International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Volume 5, Issue 4, April-2014 491

ISSN 2229-5518

A NUMERICAL EXPERIMENT ON BURGER’S

EQUATION
Md. Shafiqul Islamα, Md. Saiduzzamanβ, Sobuj kumar RayΩ, Shifat Ahmed∆,Professor Dr. Laek Sazzad Andallahµ

Abstract—There are many equations in mathematics which are used in our practical life. Burger’s equation is one of them which is a
good simplification of Navier-Stokes equation where the velocity is one spatial dimension and the external force is neglected in absence of
pressure gradient. This equation is used to analyze traffic congestion and acoustics. It occurs in various areas of applied mathematics,
such as modeling of various problems in fluid dynamics and traffic flow etc. Due to the complexity of the analytical solutio n, one needs to
use numerical methods to solve this equation. For this we investigate finite difference method for Burger’s equation and present an explicit
central difference scheme. We implement the numerical by computer programming for artificial initial and boundary data and verify the
qualitative behavior of the numerical solution of burger’s equation.

Index Terms— Burger's equation, Navier-Stokes equation, Cauchy problem, Inviscid fluid, Viscous fluid,Finite difference schemes ,
Analytical solution, Numerical solution.

——————————  ——————————

1 INTRODUCTION

T HE one-dimensional Burger's equation [1] has received

an enormous amount of attention since the studies by
J.M. Burger’s [2] in the 1940's, principally as a model
tions of the one dimensional Burgers equation. It can be con-
sidered as a simplified form of the Navier-Stokes equation due
to the form of non-linear convection term and the occurrence

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problem of the interaction between nonlinear and dissipative
phenomena. Even though it is a simplest case study’ which in
many setting is not realistic, it has been important in wide
range of mathematical problems, from hydrodynamics to ge-
ometry. It is now realized that Burger's equation was used by a
number of scientists before its re-introduction by Burgers, for
example see H. Bateman [3] and A.R. Forsyth[4].
It is now known that it was first introduced by Bateman [3] in
1915 who found its steady solutions, descriptive of certain vis-
cous flows. It was later proposed by Burgers [4] as one of a
class of equations describing mathematical models of turbu-
lence and due to the extensive work of Burger it is now known
as Burger's equation. It involves series solution that converges
very slowly for small values of the viscosity constant [5]. Many
authors Cole, J.D [6], Mittal R.C and Singhal P [7], Caldwell, J.,
P. Wanless and A.E. Cook [8] have discussed the numerical
solution of Burger’s equation using Finite Difference Methods
and Finite Element Methods.
The applications of Burger equation are demonstrated in the
modeling of water in unsaturated soil, dynamics of soil water,
statistics of flow problems, mixing and turbulent diffusion,
cosmology and seismology [9, 10, 11].
In the content of gas dynamics, it was discussed by Hopf and
Cole. They also illustrated independently that the Burger's
equation can be solved exactly for an arbitrary initial condi-
tion. Benton and Platzman have surveyed the analytical solu-
————————————————
α,β,,∆:Lecturer, IUBAT-International
University of Business Agriculture and
µ
Technology. :Professor,Jahangirnagar University
ΩAssistant Engineer, DESCO-Dhaka Electric Supply Companny Limited.
α β
shafiqul.islam@iubat.edu, saiduzzaman.ju@gmail.com,
Ω ∆ µ
sobuj_kumar_ray@yahoo.com, shifatahmed63@yahoo.com, saz-
zad67@hotmail.com
of the viscosity term.
In order to understand the non-linear phenomenon of the Na-
vier-Stokes equation, one needs to study Burger's equation
analytically and numerically as well. Many works has been
appeared in the last several years e.g. [12], [13]etc.
In this paper, we present the analytical solution of one-
dimensional Burger's equation as an initial value problem in
infinite spatial domain and some numerical methods for solu-
tion of Burger's equation as an initial boundary value problem.
2 BURGER’S EQUATION
Burger’s equation is a fundamental partial differential equa-
tion from fluid mechanics. It occurs in various areas of applied
mathematics, such as modeling of gas dynamics and traffic
flow. It is named for Johannes Martinus Burgers (1895-1981).
The Burger’s equation was known to Forsyth (1906) and had
been discussed by Bateman (1915). Due to extensive works of
Burgers (1948) it is known as Burger’s equation. It is a nonlin-
ear equation for which exact solutions are known and is there-
fore important as a benchmark problem for numerical meth-
ods. Burger’s equation is a good simplification of Navier-
Stokes equation where the velocity is in one spatial dimension
and the external force is neglected and without any pressure
gradient. The Burger’s equation has been used to test and in-
vestigate the numerical method for Navier-Stokes equation.
This equation is used to analyze traffic congestion and acous-
tics.

