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REDUCTION OF RESPONSE IN RCC BUILDING USING VISCOUS FLUID DAMPERS View project
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Master of Engineering
In
Civil Engineering
With Specialisation In
Structural Engineering
By
Shaik Qamaruddin
(Roll no. 1601-14741-008)
2016
i
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
CHAITANYA BHARATHI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
GANDIPET, HYDERABAD-75
Grade :
ii
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the dissertation work and titled “Seismic Response Study Of Multi-
storeyed Reinforced Concrete Building With Fluid Viscous Dampers”, submitted by Mr.
Shaik Qamaruddin bearing Roll No: 1601-14741-008 towards partial fulfillment for the
award of master degree in civil engineering with specialisation in structural engineering
during the academic year 2015-16 from Chaitanya Bharathi Institute Of Technology
(Autonomous) affiliated to Osmania University, Hyderabad is a record of bonafide work
done by the him under my supervision. The result embodied in this work is not submitted to
any other university or institute for the award of any degree or diploma.
iii
DECLARATION
This is to certify that the work reported in the present thesis titled “Seismic Response Study
Of Multi-storeyed Reinforced Concrete Building With Fluid Viscous Dampers” is a
record of work done by us in the department of civil engineering, Chaitanya Bharathi
Institute of Technology (Autonomous) affiliated to Osmania University, Hyderabad.
No part of this thesis is copied from books journals, Internet and wherever the portion is
taken the same has been duly referred in the text. The report is based on work done entirely
by us and not copied from any other source.
DATE
iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I express my sincere gratitude to my guide Dr. M. Koti Reddy, Professor, civil engineering
department, Chaitanya Bharathi Institute of Technology (autonomous), who offered me the
valuable guidance and advice for the duration of the thesis.
I am very thankful to Dr. K. Jagannadha Rao, Head of the department, civil engineering,
CBIT, for encouragement and providing support and assistance for the duration of the thesis.
I express my regards to Incharge and staff of department laboratory, M.E. CAD lab and
department library for their help during the course.
I am also grateful to my parents, family and friends for the support and encouragement in
completing my thesis successfully.
Finally, I acknowledge all those who have helped me directly or indirectly for the completion
of dissertation work.
v
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE………………………………………………………………………...…………………………………i
CERTIFICATE ........................................................................................................................ iii
DECLARATION ...................................................................................................................... iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ......................................................................................................... v
TABLE OF CONTENTS .......................................................................................................... vi
LIST OF TABLES .................................................................................................................... xi
LIST OF FIGURES .................................................................................................................xii
NOTATIONS .......................................................................................................................... xiv
ABBREVIATIONS ...............................................................................................................xvii
ABSTRACT ......................................................................................................................... xviii
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................. 1
1.1 GENERAL ....................................................................................................................... 1
1.2 DAMPING ....................................................................................................................... 2
1.3 IMPORTANCE OF DAMPING ...................................................................................... 2
1.4 SOURCES ........................................................................................................................ 2
1.5 TYPES OF DAMPERS.................................................................................................... 3
1.5.1 Friction dampers ........................................................................................................ 3
1.5.2 PVD Damper ............................................................................................................. 3
1.5.3 Pall Friction Damper ................................................................................................. 5
1.5.4 Metallic Dampers ...................................................................................................... 6
1.5.5 Lead Injection Damper (LED) ................................................................................... 7
1.5.6 Shape Memory Alloy (SMA) .................................................................................... 7
1.5.7 Viscous Dampers ....................................................................................................... 8
1.5.8 Mass Damper ............................................................................................................. 9
1.5.9 Lead Rubber Damper LRM and Rubber Damper HDRB ....................................... 10
1.5.10 Regulatory Mass Damper TMD ............................................................................ 12
1.5.11 Passive Seismic Controlling System ..................................................................... 13
1.5.12 Active Seismic Control Systems (Active) ............................................................. 13
1.5.13 Hybrid and Semi-Active System ........................................................................... 14
1.6 NEWTON’S SECOND LAW OF MOTION ................................................................. 14
1.7 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM ............................................................................. 15
vi
1.8 OBJECTIVES ................................................................................................................ 16
1.9 RESEARCH AIM .......................................................................................................... 16
1.10 SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS ..................................................................................... 16
1.11 ALIGNMENT OF THE THESIS ................................................................................. 16
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW ................................................................................. 18
2.1 GENERAL ..................................................................................................................... 18
2.2 STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS ......................................................................................... 18
2.3 FLUID VISCOUS DAMPING APPLICATIONS ......................................................... 19
2.4 ANALYSIS USING ETABS 2015 AND CONCLUSIONS ......................................... 21
2.5 CODAL PROVISIONS ................................................................................................. 21
2.6 SUMMARY ................................................................................................................... 22
CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ..................................................................... 23
3.1 GENERAL ..................................................................................................................... 23
