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Method of Least Work: Swedish College of Engineering & Technology, Wah Cantt
Method of Least Work: Swedish College of Engineering & Technology, Wah Cantt
Theory of Structures‐II
M Shahid Mehmood
Department of Civil Engineering
Swedish College of Engineering & Technology, Wah Cantt
Method of Least Work / Castigliano’s Second Theorem
• Force Method
• Compatibility equations are established by using the
Castigliano’s second theorem, instead of by deflection
superposition
i i as in
i method
h d off consistent
i d f
deformations.
i
• Let us consider a statically indeterminate beam with
unyielding
i ldi supports t subjected
bj t d tot an external
t l loading
l di w.
C
A B
2
Method of Least Work / Castigliano’s Second Theorem
w
C
A B
By
U = f (w, B y )
3
Method of Least Work / Castigliano’s Second Theorem
4
Method of Least Work / Castigliano’s Second Theorem
• Si
Since for
f a linearly
li l elastic,
l ti there
th i no maximum
is i value
l off
strain energy, because it can be increased indefinitely by
increasing the value of the redundant,
redundant we conclude that
for the true value of the redundant the strain energy
must be a minimum.
6
Method of Least Work / Castigliano’s Second Theorem
• If a structure is
i indeterminate
i d i to the
h nth
h degree,
d the
h n
redundants are selected, and the strain energy for the
structure is expressed in terms of the known external
loading and the n unknown redundants as
7
Method of Least Work / Castigliano’s Second Theorem
U = f (w, R1 , R2 , R3 ,...., Rn )
∂U ∂U ∂U
= 0, = 0, L, =0
∂R1 ∂R2 ∂Rn
L M2
U =∫ dx (1)
0 2 EI
1.6 k/ft
A B
30 ft
11
Solution
1.6 k/ft
Ax B
A
MA
Ay By
30 ft
Solution
1.6 k/ft
Ax B
A
MA
Ay By
30 ft
f
Solution
L M2
U =∫ dx (1)
0 2 EI
14
-
1.6 k/ft
Solution
Ax B
A
MA
Ay By
x
30 ft
1.6 x 2
M = B y (x( x) −
2
• Next,, we p
partiallyy differentiate the expression
p for M w.r.t
By to obtain
∂M
=x
∂B y
15
Solution
∂B y ∫0 ∂B y EI
= dx = 0 (2)
1 30
EI
∫0
x (
B y x − 0 . 8 )
x 2
dx =0
∂M
=x M = B y ( x) −
1.6 x 2
,
∂B y 2
9,000 B y − 162,000 = 0
B y = 18 k ↑
16
1.6 k/ft
Solution
Ax B
A
MA
Ay By = 18 k
+ ↑ ∑ Fy = 0 Ay − 1.6(30 ) + 18 = 0 Ay = 30 k ↑ ANS
17
Solution
1 6 k/ft
1.6
Ax = 0 B
A
MA = 180 k‐ft
Ay = 30 k By = 18 k
30 k
Shear
h Diagram
18 k
101.3 k‐ft
Moment Diagram
180 k‐ft
18
Example 2
Determine the reactions for the two‐span continuous
beam shown in Fig., by the method of least work. EI is
constant.
constant
80 kN
30 kN/m
B
D
A C
10 m 5m 5m
19
Solution
80 kN
30 kN/m
B
Ax D
A C
Ay By Dy
20
Solution
80 kN
30 kN/m
B
Ax D
A C
Ay By Dy
L M2
U =∫ dx (1)
0 2 EI 21
Solution 80 kN
30 kN/m
B
Ax D
A C
Ay By Dy
+ ∑MD = 0
− Ay (20 ) + 30(10 )(15) − B y (10 ) + 80(5) = 0 Ay = 245 − 0.5 B y (3)
+ ↑ ∑ Fy = 0
(245 − 0.5B ) − 30(10) + B
y y − 80 + D y = 0 D y = 135 − 0.5 B y (4)
23
Solution 80 kN
30 kN/m
B
Ax = 0 D
A C
10 m 5m 5m
• To determine the equations for bending moments, M,
the beam is divided into three segments, AB, BC, and CD.