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International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Volume 5, Issue 4, April-2014 492
ISSN 2229-5518
2.1 Derivation of Burger’s equation quantity.
The Navier-Stokes equation is given by The characteristics satisfy x΄(t) = u(x(t),t) and each characteris-
q 1 tic u is constant, since
 (q.)q  F  p  vq q  
t  u( x(t ), t ) ) = u( x(t ), t ) + u( x(t ), t ) x(t ) )
The 1D form of this equation is written as t t t
u u 1 p  2u = ut  uu x  0
u  Fx  v 2 (1) u is constant on each characteristic, the slope x΄(t) is
t x  x x Moreover
constant and so the characteristics are straight lines, deter-
Now in absence of external force and no pressure gradient the mined by the initial data(figure)
above equation takes the form If the initial data is smooth then this can be used to determine
u u  2u the solution u(x,t) for small enough t that characteristics do not
u v 2
t x x cross. For each (x,t) we can solve the equation
x = ξ +u(ξ,0)t
u  1 2  2u
 ( u )  v For ξ and then
t x 2 x 2 U(x,t) = u(ξ,0)
There is an implicit relation that determines the solution of the
This equation is known as burger’s equation. It was named for inviscid burger’s equation provided characteristics do not in-
Johannes Martinus Burger’s (1895 – 1981). This is non-linear tersect. If the characteristics do intersect, then a classical solu-
2nd order partial differential equation. tion to the PDE does not exist.
Burger’s equation is a fundamental partial differential equa- The viscous Burger’s equation can be linearized by the Cole-

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tion from fluid mechanics. It occurs in various areas of applied Holf substitution
mathematics, such as modeling of traffic flow and gas dynam- 1    2
U  2v v 2 ,
ics etc.  x t x
When ν→0, Burger’s equation becomes the inviscid burger’s
which turns into the diffusion equation
equation and written as
  2
v 2
u u t x
u 0
t x That allows one to solve an initial value problem:
This is 1st order Quasi-linear partial differential equation.This U(x,t)=  2v
1  x
is prototype for equation for which the solution can develop  ( x  x) 1
discontinuous (shock wave). The previous equation is the con-
ln{(4vt)

2
 exp[
4vt
  u ( x,0)dx]dx}
2v 0
vection form of the Burger’s equation.
3 Analytical Solution
In this chapter, we solve 1d viscid burger's equation for initial
2.2 Solution of inviscid Burger’s equation condition in infinite space analytically by transforming to heat
equation
3.1 Burger's equation as an IV problem
We need to solve the following Initial value problem
u  1 2  2u
 ( u )v 2
t x 2  x (1)
With I.C. u ( x,0)  u 0 ( x ) , for    x   (2)
3.2 The Cauchy Problem
Fig. 1. characteristics and solution for Burger’s equation (small t)
The Cauchy problem for the Heat Equation is
The inviscid Burger’s equation is first order partial differential
  2
equation. Its solution can be constructed by the method of  2 (3)
characteristics. t x
Consider the inviscid equation in the above figure with 1
x