3.1.1 Single Degree of Freedom System .......................................................................... 23
3.2 DAMPING ..................................................................................................................... 24
3.3 MODAL ANALYSIS .................................................................................................... 25
3.3.1 Energy Method ........................................................................................................ 25
3.3.2 Modal Response ...................................................................................................... 26
3.3.3 Modal Participation Factor ...................................................................................... 27
3.4 DETERMINED ANALYSIS ETABS ........................................................................... 27
3.4.1 Defining the slab sections ........................................................................................ 27
3.4.2 Equality static analysis ............................................................................................ 27
3.4.3 Response spectrum analysis .................................................................................... 27
3.4.4 Multimodal or SRSS lateral load pattern ................................................................. 28
3.4.5 Description of case study frames ............................................................................. 28
3.5 TIME HISTORY ANALYSIS PROCEDURE .............................................................. 28
3.6 PERFORMANCE POINT ............................................................................................. 31
3.7 BUILDING PERFORMANCE LEVEL ........................................................................ 31
3.7.1 Operational level (OL): ........................................................................................... 31
3.7.2 Immediate occupancy level (IO): ............................................................................ 31
3.7.3 Life Safety Level (LS): ............................................................................................ 31
3.7.4 Collapse Prevention Level (CP): ............................................................................. 31
3.8 CAPACITY .................................................................................................................... 32
vii
3.8.1 Capacity Curve: ....................................................................................................... 32
3.8.2 Capacity Spectrum ................................................................................................... 32
3.8.3 Capacity Spectrum Method: .................................................................................... 32
3.9 DEMAND ...................................................................................................................... 32
3.9.1 Demand Spectrum ................................................................................................... 33
3.10 PLASTIC HINGE ........................................................................................................ 33
3.10.1 Formation of Plastic Hinge: ................................................................................... 33
3.11 DESCRIPTION TO PUSHOVER ANALYSIS ........................................................... 33
3.11.1 Introduction to FEMA-356 .................................................................................... 33
3.11.2 Introduction to ATC-40 ......................................................................................... 33
3.12 TYPES OF PUSHOVER ANALYSIS ......................................................................... 34
3.12.1 Capacity Spectrum Method ................................................................................... 34
3.12.2 Displacement Coefficient Method: ........................................................................ 34
3.12.3 Pushover analysis procedure ................................................................................. 34
3.12.4 The analysis of ETABS ......................................................................................... 35
3.12.5 Steps for Pushover Analysis in ETABS ................................................................ 35
3.13 SUMMARY ................................................................................................................. 36
CHAPTER 4: MODELLING .................................................................................................. 37
4.1 GENERAL ..................................................................................................................... 37
4.2 COMPUTATIONAL MODAL ...................................................................................... 37
4.3 DESIGN DATA ............................................................................................................. 37
4.3.1 Material Properties: ................................................................................................. 37
4.4 STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS ........................................................................................ 38
4.4.1 Loads ....................................................................................................................... 38
4.4.2 Square buildings with square columns (SBSC) ....................................................... 40
4.4.3 Square building with rectangular columns (SBRC) ................................................ 42
4.4.4 Rectangular building with square columns (RBSC)................................................ 44
4.4.5 Rectangular building with rectangular column (RBRC) ......................................... 46
4.5 MODELLING OF DAMPERS ...................................................................................... 48
4.5.1 SBSC with dampers ................................................................................................. 50
4.5.2 SBRC with dampers ................................................................................................ 51
4.5.3 RBSC with dampers ................................................................................................ 52
4.5.4 RBRC with dampers ................................................................................................ 53
viii
4.6 ASSIGNMENT OF HINGES FOR PUSHOVER ANALYSIS ..................................... 54
4.6.1 Frame/Wall Nonlinear Hinge .................................................................................. 55
4.6.2 Auto Hinge Properties. ............................................................................................ 55
4.6.3 User-Defined Hinge Properties. .............................................................................. 56
4.6.4 Program Generated Hinge Properties. ..................................................................... 56
4.7 SUMMARY ................................................................................................................... 60
CHAPTER 5: ANALYSIS & DISCUSSION OF RESULTS ................................................. 61
5.1 GENERAL ..................................................................................................................... 61
5.2 ADOPTED METHODS FOR ANALYSIS ................................................................... 61
5.3 TIME HISTORY ANALYSIS: ...................................................................................... 61
5.3.1 Time Function.......................................................................................................... 61
5.3.2 Fast Nonlinear Analysis (FNA) ............................................................................... 62
5.3.3 Response spectrum .................................................................................................. 64
5.3.4 Time-history traces .................................................................................................. 64
5.4 PUSHOVER ANALYSIS: ............................................................................................. 64