• The x coordinates used for determining the equations are
shown in Figure.
• The bending moment equations , in terms of By, are
tabulated in Table on next slide.
24
Solution 80 kN
30 kN/m
B
Ax = 0 D
A C
x
Ay = 245 ‐ 0.5By By Dy = 135 ‐ 0.5By
10 m 5m 5m
25
Solution 80 kN
30 kN/m
B
Ax = 0 D
A C
x
Ay = 245 ‐ 0.5By By Dy = 135 ‐ 0.5By
10 m 5m 5m
26
Solution 80 kN
30 kN/m
B
Ax = 0 D
A C
x
Ay = 245 ‐ 0.5By By Dy = 135 ‐ 0.5By
10 m 5m 5m
27
Solution
• By substituting the expressions for M and ∂M/∂By into
Eq. (2), we write
1
EI
10
∫0 (− 0 . 5 x )(245 x − 0 . 5 B y x − 15 x 2
)dx +
∫ (− 0.5 x )(135 x − 0.5 B x )dx +
1 5
y
EI 0
• By integrating, we obtain
− 40 , 416 .667 + 166 .667 B y = 0 ⇒ B y = 242 .5 kN ↑ ANS
28
Solution
• By substituting the value of By into Eqs. (3) and (4),
respectively, we determine the vertical reactions at
s pports A and D.
supports D
80 kN
30 kN/m
B
Ax = 0 D
A C
80 kN
Solution 30 kN/m
B
Ax = 0 D
A C
123.75 kN 66.25 kN
Shear Diagram
13.75 kN
176.25 kN
255.2 kN‐m
68.8 kN‐m Moment Diagram
262.5 kN‐m 30
Example 3
Determine the reactions for the beam shown in Fig., by
the method of least work. EI is constant.
5 kN 30 kN
B
A D
C
2m 4m 4m
31
Solution
The beam is supported by four reactions. The equations
of equilibrium is three, so the beam is indeterminate to
the first degree.
degree
5 kN 30 kN
B D
A Dx
C
MD
By
Dy
B D
A Dx
C
MD
By
Dy
L M2
U =∫ dx (1)
0 2 EI
33
Solution 5 kN 30 kN
B D
A Dx
C
MD
By
Dy
B D
A Dx
C
x MD
By
Dy
2m
35
Solution
• The bending moment equations , in terms of By, are
tabulated in Table.
5 kN 30 kN
B D
A Dx
C
x MD
By
Dy
2m 4m
36
Solution
• The bending moment equations , in terms of By, are
tabulated in Table.
5 kN 30 kN
B D
A Dx
C
x MD
By
Dy
2m 4m 4m
∫ (− 5 x + B (x − 2 )(x − 2 ))dx +
1 1
(− 5 x )(0 )dx +
2 6
EI ∫
0 EI 2
y
∫ (− 5 x + B (x − 2 ) − 30 (x − 6 )(x − 2 ))dx = 0
1 10
y
EI 6
• By integrating, we obtain
− 2773 .327 + 170 .66 B y = 0 ⇒ B y = 16 .25 kN ↑ ANS
38
Solution
• By using the equations of equilibrium, the remaining
reactions are find as
D y = 18 .8 kN ↑ ANS
Dx = 0 ANS
M D = 40 kN − m ANS
5 kN 30 kN
MD = 40 kN‐m
B D
A Dx = 0
C
By = 16.25
16 25 kN
Dy = 18.8 kN
39
5 kN 30 kN
Solution
MD = 40 kN‐m
B D
A Dx = 0
C
By = 16.20 kN
Dy = 18.8 kN
11 2
11.2
Shear Diagram
‐5
‐18.8
35
Moment Diagram
‐10
‐40
40
Example 4
Determine the reactions for the frame shown in Fig., by
the method of least work. EI is constant.