smooth initial data. For small time, a solution can be con- 

2 
u 0 ( z ) dz
structed by following characteristics. ( x,0)  0  e 0
(4)
Notice that figure looks like an advection equation, but with which is a pure initial value problem.
the advection velocity u equal to the value of the advected 3.3 The fundamental solution
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International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Volume 5, Issue 4, April-2014 493
ISSN 2229-5518
In this section, we derive the fundamental solution and show Since we are really only seeking one solution, it is convenient
how it is used to solve the above Cauchy problem. to set the constant to zero, and write the solution of the ho-
The heat equation has a scale invariance property that is anal- mogenous equation:
ogous to scale invariance of the wave equation or scalar con- y2
servation laws, but the scaling is different. w ( y)  Ae 4

Let a  0 be a constant. Under the scaling x  ax, t  a t 2

x
Converting back to ( x, t ) with y  , we obtain the simi-
the heat equation is unchanged. More precisely, if we intro- t
duce the change of variables: t  a 2 t, x  ax ; then the heat larity solution
equation becomes x2
1  4 t
  2 ( x, t )  A e (8)
 2 t
t x Usually, we choose a particular value of A so that constant in
This scale invariance suggests that we seek solutions v de- (5) is unity i.e.
x2 x A


x2
2A


x2

e e
pending on the similarity variable , or on . However,
t t 1 4 t
dx  4 t
dx
t  t 0
there is a property of the heat equation we would like to pre-
serve in Our similarity solution, that of conservation of energy x 2 , we have,
Making the variable transformation y
. Suppose  is a solution of the heat equation with the proper- 4t
 2 t
 y  1
2A 
e
4 ty
1 dy  A 4  e y y 2 dy
ty that  (x,0)dx   and x ( x , t )  0 as

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
t 0 0

x   .Then, integrating the PDE, we find  A 4 


d 1
dt 
( x, t )dx  0 A (9)
4
So that the total heat energy is conserved: For this choice of constant, we have the fundamental solution
 of the heat equation:
 (x, t )dx  Constant

(5)
( x, t ) 
1
e

x2
4 t
(10)
However, 4t
 1 
 x 
w t dx  t 2 w( y)dy 3.4 Solution of the Cauchy problem
The fundamental solution (10) satisfies (3) for t  0 .
1 Now ( x  y, t ) is a solution of (3) for all y , by translation
x  x  y does not change the heat equation.
2
This suggests we should scale the function w by t : invariance:
1  x  Thus,
( x, t )  w  (6)
t  t ( x  y, t )0 ( y)
With the scaling, heat is conserved in the sense of (5). is also a solution of (3). For later reference, we note that the
Substituting (6) into the PDE (3) leads to an ODE for heat equation is invariant under time translation also.
w  w( y) , with non-constant coefficients: By linearity and homogeneity of the PDE, we can also take
linear combinations of solutions. This suggests that
1 1
w( y)  yw( y)  w ( y)  0 (7)


2 2 ( x, t )   ( x  y, t )0 ( y)dy (11)

Since this is a second order equation, we should have two in- 
dependent solutions. First rewrite the ODE as should also be a solution. Moreover, properties of  suggest
1
w( y)  ( yw( y))  0 that as t  0 , ( x, t )  0 ( x) since (x  y, t ) collapses
2 to zero away from y  x , and blows up at y  x in such a
Thus,
1
w( y)  yw( y)  cons tan t.
way (i.e., preserving    1) that the initial condition is satis-
2 fied in the sense ( x, t )  0 ( x) as t ! 0+.
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It is straightforward to check that the integrals for 
 x  y 2 1 
, t , xx all converge provided g  C() is bounded. Then 