5.4.1 Create the computational model .............................................................................. 64
5.4.2 Define a nonlinear static load case .......................................................................... 65
5.4.3 Run the analysis ....................................................................................................... 65
5.4.4 Review results.......................................................................................................... 65
5.5 RESULTS....................................................................................................................... 66
5.5.1 Response Spectrum Curves from Time History ...................................................... 66
5.5.2 Responses when loaded in different directions ....................................................... 69
5.5.3 Base Reactions ......................................................................................................... 69
5.5.4 Modal Participating Mass Ratios ............................................................................. 74
5.5.5 Modal Periods and Frequencies ............................................................................... 78
5.5.6 Story Maximum and Average Lateral Displacements ............................................. 81
5.6 DISCUSSION OF RESULTS ........................................................................................ 81
5.6.1 PSA from Response Spectrum Curves .................................................................... 81
5.6.2 Base Shear ............................................................................................................... 82
5.6.3 Story Max/Avg. Displacements ............................................................................... 83
5.6.4 Eigen Values ............................................................................................................ 85
5.6.5 Comparing Pushover and Time History Analyses .................................................. 85
5.7 SUMMARY ................................................................................................................... 86
ix
CHAPTER 6: CONCLUSION & RECOMMENDATION ..................................................... 87
6.1 CONCLUSIONS ............................................................................................................ 87
6.2 LIMITATIONS TO CONCLUSIONS ........................................................................... 87
6.3 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH ............................................. 88
REFERENCES ........................................................................................................................ 89
APPENDIX – 1 ........................................................................................................................ 91
x
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1 : Story Data ................................................................................................................. 38
Table 2 : Load Patterns ............................................................................................................ 39
Table 3 : Response Spectrum Functions .................................................................................. 39
Table 4 : Load Cases - Summary ............................................................................................. 40
Table 5 : FVD with Different Capacities Force(kN). .............................................................. 49
Table 6 : Input Data ................................................................................................................. 66
Table 7 : Maximum PSA at Zero Damping ............................................................................. 69
Table 8 : Base Reactions of SBSC ........................................................................................... 70
Table 9 : Base Reactions of SBRC .......................................................................................... 70
Table 10 : Base Reactions of RBSC ........................................................................................ 71
Table 11 : Base Reactions of RBRC ........................................................................................ 71
Table 12 : Base Reactions of SBSC with FVD........................................................................ 72
Table 13 : Base Reactions of SBRC with FVD ....................................................................... 72
Table 14 : Base Reactions of RBSC with FVD ....................................................................... 73
Table 15 : Base Reactions of RBRC with FVD ....................................................................... 73
Table 16 : SBSC - MPMR values ............................................................................................ 75
Table 17 : SBRC - MPMR values............................................................................................ 75
Table 18 : RBSC - MPMR values............................................................................................ 76
Table 19 : RBRC - MPMR values ........................................................................................... 76
Table 20 : SBSC FVD - MPMR values ................................................................................... 76
Table 21 : SBRC FVD - MPMR values .................................................................................. 77
Table 22 : RBSC FVD - MPMR values .................................................................................. 77
Table 23 : RBRC FVD - MPMR values .................................................................................. 77
Table 24 : SBSC modal periods and frequencies..................................................................... 78
Table 25 : SBRC modal periods and frequencies .................................................................... 78
Table 26 : RBSC modal periods and frequencies .................................................................... 79
Table 27 : RBRC modal periods and frequencies .................................................................... 79
Table 28 : SBSC FVD modal periods and frequencies............................................................ 79
Table 29 : SBRC FVD modal periods and frequencies ........................................................... 80
Table 30 : RBSC FVD modal periods and frequencies ........................................................... 80
Table 31 : RBRC FVD modal periods and frequencies ........................................................... 80
Table 32 : Max. Disp. of Modals at different stories due to PushX ........................................ 81
Table 33 : Max. Disp. of Modals at different stories due to PushY ........................................ 81
Table 34 : Time History Function - Data ................................................................................. 91
xi
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1: Sources of Damping. .................................................................................................. 2
Figure 2: Friction Damper ......................................................................................................... 3
Figure 3: PVD Damper .............................................................................................................. 4
Figure 4: PVD Damper Installation ........................................................................................... 4
Figure 5: Pall friction Damper ................................................................................................... 5
Figure 6: Pall Friction Damper placement inside a frame ......................................................... 5
Figure 7: Metallic Damper ......................................................................................................... 6
Figure 8: X-ADAS Damper ....................................................................................................... 7