5m 5m
40 kN
k
B D
5m
41
Solution
R2 A
R1
42
Solution
R2 A
R1
43
40 kN
Solution B D
HD
C
MD
VD
R2 A
R1
According to the principle of least work
∂U L ∂M M
=∫ dx = 0 (1)
∂R1 0 ∂R1 EI
∂U L ∂M M
=∫ dx = 0 (2)
∂R2 0 ∂R EI
2 44
40 kN
Solution B D
HD
C
MD
VD
R2 A
R1
The expressions
p for moment and its derivative needed to
solve Eq. (1) & (2) are listed in the table on next slide.
45
Solution 40 kN
B D
HD
C
MD
VD
5m
R2 A
R1
46
Solution 40 kN
B D
HD
C
x MD
VD
5m
R2 A
R1
47
Solution 40 kN
B D
HD
C
x MD
VD
5m 5m
R2 A
R1
∫ (R x ) ( )
5 10
1
2
− 5R2 x dx + ∫ R1 x 2 − 5 R2 x − 40 x 2 + 200 x dx = 0
0 5
49
Solution
From which
333R1 − 250 R2 − 4167 = 0
− 250 R1 + 292 R2 + 2500 = 0
and
R1 = 17.0 kN ANS
R2 = 6.0 kN ANS
50
Solution
5m 5m
40 kN
MD = 60 kN‐m
B D
HD = 6 kN
C
VD = 23 kN
5m
R2 = 6 kN A
R1 = 17 kN
51
-
40 kN
MD = 60 kN‐m
Solution B D
HD = 6 kN
C
VD = 23 kN
R2 = 6 kN A
R1 = 17 kN
17
‐23
Shear Diagram
52
‐6
-
40 kN
MD = 60 kN‐m
Solution B D
HD = 6 kN
C
VD = 23 kN
R2 = 6 kN A
R1 = 17 kN 55
‐30
‐60
Moment Diagram
53
University of Engineering & Technology, Taxila
Example 5
Determine the reactions for the frame shown in Fig., by
the method of least work. EI is constant.
10 kN
B C
E
2m
10 kN
F
2m
A D
1.5 m 1.5 m
54
University of Engineering & Technology, Taxila
Solution
The structure is indeterminate to the first degree. It has
single redundant reaction.
10 kN
B C
E
10 kN
F
MA
HA A D
VA
R1 55
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Solution
Let us choose R1, the reaction at D, to be the redundant.
10 kN
B C
E
10 kN
F
MA
HA A D
VA
R1 56
University of Engineering & Technology, Taxila
10 kN
Solution
B C
E
10 kN
F
MA
HA A D
VA
R1
10 kN
Solution
B C
E
10 kN
F 4m
MA x
HA A D
VA
R1
58
University of Engineering & Technology, Taxila
10 kN
Solution 1.5 m
B C
E
x
10 kN
F 4m
MA
HA A D
VA
R1
59
University of Engineering & Technology, Taxila
10 kN
Solution 1.5 m 1.5 m
B C
E
x
10 kN
F 4m
MA
HA A D
VA
R1
10 kN
Solution 1.5 m 1.5 m
B C
E
x
2m
10 kN
F 4m
MA
HA A D
VA
R1
Segment Origin Limits M ∂M/∂R1
DC D 0–4 0 0
CE C 0 – 1.5
15 R1.xx x
EB C 1.5 – 3 R1.x – 10(x ‐ 1.5) x
61
BF B 0–2 3R1 – 10(1.5) 3
University of Engineering & Technology, Taxila
10 kN
Solution 1.5 m 1.5 m
B C
E
2m
10 kN
F 4m
x
2m
MA
HA A D
VA R1
Segment Origin Limits M ∂M/∂R1
DC D 0–4 0 0
CE C 0 – 1.5 R1.x x
EB C 15–3
1.5 R1.xx – 10(x ‐ 1.5)
1 5) x
BF B 0–2 3R1 – 10(1.5) 3
62
FA F 0–2 3R1 – 10(1.5) – 10x 3
