Topic 7

Social, Economic and

Foreign Policy

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SOCIAL POLICY

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 RAHMAN
TALIB
REPORT
EDUCATION 1960
EDUCATION
ORDINANCE
ACT
1957

RAZAK NATIONAL
CABINET
STATEMENT EDUCATION
POLICY COMMITTEE
1956

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Razak Report 1956

To formulate a national
education system Recommendations

Education Ordinance 1957

•The creation of School
Board of Governors for all
schools
To promote the use of •The classification of
Malay as the language schools
of instruction in •Malay and English were to
schools be made compulsory
subjects in primary and
secondary schools
•Formation of one scheme
To ensure that the of service for teachers
language and culture of •The creation of the school
other ethnic groups
inspectorate
were also protected.
•Aid to be given to all
schools

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Rahman Talib Report, 1960

To use Malay as the language of instruction

in school and universities
Basis for Education Act
1961

Free education in national primary school

National Education Report

Transition class for students from
vernacular schools to national secondary
schools

Emphasis on vocational and technical

education

Emphasis on moral and religious education

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Aminuddin Baki Report 1964

To prepare
students to pursue
different courses
that fit their ability
and interest.
To extend the
To prepare
dropout age to 15,
students to enter
thus providing at
different fields or
least 9 years of
job market
basic education

Multiple
Skills

Multiple Skills

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NATIONAL EDUCATION POLICY

Making the national language

the main medium of
KBSR
instruction.

Creating a standard
Based on 3M; reading
curriculum that is Malaysia- (Membaca), writing (Menulis)
oriented for all types of
schools and counting (Mengira) that was
initiated in 1989
Creating a standard system of
examinations for all

Streamlining procedures on
education management

Increasing the overall quality

of education by providing a
comprehensive, balanced and
integrated education.
KBSM
Creating basic education
Intellectual, spiritual, emotional
opportunities for nine years and physically balanced.

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 National Language Act

 Article 152 in Malaysian Constitution indicated BM as the

national language in order to preserve national unity.

 Steps taken by the government:

 Establishment of DBP in 1956
 Launching of “Minggu Bahasa” and “Bulan Bahasa”

 Launching of “Bahasa Jiwa Bangsa” slogan in 1960

 Starting 1967, medium of instruction in English primary
school was changed to BM
 Establishment of UKM in 1977 as evidence that BM can
become the language of knowledge.

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NATIONAL CULTURAL POLICY

Aim

To create an integrated and united Malaysian society

Primary purpose
To find cultural values that would promote national
integration and unity
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 Rehabilitation, preservation and development of
culture through joint efforts in research
development, education, and cultural expansion
and communication
 Increase and strengthen leadership of culture
through efforts in guiding and training interested
parties, widely support and promote culture as
effective development machinery
 Create an effective communication to build
awareness of the country, nationhood and
nationalism
 Fulfill socio-cultural needs; and
 Improve the standards and quality of the arts.

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 NATIONAL POPULATION POLICY

• Sept 1982, Tun Dr Mahathir proposed that Malaysia should thrive

to achieve a population of about 70 million in the long run.
• This suggestion was laid out in the Fourth Malaysia Plan (1981-
1986).
• Larger population based would stimulate the economy.

Basic
Education and
Issue on amenities such
Health services Job market related
housing as clean water
facilities
and electricity

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NATIONAL FAMILY POLICY

• Physical
• Mental
Family
development • Social
• Emotional
• Spiritual

Roles, rights
and Ministry of Women,
responsibilities
Family and Community

Noble and
values

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NATIONAL WOMEN’S POLICY
Goals:
 To guarantee the equal sharing of sources, information,
opportunities to participate and benefits of development to
men and women.
 To integrate women in all national development factors in line
with capability and needs of women to increase quality of life,
eradicate poverty, eradicate ignorance and illiteracy and uphold
the country’s peace, prosperity and harmony.

Strategies:
 Increase efforts to widen knowledge;
 Instill noble values and positive attitudes;
 Empower youths with vocational skills;
 Improve suitable facilities to encourage healthy social
interaction;
 Encourage a healthy lifestyle; and
 Build spirit of cooperation among government agencies, private
sector and non-governmental organizations (NGO).
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NATIONAL YOUTH POLICY

Promoting
participation in the
process of national
planning The acquisition of
To promote the spirit
high moral value and
of unity,
the emphasis on the
volunteerism and
importance of health
autonomy
and mental alertness.

The possession of
To instill the spirit of knowledge that is
Rukunegara both broad and in-
depth

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ECONOMIC POLICY

15
Summary of Economic Development

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Economic Development

•Ten •Three Long

development Term Plan
plans Outlines

Five Year Long Term

Malaysia Plan Plan Outline

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NEW ECONOMIC POLICY (NEP) - 1971-1975

Objectives:
Strategies
To eradicate poverty
regardless of race and
gender.