Figure 9: Longitudinal Section of Lead Damper ....................................................................... 7
Figure 10: SMA Wired Damper ................................................................................................ 8
Figure 11: Longitudinal Section of Viscous Damper ................................................................ 8
Figure 12: Viscous Damper Installation Methods ..................................................................... 9
Figure 13: Mass Damping System in the Building .................................................................. 10
Figure 14: Lead Rubber Damper LRM .................................................................................... 11
Figure 15: Tuned Mass Damper .............................................................................................. 12
Figure 16: TMD Adaptive Passive Damper............................................................................. 13
Figure 17: Representation of Newton's second law of motion. ............................................... 15
Figure 18: Fluid Viscous Damper Cross-section. .................................................................... 20
Figure 19: Single degree of freedom system: simple mass spring model................................ 23
Figure 20 : SBSC Plan. ............................................................................................................ 41
Figure 21 : SBSC Elevation. .................................................................................................... 41
Figure 22 : SBSC 3D view....................................................................................................... 42
Figure 23 : SBRC Plan. ............................................................................................................ 42
Figure 24 : SBRC elevation. .................................................................................................... 43
Figure 25 : SBRC 3D-view. ..................................................................................................... 43
Figure 26 : SBRC Isometric view. ........................................................................................... 44
Figure 27 : RBSC Plan. ............................................................................................................ 44
Figure 28 : RBSC Elevation. ................................................................................................... 45
Figure 29 : RBSC Isometric view. ........................................................................................... 45
Figure 30 : RBSC 3D-view. ..................................................................................................... 46
Figure 31 : RBRC Plan. ........................................................................................................... 46
Figure 32 : RBRC Elevation XZ-plane. ................................................................................... 47
Figure 33 : RBRC Elevation YZ-plane. ................................................................................... 47
Figure 34 : RBRC 3D-view. .................................................................................................... 48
Figure 35 : Fluid viscous dampers & lock-up devices clevis – base plate configuration. ....... 48
Figure 36 : Adding a new damper property. ............................................................................ 50
Figure 37 : SBSC with FVD at Exterior Corners Isometric View. .......................................... 51
Figure 38 : SBSC with FVD at Exterior Corners Elevation. ................................................... 51
Figure 39 : SBRC with FVD at Exterior Corners Isometric View. ......................................... 52
Figure 40 : RBSC with FVD at Exterior Corners Elevation XZ-plane. .................................. 52
Figure 41 : RBSC with FVD at Exterior Corners Elevation YZ-plane. .................................. 53
Figure 42 : RBSC with FVD at Exterior Corners Isometric View. ......................................... 53
xii
Figure 43 : RBRC with FVD at Exterior Corners Isometric View. ......................................... 54
Figure 44 : Force - Displacement curve of a Hinge. ................................................................ 54
Figure 45 : Square Building - Hinges Assigned - Top View. .................................................. 59
Figure 46 : Rectangular Building - Hinges Assigned - Top View. .......................................... 59
Figure 47 : SBSC RS curves. ................................................................................................... 66
Figure 48 : SBRC RS curves. .................................................................................................. 66
Figure 49 : RBSC RS curves. .................................................................................................. 67
Figure 50 : RBRC RS curves. .................................................................................................. 67
Figure 51 : SBSC with FVD RS curves. .................................................................................. 67
Figure 52 : SBRC with FVD RS curves. ................................................................................. 68
Figure 53 : RBSC with FVD RS curves. ................................................................................. 68
Figure 54 : RBRC with FVD RS curves. ................................................................................. 68
Figure 55 : Comparison of Base shears for Time history. ....................................................... 82
Figure 56 : Comparison Base shears for Pushover. ................................................................. 83
Figure 57 : Comparison Maximum story displacements due to PUSH X. .............................. 84
Figure 58 : Comparison Maximum story displacements due to PUSH Y. .............................. 85
xiii
NOTATIONS
C Viscous damping matrix
F Dissipation function
K Stiffness matrix
M Mass matrix
xiv
mµ Number of modes used for estimation of µ̂
t Time
G0(s) Damping function (in the Laplace domain) in the modal coordinates
xv
s Laplace domain parameter
Qj Q-factors
(𝑗)
𝛼𝑙 Constants associated with expansion of j-th elastic modes
Θ Normalization matrix
xvi
ABBREVIATIONS
DOF Degrees of freedom
xvii
ABSTRACT
Damping Plays important role in design of Earthquake Resistant Structures, which reduces
the response of the structure when they are subjected to lateral loads. There are many
different types of dampers in use. In the present study Fluid Viscous dampers (FVD) are used
to evaluate the response of RC buildings.
The main task of a structure is to bear the lateral loads and transfer them to the foundation.
Since the lateral loads imposed on a structure are dynamic in nature, they cause vibrations in
the structure. In order to have earthquake resistant structures, fluid viscous dampers have
been used. Buildings having square and rectangular plans, with square and rectangular
column cross- sections are analyzed, with and without FVD. In the present study the software
ETABS 2015 have been used. Using Push over and Time history analyses the response of the
RC building considered in the present study is evaluated and compared with and without
FVD.
It has been observed that buildings with square columns are performing well in terms of
response of the structure when compared to the rectangular columns irrespective of the floor
plan. In Time History analysis, up to 90% decrease in the time Period is obtained when FVD
are used. FVD250 reduced the Base Shear of the structures by 70%. Hence FVD’s can be
used in RC multistory buildings to reduce the response effectively.
xviii
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1.1 GENERAL
The viscous fluid dampers (VFD) are the more applied tools for controlling responses
of the structures. These tools are applied based on different construction technologies in order
to decrease the structural responses to the seismic excitation.