University of Engineering & Technology, Taxila
Solution
Segment Origin Limits M ∂M/∂R1
DC D 0–4 0 0
CE C 0 – 1.5 R1.x x
EB C 1.5 – 3 R1.x – 10(x ‐ 1.5) x
BF B 0–2 3R1 – 10(1.5) 3
FA F 0–2 3R1 – 10(1.5)
10(1 5) – 10x 3
1 1 1 1
[( ) ] ( ) ∫ (9R − 45 − 30 x )dx
1.5 3.0 2 2
∫ d + ∫1.5 1 − + + ∫0 1 − + d =0
2
R1 x dx R 10 x 15 xdx
d 9 R 45 d
dx 1
EI 0 EI EI EI 0
R1 = 5.958 kN ≅ 6 kN
63
University of Engineering & Technology, Taxila
Solution
10 kN
B C
E
10 kN
F
17.1 kN‐m
k
10 kN A D
4 Axial Force Diagram 6
4 kN
R1 = 6 kN
64
University of Engineering & Technology, Taxila
Solution
10 kN
B C 4
E
6
10 kN
F
17.1 kN‐m
k
10 kN A D
10 Shear Force Diagram
VA = 4 kN
R1 = 6 kN
65
University of Engineering & Technology, Taxila
Solution
10 kN 8.9
B C
E
10 kN
F 2.9
17.1 kN‐m
k
10 kN A D ‐17.1
Bending Moment Diagram
VA = 4 kN
R1 = 6 kN
66
University of Engineering & Technology, Taxila
Example 6
Determine the reactions for the frame shown in Fig., by
the method of least work. EI is constant.
10 kN
B C
E
2m
10 kN
F
2m
A D
1.5 m 1.5 m
67
University of Engineering & Technology, Taxila
Solution
The structure is indeterminate to the second degree. It
has two redundant reactions.
10 kN
B C
E
10 kN
F
MA
A D
HA R2
VA
R1 68
University of Engineering & Technology, Taxila
Solution
Let us choose R1, R2, the reaction at D, to be the
redundant.
10 kN
B C
E
10 kN
F
MA
A D
HA R2
VA
R1 69
University of Engineering & Technology, Taxila
Solution
According to the Principle of Least Work
10 kN
B C
∂U L ∂M M E
=∫ dx = 0
∂R1 0 ∂R1 EI
10 kN
∂U L ∂M M F
=∫ dx = 0
∂R2 0 ∂R EI
2
MA
A D
HA R2
VA
R1
70
University of Engineering & Technology, Taxila
10 kN
Solution
B C
E
10 kN
F 4m
MA x
D
HA A R2
VA
R1
71
University of Engineering & Technology, Taxila
10 kN
Solution 1.5 m
B C
E
x
10 kN
F 4m
MA
D
HA A R2
VA
R1
72
University of Engineering & Technology, Taxila
10 kN
Solution 1.5 m 1.5 m
B C
E
x
10 kN
F 4m
MA
D
HA A R2
VA R1
Segment Origin Limits M ∂M/∂R1 ∂M/∂R2
DC D 0–4 ‐R2.x 0 ‐x
CE C 0 – 1.5 ‐4R2 + R1.x x ‐4
EB C 1.5 – 3.0 ‐4R2 + R1.x ‐10(x‐1.5) x ‐4
73
University of Engineering & Technology, Taxila
10 kN
Solution 1.5 m 1.5 m
B C
E
10 kN
F 4m
x
MA =35 ‐ 3R1
D
HA =R
R2 ‐ 10 A R2
VA = 10 – R1 R1
Segment Origin Limits M ∂M/∂R1 ∂M/∂R2
DC D 0–4 ‐R2.x 0 ‐x
CE C 0 – 1.5 ‐4R2 + R1.x x ‐4
EB C 1.5 – 3.0 ‐4R2 + R1.x ‐10(x‐1.5) x ‐4
FB A 2–4 ‐35 + 3R1 – (R2 – 10)x – 3 ‐x
74
10(x – 2)