To restructuring the Rural

Facilities Subsidy Standard
society. areas
of Living

30% equity
for Malays
Second aim:
To eradicate racial stereotyping
according to economic functions.

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NEW DEVELOPMENT POLICY (NEP) - 1991-2000

Was launched by Tun Dr Mahathir Mohamed, the Prime

Minister of Malaysia, on 17 June 1991

National unity Nation status

Strategies
Reducing and
protection of
eradication
optimum balanced national progressive human science and the
social and
balance development integration society resources technology environment
economic
and ecology
imbalances

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 NATIONAL VISION POLICY

Knowledge
based society

Theme: Human
Resource
Generate
growth

• Increasing the
durability and NVP
competitiveness of Bumiputra
participation
Agriculture,
manufacturing

the country. & services

Eradicate
poverty

http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/docu
ments/apcity/unpan003664.pdf
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National Industrialization Policy

Established on 3 12 Sectors:
February 1986 •Rubber
•oil palm
•Timber
Increase the •Food
standards of •Chemicals
education •non-ferrous metals and non-
Make the Encourage
and local ferrous minerals
industrial the full
technology •Electrical and electronics
sector as the utilization of
development •Transport
catalyst for the country’s
as the basis •Equipment
the growth natural
of making •Machinery
of industries resources
Malaysia an •Engineering
industrialized •Ferrous metals
nation. •Textiles
•Clothing

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National Agriculture Policy

Was launched on 12 January 1984. It was

created to form guidelines for the
government and private sectors to develop
the agriculture sector

FELDA PORIM RRI MARDI RISDA FAMA

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Other related policies

Look East Policy 1982

Bersih, Cekap dan Amanah 1983

Privatization policy

Malaysia Industrial Plan 1986

Malaysia Incorporated 1983

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Look East Policy 1982

Punch
Was introduced Card
Name Tag

in February 1982
E-counter / Open
kiosk Office
To promote
the adoption
To improve
of work To create
culture,
management
positive work Quality
and Pocket files
ethics and ethics and Control
development
values from values
in Malaysia
Japan and
Korea.
Manual
procedures
Look East Policy 1982
Changes in ATTITUDES

Kepimpinan
Khidmat Bersih, Cekap
Melalui
Cemerlang dan Amanah
Teladan

Entrepreneurship

Industrial and technical

Trainings and courses

Academic

Technical

Executive Development
 Bersih, Cekap dan Amanah 1983

Was launched by the PM in April 1982, an important foundation to a later campaign

called Leadership by Example that was launched in March 1983.

To create a new work ethics and To raise the spirit and motivation
behavior among malaysians with among workers based on the
emphasis on increasing incalculation of Islamic values and
productivities and work quality leadership by examples.

 Some of the strategies were:

 Introduction of desk file
 Introduction of quality control committee
 One-stop payment bill centre
 Open-space office concept
 Punch card
 Asset declaration of public officials
 Use of name tag
 The beefing of Anti Corruption Agency
 The introduction of excellence services award
 The emphasis of training
Sogoshosha Malaysia

Is a business concept introduced in Japan.

Have Manages the Plays a major
international high volume of role in external
networking trading goods trade
 Malaysia Incorporated 1983

Was based on the “Japanese

Incorporated”.

To establish
close,
meaningful To eliminate
and effective enmity To increase
cooperation between the productivity.
The need for this policy arose from the between the two sectors.
realization that a good and close private and
public.
working relationship between the
public and private sector were needed
to generate development and growth to
the benefits of both sectors.
 Privatization Policy 1983
The transfer of enterprise ownership from the public to the private sector.

Lessen the government’s

financial burden

It was the
acknowledgement The economic Improve work efficiency
by the Prime crisis of the early and outputs
Minister that the 1980s had affected
business of good the government
management more capacity to run Promote economic growth
frequently rested various business and national efficiency
on private sector enterprises
instead of on the efficiently.
To have a better and more
government. efficient allocation of
resources

To facilitate the
achievement of the New
Economic Policy.
FOREIGN POLICY

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Principles

Extension of domestic policy

Defend and promote national

interest: political, security,
economic and others
DEVELOPMENT OF NATIONAL FOREIGN POLICY
AFTER INDEPENDENCE
Tunku Abdul Rahman (1957-1970),
•Malaysia’s foreign policy was Pro- Western and
anticommunist considering the nation had only just
achieved independence and faced the threat of
communism.

Tun Abdul Razak Hussein (1970-1976),

Malaysia’s foreign policy emphasizes
development and social integration by having
diplomatic ties with all countries without bias on
political ideologies.

Tun Hussein Onn (1976-1981), foreign policy

emphasized on defense cooperation and
national security.

Tun Mahathir Mohamad (1981-2003), the

national foreign policy placed importance on
economic ties and maintaining previous policies.
Issues of peace and international social justice
were also important agendas.

