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dV&dMt(ecology), T&TPT (environment), 3hT ¶lW&& T@T (ecoseptem) W *

mm%FHm*M;rMdif@%1&d3;~?fMim$
vleT***m*mh*1
ir r;m h 8f * M (transpiration),
(germination) I @ Tl JT;T;mT mfardf 3 % F T 3 off
(photoperiodism))
(m
-31 afbmJndffm*fiM*81wiTN3eM
3*;4tdi*3TWEFim~*~w~JT;T;mTr;mf?mfr'?lTfhb1
m*,**JndffR;r~**b~p**m**~
~ 3 i ? = m q r n i w i T n a 3 ~ * ~ b 1 d q m t % m n ; r ; r r r
*a=gfwr$*m31

lTknroffamsr;r*m*31~nroff~*m*3Jfq
*tlm3*m3m-Awm%*3m***mS
~ % 3 M ~ m w $ E i m $ m ~ ~ & 1 I - w ~ $ m m
3i7~Rmhmwr&riMt~mRm&amoffmWi~mb1
m~mr.rmq*MJndffm * ~ q m 3 *-fpmr (tolerance
ihitj-31 *-%H~;-ri; afhm * Y T Y M
h~l~~~Th3R,pTMnrtoT a fm
w ab
T T, f * i r e
p~M*w;rftm*avqamsr;rb*vM***mb~
~ ~ w - A * ~ s ~ c * ~ ; ~ *
G +4etclcqq am mmm m m t I I
m
m*m?rr*am**m*mm*m*m*
T r @ r l ~ ~ ~ d r W * ~ * * m . ( r r ? i 3 ~ m * 3
(f$jrl)~m~%nroff*amsr;r$&*m~3&31*
3*M$dM*4RWmm(migration) 4kkdM-36
~3~n~anr*~ifimRmsm;r*fia~ww~~mc.r3
( m a d s ) * ~ W % + m m V * ~ $ ~ * * 3 ~ 8
m m 3 1 ~ * ~ ~ j r f t m i w i r + m w ~ ~ 3 *
dM*amfRsr$&*3mw3~m3m*3**
*%m%JfTd3mn%Tm*f;Tm(hlber-
nate) 3 ~ 6 b3 I
m % m ~ r . r 4 f * m * & ( h u m i d i t ~ ) M % ~ m % ~
* m S h z m w . r 4 t * m m m M % T h d m &
(absolute humidity) M% I
$ r g % m ~ * * * T ~ ~ w r n a l w w i r m m m
FRb % 3$$$5 * (relative humidity RH) FRWlT % I

M % h * m * a m 9 r ; r , q m l ~ l w ~ l ~ * ~ *
. r 4 t B ~ T 7 1 f t % 1 ~ ~ ~ r f f s . r 4 t * m l ~ * m * %
~ T m = E T % l b R ~ T m ~ w a * & ~ m *
m m & * w m * ~ m 1 ~ 3 f f a i * m * m B
* , * ~ T R % ~ ~ * ~ M * ~ * R ~
~m8Pmf%mT7lft%1sRmMWw+5kw*m~widtsFT~
fi*~hm**mm$Thm**~rr**d~w
* F 4 f l 3 W ~ * ~ ~ % f % 3 T 4 ~ m ~ b 1 ~
& % d dr t?t$ f i
*fmrn%l
(hygrophytes) *
a'@+r w% *
1.2.6 TT