University of Engineering & Technology, Taxila
10 kN
Solution 1.5 m 1.5 m
B C
E
10 kN
F 4m
MA =35 ‐ 3R1 x
D
HA =R
R2 ‐ 10 A R2
VA = 10 – R1 R1
Segment Origin Limits M ∂M/∂R1 ∂M/∂R2
DC D 0–4 ‐R
R2.x 0 ‐x
CE C 0 – 1.5 ‐4R2 + R1.x x ‐4
EB C 1.5 – 3.0 ‐4R2 + R1.x ‐10(x ‐ 1.5) x ‐4
FB A 2–4 ‐35 + 3R1 – (R2 – 10)x – 10(x – 2) 3 ‐x
AF A 0–2 ‐35 + 3R1 – (R2 – 10)x 3 ‐x 75
University of Engineering & Technology, Taxila
Solution
Segment Origin Limits M ∂M/∂R1 ∂M/∂R2
DC D 0–4 ‐R2.x 0 ‐x
CE C 0 – 1.5 ‐4R2 + R1.x x ‐4
EB C 1.5 – 3.0 ‐4R2 + R1.x ‐10(x ‐ 1.5) x ‐4
FB A 2–4 ‐35 + 3R1 – (R2 – 10)x – 10(x – 2) 3 ‐x
AF A 0–2 ‐35 + 3R1 – (R2 – 10)x 3 ‐x
∂U L ∂M M
=∫ dx = 0
∂R1 0 ∂R1 EI
1
(− 4 R2 + R1 x )xdx + 1 ∫ [− 4 R + R1 x − 10( x − 1.5)]xdx
1.5 3.0
EI ∫0 EI 1.5
2
1 1
( ( ) ( )) ∫ (− 35 + 3R − (R − 10)x )3dx = 0
4 2
+
EI ∫2 − 35 + 3 R1 − R2 − 10 x − 10 x − 2 3dx +
EI 0
1 2
45R1 − 42 R2 − 268.125 = 0
76
University of Engineering & Technology, Taxila
Solution
Segment Origin Limits M ∂M/∂R1 ∂M/∂R2
DC D 0–4 ‐R2.x 0 ‐x
CE C 0 – 1.5 ‐4R2 + R1.x x ‐4
EB C 1.5 – 3.0 ‐4R2 + R1.x ‐10(x ‐ 1.5) x ‐4
FB A 2–4 ‐35 + 3R1 – (R2 – 10)x – 10(x – 2) 3 ‐x
AF A 0–2 ‐35 + 3R1 – (R2 – 10)x 3 ‐x
∂U L ∂M M
=∫ dx = 0
∂R2 0 ∂R2 EI
1 1 1
∫0 (− R2 x )(− x )dx + ( )( ) [− 4 R2 + R1 x − 10(x − 1.5)](− 4)dx
4 1.5 3.0
EI EI ∫0 − 4 R2 + R1 x − 4 dx +
EI ∫1 .5
1 1
∫2 (− 35 + 3R1 − (R2 − 10)x − 10(x − 2))(− x )dx + ∫ (− 35 + 3R − (R − 10)x )(− x )dx = 0
4 2
+ 1 2
EI EI 0
− 42 R1 + 90.67 R2 + 178.33 = 0
77
University of Engineering & Technology, Taxila
Solution
45R1 − 42 R2 − 268.125 = 0
− 42 R1 + 90.67 R2 + 178.33 = 0
78
University of Engineering & Technology, Taxila
Solution
10 kN
B C
E
10 kN
F
13.2 kN‐m
A D
8.6 kN 1. 4 kN
2.7 kN
7.30 kN
79
University of Engineering & Technology, Taxila
Solution
10 kN 1.4
B C
E
10 kN
F
13.2 kN‐m
A D
8 6 kN
8.6 1 4 kN
1. 2.7 Axial Force Diagram 7.3
2.7 kN
7.30 kN
80
University of Engineering & Technology, Taxila
Solution
10 kN 2.7 1.4
B C
E
‐7.3
10 kN
F 8.6
‐1.4
13.2 kN‐m
A D
8 6 kN
8.6 1 4 kN
1. Shear Force Diagram
2.7 kN
7.30 kN
81
University of Engineering & Technology, Taxila
Solution
10 kN 5.3
B C 1.194
E ‐5.6
10 kN 3.983
F
13.2 kN‐m
A D ‐13.2
8 6 kN
8.6 1 4 kN
1. Bending Moment Diagram
2.7 kN
7.30 kN
82
University of Engineering & Technology, Taxila
Example 7
Determine the reactions for the frame shown in Fig., by
the method of least work. EI is constant.
