.2. STOP AT CERTAIN STAGE OF DEVELOPMENT :
1.2.1. PATHOLOGIC UMBILICALIS HERNIA
1.2.2. PALATOSCHIZIS
1.2.3. ATYPIC DIFFERENCIATION : CONGENTAL TUMORS
2. PROGRESSIVE
2.1. EXCESSIVE FORMATION :
2.1. GEMELLI
2.2. GIGANTISMUS
2.3. POLYDACTILIA
2.2. MISPLACEMENT : ECTOPIA TESTIS
2.3. DISPLACEMENT : DEXTROCARDIA
2.4. UNION : REN UNGUIS
2.5. SPLIT : URETER BIFIDA

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MECHANISM OF CONGENITAL MALFORMATION

3. REGRESSIVE.
3.1. FAILURE OF CLEAVAGE : CYCLOPIA
3.2. PERSISTENT : PERSISTENT ANAL MEMBRANE
3.3. UNION FAILURE : ACCESSORY SPLEEN

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12/16/2015 26
 REFERENCES
1. Dawn A Tamarkan, Ph D : University of Wisconsin : Anatomy
2. Langman , Jan : Medical Embryology
3. Module of Embryonic phase : The Carnegie Stages
4. Terminologia anatomica : Federative International Programme on
Anatomical Terminologies(FIPAT),2nd edit,Georg Thieme Verlag
5. UNSW : Embryology
6. Pictures :
5.1. smartmomz.com
5.2. web.duke.edu
5.3. www.dmacc.edu
5.4. www.dreamstime.com
5.5. www.embryo.chronolab.com
5.6. www.nature.com
5.7. www.nlm.nih.gov
5.8. www.studyblue.com
5.9. www.uptomed.ir
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