Coupled resonances and mode shapes in a flexible

cylindrical cavity :An analytical approach

A Project Report
Submitted in partial fulfilment of the
requirements for the Degree of
Master of Engineering
in
Faculty of Engineering

by

Soumit Kumar Biswal

Dept. of Mechanical Engineering

Indian Institute of Science
BANGALORE – 560 012

June 17, 2016

Acknowledgements

I would like to express thanks and gratitude to my guide and mentor Prof. V. R Sonti
who gave me the opportunity to work on this challenging topic. His dedication, patience
and scholarly advice has been the foundation of this piece of work. His ideas in times of
troubleshooting and systematic approach has been really helpful.
My time at IISc has been a memorable and learning experience mainly because of the em-
inent professors at Mechanical Engineering department. They have been a constant source
of inspiration. I am grateful to Institutes facilities specially, J. R. D. Tata Memorial Library,
Space Technology Cell-ISRO liaison office. I am indebted to my organization Vikram Sarab-
hai Space Centre/Indian Space Research Organization for providing me this opportunity
to study at IISc. A special thanks to Mr. V Eswaran, Project Director and my team at
S200/PRSO/VSSC/ISRO, without their support this would not have been possible.
Last, but not the least, I wish to thank my family and friends at IISc for their motivation
and support.

1
Abstract

The layout of this report is in two parts.

Part-I: Coupled mode shapes of a cylindrical cavity system
The panel-cavity coupled structural-acoustic interaction problem has been studied by nu-
merous researchers and is regarded as a classic in the field of vibro-acoustics. Most analytical
studies are confined to cuboid cavity and thin rectangular panels because of the simple na-
ture of the governing structural and acoustic equations for this configuration. In addition
to the complex equations of motion, the cylindrical shell coupled analysis is more involved
because of the multiple modes of vibration corresponding to the same frequency.
The compact matrix impedance based approach [16], [18], [13], has been used in this study
to find a closed form solution for a light and medium fluid loading case.
Part-II: Layered cylinder cavity system The second part of the report explores the
possibility of use of resonance acoustic scattering for detection of presence of bores in a
elastic cylinder. The extension of this work will be used for detection of white stem coffee
borer tunnels in coffee wood. Resonance acoustic scattering has been widely investigated
and reported for evaluating the elastic properties of obstacles submerged in an unbounded
medium. Acoustic interaction of infinitely long elastic cylinders with plane waves has been
investigated by [20, 10, 25, 5]. In particular, the problem of interaction of a compliant layer
clad infinitely long cylinder has been of practical interest and this configuration somewhat
resembles the tree trunk. Towards this notable research papers[4, 11] are available for elastic
cylinder. A simpler 2D plane stress model with scalar potential function is attempted in this
report for the case of a layered cylinder.

2
Contents

Acknowledgements 1

Abstract 2

I Coupled resonances and mode shapes in a flexible cylindrical

cavity :An analytical approach 1
1 Introduction 2
1.1 Literature survey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.2 Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

2 Cylindrical cavity system 5

2.1 Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.2 Formulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.2.1 Structural part . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.2.2 Acoustic part . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.2.3 The coupled coefficient matrix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

3 Results and discussion 13

3.1 Plate-cavity system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
3.1.1 For non-diagonal C matrix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

II Layered cylinder cavity system 17

4 Infinite Cylinder 18
4.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
4.2 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
4.3 Literature survey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
4.4 Formulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

3
List of Tables

3.1 Perturbed panel modes for case 1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

3.2 Perturbed cavity modes for case 1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
3.3 Perturbed panel modes for case 1(moderate fluid loading). . . . . . . . . . . 14
3.4 Perturbed cavity modes for case 1(moderate fluid loading ρa = 20kgm−3 ). . 14
3.5 Kim-Brennan system natural frequency). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
3.6 Perturbed natural frequency(Hz) of the panel modes for light fluid loading
case). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
3.7 Change in natural frequency(Hz) of the panel modes for light fluid loading
case). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
3.8 Perturbed in natural frequency(Hz) of the panel modes for light fluid loading
case). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
3.9 Change in natural frequency(Hz) of the panel modes for light fluid loading
case). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

