RATIFICATION PAGE

Complete report of Animal Development entitle “Embryo Development

of Chicken” which made by :
Name : Umi Kalsum
ID : 1714440011
Class : ICP of Biology Education
Group :2
After checked by assistant and assistant coordinator, so the report accepted.

Makassar, November 2018

Assistant Coordinator Assistant

Suhardi Aldi Ruhaemah

ID : 1614042011 ID :14144420

Known,
Lecture of Responsibility

Dr. Drs. Adnan, M.S

NIP : 19650201 198803 1 003
 CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION

A. Background
The embryo is a multicellular diploid eukaryotes in the earliest stages of
development. In organisms that sexually proliferate. Embryology is the study
of the stages of chicken embryo development. when one sperm cell fertilizes
an ovum, the result is a cell called a zygote that has all the DNA from both
parents. In plants, animals, and some protists, the zygote will begin to divide
by mitosis to produce multicellular organisms. The result of this process is
called embryo. In animals, the development of a zygote into an embryo takes
place through stages known as blastula, gastrula, and organogenesis.
In the classical sense, embryology includes progenases, embryogenases,
and organogenases. Coverage above reminds the notion of embryology in a
narrow sense that only studies the development of prenatal embryos in the
mother's womb. But this emberio in the broad sense includes the development
of prenatal embryos and post-partum development, because the development
of the creature is sustainable. Progenase is the period from the development of
the embryo or genital cells until the two genital cells converge and become a
zygote of this progenase process called progenesis. Blastogenase involves the
development of a zygote into orbit, blatulation and grastulation and the
process of each of these is called as above. The development of embryos in the
wider atri is how the ovum and sperm are produced.
The development of chicken embryo occurs outside the parent body.
During development, the embryo obtains food and protection from eggs such
as egg yolks, albumen, and egg hulls. That is why poultry eggs are always
relatively large. The development of chicken embryos can not be entirely seen,
with the naked eye, but need the help of special tools such as microscopes or
magnifying glass. However, to illustrate how the development, the following
described the characteristics of embryos in chickens of various ages. In its
development, embryos are assisted by sacs of yolk, amnion, and alantois.
 Yellow sacs whose eggs can produce enzymes. This enzyme changes the yolk
content so it is easily absorbed by the embryo. Amnion serves as a cushion,
while alantois serves the carrier as to the oxygen of the embryo, absorbs the
acidic substances of the embryo, takes the digestive remains found in the
kidneys and stores them in alantois, as well as aids the alantois, as well as
helps digest the albumen.
The most fundamental of the preparation of this practice report is to
increase our understanding of all embryology and the objects that cover it. As
we know, embryology is one branch of biological science that studies the
development of embryos in the body of living things. Maybe this is a less
specific definition of this course. However, this understanding can give us an
idea of what embryology really is.
This practice time is intended to know and recognize the embryo process
in chicken eggs. The development of embryos in the animal body varies and
passes through several phases to become a new individual. Therefore, in this
lab will be discussed about the development of embryos in chicken eggs.

B. Purpose
The purpose of this experiment is to study the shape and structure of
chicken embryos

C. Benefits
The benefits of this practicum is student can know the shape and structure
of chicken embryos.
 CHAPTER II
LITERATURE REVIEW