10 kN
B C
E
2m
10 kN
F
2m
A D
1.5 m 1.5 m
83
University of Engineering & Technology, Taxila
Solution
The structure is determinate to the third degree. It has
three redundant reactions.
10 kN
B C
E
2m
10 kN
F
2m R3
MA
A D
HA R2
VA 1.5 m 1.5 m
R1 84
University of Engineering & Technology, Taxila
Solution
Let us choose R1, R2, R3, the reaction at D, to be the
redundant.
10 kN
B C
E
2m
10 kN
F
2m R3
MA
A D
HA R2
VA 1.5 m 1.5 m
R1 85
University of Engineering & Technology, Taxila
Solution
According to the Principle of Least Work
10 kN
B C
∂U L ∂M M E
=∫ dx = 0
∂R1 0 ∂R1 EI
10 kN
∂U L ∂M M F
=∫ dx = 0
∂R2 0 ∂R EI
2 R3
MA
A D
HA R2
∂U ∂M M L
=∫ dx = 0
∂R3 0 ∂R3 EI VA
R1
86
University of Engineering & Technology, Taxila
10 kN
Solution
B C
E
10 kN
F 4m
MA x R3
D
HA A R2
VA
R1
87
University of Engineering & Technology, Taxila
10 kN
Solution 1.5 m
B C
E
x
10 kN
F 4m
MA R3
D
HA A R2
VA
R1
88
University of Engineering & Technology, Taxila
10 kN
Solution 1.5 m 1.5 m
B C
E
x
10 kN
F 4m
MA R3
D
HA A R2
VA
R1
10 kN
F 4m
x
MA =35 ‐ 3R1 + R3 R3
D
HA =R
R2 ‐ 10 A R2
VA = 10 – R1
R1
Segment Origin Limits M ∂M/∂R1 ∂M/∂R2 ∂M/∂R3
DC D 0–4 ‐R2.x ‐ R3 0 ‐x ‐1
CE C 0 – 1.5 R1.x ‐R2.4 ‐ R3 x ‐4 ‐1
EB C 1.5 – 3.0 R1.x ‐R2.4 ‐ R3 – 10(x – 1.5) x ‐4 ‐1
FB A 2–4 ‐(R2 –10)x ‐ (+35 ‐ 3R1 + R3) 3 ‐x ‐1
90
– 10(x – 2)
University of Engineering & Technology, Taxila
10 kN
Solution 1.5 m 1.5 m
B C
E
10 kN
F 4m
MA =35 ‐ 3R1 + R3 x R3
D
HA =R
R2 ‐ 10 A R2
VA = 10 – R1 R1
Segment Origin Limits M ∂M/∂R1 ∂M/∂R2 ∂M/∂R3
DC D 0–4 ‐R2.x ‐ R3 0 ‐x ‐1
CE C 0 – 1.5 R1.x ‐R2.4 ‐ R3 x ‐4 ‐1
EB C 1.5 – 3.0 R1.x ‐R2.4 ‐ R3 – 10(x – 1.5) x ‐4 ‐1
FB A 2–4 ‐(R2 –10)x ‐ (+35 ‐ 3R1 + R3) 3 ‐x ‐1
– 10(x – 2)
AF A 0–2 ‐(R2 –10)x ‐ (+35 ‐ 3R1 + R3) 3 ‐x ‐191
University of Engineering & Technology, Taxila
Solution
Segment Origin Limits M ∂M/∂R1 ∂M/∂R2 ∂M/∂R3
DC D 0–4 ‐R2.x ‐ R3 0 ‐x ‐1
CE C 0 – 1.5 R1.x ‐R2.4 ‐ R3 x ‐4 ‐1