Though over the recent years heavy costs have been paid for accurate recognition of
force of an earthquake in the research institutes of the world with the purpose of decreasing
its damage, the increasing need for more research studies on the effects resulted from the
earthquake is felt in the theoretical and laboratorial scales [1]. Over the last fifty years, the
earthquakes are categorized into two groups of near-field earthquakes and far-field
earthquakes based on the distance of the place of recording the earthquake from the fault.
Later, this definition was modified and other factors also influenced this categorization. Over
the recent years, the research studies concentrated on the study of impacts of ground motion
in the near-field earthquake on the structural performance. The devastative effects of the
recent earthquakes such as Northridge earthquake (1994), Kobe earthquake (1995), and
Taiwan earthquake (1999) on the buildings of the cities adjacent to fault, and with regard to
the close location of many of the cities of India to the active faults indicate the significance of
the research.
In last few years, many essential developments in seismic codes are turned up. Utmost
of the modification in the seismic design area derive from greater awareness of actual poor
buildings performances in contemporary earthquakes. Due to the renewed knowledge of the
existing buildings behaviour, retrofit of buildings is a paramount task in reducing seismic
risk. New techniques for protecting buildings against earthquake have been developed with
the aim of improving their capacity. Seismic isolation and energy dissipation are widely
recognized as effective protection techniques for reaching the performance objectives of
modern codes. However, many codes include design specifications for seismically isolated
buildings, while there is still need of improved rules for energy dissipation protective
systems.[2]
1
1.2 DAMPING
It is defined as energy loss in the response over the time period. Energy dissipation
involves factors such as materials, radiation of soil etc. Clear understanding of damping is
required for incorporating its effect to the structure. The shape of response curve doesn't
change by damping but the magnitudes are reduced.[3]
1.4 SOURCES
The 4 different sources are Material Damping, Structural Damping, Radiation
Damping and External Damping.
2
1.5 TYPES OF DAMPERS
Dampers are classified based on their performance of friction, metal (Flowing),
Viscous, Viscoelastic, shape memory alloys (SMA) and mass dampers. About the advantages
of using dampers we can infer to high energy absorbance, easy to install and replace them as
well as coordination to other structure members.
3
generate necessary damping such as installation of metal skeleton brace or concrete moment
frame. The advantages of PVD damper include:
1. PVD damper acts effectively on low displacements. For example, one 1MN PVD
damper can acts effectively for 0.5 mm to 5 mm displacement.
2. PVD damper requires no maintenance and does not have any lubrication or winder
components.
4
1.5.3 Pall Friction Damper
Another type of friction damper is Pall friction damper. This damper includes a bracing and
some steel plate with friction screws. And they should be installed in the middle of bracing.
Steel sheets are connected to each other by high strength bolts and they have a slip by a
certain force, to each other.
5
1.5.4 Metallic Dampers
In this damper, transferred energy to the structure is spent to submission and non-linear
behaviour in used element in damper. In these dampers, metal inelastic deformation is used
such as for formability metals such as steel and lead for energy dissipation. In all
conventional structures, energy dissipation is based on deformation of steel members after the
submission.
In braces, using submission metallic dampers is more common. These dampers are often
created by some parallel steel plates. And in combination with a bracing system, they
undertake the role of absorption and energy dissipation. This part of bracing can act as a fuse
in structure. And by focusing on nonlinear behaviour prevent non-linear behaviour and
damage in other major and minor structure parts.
6
Figure 8: X-ADAS Damper
Courtesy: Enhancing the Seismic Response of Building - https://goo.gl/images/QfIPbX
2. After applying many deformations, they can back to their original state, by heating.
The alloy of nickel and titanium has good resistance to corrosion, in addition to have these
properties.[7]
7
Figure 10: SMA Wired Damper
Courtesy: https://goo.gl/images/50WBe2 - Proof-of-Concept of the Shape Memory
Alloy
Damper installation in the floor or foundation (in the method of seismic isolation).
8
Figure 12: Viscous Damper Installation Methods
Courtesy: https://goo.gl/images/iM3nwQ
9
possible to replace these parts after the earthquake. In general, seismic isolation design lead
to reduce the structures responses reduction which are in earthquake conditions [8].
Isolation objectives in a bridge are quite different with a building. In a building, due to
reducing the energy forces applied to topside and to reduce stress, isolators are installed in
structural elements. But in a separate bridge, seismic isolator is installed to keep the elements
under isolators (backpacks and base) to reduce the transmitted energy force and change
topside places (deck) to below side structures (backpacks and base).
10
For bridges designing because of the movement limitation, the effect of increasing alternative
period is low in the most projects, but the damping effect in bridges is higher than
construction projects.
Since seismic isolator prior to stability testing is places long-term loads and thermal
conditions, also the philosophy of that resistance which is much greater that exploitation
forces. And isolator buckling stability is controlled against these forces. So the design
principles are gravity and lateral earthquake loads. As a result, damping increasing is the
main factor to select LRB with 30% damping against to HDRB with at most 10% damping
for bridges.