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Objectives of the National Foreign Policy

 Preserve, defend and develop Malaysia’s interests in the

international arena;
 Preserve and defend the independence, sovereignty and
security of Malaysia;
 Defend the principles of mutual respect of independence
and sovereignty of territories through a policy of non-
interference in the internal affairs of other countries;
 Face political, economic, security and social developments
and challenges in the world stage;
 Defend and advance the rights, interests and aspirations of
Malaysia in all fields; and
 Cultivate cordial relations and increase cooperation with
other countries.

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WHICH MINISTRY IS RESPONSIBLE?

 National foreign relations are handled by the Ministry of

Foreign Affairs. This Ministry manages matters related to
political ties, economic affairs, security and social and cultural
promotion. Among the objectives of the Ministry are to:
 Manage two-way relations, regional relations and multiple-
way relations with foreign countries and international
organizations. These relations encompass politics,
economics and culture;
 Promote investment and trade with other countries;
 Carry out informative activities to project the image of the
country abroad; and
 Handle support activities, including services, general
administration, finance, consular, security and
communication.

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ASEAN

8 August 1967

10 member countries

• Concept of ZOPFAN
• South East Nuclear Weapons Free Zone
(SEANWFZ) Concept
• Economic Projects
• Cooperation in Social and Cultural fields
• Cooperation in Education
• ASEAN Vision 2020
• ASEAN + 3

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Purposes of ASEAN

Economic growth

Regional peace and security

Cooperation in the social, economic, cultural,

technical, scientific and administrative fields

To promote commerce, industry and agriculture

South-East Asian studies

Close cooperation with other regional and

international organizations

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 Proposed by
Malaysia through
the Kuala Lumpur
Declaration,
1971.
Zone of Peace, Maintain political
Freedom and Rationale stability
Neutrality.
Prevent the area
from being war zone
for big power
conflicts
ZOPFAN
The spirit of
regionalism
 Malaysia and the OIC
(Organization of Islamic Countries)

It was formed in 1971 and

comprises 57 Islamic countries
from the three biggest regions Asia, Condemned the
Middle East and Africa. Developing African
Islamic ethnic cleansing of
economies and
Development Bank Muslims in Bosnia-
society
Herzegovina
Purpose:
Criticized Soviet Organises the
This organization aims to foster Investing in several
interference in annual Musaqabah
cooperation among all Islamic OIC member states
Afghanistan al-Quran
countries in fields such as socio-
culture, politics, science and
technology, exchange of financial Supports the
information and such to elevate the struggle of
Muslim status. Palestinians

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What are the roles of OIC?

To promote solidarity among all member

states.

To consolidate cooperation among member

states

To endeavor to eliminate racial segregation and

discrimination.

To support the Palestianian people

Malaysia’s first Prime Minister
was the OIC first Secretary
General between 1970-1973.
To support all Muslims people in their struggle
to safeguard their dignity, independence and
national rights.
Commonwealth

Aimed to create friendship and unity,

and economic, education, defense,
Former British
agriculture and legal development
colonies
among all former British colonies.

• Put forth challenges in international trade, colonialism and opposition

to the Apartheid issue in South Africa.
• Malaysia was chosen as the host for CHOGM in 1989. The issues
discussed were Apartheid, independence of Namibia, drugs, famine
and poverty in Africa, international economy, West Asia conflict,
Afghanistan and Cambodia conflicts and environmental issues. As a
result of the decline and pollution of the environment, the
Commonwealth Heads of Government outlined several plans and
actions.
• Benefits of cooperation in defense, trade, development of science
and technology, agriculture, education, finance and many more.
• Conducting joint military training with several Commonwealth nations.
• The introduction of the Colombo Plan further enhanced Malaysia’s
stature, where Malaysia received advice on education, agriculture,
health and such

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United Nations (UN)

• In 1945, representatives of 50 countries met in San Francisco at the

United Nations Conference on International Organization to draw up the
United Nations Charter.
• The Organization officially came into existence on 24 October 1945,
when the Charter had been ratified by China, France, the Soviet Union,
the United Kingdom, the United States and a majority of other
signatories. United Nations Day is celebrated on 24 October.

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United Nations (UN)

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44
Malaysia’s Roles

Involved in 7 UN Peace Keeping Operations

UN Iraq-Kuwait (1991)
UN Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara (1991)
UN International Police Force (1995)
UN Mission in Kosovo (1999)
UN Observer Mission in Sierra Leone (1999)
UN Transitional Administration in East TImur (1999)
UN Organization Mission in Democratic Republic of Congo (2000)

ANTARTICA Policy
• Malaysia’s stand on the Antarctica was that the territory should
be made a common heritage for the common benefits of all.
•Malaysia was previously chosen to lead the G-77 countries, who were
tasked to discuss on world development issues.
•Malaysia was also chosen to lead the ICDATT, an international agency
tasked with fighting the abuse of drugs.
•Further, Malaysia was involved in providing opinions and views and
reprimanding the world body, as well as implementing UN policy, such
as sending peacekeepers to the Congo (1961), Somalia (1995), Bosnia
(1996) and the Iran-Iraq border (1990).

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