4
List of Figures

2.1 Schematic of simply supported cylindrical cavity-structure system . . . . . . 5

4.1 Sketch of a typical coffee plant, flowers and fruit(From a drawing by Ch.
Emonts in [17]) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
4.2 Sketch of a white stem coffee borer insect [2] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

5
 Part I

Coupled resonances and mode shapes

in a flexible cylindrical cavity :An
analytical approach

1
Chapter 1

Introduction

Acoustic waves in fluids coupled to structural objects such as membranes, plates or solids
have important applications in many engineering fields such as . The compression waves in
acoustic medium interact with the structure at the boundary transferring energy into the
structure. The level of interaction is a function of (1) geometry of the structure,(2)density
of fluid and structure and (3) frequency of imposing forcing function. In this report we will
attempt to obtain a closed form relationship for a cylindrical shell-cavity coupled system.
Even though approximate, a closed form solution provides valuable insights regarding the
extent of coupling on individual mode shapes of the panel-cavity and energy transfer from
the structure to acoustic media.

1.1 Literature survey

The dynamic response of a panel backed by an acoustic cavity has been studied by several
researchers [18, 22, 23, 24, 3]. In most of the literatures, the final solution is obtained
numerically by inverting/solving coupled matrix equations. A paper by Kim & Brennan[18]
utilised mobility based approach to obtain a compact solution to the cavity panel system.
Recently, Jain[16] extended the work of [18] to obtain a closed form solution to the light and
moderate fluid loading case. Most investigation concerning the vibration of cylinders has
been numerical using finite element method. Hutchinson[13, 14] developed a semi-analytical
method to solve the vibrations of finite length rods and solid cylinders on the basis of linear
3D elasticity. This work was further extended to vibrations of free hollow finite length
circular cylinders by Hutchinson and El-Azhari[15]. A comprehensive analysis of vibrations
of free and cantilevered solid cylinders using simple algebraic polynomials in the Ritz method

2
was presented by Leissa[19].
In the present study, a general semi-analytical compact matrix solution similar to the
work of Kim & Brennan and Jain on the basis of linear 3D theory of elasticity attempted
which covers different cases of finite length hollow cylinders for simply supported condition.
Comparing with the previously developed solutions, this method will enable better under-
standing of the mode-by-mode interaction between the cylinder-cavity modes and natural
frequencies.

1.2 Theory
In this paper, the classical theory[3, 18] is modified to present the structural-acoustic cou-
pling of a cylindrical shell and cavity. The basic theory of impedance-mobility is presented
in this section and the same is extended to cylinderical shell in subsequent sections. We have
mobility-impedance relations as:
Structural system

u 1 Q 1
Ys = ; Zs = ; Ya = ; Za = (1.1)
F Ys p Ya
Zca = S 2 Za ; Ycs = S 2 Ys

The cavity pressure pr (x, ω) at any point x can be represented as a weighted sum of its
rigid wall modes shape function ψn (x). Similarly, the panel velocity ur (y, ω) at any point y
can be expressed as a weighted sum of its in vacuo modes shape function φm (y).

N
X
T
pr (x, ω) = ψn (x)an (ω) = a (1.2)
n=1

M
X
ur (y, ω) = φm (y)bm (ω) = ŒT b (1.3)
m=1

Using the impedance and mobility approach, the final compact matric result obtained[18]
is given in equation 2.23 and 2.24 where the matrices Ys ,Za and C represent the structural
mobility, acoustic impedance and geometric coupling matrices respectively. If we analyse
the equation 2.24, the term Za (q + CYs g) represents the response of weakly coupled system
to forcing functions q or g. The first factor (I + Za CYs CT )−1 represents the coupling
term and the presence of inverse operation makes the evaluation of a closed form solution

3
difficult. Kim & Brennan approaches this with a numerical approach, thus obtain solution
for an identified configuration.
Recently, this difficulty in evaluating a closed form solution to this problem was revisited
by Jain and utilising Sherman Morrison formula for block matrices, a closed form solution
for light and medium fluid loading was obtained.