The embryo is a multiseled diploid eukaryote in the earliest stages

of development. In sexually reproducing organisms, when one sperm cell
fertilizes an ovum, the result is a cell called a zygote that has all the DNA of
both parents. In plants, animals, and some protists, the zygote will begin to
divide by mitosis to produce multicellular organisms. The result of this
process is called the embryo (Susilo, 1993).
Embryogenesis is the process of embryo formation and development. This
process is the stage of cell development after fertilization or fertilization.
Embryogenesis involves cell division and regulation at the cellular level.
Cells in embryogenesis are referred to as embryogenic cells. In general,
embryogenic cells grow and expand through several phases, including single
(fertilized) cells, blastomers, blastules, gastrulae, neurules and embryos /
fetuses (Campbell, 1987).
The development of chicken embryo occurs outside the parent body.
During development, the embryo obtains food and protection from eggs such
as egg yolks, albumen, and egg hulls. That is why poultry eggs are always
relatively large. The development of chicken embryos can not be entirely
seen, with the naked eye, but rather the help of special tools such as
microscopes or magnifying glass (Campbell, 1987).
On this first day there appears a segmentation cavity that is under the area
of the pellucida, there is a ring that is darker than the surrounding color. The
first two-lane day at the center of the blastoderm begins to emerge, the
vitality membelum begins to emerge which is the organ that plays a role in
nourishing the embryo food. The third day of the embryo has been on the left
side and began to appear circulatory system, heart structure has begun to
appear pulsed. The fourth day of the amniotic cavity begins to develop
around embryos containing amniotic fluid that serves to protect the embryo
and allow the embryo to move. There are also shoots of limbs that will
develop like the shoot of the front limbs and shoots the back of the body. The
fifth day, the embryo is increasing in size and starts forming the letter C in
other words the would-be head will move closer to the tail (Kimbal, 1992).
The sixth day, the vitellum membrane continues to grow and surrounds
from half the egg yolks. Fissure is between the first, second and third fingers
of the upper limbs and between the second and third fingers of the lower
limbs, the second finger is longer than the other. On the seventh day the fluid
appears to dilute and in the neck so that it shows the separation between the
head and body parts, the formation of the beak and also the brain in the head
of a smaller size compared to the embryo (Kimbal, 1992).
On the 19th day usually chicken lung is ready to peck and pierce the inner
kerabang membrane. While on the 20th day yolk sac enter fully into the
abdominal cavity On this twentieth day there is a series of hatching process
that begins with the open shell. To open the shell, the chicken uses its beak by
pecking. The longer, the more branches will open, so the chicken can breathe.
At this time the humidity is very important for the drying of the kerabang
membrane and the attachment of the stomach to the shell can be prevented.
Next the cock twisted his body with the help of his feet. With the help of its
wings, the circumstances of the breakup of the larger branches (Tienwati,
2001).
Egg is one of the poultry farm products that have complete nutrition and
easy to digest. Eggs are one source of animal protein in addition to meat, fish
and milk. Generally consists of three main components, ie eggshell or shell
(11% of body weight), egg white (57% of body weight) and egg yolk (32% of
body weight) (Suprapti, 2002).
As the embryo develops, the homology will disappear and its structure will
have different functions. One of the basic classifications of vertebrate groups
(including humans) is the existence of tail and faringal gap. Both structures
are visible in embryonic development but in adult form is not always clear.
[31] At the earliest stage of embryonic development, all vertebrates look very
similar As the embryo develops, certain specific organs arise from this basic
form (Adnan, 2008) .
 CHAPTER III
METHOD OBSERVATION

A. Date and Place

Day / date : Wednesday, 28th November 2018
Time : 4.00 PM – 5.00 PM
Place : Laboratory of Biology Experimental Farm
B. Tools and Materials
1. Tools
a) Petri dish 1
b) Microscope and monitor screen 1
c) Pinset 1
d) Incubator 1
e) Pipette 1
f) Scissor 1
g) Glass object 1
h) Filter paper 2
2. Materials
a) Egg chicken 24 hours 1
b) Egg chicken 48 hours 1
c) Egg chicken 72 hours 1
d) NaCl physiological
C. Work Procedure

Took 24, 48, and 72 hours
of chicken egg form
Incubator
Break the egg Pour the eggs into a petri
dish that has been
carefully previously coated with
filter paper
 Observe embryo and Put the embryo Lift the embryo and
blood tissue under light on preparat put it into a NaCl
microscope glass. solution
 CHAPTER IV
RESULT AND DISCUSSION

A. Result

NO Picture Comparitive picture Days

1 Seventh
days (84
a hours)
a
b
Incubated
c b and add the
physical
c Nacl.
a. Yolk
b. Blood
tissue
c. Eyes
2 Twelve days
a a (144 hours)
b
b c d Incubated
c e and add the
d physical
e f Nacl.
f a. Allantois
sac
b. Amnion
sac
g c. Head
h g h
d. Eyes
e. Beak
f. Hair
folikel
g. Yolk sac
h. Hand