( x  y ) exp 


4t

2
cos y  dy


 u ( x, t )  (14)
 x  y 2 1 
 t (x  y, t )0 ( y)dy ;

t 
t  exp   cos y dy
  4t 2 

 2 For very small  , both numerator and denominator of (3.4.1)
 xx   x 2 (x  y, t )0 ( y)dy ,

get more closed to zero or get more larger which becomes very
difficult to handle. So considering the value of  arbitrarily
so that u satisfies the PDE for t  0 .
very small, we can not perform our numerical experiment.
It is more complicated to check the initial condition is satis-
We consider the value of v as 0,1.
fied. We need to show ( x, o)  0 ( x ) . But t  0 is a singular
Now there is another problem of calculating the value of
point for  : (x, t ) is not defined at t  0 . To get an idea of u near initial time.
why lim t0 ( x, t )  0 , let's fix x. We observe from (14) that for very small t , both numerator
and denominator get much closed to zero and thus difficult to
Then, for   0 ,
 handle numerically.
 ( x  y, t )

0 ( y)dy
3.7 Boundary values of the Analytical solution
  ( x  y, t )0 ( y)dy 
( x  y ) 
 ( x  y, t )0 ( y)dy
x  y 
In this section, we find the values of the analytical solution
( x  y )  with initial condition u 0  sin x at the boundaries of the spa-
  ( x  y, t ) 0 ( y)dy
tial domain [0,2] which in further will be used as boundary

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x  y 

conditions when we perform numerical schemes to compare

By continuity, 0 ( y)  0 ( x) for y near x , this explains
the numerical solution with corresponding analytical ones.
how the first integral is approximately the final line. The se-
For initial condition u 0  sin x , we get the analytical solution
cond integral approaches zero as t  0 , because

0
uniformly, and exponentially, away from y  x as t  0  . 
 ( x  y) 2 1 
Finally we get the solution of the Cauchy problem described in ( x  y ) exp 
 4t

2
cos y dy
 (15)
u ( x, t ) 
2.2 as follows 
 ( x  y) 2 1 
 t  exp   cos y dy
 4t 2 
( x, t )   ( x  y, t )0 ( y)dy

(12)
as described in Section 15.

3.5 The analytical solution of Burger’s equation is as For x  0 ,

follows  y2 1 

 x  y  1
 ( x  y) exp 
 (13)2 y  (  y ) exp  4t  2 cos y dy
 
2 
 u 0 ( z )dz  dy
u ( x, t ) 
  4t 0 
 u (0, t )  

 x  y 2 y
  y2 1 
t  exp 
1
t  exp 

 4t

2 
u 0 ( z ) dz 


dy
 cos y dy
 4t 2



0


3.6 Numerical evaluation of Analytical solution The function under integration sign in the numerator of is an
Now we are interested how our analytical solution behaves odd function, so we must have

when we try to implement it numerically. In order to perform  y2 1 
numerical estimation, we have to consider a function u 0 for (  y ) exp  4t  2 cos y dy  0
 
which the two integrations appeared in the numerator and
Which implies that u (0, t )  0 .
denominator of (13) converge. We know that any bounded
function does the trick. We consider the bounded periodic Now, for x  2 , we have,

function u 0 ( x )  sin x as initial condition and find the solu-  ( 2  y) 2 1 
tion over the bounded spatial domain [0,2] at different time ( 2   y ) exp  4t  2 cos y dy
 
u (2, t )  
steps. For the above initial condition we get the following ana-  ( 2  y) 2
1 
lytical solution of Burger's equation, t  exp   cos y dy
  4t 2 
Making the variable change z  2  y , we have,

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International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Volume 5, Issue 4, April-2014 495
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
 z2 1  uin1  uin (uin ) 2  (uin1 ) 2
  4t  2 cos ydy
z exp
t

2x
0
u (2, t )  
 z2 1  n1 t
t  exp   or, ui  ui  [(uin ) 2  (uin1 ) 2 ]
n
cos y dy
  4t 2  2x
The function under integral sign in the numerical of is which is the explicit upwind difference scheme of inviscid
an odd function, so we have, Burger’s equation.

