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MATHEMATICS PART-1 of 4 PDF
MATHEMATICS PART-1 of 4 PDF
com Class : IX
CONTENTS
S.No. Topics Page No.
1. Number System 1 - 35
2. Polynomials 36 - 56
3. Coordinate Geometry 57 - 62
4. Linear Equation in two Variable 63 - 71
5. Introduction of Euclid’s Geometry 72 - 77
6. Lines and Angles 78 - 88
7. Triangles 89 - 98
8. Quadrilateral 99 - 114
9. Area of parallelograms and triangle 115 - 128
10. Circle 129 - 155
11. Constructions 156 - 164
12. Heron’s Formula 165 - 172
13. Surface Area & Volume 173 - 181
14. Statistics 182 - 197
15. Probability 198 - 204
16. Proof In Mathematics 205 - 211
17. Mathematical Modeling 212 - 220
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(a) Common fraction : Fractions whose denominator is not 10.
(b) Decimal fraction : Fractions whose denominator is 10 or any power of 10.
3
(c) Proper fraction : Numerator < Denominator i.e. .
5
5
(d) Improper fraction : Numerator > Denominator i.e. .
3
2
(e) Mixed fraction : Consists of integral as well as fractional part i.e. 3 .
7
2 /3
(f) Compound fraction : Fraction whose numerator and denominator themselves are fractions. i.e. .
5 /7
Improper fraction can be written in the form of mixed fractions.
(v) Irrational Numbers :
All real number which are not rational are irrational numbers. These are non-recurring as well as non-
(vi) Real numbers : Number which can represent actual physical quantities in a meaningful way are known
as real numbers. These can be represented on the number line. Number line in geometrical straight line
with arbitrarily defined zero (origin).
(vii) Prime number : All natural numbers that have one and itself only as their factors are called prime
numbers i.e. prime numbers are exactly divisible by 1 and themselves. e.g. 2,3,5,7,11,13,17,19,23....etc. If P is
the set of prime number then P = {2,3,5,7....}.
(viii) Composite numbers : All natural number, which are not prime are composite numbers. If C is the set
of composite number then C = {4,6,8,9,10,12,.....}.
1 is neither prime nor composite number.
(ix) Co-prime numbers : If the H.C.F. of the given numbers (not necessarily prime) is 1 then they are known
as co-prime numbers. e.g. 4, 9, are co-prime as H.C.F. of (4, 9) = 1.
Any two consecutive numbers will always be co-prime.
(x) Even Numbers : All integers which are divisible by 2 are called even numbers. Even numbers are
denoted by the expression 2n, where n is any integer. So, if E is a set even numbers, then E = {...., -4, -2, 0, 2,
4,....}.
(xi) Odd Numbers: All integers which are not divisible by 2 are called odd numbers. Odd numbers are
denoted by the general expression 2n - 1 where n is any integer. If O is a set of odd numbers, then O = {...., -
5, -3, -1, 1, 3, 5,....}.
(xii) Imaginary Numbers: All the numbers whose square is negative are called imaginary numbers. e.g. 3i,
13
(ii)
7
4
(iii) −
9
(a) Decimal Number (Terminating) :
(i) 2.5
Ex.3 Visualize the representation of 5.37 on the number line upto 5 decimal place. i.e. 5.37777.
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(b) Find Rational Numbers Between Two Integral Numbers :
Ex.4 Find 4 rational numbers between 2 and 3.
Sol. Steps :
(i) Write 2 and 3 multipling in Nr and Dr with (4+1).
2 × ( 4 + 1) 1 3 × ( 4 + 1) 15
(ii) i.e. 2 = &3 = =
( 4 + 1) 5 ( 4 + 1) 5
11 12 13 14
(iii) So, the four required numbers are , , , .
5 5 5 5
Ex.5 Find three rational no’s between a and b (a < b).
Sol. a<b
⇒ a+a<b+a
⇒ 2a < a + b
a+b
⇒ a<
2
Again, a < b
⇒ a + b < b + b.
⇒ a + b < 2b
a+b
⇒ < b.
2
a+b
∴ a< < b.
2
a+b
i.e. lies between a and b.
2
a+b
Hence 1st rational number between a and b is .
2
For next rational number
a+b 2a + a + b
a+
2 = 2 3a + b 3a + b a + b
= ∴ a< < < b.
2 2 4 4 2
a+b
+b
2 a + b + 2 b a + 3b
Next, = =
2 2×2 4
3a + b a + b a + 3b
∴ a< < < < b , and continues like this.
4 2 4
1 1
Ex.6 Find 3 rational numbers between & .
3 2
1 1 2+3
+
5 1 5 1
Sol. 1st Method 3 2 = 6 = ∴ , ,
2 2 12 3 12 2
1 5 4+5
+
3 12 = 12 = 9 1 9 5 1
= ∴ , , ,
2 2 24 3 24 12 2
5 1 5 6
+ +
12 2 = 12 12 = 11 1 9 5 11 1
= ∴ , , , , .
2 2 24 3 24 12 24 2
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8 9 10 11 12 8 1 1
Verify : < < < < . as = &
24 24 24 24 24 24 3 2
b−a
(i) Find d = .
n+1
3 1 19 3 2
1st = a + b = + = , 2nd = a + 2d = + ,
5 30 20 5 30
3 3 21 3 4 22
3rd = a + 3d = + = , 4th = a + 4d = + = ,
5 30 30 5 30 30
3 5 23
5th = a + 5d = + = .
5 30 30
1
(vi) Multiplicative inverse (a ) × = 1
a
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1
1 is called multiplicative identity and is called multiplicative inverse of a or reciprocal of a.
a
(vii) Distributive property a.(b+c) = a.b + a.c
∴ L.H.S. ≠ R.H.S.
∴ 2+ 3 is irrational.
⇒ ( 3− 2 )
2
= r2
⇒ 3 + 2 - 2 6 = r2
⇒ 5 - 2 6 = r2
∴ L.H.S. ≠ R.H.S.
Sol. 2×3 = 6
Ex.11 Find two irrational number between 2 and 2.5.
