How a Weir Operates

A weir is a fixed obstruction across a channel

through over which flow passes. As the flow passes over the crest and
drops into the downstream channel it is accelerated. As with a flume,
this acceleration creates a known relationship between upstream level
and flow rate.
The point of measurement of a thin-plate weir should be at least 3-5
times the maximum anticipated head (Hmax). This far upstream of the
weir plate and the water level is outside of the drawdown zone nearer
to the weir. Like a long-throated flume, a weir does not have a fixed
point of measurement – anywhere upstream of the drawdown zone is
acceptable.
One drawback to the use of a weir is that the zero reference
elevation from which the level is determined is the lowest point of the
weir crest downstream of the point of measurement.
It is usually simplest to verify / calibrate the level reading of a
weir when flow has been stopped. The water upstream of the weir
crest should just touch the crest itself (but not be lower than the crest
elevation).

Hydraulic Structures
In general, a hydraulic structure is anything that can be used to divert,
dam, restrict, or otherwise manage the flow of open channel
waters. For flow measurement purposed, a hydraulic structure is a
fixed geometry device that is placed into the flow so that all of the flow
is directed through or over the device.

The device produces a characterized relationship between the liquid

level in (flumes) or upstream (weirs) of the device and the flow rate at a
single, defined location under free-flow conditions. Under submerged
flow conditions, a second, downstream point of measurement must
also be used.

The free-flow point of measurement is termed the Ha location, while the

secondary, downstream point of measurement used for submerged
flow measurement is termed the Hb location.
As a hydraulic structure directly produces a characterized relationship
between level and flow, it is termed a primary device. When the liquid
level generated by the hydraulic structure is measured by an additional
device, that device (or flow meter) is termed the secondary device.

Hydraulic structures can generally be divided into two

categories: flumes and weirs. Flumes are more adaptable in their
sizing, configurations, and installation, while weirs, on channels
capable of developing a proper weir pools, tend to be less
expensive. Of the two, weirs show greater laboratory accuracy (+/-2-
5%) than flumes (+/-2-6%), although in practice and under field
conditions, the total system accuracies tend to be similar at +/-10%.

Modern mechanical (float) and electronic flow meters (secondary

devices) allow for the continuous measurement of hydraulic structure
flows. For applications where continuous measurement is not required
or possible, head / level / staff gauges can be used to aid the operator
in determining the flow rate through the use of published rating or
discharge tables.

https://www.openchannelflow.com/blog/methods-of-measuring-flows-in-open-channels

salen coeficientes ->

https://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/weirs-flow-rate-d_592.html