1. LRB will have damping to 30% but HDRB will have damping between 10% and
15%.
2. To start LRB movement, due to this fact that first lead should flows from stiffness to
flowing phase, it has a greater time delay than HDRB.
4. HDRB has a lower resistant movement against weaker earthquakes and wind than
LRB due to the initial lead stiffness.
Disruption forces may be created from earthquake vertical element or couple obtained by
earthquake horizontal force in corners columns, so known manufacture companies of seismic
isolator to solve the problem of disruption in isolator, laminated rubber to end steel plate
within isolator. They connect base Plate by bolts to the end plate within isolator. And during
installation seismic isolators and they connect Cover plate of column by inhibitory Bolt to
sub Structure of isolator and Super Structures of isolators. And during occurring disruption in
columns, isolator acts as integrity factor of sub structure and super structure. To dealing with
higher uplift, when LRB or HDRB is applied, tension system is used which was invented by
famous company Holmez from New Zealand.
12
1.5.11 Passive Seismic Controlling System
People when are in moving train or they are stand in a bus, try to maintain their balance by
their foot and by relying on spine and abdominal muscles. In the same way or by providing
same features for structure, structure can damped vibrations at the time of earthquake. This
system includes movable mass which is set to the spring and it is added to damping
components. And by creating frequency dependent to hysteresis, it increases damping in first
structure. And by connecting a TMD to structure, structure seismic energy is transferred to
TMD and its energy depreciates in TMD damper[11]. As a result, it is used to reduce the
structure dynamic response. Passive control system does not need to a power supply to
provide external power. And reaction of passive control components in response is dependent
to structure movement during earthquake. In structure passive controlled system, energy
which includes passive components cannot increase its stability by passive control
components[8]. Passive components methods are strongly dependent to exact setting and
must be specifically design for each structure, because they are not able to adapt structural
changes and usable parameters changes. And for all conditions, required loads are not
optimized. As a result, passive systems can be effective only for violation cases that are
designed or adapted accurately[12].
13
2. The process of decision-making based on measured real-time and involved data.
Structure, sensor, computer control and controller and actuators, each of them works as
lateral system. And they are integrated that an output of a systems is an input of another
system is a feedback control system. So, priority of an active systems is in widespread use
due forces controlling and they are created by real stimulating and structural behaviour. In
active system, when the output excitation is considered as an output. And it is called open-
loop system. When the structure response is used as an input, the system us called closed-
loop. When both excitation and response are used, system is called open-close control
system [13].
14
Figure 17: Representation of Newton's second law of motion.
Acceleration is a change in velocity. As long as we know the mass of the object and the net
force acting on the object, we can determine acceleration. Let's look at the formula:
𝒂 = 𝒇 (𝒏𝒆𝒕) / 𝒎, where a = acceleration, f (net) = the net force acting on the object, m =
the mass of the object.
If we know the mass and acceleration of an object, we can calculate for force. Simply
rearrange the equation to solve for force. 𝒇(𝒏𝒆𝒕) = 𝒎 ∗ 𝒂
A tall building in an area of high seismicity and high winds needs to be carefully designed to
ensure the adequate balance and stiffness and strength is achieved. Conventional practice is to
stiffen a building in order to reduce the dynamic response under wind loading. However, this
has the effect of increasing the seismic base shear that is attracted. By adding supplementary
damping to the structure, it is possible to reduce the flexural stiffness of the building to
minimize seismic base shear, and at the same time control the wind response.
15
1.8 OBJECTIVES
To compare the seismic response of buildings with square and rectangular plans, with
square and rectangular column cross sections, with and without FVD.
Since in this study a FVD with basic properties are considered from one service provider
(Taylor devices), other type and variation in properties can change the results which will be
obtained.
The introduction chapter described the need, objectives, importance of study and scope of the
study.
16
Chapter 2 summarizes literature review so as to arrive to a proper issue.
Chapter 4 involves the theoretical investigation applied on the structures with different
buildings with and without dampers FVD based on the methodology. Further concludes with
analytical modeling of the structures using the software and evaluation of the seismic forces.
Chapter 5 deals with analysis method adopted and the final results obtained from the time
history and pushover analysis. Also discussions of the results is done to arrive at the
conclusions.
Finally, chapter 6 concludes the thesis with limitations and recommendation of further work
which is possible.
17
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 GENERAL
The literature survey of several dynamic structural resources gathered are shown in
logical listing of research. The requirement of damping from defining it, to its importance in
dynamic response of the structure, also different sources of damping that may be considered
accordingly to the situation of the structure. Further several types of dampers and base
isolators are discussed in the previous chapter, mainly concentrated on this research; viscous
dampers were deeply enlightened with its importance, need, places where it can be used and
its specifications. The Codal provisions required for the study and the loads consideration
reviews are also explained.