4
Sol. 1st Method : 2× 3 = 6 =46 Irrational number between 2 and 6
2 ×4 6 = 4 2 ×8 6
As , 3 > 2 and 2 has 4 in the 1st place of decimal while 3 has 7 is the 1st place of decimal.
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Ex.13 Find two irrational number between 0.12 and 0.13.
Sol. 0.1201001000100001......., 0.12101001000100001 .......etc.
Ex.14 Find two irrational number between 0.3030030003..... and 0.3010010001 .......
Sol. 0.302020020002...... 0.302030030003.... etc.
Ex.15 Find two rational number between 0.2323323332..... and 0.252552555255552.......
Sol. 1st place is same 2.
2nd place is 3 & 5.
3rd place is 2 in both.
4th place is 3 & 5.
Let a number = 0.25, it falls between the two irrational number.
Also a number = 0.2525 an so on.
(c) Irrational Number on a Number Line :
(i) Plot 2, 3
So, OC = 2 and OD = 3
(ii) Plot 5, 6, 7 8
OC = 5
OD = 6 OH = 7 .......
(d) Properties of Irrational Number :
(ii) Sum and difference of a rational and an irrational number is always an irrational number.
(iii) Sum and difference of two irrational numbers is either rational or irrational number.
(iv) Product of a non-zero rational number with an irrational number is either rational or irrationals
(v) Product of an irrational with a irrational is not always irrational.
Sum = ( )
3 + − 3 = 0 which is rational.
( ) ( )
Sum = 2 + 3 + 2 − 3 = 4 , a rational number
Sum = 3 − 2 + 3 + 2 = 2 3 , an irrational
2 × 3 = 2 3 , an irrational.
0× 3 = 0, a rational.
4 4 4
Ex.24 × 3= 3= is an irrational.
3 3 3
Ex.27 3
3 × 3 3 2 = 3 3 × 3 2 = 3 3 3 = 3 a rational number.
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Ex.29 (2 + 3 )(2 + 3 ) = (2 + 3 ) 2
= (2) + ( 3 ) ( 3)
2 2
+ 2( 2 ) ×
= 4+3+4 3
= 7 + 4 3 an irrational number
NOTE :
(ii) −2× −3 ≠ ( − 2 × −3 = 6 )
Instead − 2 , − 3 are called Imaginary numbers.
− 2 = i 2 , where i ( = iota) = −1
∴ (A) i2 = -1
(B) i3 = i2 × i = (-1) × i = -i
(C) i4 = i2 × i2 = (-1) × (-1) = 1
(iii) Numbers of the type (a + ib) are called complex numbers where (a, b) ∈ R.e.g. 2 + 3i, -2 + 4i, -3i, 11 - 4i,
are complex numbers.
To represent any real number of number line we follows the following steps :
STEP I : Obtain the positive real number x (say).
STEP II : Draw a line and mark a point A on it.
STEP III : Mark a point B on the line such that AB = x units.
STEP IV : From point B mark a distance of 1 unit and mark the new point as C.
STEP V : Find the mid - point of AC and mark the point as O.
STEP VI : Draw a circle with centre O and radius OC.
STEP VII : Draw a line perpendicular to AC passing through B and intersecting the semi circle at D.
Length BD is equal to x.
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4. Examine whether the following numbers are rational or irrational :
3 −1
(
(i) 2 − 3 )
2
(ii) ( 2+ 3 )
2
( )(
(iii) 3 + 2 3 − 2 ) (iv)
3 +1
7. Prove that ( )
2 + 5 is an irrational number.
(i) 0.3 (ii) 0.37 (iii) 0.54 (iv) 0.05 (v) 1.3 (vi) 0.621
NUMBER SYSTEM
SURDS
n
Any irrational number of the form a is given a special name surd. Where ‘a’ is called radicand, it should
always be a rational number. Also the symbol n is called the radical sign and the index n is called order
of the surd.
1
n
a is read as ‘nth root a’ and can also be written as a n .
(a) Some Identical Surds :
3
(i) 4 is a surd as radicand is a rational number.
Similar examples 3
5 , 4 12 , 5 7 , 12 ,.........
1
1 3 1
(i) 3
3 is a surd as 3
3 = 32 = 36 = 6 3
3 3
Similar examples 5 , 4 5 6 ,....... ...
(i) 3 8 because 3
8 = 3 2 3 = 2 , which is a rational number.
3
(iii) 1 + 3 because radicand is an irrational number.
LAWS OF SURDS
(i) ( a)n n
= n an = a
e.g. (A) 3
8 = 3 23 = 2 (B) 4
81 = 4 3 4 = 3
n
(ii) a × n b = n ab [Here order should be same]
3
e.g. (A) 2 × 3 6 = 3 2 × 6 = 3 12
3
but, 3 × 4 6 ≠ 3×6 [Because order is not same]
1st make their order same and then you can multiply.
a
(iii) n
a +nb =n
b
nm
(iv) a = nm
a =mna e.g. = 2 =88
n×p
(v) n
a= ap [Important for changing order of surds]
n n ×p
or, am = a m ×p
3 3
e.g. 6 2 make its order 6, then 6 2 = 3× 2 6 2× 2 = 6 6 4 .
e.g. 3
6 make its order 15, then 3
6 = 3×5 61×5 = 15 6 5 .
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OPERATION OF SURDS
(a) Addition and Subtraction of Surds :
Addition and subtraction of surds are possible only when order and radicand are same i.e. only for surds.
Ex.1 Simplify
= 15 6 − 6 6 + 4 6
= (15 - 6 + 4 ) 6
= 13 6 Ans.
= 5 × 53 2 + 7 × 2 3 2 − 14 × 3 × 3 2
= ( 25 + 14 − 42 )3 2
= −33 2 Ans.
= 5 × 53 2 + 7 × 2 3 2 − 14 × 3 × 3 2
= ( 25 + 14 − 42 )3 2
= −33 2 Ans.