4
Chapter 2

Cylindrical cavity system

2.1 Description
A hollow thin cylinder of length L is considered to be simply supported at its ends. Presently
we consider the end covers are rigid and the longitudinal force due to integral of acoustic
pressure over end covers is not considered in this section. The pressure perturbations and
the dispacements are considered to be small so that linear acoustic wave equation can be
used. Love’s simplified shell theory is used for the equations of equilibrium of the shell.

Figure 2.1: Schematic of simply supported cylindrical cavity-structure system

First, the matrices Ys ,Za and C needs to be evaluated for the cylindrical shell system in
order to apply the compact matrix formulation as described for the panel system.

5
2.2 Formulation
The advantage of the formulation used by Kim and Brennan is the response of the rigid
walled acoustic system and the in vacuo structural system are required to be solved for
arriving at the coupled response.

2.2.1 Structural part

The cylindrical shell in vacuum is excited by pressure load q3 (x, θ) and we study the in
vacuo response of the structure and evaluate the structural impedance relations in this
configuration. As we are looking for the harmonic solution of the shell, the mode shape
functions for a simply supported shell are assumed of the form[26]:

mπx
Uxm (x, θ) = cos cos n(θ − φ) (2.1)
L
mπx
Uθm (x, θ) = sin sin n(θ − φ) (2.2)
L
mπx
U3m (x, θ) = sin cos n(θ − φ) (2.3)
L
Equations of motion for a simply supported shell as per Soedel is expressed as:
 
ρ hω 2 − k1,1 k1,2 k1,3    
  Ã(ω) qx
k2,1 ρ hω 2 − k2,2 k2,3  ×  B̃(ω)  =  qθ  (2.4)
     

 
C̃(ω) q3
k3,1 k3,2 ρ hω 2 − k3,3

where Ã(ω), B̃(ω), C̃(ω) are the modal participation factors and the values of ki,j are
given in Appendix.
Solving the homogenous form of 2.4 i.e qi = 0 we obtain the natural frequency of the
shell. The shell transverse mode has the lowest natural frequency. Considering only the
transverse displacement for analysis,mth modal force for q3 is given by,
Z 2π Z L
1
Fm = q3 (x, θ)U3m (x, θ)adxdθ (2.5)
ρhNm 0 0

Z 2π Z L
2 2 2
Nm = (Uxm + Uθm + U3m )adxdθ
0 0

6
 Since |U3m |>> |Uxm |, |Uθm |,
Z 2π Z L
2
Nm ≈ Uxm adxdθ
0 0

Z 2π Z L
Fm 1
C̃m (ω) = 2 2
⇒ C̃m (ω) = 2
q3 U3m adxdθ (2.6)
(ωsh,m − ω ) ρhNm (ωsh,m − ω 2 ) 0 0

Total in vacuo response is obtained by using 2.8 in 2.3. For a point load of magnitude
F acting at (x = xf ,θ = θf ), q3 = F δ(xf )δ(θf ) and the structural mobility for mth mode is
obtained by
C̃m (ω)U3m (x∗ , θ∗ )
Ysm (ω) = jω (2.7)
F
where (x∗ , θ∗ ) represents the location of response measurement on the shell. Thus trans-
verse velocity response of any pont on the shell due to the forcing function q3 (x, θ) is given
by, !
Z 2π Z L
jω
um (x, θ, ω) = 2
q3 U3m adxdθ U3m (x, θ) (2.8)
ρhNm (ωsh,m − ω2) 0 0

In compact matrix formulation used by Kim and Brennan, the mobility matrix for struc-
ture and impedance matrix of the acoustic medium are fragmented so as to obtain a system
of matrices which are easier to solve.