m**w*3na~9q;m%lmmm$%t?tdi***M
%m*JTWzf;w~~~8*h%?M*m**m3Mm.rff~
&%I m w r 3 d ? r ~ f + m w + r $ ~ $ t b T h m m ~ % ~ ~ f ; r
r n w * 8 p b l s R w r * * m b T h m ~ * m * % m
~ r n * ~ . m * ~ w m ~ * m * T m b l ~
~ , f f t a r f ~ h z - ~ * ~ m ~ ~ i 5 1
~ m M i . ; R i ; T 1 ~ . m & ~ h ~ ~ m ~ T h m ~ % ~ 4 3
**m%m;FTtCb1~*WrftT)rtr%3hm*mMwd%
(a (amphibians), * *
k)
~rnw%d*rnJhzm3T;9%W*MBBmb*
I ;TRdi % n;m mf T& % I
& % m * ~ u r t r t r b ~ ~ % w ~ % m T ) r t r B * q m
*m*%m?F*%lq*m*~W**% 3h~?RlT.rff%,
Shzm**, *m*m*.mkta**m*d%*%*,
rnShzRml
~ m a ~ ~ ~ ~ . ~ d 3 P f t ~ ~ h 1 ~ ~
R @ XRF3 ) d k drdl* V?IT&T (transpiration)% f ? PRGP~
~ % I FJK, M
& T ~ * ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ J l l i f ~ ~ 1 4 m f
4 k w $ ~ ~ f t ~ k + d w f t r ~ f r i r 3 . f l r n & r ~ w
W*%I
Enftrm*wmm.m***d*m*jfkmm IW
FFR 3 T
T gerlm d%'lT% (fossil records) * f h T T FlTTf 3 I
d m t * * r n r n m 3 ~ ~ ~ d ~ * e f t * w + +
mmM?fhwdflPlmM*Mm***
*%*jf*mtft4WmhmmTm;ml
Equator
I (q.a.) qci ~ m
(gym)f3mmvm (~ri.a) x r $ l * i~ R ~ ; ; rm3 w

t l p v l + i P m ~ ~ * . w i * , ~ : ~ * ~
~,~msm~Smm=nl+~mm-yvtrsvrshimmRb
~ ~ S I ~ * * M * ~ ~ T ~ $ I * *
Pr.rff*m***sftkqm%1
*mrrwm*-w
uKQFt-2:3lpT .a;rn
. m @ m ~ ~ 3 = q m s i $ l d v r v C r ~ ~ m t ~ m
*,*$*64*t*M~ft**~mm*m
42%
-
21% mrn-2*rnrlp81
*
(ultraviolet) i%?TQ 37fkf W f f .R T TfFT R 788 I bi
14%
5% ~ * 3 ; ~ m i f * ~ * m m m * ~ w m ; ; m r *
''Oh

. ~ m * a ~ r n m r o r m b ~ m a X M * ~ - & * ~
s h r f w ~ ~ S * ~ ~ * * P l * s r f ~ 5 ' * s t ~ m
~ * ~ ~ 7 & % 3 h T * m V r ' 2 n r m ~ ~ b * * m
M d % 3 . h T ~ m * m * m m ~ d h $ , ~ * *
vf*mT;hz?Rgme (mm)mm*mim;**31
w T 8El ft *S * w ?m (greenhouse effect)m
rnwftirl
wviaW~dhmm~dmmnmmdt1~~~%:
* m+dw& ( C O ~ - 50%
* (CFC,) - 14%
(CH,) - 18%

(03) - 12%

m ~ 3 i f i r m s s - 6%
w ~ % f % T ; ; r f l T i Y * * ~ r n m ~ m *
*m%l~**.*Pw*e,m~*m***m
*$3 $ b I TFbT (COJ W 1958 T W f F t V T rn FfFR % 315 *
1 9 9 0 3 T R 3 5 3 3lbTflTRFTR8rl91.dk 1 . 5 % * F J T h T R * f l d T
3bT T 3h.

mt13~mnamfrarBrslcg3'R$'r~$lm&~~
~ # ~ B % q R @ x ~ ~ T ; A & p ~ ~ r n d 2 0
a ~ 3 - 4 O C w m m1 ' K g z 1 * ~ 3 3 7 ~ ? r n ; m 3 a ~ & ~ i t
M*rn*+?TftPh~*l
wmfa~d : T~uF$~~*w***I
(Chemical energy)
&~III&W : * f & ~ m ~ 3 h 2 1 3 * 2 4 8 ~ 1 ~ d @ ~ m *
(Gondwana land) ~%kid-3f%bm~~pr1
aRfhT : ~ f h d ~ f h l F i ~ 3 h 2 1 3 * 2 4 8 ~ d @
(Laurasia) : -gr&&~m*3f%-&**mw
3FwFk : m9RPflT*m*3hm
(Meteorites) ~ R M * @ ~ w T ~ % I
3Q-gtmm : m**
(Morphological changes)
rm;rararft : r n * ~ m ~ ~ 3 h ~ * m * * t l
(Photoreceptors)

Thi-d : g$*rnmri~
(Solar energy)

1)
2)

3) -
Jsprm

T)
1.3.1 *I
TI'& --,
T T ) T I ' & W l
(CFCs)
(CFCs) m,T"$p ml*I

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