EB C 1.5 – 3.0 R1.x ‐R2.4 ‐ R3 – 10(x – 1.5) x ‐4 ‐1
FB A 2–4 ‐(R2 –10)x ‐ (+35 ‐ 3R1 + R3) 3 ‐x ‐1
– 10(x – 2)
AF A 0–2 ‐(R
( 2 –10)x
) ‐ (+35
( ‐ 3R1 + R3) 3 ‐x ‐1
∂U L ∂M M
=∫ dx = 0
∂R1 0 ∂R1 EI
1
(R1 x − R2 4 − R3 )xdx + 1 ∫ [R x − R 4 − R − 10( x − 1.5)]xdx
1.5 3.0
EI ∫0 EI 1.5
1 2 3
1 1
(( ) ( ) ( )) ∫ ((− R + 10 )x − 35 + 3R1 − R3 )3dx = 0
4 2
+
EI ∫2 2− R + 10 x − + 35 − 3 R1 + R3 − 10 x − 2 3dx +
EI 0
2
Solution
Segment Origin Limits M ∂M/∂R1 ∂M/∂R2 ∂M/∂R3
DC D 0–4 ‐R2.x ‐ R3 0 ‐x ‐1
CE C 0 – 1.5 R1.x ‐R2.4 ‐ R3 x ‐4 ‐1
EB C 1.5 – 3.0 R1.x ‐R2.4 ‐ R3 – 10(x – 1.5) x ‐4 ‐1
FB A 2–4 ‐(R2 –10)x ‐ (+35 ‐ 3R1 + R3) 3 ‐x ‐1
– 10(x – 2)
AF A 0–2 ‐(R
( 2 –10)x
) ‐ (+35
( ‐ 3R1 + R3) 3 ‐x ‐1
∂U L ∂M M
=∫ dx = 0
∂R2 0 ∂R2 EI
1 1 1
∫0 (− R2 x − R3 )(− x )dx + ( )( ) [R1 x − R2 4 − R3 − 10(x − 1.5)](− 4)dx
4 1.5 3.0
EI EI ∫0 R1 x − R2 4 − R3 − 4 dx +
EI ∫1.5
1 1
(( ) ( ) ( ))( ) ∫ ((− R + 10)x − 35 + 3R1 − R3 )(− x )dx = 0
4 2
+
EI ∫2 2− R + 10 x − + 35 − 3 R1 + R3 − 10 x − 2 − x dx +
EI 0
2
Solution
Segment Origin Limits M ∂M/∂R1 ∂M/∂R2 ∂M/∂R3
DC D 0–4 ‐R2.x ‐ R3 0 ‐x ‐1
CE C 0 – 1.5 R1.x ‐R2.4 ‐ R3 x ‐4 ‐1
EB C 1.5 – 3.0 R1.x ‐R2.4 ‐ R3 – 10(x – 1.5) x ‐4 ‐1
FB A 2–4 ‐(R2 –10)x ‐ (+35 ‐ 3R1 + R3) 3 ‐x ‐1
– 10(x – 2)
AF A 0–2 ‐(R
( 2 –10)x
) ‐ (+35
( ‐ 3R1 + R3) 3 ‐x ‐1
∂U L ∂M M
=∫ dx = 0
∂R3 0 ∂R3 EI
1 1 1
∫0 (− R2 x − R3 )(− 1)dx + ( )( ) [R1 x − R2 4 − R3 − 10(x − 1.5)](− 1)dx
4 1.5 3.0
EI EI ∫0 R1 x − R2 4 − R3 − 1 dx +
EI ∫1.5
1 1
(( ) ( ) ( ))( ) ∫ ((− R + 10)x − 35 + 3R1 − R3 )(− 1)dx = 0
4 2
+
EI ∫2 2− R + 10 x − + 35 − 3 R1 + R3 − 10 x − 2 − 1 dx +
EI 0
2
Solution
Solution
10 kN
2.8
B C
E
10 kN
F
3.5 kN 6.50 kN
96
University of Engineering & Technology, Taxila
Solution
10 kN
3.5
B C 2.8
E
‐6.5
10 kN
F 7.2 ‐2.8
3.5 kN 6.50 kN
97
University of Engineering & Technology, Taxila
Solution
10 kN
4.3
B C
E 1
‐1 ‐5.5
10 kN 4.5
F
3.5 kN 6.50 kN
98