1
[Ys ]ij = B̃i δij (2.9)
ρhS

where the value of

jω
B̃i = 2
(ωsh,i − ω2)
and modal forcing vector Z 2π Z L
[q]i = q3 U3i adxdθ (2.10)
0 0

2.2.2 Acoustic part

Starting with the equilibrium equation of a fluid, we have

∂
−∇p + ρbf = ρ u (2.11)
∂t

7
The continuity relation for a source with strength density s = Q̇/V is given by

∂ρ
+ ∇(ρ.u) = ρs (2.12)
∂t

Using adiabatic constituent relationship pρ−γ = costant we get,

∂ρ ρ
= 2 (2.13)
∂p c0

Using equation 2.11,2.12 and 2.13 we obtain the following relation after eliminating u

∂ 2p ∂
2
− c20 ∇2 p = c20 (ρs) − c20 ∇.(ρbf ) (2.14)
∂t ∂t
As we neglect gravity, the body force term bf = 0.Using the modal representation of
∂
pressure from 1.2 and ∂t (ρs) = jωρs we obtain,

N
X
(−ai ω 2 ψi − c20 ai ∇2 ψi ) = jωρc20 s (2.15)
i=1

PN
Multiplying both sides with r=1 ψr and integrating over the volume we get,

N X
X N Z Z  N 
X Z 
2 2 2 2
ai ω ψi ψg dV + c0 (∇ ψi )ψg dV = − ρc0 jω sψg dV (2.16)
i=1 g=1 V V g=1 V

R
Now, the modeshapes are orthogonal and normalised. So V ψi ψg dV = V for i = g and
0 otherwise. ∇2 ψi = (−k.k)ψi in k domain. k.k = kmnr
2
where kmnr represents the acoustic
wave number corrosponding to (m, n, r) rigid-wall acoustic mode. Using c20 kmnr = ωmnr ,
th

equation 2.16 can be written as

N X
X N   N 
X Z 
2
ai δig V ω − ωmnr = − ρc20 jω sψg dV (2.17)
i=1 g=1 g=1 V

ρc20
Z
jω
ag = sψg dV (2.18)
V (ωmnr − ω 2 ) V

ρc20 jω
Here the terms V (ωmnr −ω 2 )
is used to construct the acoustic impedance matrix Za .

jω
Ãi = 2
(ωac,i − ω2)

8
 Impedance matrix is constructed as [18]

ρ0 c20
[Za ]ij = Ãi δij (2.19)
V

The cylindrical fluid filled rigid walled cavity has the boundary condition of zero velocity
at 1)u(x, θ, r = a) = 0, 2)u(0, θ, r) = 0 and 3)u(L, θ, r) = 0. Using these conditions and the
fact that the pressure is finite at r=0, we get the mode shape as,

ψm,n,p (r, θ, z) = Jn (knp r) cos(nθ) cos(kzm z) (2.20)

2.2.3 The coupled coefficient matrix

The acoustic pressure and the structural vibration are described by the summation of N and
M modes, respectively. Hence, the acoustic pressure in the cavity and the shell transverse
velocity modes can be represented by

N
X
p(r, θ, ω) = ψ(r, θ, m)an (ω) (2.21)
n=1

M
X
u(x, θ, ω) = U3m (x, θ)bm (ω) (2.22)
m=1

Here for the coupled system we need to evaluate an and bm corrosponding to the acoustic
and structural responses respectively. The matrix
Z Z
[C]nm = ψn U3m dS

represents the geometric coupling between the uncoupled structural and acoustic mode shape
functions on the cylinder-fluid interface. The solution is given as

a = (I + Za CYs CT )−1 Za (g + CYs q) (2.23)

b = (I + Ys CT Za C)−1 Ys (q − CT Za g) (2.24)

In the equations 2.23 and 2.24, we see that when Za CYs C T and Ys C T Za C are small, the
response is weakly coupled.