 z2 1  4.2 Explicit Central Difference Scheme of Burger’s
  4t  2 cos ydy  0
z exp equation for inviscid fluid
Consider the inviscid Burger’s equation as an initial boundary
which implies that u (2, t )  0 . value problem
So we have the boundary values u  1 2
u(0, t )  u(2, t )  0  ( u )  0; t>0, x (a,b) (18)
t x 2
I.C u (0, x)  u0 ( x)
4 Numerical Solution
In this chapter, we present some numerical methods to solve B.C u(t , a)  ua (t ) , u(t , b)  ub (t )
the Burger's equationas an initial boundary value problem.
We use explicit and implicit finite difference schemes to solve Now we take the forward difference formula for time deriva-
Burger's equationand then try to pro proceed in a different tive
way using Cole-Hopf transformation. We solve our C-H trans- u uin1  uin

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formed heat equation with Neumann boundary conditions 
usingboth of explicit and implicit finite difference schemes for
t t
heat equation. And the central difference formula for spatial derivative we
4.1 Explicit Upwind Difference Scheme of Burger’s know
equation for inviscid fluid w win1  win1
Consider the inviscid Burger’s equation as a initial boundary 
x 2x
value problem
For equation (1) w=1/2 u2 then
u  1 2
 ( u )  0 ; t>0, x (a,b) (16)  1 2 1  2 (u n ) 2  (uin1 ) 2
t x 2 ( u ) (u )  i1
x 2 2 x 4x
I.C u (0, x)  u0 ( x)
Then from (1) we can write
B.C u(t , a)  ua (t ) , u(t , b)  ub (t )
uin1  uin (uin1 ) 2  (uin1 ) 2
+
From (1) we have t 4x
u u t
u 0 (17) uin1  uin  [(uin1 ) 2  (uin1 ) 2 ]
t x Or,
4x
Now we get the explicit upwind difference scheme for this
uin1  uin1
initial boundary value problem using forward difference for Consider as uin 
time derivative 2
u uin1  uin Then we can write,
 0 uin1  uin1 t
t t uin1   [(uin1 ) 2  (uin1 ) 2 ]
and the backward difference for spatial derivative 2 4x
w w  w n n which is the Lux-Friedrich scheme.
 i i 1
0 4.3 Explicit Central Difference Scheme of Burger’s
x x equation for viscous fluid
1 2 1  2 (uin ) 2  (uin1 ) 2 Consider the Burger’s equation as an initial boundary value
For w= u we find (u )  0
2 2 x 2x problem
Then from (8) we get

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International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Volume 5, Issue 4, April-2014 496
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u  1 2  2u x i  a  ih , i  0,1,............., M (22)
 ( u )v 2 ; x  (a,b), t  (0,T) (18)
t x 2  x and t n  nk, n  0,1,..............N (23)

I.C. u (0, x)  u0 ( x)
Where,
B.C. u(t , a)  ua (t ) , u(t , b)  ub (t ) ba T
M and N 
For equi-distant grid, with temporal step-size Δt and spatial h k
step-size Δx Now we are interested to solve the above IBVP numerically.
u
The discretization of is obtained by forward difference 4.5 Explicit finite difference scheme
t To obtain an explicit finite difference scheme, we discretize
formula
u u  2u
n1 , and at any discrete point ( x i , t n ) as follows:-
u u  u n
t x x 2
 i i
t t u uin1  uin
 (First order Forward difference formula)
 1 2 t k
The discretization of ( u ) is obtained by backward dif-
x 2 u uin11  uin1
ference formula  (First order Central difference formula)
x 2h
 1 2 1  2 (u n ) 2  (uin1 ) 2  2u uin1  2uin  uin1
( u ) (u )  i  (Second order Centered difference
x 2 2 x 2x 2 x h2