5 1 5 1× 3
(iii) 4 3 + 3 48 − = 4 3 + 3 16 × 3 −
2 3 2 3× 3
5 1
= 4 3 + 3× 4 3 − × 3
2 3
5
= 4 3 + 12 3 − 3
6
5
= 4 + 12 − 3
6
91
= 3 Ans.
6
Ex.3 Simplify 8a 5b × 3 4a 2 b 2
6
Hint : 83 a15 b 3 × 6 4 2 a 4 b 4 = 6 2 13 a19 b7 = 6 2ab . Ans.
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24 6
( 24)3 216
Ex.4 Divide 24 ÷ 3 200 = 3
= =6 Ans..
200 6
( 200) 2 625
Ex.5 3
16 > 3 12 , 5 35 > 5 25 and so on.
Ex.6 Which is greater is each of the following :
3 5 1 1
(i) 16 and 8 (ii) and 3
2 3
L.C.M. of 3 and 5 15. L.C.M. of 2 and 3 is 6.
3 2
1 1
3
6 = 3× 5 6 5 = 15 7776 6 and 3
2 3
1 1 1 1
5
8 = 3×5 85 = 15 512 6 and 6 As 8 < 9 ∴ 8 > 9
8 9
75 1 6 1
∴ 7776 > 15 512 so, 6 >
8 9
3 1 1
⇒ 6 >58 ⇒ > 3
2 3
∴ 2 = 2×6 2 6 = 12 64
3× 4
3
3= 3 4 = 12 81
4× 3
4
5= 53 = 12 125
As, 64 < 81 < 125.
12
∴ 64 < 12 81 < 12 125
⇒ 2 <33<45
( 7 − 3 )( 7 + 3 ) 7−3 4
Sol. 7− 3= = =
( 7 + 3) 7+ 3 7+ 3
( 5 − 1)( 5 + 1) 5−1 4
And, 5 −1 = = =
( 5 + 1) 5 +1 5 +1
So, 7 + 3 > 5 +1
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1 1 4 4
⇒ < ⇒ < ⇒ 7 − 3 < 5 −1
7+ 3 5 +1 7+ 3 5 +1
So, 5 −1 > 7 − 3
RATIONALIZATION OF SURDS
Rationalizing factor product of two surds is a rational number then each of them is called the rationalizing
factor (R.F.) of the other. The process of converting a surd to a rational number by using an appropriate
multiplier is known as rationalization.
Some examples :
(i) R.F. of a is a (∴ a× a =a . )
(ii) R.F. of 3
a is 3 a 2 ∴ 3 a × 3 a 2 = 3 a 3 = a .
(v) R.F. of 3
a + 3 b is
3
a − ab + b ∴ ( a + b ) a − ab + b
2 3 3 2 3 3 3 2 3 3 2
∴ ( a) + ( b)
3 3 3 3
= a + b which is rational.
(vi) R.F. of ( a + b + c is ) ( ) (
a + b − c nd a + b − c + 2 ab . )
Ex.9 Find the R.G. (rationalizing factor) of the following :
3 3 4
(i) 10 (ii) 12 (iii) 162 (iv) 4 (v) 16 (vi) 162 (vii) 2 + 3
3
(viii) 7 − 4 3 (ix) 3 3 + 2 2 (x) 3 +3 2 (xi) 1 + 2 + 3
(i) 10
∴ R.F. of 10 is 10 Ans.
∴ R.F. of 12 is 3 Ans.
3 3 3
(iv) 3
4 Sol. 3
4 × 42 = 43 = 4 ∴ R.F. of 3
4 is 42 Ans.
3
(v). 16
3
Sol. Simplest from of 3
16 is 2 3 2 Now R.F. of 3
2 is 22
3
∴ R.F. of 3
16 is 22 Ans.
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4
(vi) 162
Now R.F. of 4
2 is 4 2 3
4
R.F. of ( 4 162 ) is 23 Ans.
(vii) 2+ 3
Sol. ( )(
As 2 + 3 2 − 3 = ( 2 )2 − ) ( 3) 2
= 4 − 3 = 1, , which is rational.
∴ R.F. of ( 2 + 3 ) is ( 2 − 3 ) Ans.
(viii) 7−4 3
Sol. ( )(
As 7 − 4 3 7 + 4 3 = (7 )2 − 4 − 3 ) ( )
2
= 49 - 48 = 1, which is rational
∴ R.F. of (7 − 4 3 ) is 7 + 4 3 ( ) Ans.
(ix). 3 3 +2 2
Sol. (
As 3 3 + 2 2 3 3 − 2 2 = 3 3)( ) ( ) − (2 2 ) 2 2
= 27 − 8 = 19 , which is rational.
∴ R.F. of ( 3 3 + 2 2 ) is ( 3 3 − 2 2 ) Ans.
(x) 3
3 +3 2
( 3 + 3 2 3 32 − 3 3 × 3 2 + 2 2 = 3 33 + 2 3 = 3 + 2 = 5, which is rational.
)
3 3 3
Sol. As
∴ R.F. of ( 3 3 + 3 2 ) is 3 32 − 3 3 × 3 2 + 3 2 2 Ans.
(xi) 1+ 2 + 3
Sol. (1 + )(
2 + 3 1+ 2 − 3 = 1+ 2 ) ( ) − ( 3)
2 2
+ ( 2 ) + 2( 1)( 2 ) − 3
2
= 1)2
= 1+2+2 2 −3
= 3+2 2 −3
=2 2
2 2 × 2 = 2×2 = 4
NOTE : R.F. of a + b or a − b type surds are also called conjugate surds & vice versa.
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Ex.10 (i) 2 − 3 is conjugate of 2 + 3
(ii) 5 + 1 is conjugate of 5 −1
NOTE : Sometimes conjugate surds and reciprocals are same.
(iii) 6 − 35 ,6 + 35
(iv) 7 − 4 3 , 7 + 4 3
8 8 ( 15 + 1) + ( 5+ 3 )
Sol.