9
 " #" # " #
In,n Za C a Za g
= (2.25)
Ys CT Im,m b Ys q
Using the block matrix algebra for the equation 2.25 we obtain the relation for natural
frequency of the system as,

Det(Im,m + Ys CT Za C) = 0 (2.26)

The equation 2.26 can be further simplified using matrix determinant lemma after factori-
sation of Ys CT Za C into groups of two column vector to yield closed form solutions. This is
mainly possible due to the diagonal nature of Ys and Za matrices.
Using matrix determinant lemma and Sherman Morrison matrix inverse results,

Det(I + u1 v1T ) = Det(I)(1 + v1T I−1 u1 ) (2.27)

= (1 + v1T u1 )
Det(I + u1 v1T + u2 v2T ) = Det(I + u1 v1T )(1 + v2T (I + u1 v1T )−1 u2 )
I−1 u1 v1T I−1
= (1 + v1T u1 )(1 + v2T (I−1 − )u2 )
1 + v1T I−1 u1
= 1 + v1T u1 + v2T u2 − v2T u1 v1T u2
PN
Now our problem is modified in expressing Ys CT Za C in form of m=1
T
um vm

N
X
T T
[IMxM + Ys C Za C] = IMxM + um vm (2.28)
m=1

By inspection of terms of Ys CT Za C, we find

1 jΩ
[um ]i = 2
Cm,i (2.29)
ρp hS ωsh,i − Ω2

ρa c20
[vm ]i = Am Cm,i (2.30)
V

10
 1
Ai = ;i = 1
( t1a
− jΩ)
jΩ
= 2 ; i 6= 1 (2.31)
(ωac,i − Ω2 )

Using approximated results of equation 2.27,

N
X N
Y
T
Det[IMxM + um vm ]= (1 + uT
m vm ) (2.32)
m=1 m=1

Let Tm be defined as
Tm = (1 + uT
m vm ) (2.33)

Expanding the (1 + uT
m vm ) term we obtain the general expression for Tm term;

M
X ρa c20 jΩAm
Tm = 1 + 2 2
(Cm,i )2 (2.34)
i=1
ρ p hSV ωsh,i − Ω

For diagonal C-matrix

ρa c20
The Tm will be reduced to a single element instead of a series. Substituting y = ρp hSV
for
this case,

jΩAm
Tm = 1 + y 2 2
(Cm,m )2 (2.35)
ωsh,m −Ω

For m = 1 and ta = ∞,
C1,1 2 y
T1 = 1 + (2.36)
ωsh,1 2 − ω 2
For m 6= 1 and ta = ∞,

ω 2 Cm,m 2 y
Tm = 1 − (2.37)
(ωa,m 2 − ω 2 ) (ωsh,m 2 − ω 2 )

Since the assumed fluid loading is light, the perturbed frequency will be close to the uncou-
pled plate frequency H. Substituting ω = 2π(H + δ) in equations 2.36 and using T1 = 0, we

11
obtain,

4 H 2 π 2 − C1,1 2 y − ωsh,1 2 + 8 Hπ 2 δ + O δ 2 = 0


(2.38)

Neglecting O (δ 2 ) terms we get the solution for δ

1 4 H 2 π 2 − C1,1 2 y − ωsh,1 2
δ1 = − (2.39)
8 Hπ 2

For m 6= 1 condition, substituting ω = 2π(H + δ) in equations 2.37 and using Tm = 0, we

obtain,

4π 2 (H + δ)2 Cm,m 2 y
1−
=0 (2.40)
−4 π 2 (H + δ)2 + ωac,m 2 −4 π 2 (H + δ)2 + ωp,m 2

⇒ 16 H 4 π 4 − 4 H 2 π 2 yCm,m 2 − 4 H 2 π 2 ωac,m 2 − 4 H 2 π 2 ωsh,m 2 + ωac,m 2 ωsh,m 2

(2.41)
+ 64 H 3 π 4 − 8 Hπ 2 yCm,m 2 − 8 Hπ 2 ωac,m 2 − 8 Hπ 2 ωsh,m 2 δ + O δ 2



=0

−16 H 4 π 4 + 4 H 2 π 2 yCm,m 2 + 4 H 2 π 2 ωac,m 2 + 4 H 2 π 2 ωsh,m 2 − ωac,m 2 ωsh,m 2

⇒ δm = (2.42)
8 Hπ 2 8 H 2 π 2 − yCm,m 2 − ωac,m 2 − ωsh,m 2

− (2 Hπ − ωsh,m ) (2 Hπ + ωsh,2 ) (2 Hπ − ωac,m ) (2 Hπ + ωac,m ) + 4 H 2 π 2 yCm,m 2

=
8 Hπ 2 8 H 2 π 2 − yCm,m 2 − ωac,m 2 − ωsh,m 2

The expression obtained in equation 2.42 represents the perturbation of natural frequency
of the shell mode for a light fluid loading case corresponding to a diagonal structure-acoustic
coupling matrix.