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 2u formula)
The discretization of is obtained by centeral difference Inserting the above formulas, the discrete version of the viscid
2 x Burger's equation formulates the second order finite difference
approximation
scheme of the form
 2u uin1  2uin  uin1 uin1  uin uin n u n  2uin  uin1
  (ui1  uin1 ) = v × i1
2 x x 2 k 2h h2
Using the above approximations in (1) we have Or,

uin1  uin (uin ) 2  (uin1 ) 2 uin1  2uin  uin1 kuin n vk

  uin1  uin  (ui1  uin1 )  2 (uin1  2uin  uin1 ) (24)
t 2x x 2 2h h
which is the explicit finite difference scheme for the IBVP.
Or,
t 1 n 2 t
uin1  uin  [ (ui )  (uin1 ) 2 ]  v [ 4.6 Numerical implementation
4x 2 x 2 Now we implement the numerical finite difference scheme by
uin1  2uin  uin1 ] computer programing and perform numerical simulation as
described below.
which is called the Explicit Central Difference Scheme for vis- In implementation of our scheme, we consider the spatial do-
cous Burger’s equation. main [0; 2] and
4.4 Numerical formulation of Burger's equation the maximum time step T = 5;
Our problem is to solve the following IBV problem
u u  2u We consider the initial condition
u  v 2 ,  a  x  b,0  t  T
t x  x u( x,0)  u0 ( x)  sin x (25)
With I.C. u ( x,0)  u0 ( x) (19) and the Homogeneous Dirichlet boundary conditions
u(0, t )  0  u(2 , t ) (26)
and B.C. u (a, t )  u1 (t ) (20)
For v = .1, we get the stability condition,
and u (b, t )  ub (t ) (21)
h h2
 0.1 
We discretize the x  t plane by choosing a mesh width 2 2k
h  x and a time step k  t , and define the discrete mesh h2
i.e h ≤ .2 and k≤ (27)
points (x j , t n ) by, 0 .2
For h =.1, we have k =.05. We considerk = .01;
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International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Volume 5, Issue 4, April-2014 497
ISSN 2229-5518
Figure 3.2.2: Solution of Burger's equation using explicit finite 0.5
=0.01
=0.1
difference scheme at different time steps with v = .01;∆x = 0.4

0.3
=0.3
=0.5
=1
.02;∆t = .02 0.2

Clearly, for v = .01, shock occurs as time grows in the middle of 0.1

u
the graph. -0.1

-0.2

5 Numerical Experiment and Results -0.3

-0.4

We develop a computer program (code) and implement the -0.5

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
v

explicit central difference scheme for Burger’s equation.

Fig. 2. Solution of Viscous Burger’s equation using explicit finite difference
scheme at different viscosity v with ∆x=0.002, ∆t = 0.000002.
5.1 Data Insert
After calculating stability condition we consider ν = 0.3, 0.6,
We implement the explicit central differencefor numerical ex-
0.9, 1.2, 1.5,3.0 for h = 0.1 and k = 0.0016 we get the following
periment for the Burger’s equation. We implement the scheme
figure
for initial and boundary data verify the qualitative behavior of
the of velocity and viscosity of the viscous Burger’s equation. 0.8

We choose different value of v for this. 0.6

v=
v=
v=
0.3
0.6
0.9
v= 1.2
v= 1.5
0.4 v= 3.0

5.2 Results 0.2

-0.2

To test the accuracy of the implementation of the numerical -0.4

scheme for the viscous Burger’s equation, we discuss our ex- -0.6

periment and results are given below:

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-0.8
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