15 + 1 − 5 − 3
=
[( 15 + 1) − ( 15 + 3 )] × ( 15 + 1) + (
)
5 + 3
8( 15 + 1 + 5 + 3 )
=
( 15 + 1) − ( 5 + 3 )
2 2
8( 15 + 1 + 5 + 3 )
=
15 + 1 + 2 15 − (5 + 3 + 2 15 )
8( 15 + 1 + 5 + 3 )
=
8
= ( 15 + 1 + 5 + 3 ) Ans.
a2
Ex.13 Rationalize the denominator of
a2 + b2 + b
a2 a2 a2 + b2 − b
Sol. = ×
a 2 + b2 + b a 2 + b2 + b a2 + b2 − b
a 2 a 2 + b 2 − b
=
2
a 2 + b 2 − ( b)2
a 2 a 2 + b 2 − b
= 2 = a2 + b2 − b
Ans.
a + b2 − b 2
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3+2 2
Ex.14 If = a + b 2 , where a and b are rational then find the values of a and b.
3− 2
3 + 2 2 ( 3 + 2 2 )( 3 + 2 )
Sol. L.H.S. =
3− 2 ( 3 − 2 )(3 + 2 )
9+3 2 +6 2 +4
=
9−2
13 + 9 2
=
7
13 9
= + 2
7 7
13 9
∴ + 2 = a+b 2
7 7
1 1 3 +1
Sol. = ×
3 −1 3 −1 3 +1
3 +1
=
3−1
3 +1
=
2
1.732 + 1
=
2
2.732
=
2
= 1.366 Ans.
3 4 3 5 − 2 + 4( 5 + 2 )
Sol. + =
5+ 2 5− 2 ( 5 − 2 )( 5 + 2 )
3 5 −3 2 +4 5 +4 2
=
5−2
7 5+ 2
=
5−2
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7 5+ 2
=
3
7 × 2.236 + 1.414
=
3
15.652 + 1.414
=
3
17.066
=
3
= 5.689 (approximate)
1
Ex.17 If = find the value of x3 - x2 - 11x + 3.
2+ 3
1
Sol. As, x = =2− 3
2+ 3
⇒ x-2=- 3
⇒ (x - 2)2 = − 3 ( )
2
[By squaring both sides]
⇒ x2 + 4 - 4x = 3
⇒ x2 - 4x + 1 = 0
Now, x3 - x2 - 11x + 3 = x3 - 4x2 + x + 3x2 - 12x + 3
= x (x2 - 4x + 1) + 3 (x2 - 4x + 1)
= x(0) + 3 (0)
=0+0=0 Ans.
1
Ex.18 If x = 3 - 8 , find the value of x 3 + .
x3
Sol. x=3- 8
1 1
∴ =
x 3− 8
1
⇒ = 3+ 8
x
1
Now, x+ = 3− 8 +3+ 8 = 6
x
3
1 1 1 1
⇒ x3 + 3
= x + − 3x x +
x x x x
1
⇒ x3 + = (6 )3 − 3( 6)
x3
1
⇒ x3 + = 216 − 18
x3
1
⇒ x3 + = 198 Ans.
x3
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Ex.19 If x = 1 + 21/3 + 2 2/3, show that x3 - 3x2 - 3x - 1 = 0
Ex.20 Solve : x + 3 + x − 2 = 5.
Hint : x = 1 + 2 + 3
⇒ x-1= 2 + 3
⇒ ( x − 1)2 = ( 2+ 3 )
2
[By squaring both sides]
⇒ x2 + 1 - 2x = 2 + 3 + 2 6
⇒ x2 - 2x - 4 = 2 6
⇒ (x2 - 2x - 4)2 = ( 2 6 )2
⇒ x4 + 4x2 + 16 - 4x3 + 16x - 8x2 = 24
⇒ x4 - 4x3 - 4x2 + 16x + 16 - 24 = 0
⇒ x4 - 4x3 - 4x2 + 16x - 8 = 0 Ans.
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(b) Negative Integral Power :
1
For any non-zero real number ‘a’ and a positive integer ‘n’ we define a − n =
an
Thus we have defined an find all integral values of n, positive, zero or negative. an is called the nth power of
a.
RATIONAL EXPONENTS OR A REAL NUMBER
(a) Principal of nth Root of a Positive Real Numbers :
If ‘a’ is a positive real number and ’n’ is a positive integer, then the principal nth root of a is the unique
positive real number x such that xn = a.
n
The principal nth root of a positive real number a is denoted by a1/n or a.
(b) Principal of nth Root of a Negative Real Numbers :
If ‘a’ is a negative real number and ‘n’ is an odd positive integer, then the principle nth root of a is define as -
|a|1/n i.e. the principal nth root of -a is negative of the principal nth root of |a|.
Remark :
It ‘a’ is negative real number and ‘n’ is an even positive integer, then the principle nth root of a is not
defined, because an even power of real number is always positive. Therefore (-9)1/2 is a meaningless
quantity, if we confine ourselves to the set of real number, only.
(c) Rational Power (Exponents) :
p
For any positive real number ‘a’ and a rational number ≠ where q ≠ 0 , we define ap / q = (a p )1 / q i.e. ap/q
q
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Sol. Using the laws of indices, we have
58
(ii) 58 ÷ 5 3 = = 58 − 3 = 5 5 = 3125 ∵a m + a n = am − n
53
( )
(iii) 32
3
= 32×3 = 36 = 729 ∵(am )n = am× n
3 m
11 113 1331 a am
(iv) = 3 = ∵ =
12 12 1728 b bm
−3
3 1 1 1 64 1
(v) = = = = ∵a − n =
4 3
3
33 27 27 an
64
4 43
Sol. We have.
4 2 3
2 11 3 2 4 112 33
(i) × × = 4 × 2 × 3
11 3 2 11 3 2
2×3
=
112
6
= Ans.
121
(ii) We have,
1
5 4 −1 5 4
1 −2 3 1 −2 3
× × = × ×
2 3 5 2 3 5
15 (− 2 )2 5
= × 4 ×
25 3 3
1 × 16 × 5
=
32 × 81 × 3
5
=
2 × 81 × 3
5
= Ans.
486
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(iii) We have,
2 55 × 2 60 − 2 97 × 2 18 = 55 + 60 −2 97 + 18
= 2 15 − 2 115
=0 Ans.