For non-diagonal C matrix

For the case of non diagonal C matrix, the product of uTm vm will yield more than one term.
Thus the perturbed solution has to be obtained starting from the most significant term. One
expanding equation 2.32 we get,

N  M
Y X ρa c20 jΩ 2

1+ 2
A C
2 m m,i
=0 (2.43)
m=1 i=1
ρp hSV ωsh,i − Ω

12
Chapter 3

Results and discussion

3.1 Plate-cavity system

Light fluid loading case

For the configuration of plate as given in the paper under case 1 (L1=0.5,L2=0.4,L3=0.3,h=0.005),
the coupling matrix is obtained as;
 
0.1621 0.0 0.0 0.0
 
0.0 0.1528 0.0 0.0
 
 
C=


 (3.1)
 0.0 0.0 0.1528 0.0 
 
0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1441

Using the relations obtained under equation 2.42 we get the perturbation(without iterating
the solution) for the panel modes as;

Table 3.1: Perturbed panel modes for case 1.

Mode no Uncoupled δm (Hz) Coupled panel
panel frequency(Hz)
frequency(Hz)
1.0 124.6 2.3 127.0
2.0 270.6 - 1.6 269.0
3.0 352.6 - 1.5 351.1
4.0 498.6 - 2.3 496.3

13
 Table 3.2: Perturbed cavity modes for case 1.
Mode no Uncoupled δm (Hz) Coupled cavity
cavity frequency(Hz)
frequency(Hz)
1.0 0.0 - -
2.0 340.0 2.0 342.0
3.0 425.0 1.9 426.9
4.0 544.3 2.6 546.8

Moderate fluid loading case

For the configuration of plate as given in the paper under case 1 (L1=0.5,L2=0.4,L3=0.3,h=0.005)
and fluid density of 20kgm−3 the solution need to be obtained by iterative procedure. For
obtaining the perturbed solution, we substitute Ω = H + δ where H = ωp,i for obtaining
the perturbed solution about ith panel mode. If the obtained δ is more than 0.1, the δ value
is added to H and the procedure is repeated to find δ again. Finally we get the coupled
frequency as given in table below.

Table 3.3: Perturbed panel modes for case 1(moderate fluid loading).
Mode no Uncoupled Total δm (Hz) Coupled panel
panel frequency(Hz)
frequency(Hz)
1.0 124.6 32.9 157.5
2.0 270.6 - 22.0 248.6
3.0 352.6 - 22.5 330.1
4.0 498.6 - 33.2 465.4

Table 3.4: Perturbed cavity modes for case 1(moderate fluid loading ρa = 20kgm−3 ).
Mode no Uncoupled δm (Hz) Coupled cavity
cavity frequency(Hz)
frequency(Hz)
2.0 340.0 367.9 367.9
3.0 425.0 450.8 450.8
4.0 544.3 575.7 575.7

14
3.1.1 For non-diagonal C matrix
For the case of non diagonal C matrix, the product of uTm vm will yield more than one term.
Thus the perturbed solution has to be obtained starting from the most significant term. One
expanding equation 2.32 we get,

N  M
Y X ρa c20 jΩ 2

1+ 2
Am Cm,i = 0 (3.2)
m=1
ρ hSV ωp,i
i=1 p
− Ω2

Fo the Kim-Brennan system,(L1=1.5,L2=0.3,L3=0.4,h=0.005), the coupling matrix is

obtained as;
 
0.3648 −0.0 0.1216 0.0
 
0.0 0.3439 0.0 0.1376
 
 
C=  (3.3)
 −0.1719
 
0.0 0.3095 0.0 
 
−0.0 −0.2063 −0.0 0.2948

The natural frequency of the panel and cavity system is as given under,

Table 3.5: Kim-Brennan system natural frequency).