We perform the numerical experiment for the equation Fig. 3. Solution of viscous Burger’s equation using explicit finite difference
u  1 2  2 scheme at different viscosity ν with ∆x=0.1, ∆t = 0.0016.
 ( u )v 2. We use the initial value which
t x 2 x After calculating stability condition we consider ν = 3.3, 3.6,
satisfies stability condition.
3.9, 4.2, 4.5, 6.0 for h = 0.1 and k = 0.0008196, we get the follow-
Now we implement the numerical finite central difference ing fig. 4.
scheme of viscous Burger’s equation by computer program- 12
x 10
-3

v= 3.3

ming and perform numerical simulation as describe below: 10

v=
v=
3.6
3.9
v= 4.2

In implement of our scheme, we consider the spatial domain 8

v=
v=
4.5
6.0

[0,2π] and the maximum time space T= 5. 6

We consider the initial condition

u( x,0)  u0 ( x)  sin x
2

And the Dirichlet boundary condition u(0, t )  0  u(2 , t ) -2

-4
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

For h = 0.002 and v = 0.01, we get the stability condition,

 
Fig. 4. Solution of viscous Burger’s equation using explicit finite differ-
.002
max u i0  v ence scheme at different viscosity ν with ∆x=0.1, ∆t = 0.0008196.
2
But since the initial condition is u0 ( x)  sin x , so we must After calculating stability condition we consider ν= 6.3, 6.6, 6.9,
have, 7.2, 7.5, 9.0 for h = 0.1 and k = 0.000555, we get the following

 
max ui0  1
fig. 5.
3.5
x 10
-4

v=
v=
6.6
6.9

And stability condition becomes, 3 v=

v=
v=
7.2
7.5
9.0

.002 2.5

v 2

2
u

1.5

i.e. 0.001  v 1

2
0.002 0.5

for v  1 we get 1  1 i.e. k  0.000002 0

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

2*k v

Fig. 5. Solution of viscous Burger’s equation using explicit finite difference

For h = 0.002, k = 0.000002. We consider v = 0.01, 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 1. scheme at different viscosity ν with ∆x=0.1, ∆t = 0.000555.
After calculating stability condition we consider ν = 9.5, 10.5,
11.5, 12.5, 13.5, 15.0 for h = 0.1 and k = 0.000333, we get the
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International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Volume 5, Issue 4, April-2014 498
ISSN 2229-5518
following fig. 6. [10] J. M. Burger, A mathematical model illustrating the theory of turbu-
4.5
x 10
-5 lence, Adv. Appl. Mech. I (1948) 171-199.
4
v=
v=
9.5
10.5 [11] J. D. Logan, An introduction to Nonlinear Partial Differential Equa-
v= 11.5

3.5
v=
v=
12.5
13.5
tions, Wiley-Interscience, New York, 1994.
v= 15.0

3 [12] Joshua Rothenberg and Gregory Peim,”Spectral Methods for Burger’s

2.5 Equation”, 4 December 2007.
u

2 [13] C.I. Byrnes, D.S. Gilliam and V.I. Shubov. Boundary control, feed-
1.5 back stabilizationand the existence of attractors for a viscous Burgers'
1
Equation, (1994), Preprint.
0.5

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
v

Fig. 6. Solution of viscous Burger’s equation using explicit finite difference

scheme at different viscosity ν with ∆x=0.1, ∆t = 0.000333.
By observing above figure we can say when the viscosity ν
tends to larger then the velocity tends to smaller and when the
viscosity ν tends to smaller then the velocity tends to larger.
i.e. when ν→∞, then u→0
and when ν→0, then u→∞.

6 Conclusions
Burger’s equation is one of the interesting and implemented
equations in our practical life for both viscous and inviscid
fluid. In this paper, we have considered Burger’s equation is

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fundamental partial differential equation from fluid mechan-
ics. First we have shown derivation of Navier-Stokes equation,
Burger’s equation and numerical methods of Burger’s equa-
tion. At last we have shown numerical result based on the ex-
plicit central difference scheme agrees with basic qualitative
behabior of viscuss Burger’s equation. In future, we try to de-
velop better numerical ways to solve Burger's equation with
initial condition and two-sided boundary conditions infinite
space.

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