(iv) We have,
3 −3 −2
2 2 3 23 1 32
× × = 3
× × 2
3 5 5 3 (2 / 5) 5
23 1 32
= × ×
3 3 2 3 / 5 3 52
2 3 × 53 × 32
=
3 3 × 2 3 × 52
5
= Ans.
3
Ex.24 Simplify :
(25)3 / 2 × (243)3 / 5 16 × 2 n + 1 − 4 × 2 n
(i) (ii)
(16 )5 / 4 × (8)4 / 3 16 × 2 n + 2 − 2 × 2 n + 2
Sol. We have,
(i)
(25 )3 / 2 × (243 )3 / 5
=
(5 ) 2 3/2
( )
× 35
3/5
(16 )5 / 4 × (8)4 / 3 (2 ) 4 5 /4
× (2 )3 4 /3
52 ×3 / 2 × 35× 3 / 5
=
2 4× 5 / 4 × 2 3× 4 / 3
53 × 33
=
25 × 24
125 × 27
=
32 × 16
3375
= Ans.
512
16 × 2 n + 1 − 4 × 2 n 24 × 2n +1 − 22 × 2n
(ii) =
16 × 2 n + 2 − 2 × 2 n + 2 24 × 2n+2 − 2 × 2n+2
2n+5 − 2n+2
=
2n +6 − 2n +3
2n +5 − 2n +2
=
2.2 n + 5 − 2.2 n + 2
2n+5 − 2n+2 1
= = Ans.
(
2 2n +5 − 2n +2 2 )
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81
−3 / 4 25 −3 / 2
5
−3
Ex.25 Simplify × ÷
16 9 2
Sol. We have
−3 / 4 25 − 3 / 2 5 − 3 3 4
−3 / 4 52
−3 / 2 −3
81 5
× ÷ = 4 × 2
÷
16 9 2 2 3 2
−3 / 4 −3 / 2
3 4 5 2 5 − 3
= × ÷
2 3 2
3
4x −3 / 4 5 2 x − 3 / 2 5 −3
= × ÷
2 3 2
−3
5
−3 −3
3 5
= × ÷
2 3 2
2 5 5
3 −3 −3
= × ×
3 3 2
2 3 33 2 3
= × ÷
33 53 53
2 3 33 53
= × ×
33 53 2 3
= 1 Ans.
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EXERCISE
OBJECTIVE DPP - 3.1
1 1
1. If x= 3 + 8 and y = 3 - 8 then + =
x2 y2
3+ 7
2. If = a + b 7 then (a,b) =
3− 7
(A) (8, -3) (B) (-8, -3) (C) (-8, 3) (D) (8, 3)
5 −2 5 +2
3. − =
5 +2 5 −2
3+ 2 x−y
4. If x = and y = 1, the value of is :
3− 2 x − 3y
5 5 6 −4 6+4
(A) (B) (C) (D)
5 −4 6+4 5 5
5. Which one is greatest in the following :
3 3 3
(A) 2 (B) 3 (C) 4 (D) 2
6. The value of 5
(32 )−3 is :
(A) 1/8 (B) 1/16 (C) 1/32 (D) None
3− 2 3+ 2
7. If x = and y = the value of x2 + xy + y2 is :
3+ 2 3− 2
2 1 3
8. Simplify : + −
5+ 3 3+ 2 5+ 2
(A) 1 (B) 0 (C) 10 (D) 100
9. Which of the following is smallest ?
4 5
(A) 5 (B) 4 (C) 4 (D) 3
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3
10 The product of 3 and 5 is :
6 6 6 6
(A) 375 (B) 675 (C) 575 (D) 475
14. 3
(729 )2.5 =
1
(A) (B) 81 (C) 243 (D) 729
81
4 3
15. x2 =
1 1 1
(A) x (B) x 2 (C) x 3 (D) x 6
SUBJECTIVE DPP - 3.2
1. Arrange the following surds in ascending order of magnitude :
(i) 4 10 ,3 6 , 3 (ii) 3 4 ,4 5 , 3
2. Whish is greater :
17 − 12 or 11 − 6 .
8
3. Simplify : .
15 + 1 − 5 − 3
4+ 2
4. If p and q are rational number and p − q = find p and q.
3+ 2
(i) 3
32 (ii) 3
36 (iii) 2 3 / 5
3 2+ 5
(i) (ii)
5 3
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7. Retionalise the denominator and simplify :
3− 2 1+ 2 4 3 +5 2
(i) (ii) (iii)
3+ 2 3+2 2 48 + 18
8. Simplify :
5+ 3 5− 3 7+3 5 7−3 5
(i) + (ii) −
5− 3 5+ 3 3+ 5 3− 5
11 − 7 5+ 6
(i) = a − b 77 (ii) =a+b 6
11 + 7 5− 6
3 +1
10. If x = find the value of 4x3 + 2x2 - 8x + 7.
2
5 − 21 1 1 1
11. If x = show that x 3 + 3 − 5 x 2 + 2 + x + = 0.
2 x x x
a+2 + a−2
12. Show that a = x + 1/x, where x = .
a+2 − a−2
1 1 1 1 1
13. Prove that : − + − + = 5.
3− 8 8− 7 7− 6 6− 5 5 −2
5+ 2 5− 2
14. If x = and y = find the value of 3x2 + 4xy - 3y2.
5− 2 5+ 2
15. Evaluate:
5 +2 + 5 −2
− 3−2 2.
5 +1
( x) −2 / 3
y 4 ÷ xy − 1 / 2 .
18. Simplify :
1
[
(i) 16 − 1 / 5 ]
5/2
(ii) [0.001]
3
19. If
[
9n × 32 × 3 −−n / 2 ]
−2
− ( 27 )n
=
1
, then prove than m - n = 1.