Mode no Mode Uncoupled Mode no Mode Uncoupled
panel fre- cavity
quency(Hz) fre-
quency(Hz)
1 1,1 140.5 1 0,0,0 0.
2 2,1 156.7 2 1,0,0 113.3
3 3,1 183.7 3 2,0,0 226.7
4 4,1 221.6 4 3,0,0 340.0

Interaction between the panel modes and cavity modes is found out by taking the panel
freqency corrosponding to a mode and considering the effect of only term in equation 3.2.
The uncoupled structural modes constitutes a set of independent eigen vectors. Different
structural modes interact through the acoustic fluid term.

15
Table 3.6: Perturbed natural frequency(Hz) of the panel modes for light fluid loading case).

Acoustic B1(140.5) B2(156.7) B3(183.7) B4(221.6)

mode
A1 142.0 156.7 183.9 221.6
A2 140.5 159.1 183.7 221.8
A3 140.3 156.7 182.2 221.6
A4 140.5 156.6 183.7 221.1

Table 3.7: Change in natural frequency(Hz) of the panel modes for light fluid loading case).

Acoustic B1(140.5) B2(156.7) B3(183.7) B4(221.6)

mode
A1 1.5 0.0 0.1 0.0
A2 0.0 2.4 0.0 0.2
A3 - 0.2 0.0 - 1.5 0.0
A4 0.0 - 0.1 0.0 - 0.5

Table 3.8: Perturbed in natural frequency(Hz) of the panel modes for light fluid loading
case).
Coupled B1(140.5) B2(156.7) B3(183.7) B4(221.6)
mode
(A1+B1) 142.0 156.7 184.0 221.6
(A2+B2) 140.5 159.1 183.7 221.9
(A3+B3) 140.3 156.7 182.2 221.6
(A4+B4) 140.5 156.6 183.7 221.1

Table 3.9: Change in natural frequency(Hz) of the panel modes for light fluid loading case).

Coupled B1(140.5) B2(156.7) B3(183.7) B4(221.6)

mode
(A1+B1) 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0
(A2+B2) 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2
(A3+B3) - 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
(A4+B4) 0.0 - 0.0 0.0 0.0

16
 Part II

Layered cylinder cavity system

17
Chapter 4

Infinite Cylinder

4.1 Introduction
Coffee plantation was introduced in 18th century by British entrepreneurs in forest terrain
of southern India. Ever since, Indian coffee industry has earned a distinct identity and has
been exporting worldwide. Coffee white stem borer, Xylotrechus quadripes, is a serious pest
of arabica coffee causing a yield loss up to 40 per cent in all coffee growing areas of India. It
has a habit of boring through the stems of coffee plants in plantations causing yield losses.
Because the larvae damages the plant while being hidden inside the wooden stems, its control
becomes extremely difficult.[2].
The insect is a blackish brown coloured beetle measuring about 2 cm in size with three
pairs of white stripes running obliquely across the wings. Alternate host plants of this beetle
include rose sandal wood, teak etc. The larvae enters the hard wood and burrows up to the
roots. Infested plants show yellowing and wilting of leaves, presence of ridges on the stem,
wilting of branches and occasional drying.
A typical sketch of the coffee tree and white stem coffee borer insect is given below [17]
in figures 4.1 and 4.2.
A typical coffee stem bark has a diameter of 0.15m and the insect bores are approximately
5mm in diameter.

4.2 Scope
The present work is focused on working out a scheme for non-destructive evaluation of health
of the coffee plant trunk. So to built up the understanding of the problem we will restrict

18
Figure 4.1: Sketch of a typical coffee plant, flowers and fruit(From a drawing by Ch. Emonts
in [17])

Figure 4.2: Sketch of a white stem coffee borer insect [2]

the scope to,

• Develop a simplified elastic model of the coffee tree trunk and study the vibration and
scattering response of the model.