Y. G. Zhao and T. Ono in 2001 mentioned about “Moment methods for structural
reliability” in which they said, to perform an accurate analysis a structural engineer must
determine such information as structural loads, geometry, support conditions, and materials
properties. The results of such an analysis typically include support reactions, stresses and
displacements. This information is then compared to criteria that indicate the conditions of
failure. Advanced structural analysis may examine dynamic response, stability and non-linear
behavior.[16]
Mario Paz further discussed about Structural dynamics in 1985 and elaborated as
Structural analysis is mainly concerned with finding out the behavior of a physical structure
18
when subjected to force. This action can be in the form of load due to the weight of things
such as people, furniture, wind, snow, etc. or some other kind of excitation such as an
earthquake, shaking of the ground due to a blast nearby, etc. In essence all these loads are
dynamic, including the self-weight of the structure because at some point in time these loads
were not there. The distinction is made between the dynamic and the static analysis on the
basis of whether the applied action has enough acceleration in comparison to the structure's
natural frequency. If a load is applied sufficiently slowly, the inertia forces (Newton's first
law of motion) can be ignored and the analysis can be simplified as static analysis. Structural
dynamics, therefore, is a type of structural analysis which covers the behavior of structures
subjected to dynamic (actions having high acceleration) loading. Dynamic loads include
people, wind, waves, traffic, earthquakes, and blasts. Any structure can be subjected to
dynamic loading. Dynamic analysis can be used to find dynamic displacements, time history,
and modal analysis.[17]
19
Figure 18: Fluid Viscous Damper Cross-section.
S. Amir and H. Jiaxin in “Optimum Parameter of a Viscous Damper for Seismic and
Wind Vibration” found that in most structures, even a relative low damping can also provide
a significant energy dissipation which considerably decreases the vibration of a structure. The
description in that explains how a nonlinear characteristic is required for a damping system to
optimize the vibration of a simple moment frame.[18]
Özgur Atlayan in 2008 “Effect of Viscous Fluid Dampers on Steel Moment Frame
Designed for Strength and Hybrid Steel Moment Frame Design,” Said, it was found that as
the damping of the structure increases with the help of added dampers, the structural response
gets better. Maximum and residual roof displacements, interstory drifts, and IDA
(Incremental Dynamic Analysis) dispersion decreases with increasing damping. In addition,
by using supplemental damping, most of the collapses that occur for the inherently damped
frames are prevented.[20]
20
2.4 ANALYSIS USING ETABS 2015 AND CONCLUSIONS
B. S. Taranath in “Reinforced Concrete Design of Tall Buildings” explains that
sophisticated nonlinear time history analysis is required for each of the earthquake ground
motions, and the results of the simulations are compared against the performance criteria to
ensure the design meets the desired level of safety. The analysis tools used to conduct these
simulations have become commercially viable only in the last several years. It is believed that
result of this sophisticated and rigorous approach yields a safe and reliable design.[21]
Liya Mathew & C. Prabha in 2014 published “Effect of Fluid Viscous Dampers in
Multi-Storeyed Buildings” in which they mentioned that Special protective systems have
been developed to enhance safety and reduce damage of structures during earthquakes. Fluid
viscous damper (FVD) comes into prominence here. That paper also deals with the study of
reinforced concrete buildings with and without fluid viscous dampers. A parametric study for
finding optimum damper properties for the reinforced concrete frames was conducted.
Nonlinear time history analysis is done on a symmetrical square building. Pushover Analysis
has been carried out using software and comparisons are presented in graphical format.[22]
21
IS 875 (Part 1, 2, 3and5): Code of Practice for Design Loads (Other Than Earthquake) For
Buildings and Structures.
IBC-2006: International Building Code, 2006 Edition, Published by the International Code
Council, INC.
ACI 318-14: Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete and Commentary.
2.6 SUMMARY
This literature review shows the published papers till now on the issue of FVD with reference
to their authors. It is briefly discussed about response of FVD on structural model, the
analysis done using Etabs and the Codal provisions used in this thesis. The next chapter deals
with research methodology in which theoretical terms and methods could be applied to the
issue.
22
CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 GENERAL
The different procedures of solving the issue are explained from terminology, theory and
formulation of the models for getting a rational result at the conclusion.
𝑴ẍ + 𝑲𝒙 = 𝑭(𝒕)
Where ẍ is the acceleration (the double derivative of the displacement) and x is the
displacement.
Figure 19: Single degree of freedom system: simple mass spring model
If the loading 𝑭(𝒕) is a Heaviside step function (the sudden application of a constant load),
the solution to the equation of motion is:
𝑭𝟎
𝒙= [𝟏 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝝎𝒕)]
𝒌
𝒌 𝝎
Where 𝝎 = √𝑴 and the fundamental natural frequency 𝒇 = 𝟐𝝅
23
𝑭𝟎
𝑥static =
𝒌
So, it can be written as the below equation, by combining the above formulae:
𝒙 = 𝒙𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒄 [𝟏 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝝎𝒕)]
This gives the (theoretical) time history of the structure due to a load F(t), where the false
assumption is made that there is no damping.