33m × 2 3 27
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ANSWER KEY
Qus. 1 2 3 4 5 6
Ans. A B C B D C
(Subjective DPP # 1.2)
1. (i) Non-terminating and repeating (ii) Non-terminating and non-repeating
(iii) Non-terminating and repeating (iv) Terminating
−7 −4 −3 −5 −11
2. , , , ,
6 3 2 3 6
−5 22 23 24 25 26 27
4. 5. , , , , ,
24 7 7 7 7 7 7
9 10 11
6. , ,
24 24 24
−5 −4 −3
7. , ,
14 14 14
(Objective DPP # 2.1)
Qus. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Ans. A B A A C D C C
(Subjective DPP # 2.2)
3. 0.110101001000100001
37 6 5 4 4 23
11. (i) 1/3 (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) (vi) (v)
99 11 99 3 3 37
19
12.
30
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(Objective DPP # 3.1)
Qus. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Ans. B D B D C A A B B B
Qus. 11 12 13 14 15
Ans. C D D C D
(Subjective DPP # 3.2)
10 2 3 3
3. 16 + 1 + 5 + 5 4. P = ,Q = 5. (i) 2 (ii) 6 (iii) 22/5
7 49
3 6 + 15 9+4 6
6. (i) 5 (ii) 7. (i) 5 − 2 6 (ii) 7 + 5 2 (iii)
2 3 15
31 10
8. (i) 8 (ii) 5 9. (i) a = 9/2, b = 1/2 (ii) a = ,b =
19 19
12 + 56 10
10. 10 14.
3
y9 / 4
17. 18. (i) 1/4 (ii) 0.1 20. 1
x5 / 6
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POLYNOMIALS
POLYNOMIALS
An algebraic expression (f(x) of the form f(x) = a 0 + a1x + a2x2 + ........ + anxn, where a0,a 1,a2 ......., an are real
numbers and all the index of ‘x’ are non-negative integers is called a polynomials in x.
(a) Degree of the Polynomial :
Highest Index of x in algebraic expression is called the degree of the polynomial, here a0, a 1x , a2x2 ..... anxn,
are called the terms o the polynomial and z 0. a 1, a2......, an are called various coefficients of the polynomial
f(x).
NOTE : A polynomial in x is said to be in standard form when the terms are written either in increasing
order or decreasing order of the indices of x in various terms.
(b) Different Types of Polynomials :
Generally, we divide the polynomials in the following categories.
(i) Based on degrees :
There are four types of polynomials based on degrees. These are listed below :
(A) Linear Polynomials : A polynomials of degree one is called a linear polynomial. The general
formula of linear polynomial is ax + b, where a and b are any real constant and a ≠ 0.
(B) Quadratic Polynomials : A polynomial of degree two is called a quadratic polynomial. The general
form of a quadratic polynomial is ax2 + b + c, where a ≠ 0.
(C) Cubic Polynomials : A polynomial of degree three is called a cubic polynomial. The general form
of a cubic polynomial is ax3 + bx2 + cx + d, where a ≠ 0.
(D) Biquadratic (or quadric) Polynomials : A polynomial of degree four is called a biquadratic
(quadratic) polynomial. The general form of a biquadratic polynomial is ax4 + bx3 + cx2 + dx + e ,
where a ≠ 0.
NOTE : A polynomial of degree five or more than five does not have any particular name. Such a
polynomial usually called a polynomial of degree five or six or ....etc.
(ii) Based on number of terms
There are three types of polynomials based on number of terms. These are as follows :
(A) Monomial : A polynomial is said to be monomial if it has only one term. e.g. x, 9x2, 5x3 all are
monomials.
(B) Binomial : A polynomial is said to be binomial if it contains two terms e.g. 2x2 + 3x, 3 x + 5x3 , -8x3 +
3, all are binomials.
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5
(C) Trinomials : A polynomial is said to be a trinomial it if contains three terms. e.g. 3x3 - 8 + ,
2
7x10 8x4 - 3x2, 5 - 7x + 8x9, are all trinomials.
NOTE : A polynomial having four or more than four terms does not have particular Name. These are
simply called polynomials.
(iii) Zero degree polynomial : Any non-zero number (constant) is regarded as polynomial of degree zero or
zero degree polynomial. i.e. f(x) = a, where a ≠ 0 is a zero degree polynomial, since we can write f(x) = a as
f(x) = ax0.
(iv) Zero polynomial : A polynomial whose all coefficients are zeros is called as zero polynomial i.e. f(x) =
0, we cannot determine the degree of zero polynomial.
ALGEBRAIC IDENTITY
An identity is an equality which is true for all values of the variables
Some important identities are
(i) (a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2
(ii) (a - b)2 = a2 - 2ab + b2
(iii) a 2 - b2 = (a + b) (a - b)
(iv) a 3 + b3 = (a + b) (a2 - ab + b2)
(v) a 3 - b3 = (a - b) (a2 + ab + b2)
(vi) (a + b)3 = a3 + b3 + 3ab (a + b)
(vii) (a - b)3 = a 3 - b3 - 3ab (a - b)
(viii) a 4 + a2b2 + b4 = (a2 + ab + b2) (a2 - ab + b2)
(ix) a3 + b3 + c3 - 3abc = (a + b + c) (a2 + b2 + c2 - ab - bc - ac)
Special case : if a + b + c = 0 then a3 + b3 + c3 = 3abc.
(a) Value Form :
(i) a2 + b2 = (a + b)2 - 2ab, if a + b and ab are given
(ii) a 2 + b2 = (a - b)2 + 2ab if a - b and ab are given
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3
1 1 1 1
(ix) x 3 + = a + − 3 a + if a + is given
a3 a a a
3
1 1 1 1
(x) a 3 − = a − + 3 a − 1 , if a − is given
a3 a a a
(xi) a4 + b4 = (a2 + b2)2 - 2a 2b2 = [(a + b)2 - 2ab]2 - 2a2b2, if (a + b) and ab are given
(xii) a4 - b4 = (a2 + b2) (a2 - b2) = [(a + b)2 -2ab](a + b) (a - b)
(xiii) a5 + b5 = (a3 + b3) (a2 + b2) - a2b2 (a + b)
ILLUSTRATION
Ex.1 Find the value of :
(i) 36x2 + 49y2 + 84xy, when x = 3, y = 6
(ii) 25x2 + 16y2 - 40xy, when x = 6, y = 7
Sol. (i) 36x2 + 49y2 + 84xy = (6x)2 + (7y)2 + 2 × (6x) × (7y)
= (6x + 7y)2
= (6 × 3 + 7 × 6)2[When x = 3, y = 6]
= (18 + 42)2
= (60)2
= 3600. Ans.