4.3 Literature survey

Wood bark analysis is usually carried out for large trees to ensure the safety of nearby
buildings. Termite infestation of the barks leads to the structure failure of the trees and thus
a timely diagnosis of the trunk integrity is essential. Devices such as Fakopp [1] are available
for large tree trunks and detection of large defects. For the present case, no acoustic device
exists for detecting small defects in wood. There are other methods such as IR tomography
and X-ray imaging but time and safety involved in these methods makes them impractical
for field use.

19
On the other hand, scattering of layered cylinders has been studied by Flax[4]. A method for
obtaining resonance scatter spectrum is presented for a fluid filled layered elastic cylinder.
Honarvar and Sinclair [11] studied the acoustics plane wave scattering for a circular clad
tube. In more recent studies by Hasheminejad et. al.[7, 8, 9] studies on isotropic eccentric
fluid filled cylinders have been attempted.

4.4 Formulation
We consider a simplified case of the hollow cylinder vibroacoustic problem with the following
assumptions

• The cylinder is homogeneous, linearly elastic, isotropic and infinitely long.

• Rotary inertia of the structure is neglected.

• The cylinder,if hollow, is with a co-axial bore.

• plane stress condition is assumed for a normal incident plane wave on the cylindrical
surface.

Since a homogeneous isotropic medium is considered, stress is given by,

σij = λδij mm + 2µij (4.1)

2ν
λ=
1 − 2ν
µ=G

where λ and µ are Lamé parameters.

For modeling isotropic and orthotropic elastodynamics problems, representation of displace-
ment field with a scalar potential and a vector potential has been widely used by Graff[6]
and Morse & Ingaard[21]. Based on this model, numerous acoustic-structure and layered-
structure interaction has been studied[4, 10, 12, 11, 25].
The displacement field is modeled as,

u = ∇φ + ∇ × ψ (4.2)

Where φ(r, θ, z) represents the scalar potential field and ψ(r, theta, z) represents the
vector potential field with condition ∇.ψ = 0. Now the three components of ψ are not

20
really independent after enforcing the non-dilation condition and thus can be expressed as
two independent components[10]. In case of symmetry about r−θ plane, the vector potential
can be further simplified to a single component vector ψ =< 0, 0, ψ >. This model has been
used to study layered cylinder due to the simplification in the equations for the symmetric
loading case[7, 4]. In this report, the displacement field used is,

u = ∇φ + ∇ × (ψez ) (4.3)

Navier’s equations of elasticity is used for the formulation of problem.

∂ 2u
(λ + µ)∇(∇.u) + ∇2 u = ρ (4.4)
∂t2

where ρ represents the density of the solid and u represents the displacement field. Taking the
divergence and curl(separately) we obtain two equation representing the P-wave(dilatation)
and S-wave(distortion) respectively as given below as two separate Helmholtz equation for
harmonic loading case in equation 4.5.

(∇2 + kp2 )φ = 0 (4.5)

(∇2 + ks2 )ψ = 0

Solving these equations we get the solution for cylindrical geometry symmetric loading
about θ = 0 case;

• For hollow cylinder case

∞
X
φ= (Bn Jn (kp r) + Cn Jn (kp r))cos(nθ) (4.6)
n=0
∞
X
ψ= (Dn Jn (ks r) + En Jn (ks r))sin(nθ)
n=0

• For solid cylinder case, the Bessel function of second kind coefficient should be zero for

21
rendering the displacement field finite.
∞
X
φ= (Fn Jn (kp r))cos(nθ) (4.7)
n=0
X∞
ψ= (Gn Jn (ks r))sin(nθ)
n=0

In case of a hollow cylinder there are two interfaces where we need to match the
following boundary conditions;
(1) (2) (1) (2)
– The displacements at the boundary are continuous i.e ur = ur and uθ = uθ
(1) (2) (1) (2)
– The stresse at the boundary are equal, i.e σrr = σrr and σrθ = σrθ

22
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2016-06-15.

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25