B. Discussion
The chicken embryos in eggs also have a significant development from
day to day. The development of chicken embryo occurred outside the parent
body for 21 days with incubation period of 40 ° C.
 In its development, embryos are aided by egg yolks (vitellus), amnion,
alantois and chorion. Amnion is a membrane covering the embryo, functioning
as a pillow or as the first safety part of the fertilization to keep the vitellus in
place, besides chalaza also helps amnion to make the egg yolk right in the
middle of the egg white layer. Alantois serves to distribute food substances to
the embryo, respiratory organs and the disposal of metabolic waste. There is
also a chorion which is the most external embryonic outer membrane. Chorion
together with alantois serves to help in gas and water exchange. While the
eggs used are eggs that are 1 day, 3 days, 5 days and 7 days.
On the first day there appears a segmentation cavity beneath the area of the
pellucida, there are darker-colored rings from the surroundings, this is the
beginning of the development of chicken embryos. Based on observations that
have been done, that the development of embryo on day 3 has shown the
presence of blood vessels, and the formation of head shoots. On the 5th day
the eggs have shown clearer blood vessels, shoot formation, and heart
formation. While on the 7th day the embryo has been C-shaped and shows the
shape of the eyes, heart, circulatory system and complete organs.
On the 3rd day the embryo has shown the back of the embryo, the neural
tube, the head buds, as well as the formation of the heart when compared to
the literature on the 3rd day the embryo is on the left side, surrounded by the
circulatory system, the vitelin membrane spread over the surface of the yolk,
head and body can be distinguished. states that at the age of 3 eggs the embryo
has shown the back of the embryo, nerve vessels, head buds, and heart
formation.
On the 5th day the embryo is on the left side, and began to appear
circulatory system. The heart is beginning to throb. Can be seen clear bubble,
amnion pouch, and early development of alantois. These clear bubbles will
later become the brain. While amnion bags containing white fluid serves to
protect the embryo from shock and make the embryo move freely. While the
observed use directly on day 5 in accordance with the literature in the presence
of heart rate in chicken embryos.
 On the 7th day, the tail and the embryo's head are close together so it looks
like a C, while the tail and head are observed and are close together. On the
7th day, the beak is perfectly visible. in the form of the letter C showing the
eyes, heart and circulatory system, vitellum, and heart not beating, while on
observations made the whole organ of the chicken embryo was complete and
perfect which indicates ready to hatch and his heart beats. The cause of this is
probably due to egg-taking errors that should be eggs 7 days but those taken
by 20-day-old eggs that are ready to hatch.
 CHAPTER V
CLOSING

A. Conclusion
From the results of observations it can be concluded that the stages of
embryonic development that praktikan observe that is in incubation 1 day
appears there is a segmentation cavity that is under the area of pellucida. 3-day
incubation period, which on that day the chicken embryo has begun to
develop.The presence of red amniotic and amniotic sacs. 5 days incubation
period, the embryo has undergone the process of organogenesis, that is where
the shape of the body of the embryo is already visible. There are black spots
that exist in the middle of the embryo is the eye of the chick. Meanwhile, for
amnion and alantoisnya already look very clear. 7 days incubation period, The
process of organ system formation in chicken embryo is complete.

B. Suggestion
It is expected that the practitioner will be more orderly in carrying out
the practicum and when dissecting it is done carefully. And it is expected that
the tools and materials used in the laboratory are in good condition so that the
observations made get maximum results.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Adnan, 2016. Penuntun Praktikum Perkembangan. UNM : Makassar

Adnan., Arifin, Arifah Novia., Suryani., Irma, 2016. Perkembangan Hewan.

Makassar

Stefanus L, 2010, Laboratory Guide in Pharmacology, Burgess Publishing

Company :Minnesotta, 1-3

Kimball, John W, 1992, Biology, Addison-Wesley Publishing Company,

Inc., New.

Tienwati, 2001, BiologiJilid 2.Erlangga, Jakarta