2 2 2 2
(ii) 25x + 16y - 40xy = (5x) + (4y) - 2 × (5x) × (4y)
= (5x - 4y)2
= (5 × 6 - 4 × 7)2 [When x = 6, y = 7]
= (30 - 28)2
= 22
=4
Ans.
1 1
Ex.2 If x2 + = 23, find the value of x + .
x2 x
1
Sol. x2 + = 23 ....(i)
x2
1
⇒ x2 + + 2 = 25 [Adding 2 on both sides of (i)]
x2
2
1 1
⇒ (x2) + + 2 . x . = 25
x x
2
1
⇒ x + = (5)2
x
1
⇒ x+ = 5 Ans.
x
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1
Ex.3 Prove that a2 + b2 + c2 - ab - bc - ca =
2
[ ]
(a − b )2 + (b − c )2 + (c − a )2 .
Sol. Here, L.H.S. = a2 + b2 + c2 - ab -+ bc - ca
1
= [2a2 + 2b2 + 2c2 - 2ab - 2bc - 2ca]
2
1 2
= [(a - 2ab + b2) + (b2 - 2bc + c2) + (c2 - 2ca + a2)]
2
1
= [(a - b)2 + (b - c)2 + (c - a)2]
2
= RHS Hence Proved.
Ex.4 Evaluate :
(i) (107)2 (ii) (94)2 (iii) (0.99)2
Sol. (i) (107)2 = (100 + 7)2
= (100)2 + (7)2 + 2 × 100 × 7
= 10000 + 49 + 1400
= 11449 Ans.
2 2
(ii) (94) = (100 - 6)
= (100)2 + (6)2 - 2 × 100 × 6
= 10000 + 36 - 1200
= 8836 Ans.
2 2
(iii) (0.99) = (1 - 0.01)
= (1)2 + (0.01)2 - 2 × 1 × 0.01
= + 0.0001 - 0.02
= 0.9801 Ans.
NOTE : We may extend the formula for squaring a binomial to the squaring of a trinomial as given below.
(a + b + c)2 = [a + (b + c)]2
= a2 + (b + c)2 + 2 × a × (b + c) [Using the identity for the square of binomial]
2 2 2
= a + b + c + 2bc + 2 (b + c) [Using (b + c)2 = b2 + c2 + 2bc]
= a2 + b2 + c2 + 2bc + 2ab + 2ac [Using the distributive law]
2 2 2
= a + b + c + 2ab + 2bc + 2ac
∴ (a + b + c) = a2 + b2 + c2 + 2ab + 2bc + 2ac
2
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Ex.6 Evaluate :
(i) (1005)3 (ii) (997)3
Sol. (i) (1005)3 = (1000 + 5)3
= (1000)3 + (5)3 + 3 × 1000 × 5 × (1000 + 5)
= 1000000000 + 125 + 15000 + (1000 + 5)
= 1000000000 + 125 + 15000000 + 75000
= 1015075125. Ans.
(ii) (997)3 = (1000 - 3)3
= (1000)3 - (3)3 - 3 × 1000 × 3 × (1000 - 3)
= 1000000000 - 27 - 9000 × (1000 - 3)
= 1000000000 - 27 - 900000 + 27000
= 991026973 Ans.
1 1
Ex.7 If x - = 5, find the value of x3 - 3
x x
1
Sol. We have, x − =5 ...(i)
x
13
⇒ x − = ( 5)3 [Cubing both sides of (i)]
x
1 1 1
⇒ x3 − − 3x. . x − = 125
x3 x x
1 1
⇒ x3 − − 3 x − = 125
x3 x
1 1
⇒ x3 − − 3 × 5 = 125 [Substituting x − = 5]
x3 x
1
⇒ x3 − − 15 = 125
x3
1
⇒ x3 − = ( 125 + 15) = 140 Ans.
x3
Ex.8 Find the following products of the following expression :
(i) (4x + 3y) (16x2 - 12xy + 9y2) (ii) (5x - 2y) (25x2 + 10xy + 4y2)
2 2
Sol. (i) (4x + 3y) (16x - 12xy + 9y )
= (4x + 3y) [(4x)2 - (4x) × (3y) + (3y)2]
= (x + b) (x2 - ab + b2) [Where a = 4x, b = 3y]
= a3 + b3
= (4x)3 + (3y)3 = 64x3 + 27y3 Ans.
2 2
(ii) (5x - 2y) (25x + 10xy + 4y )
= (5x - 2y) [(5x2 + (5x) × (2y) + (2y)2]
= (a - b) (a2 + ab + b2) [Where a = 5x, b = 2y]
3 3
=a -b
= (5x)3 - (2y)3
= 125x3 - 8y3 Ans.
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Ex.9 Simplify :
(a 2
) (3
− b2 + v2 − c2 + c2 − a2 ) (
3
.
)
3
(a − b)3 + (b − c )3 + (c − a )3
Sol. (
Here a 2 − b 2 + b 2 − c 2 ) ( ) + (c
3 2
)
− a2 = 0
∴ (a 2
− b2 ) + (b
3 2
− c2 ) + (c
3 2
− a2 )3
( )( )(
= 3 a2 − b2 b2 − c2 c2 − a2 )
Also, (a − b) + (b − c ) + (c − a ) = 0
∴ (a − b)3 + (b − c )3 + (c − a )3 = 3(a − b)(b − c )(c − a )
3(a − b )(a + b )(b − c )(b + c )(c − a )(c + a )
∴ Given expression =
3(a − b )(b − c )(c − a )
3(a − b )(a + b )(b − c )(b + c )(c − a )(c + a )
=
3(a − b )(b − c )(c − a )
⇒ a 2 + b2 + c2 + 2 × 26 = 81 [ ∵ ab + bc + ac = 26]
⇒ a 2 + b2 + c2 = (81 - 52)
⇒ a 2 + b2 + 2 = 29.
Now, we have
a 3 + b3 + c3 - 3abc = (a + b + c) (a 2 + b2 + c2 - ab - bc - ac)
= (a + b + c) [(a2 + b2 + c2) - (ab + bc + ac)]
= 9 × [(29 - 26)]
= (9 × 3)
= 27 Ans.
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(b) A Special Product :
We have (x + a) (x + b) = x (x + b) + a (x + b)
= x2 + xb + ax + ab
= x2 + bx + ax + ab [ ∵ xb = bx]
= x2 + ax + bx + ab
= x2 + (a + b) x + ab
Thus, we have the following identity
(x + a) (x + b) = x2 + (a + b)x + ab.
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(ii) 103 × 96
= (100 + 3) [100 + (-4)]
= 1002 + (3 + (-4)) × 100 + (3 × - 4)
= 10000 - 100 - 12
= 9888 Ans.
FACTORS OF A POLYNOMIAL
If a polynomial f(x) can be written as a product of two or more other polynomial f1(x), f2(x), f3(x),..... then
each of the polynomials f1(x), f2(x),..... is called a factor of polynomial f(x). The method of finding the factors
2
1 1 1 1
Ex.16 3a − − 3a − + 9 + c + − 2a 3a − − 3
b b b b
2
1 1 1 1
Sol. 3a − − 6 3a − + 9 + c + − 2a 3a − − 3
b b b b
2
1 1 1 1
= 3a − − 2.3 3a − + ( 3)2 + c + − 2a 3a − − 3
b b b b
2
1 1 1
= 3a − − 3 + c + − 2 a 3a − − 3
b b b
1 1 1
= 3a − − 3 3a − + 3 + − 2 a
b b b
1
= 3a − − 3 [a + c − 3] Ans.
b
(b) Factorisation by Using the Formula for the Difference of Two Squares :
a2 - b2 = ( + b) (a - b)
Ex.17 Factorise : 4(2a + 3b - 4c)2 - (a - 4b + 5c).2
Sol. = 4(2a + 3b - 4c)2 - (a - 4b + 5c)2
= [2(2a + 3b - 4c)]2 - (a - 4b + 5c)2
= [4a + 6b - 8c + a - 4b + 5c] [4a + 6b - 8c - a + 4b - 5c]
= [5a + 2b - 3c] [3a + 10b - 13c] Ans.
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1
Ex.18 Factorise : 4x 2 + + 2 − 9y2 .
4x2
1
Sol. 4x2 + + 2 − 9y2
4x2
2
1 1
= ( 2 x)2 + 2.( 2 x ). + − ( 3 y )2
2x 2x
2
1 2
= 2x + − ( 3y )
2x
1 1
= 2x + + 3 y 2 x + − 3y Ans.
2x 2x
1
Ex.19 Factorise : x 4 + − 3.
a4
2
1 1
Sol. ( a 2 )2 + 2 − 2.( a 2 ) 2 − 1
a a
2
1
= a 2 − 2 − ( 1) 2
a
1 1
= a 2 − 2 + 1 a 2 − 2 − 1 Ans.
a a
Sol. In above question, If we take common then it may become in the form of 3 + b3.
x
∴ p 3q2x4 + 3p2qx3 + 3px2 + - q2r3x
q
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x 3 3 3
= [p q x + 3p 2q2x2 + 3pqx + 1 - q3r3]
q
x
= [(pqx)3 + 3(pqx)2 .1 + 3pqx . (1)2 + (1)3 - q3r3]
q
x x
= [(pqx + 1)3 - (qr)3] = [pqx + 1 - qr][(pqx + 1)2 + (pqx + 1) qr + (qr)2]
q q
x
= [pqx + 1 - qr][p2q2x2 + 1 + 2pqx + pq2xr + qr + q2r2] Ans.
q
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EXERCISE
1. The product of (x + a) (x + b) is :
(A) x2 + (a + b) x + ab (B) x2 - (a - b) x + ab (C) a2 + (a - b)x + ab (D) x2 + (a - b)x - ab.
a 3 + b 3 + c 3 − 3abc
7. Find the value of , when a = -5, 5 = -6 , c = 10.
ab + bc + ca − a 2 − b 2 − c 2
(A) 1 (B) -1 (C) 2 (D) -2
8. If (x + y + z) = 1, xy + yz + zx = -1 xyz = -1 then value of x3 + y3 + z 3 is :
(A) -1 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) -2
9. In method of factorisation of an algebraic expression. Which of the following statement is false ?
(A) Taking out a common factor from two or more terms.
(B) Taking out a common factor from a group of terms.
(C) By using remainder theorem.
(D) By using standard identities.
10. Factors of (a + b)3 - (a - b)3 is :
(A) 2ab(3a 2 + b2) (B) ab(3a 2 + b2) (C) 2b(3a2 + b2) (D) 3a 2 + b2
11. Degree of zero polynomial is :
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) Both 0 & 1 (D) Not defined
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SUBJECTIVE DPP 4.2
1 1
1. If a 4 + = 119 , then find the value of − 3 .
a4 a
3. Evaluate :
2
1
(i) (5x + 4y)2 (ii) (4x - 5y)2 (iii) 2 x −
x
1 1
5. If x 2 + 2
= 51 find the value of x 3 − 3 . .
x x
6. Evaluate :
3 3 3
1 1 5
(i) 253 - 753 + 503 (ii) + − (iii) (0.2)3 - (0.3)3 + (0.1)3
2 3 6
1 1
(i) (x + 4) (x + 7) (ii) ( x + )( x + 5) (iii) (P2 + 16) (P 2 − )
5 4
8. Evaluate :
11. Evaluate
( a − b )2 (b − c )2 (c − a )2
.
+ +
(b − c )(c − a ) (a − b )(c − a ) (a − b )(b − c )
12. Write the following polynomials in standard forms :
13. Factorise : (x + 1) (x + 2) (x + 3) (x + 4) - 3.
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