Although this is too simplistic to apply to a real structure, the Heaviside Step Function is a
reasonable model for the application of many real loads, such as the sudden addition of a
piece of furniture, or the removal of a prop to a newly cast concrete floor. However, in reality
loads are never applied instantaneously - they build up over a period of time (this may be
very short indeed). This time is called the rise time.
As the number of degrees of freedom of a structure increases it very quickly becomes too
difficult to calculate the time history manually - real structures are analysed using non-linear
finite element analysis software.
3.2 DAMPING
Any real structure will dissipate energy (mainly through friction). This can be modeled by
modifying the DAF
𝑫𝑨𝑭 = 𝟏 + 𝒆−𝒄𝝅
𝑫𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝑪𝒐𝒆𝒇𝒇𝒊𝒄𝒊𝒆𝒏𝒕
Where 𝒄 = 𝑪𝒓𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒍 𝑫𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝑪𝒐𝒆𝒇𝒇𝒊𝒄𝒊𝒆𝒏𝒕 and is typically 2%-10% depending on the type of
construction:
24
Generally damping would be ignored for non-transient events (such as wind loading or crowd
loading), but would be important for transient events (for example, an impulse load such as
an earthquake loading or bomb blast).
It is useful to know the modal frequencies of a structure as it allows you to ensure that the
frequency of any applied periodic loading will not coincide with a modal frequency and
hence cause resonance, which leads to large oscillations.
1. Find the natural modes (the shape adopted by a structure) and natural frequencies
2. Calculate the response of each mode
3. Optionally superpose the response of each mode to find the full modal response to a
given loading
It is possible to calculate the frequency of different mode shape of system manually by the
energy method. For a given mode shape of a multiple degree of freedom system you can find
an "equivalent" mass, stiffness and applied force for a single degree of freedom system. For
simple structures the basic mode shapes can be found by inspection, but it is not a
conservative method. Rayleigh's principle states:
25
"The frequency ω of an arbitrary mode of vibration, calculated by the energy method, is
always greater than - or equal to - the fundamental frequency 𝝎𝒏 ."
For an assumed mode shape ū(𝑥), of a structural system with mass M; bending stiffness, EI
(Young's modulus, E, multiplied by the second moment of area, I); and applied force, F(x):
𝟐
𝒅𝟐 ū
Equivalent Stiffness, 𝒌𝒆𝒒 = ∫ 𝑬𝑰 ( 𝟐 ) 𝒅𝒙
𝒅𝒙
Then, as above:
𝒌𝒆𝒒
𝝎=√
𝑴𝒆𝒒
The complete modal response to a given load F(𝒙, 𝒕) is 𝒗(𝒙, 𝒕) = ∑ 𝒖𝒏 (𝒙, 𝒕). The summation
can be carried out by one of three common methods:
Superpose complete time histories of each mode (time consuming, but exact)
Superpose the maximum amplitudes of each mode (quick but conservative)
Superpose the square root of the sum of squares (good estimate for well-separated
frequencies, but unsafe for closely spaced frequencies)
To superpose the individual modal responses manually, having calculated them by the energy
method:
Assuming that the rise time 𝒕𝒓 is known (T = 2π/ω), it is possible to read the DAF from a
𝑭𝟏,𝒆𝒒
standard graph. The static displacement can be calculated with 𝒖𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒄 = .
𝒌𝟏,𝒆𝒒
The dynamic displacement for the chosen mode and applied force can then be found from:
26
𝒖𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝒖𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒄 𝑫𝑨𝑭
For real systems there is often mass participating in the forcing function (such as the mass of
ground in an earthquake) and mass participating in inertia effects (the mass of the structure
itself, 𝑴𝒆𝒒 ). The modal participation factor Γ is a comparison of these two masses. For a
single degree of freedom system Γ = 1.
∑ 𝑴𝒏 ū𝒏
𝜞=
∑ 𝑴𝒏 ū𝟐𝒏
3.4 DETERMINED ANALYSIS ETABS
The analysis and design of the building is carried out using ETABS computer program. The
following topics describe some of the important areas in the modelling.
27
an earthquake and the utilised lateral load pattern is described as follows. Note that the story
forces are normalised with the Base shear to have a total Base shear equals to Unity.
……………………(*)
Also,{𝑥} = [∅]{𝑞}
…………………………… (1)
28
The solution of equation of motion for any specified forces is difficult to obtain, mainly due
to coupling of variables {𝑥} in the physical coordinates. In modal analysis, a set of normal co-
ordinate that is Principal coordinates is defined, such that when expressed in those
coordinates the equation of motion becomes uncoupled.
{𝑥̇ } = [∅]{𝑞̇ }
……………………………. (2)
{𝑥̈ } = [∅]{𝑞̈ }
……….………………….. (3)
Substituting (1), (2) and (3) in (*), and multiplying both sides by [∅]𝑇 .
𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝐷𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑖𝑛𝑔
𝐷𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑖𝑛𝑔 =
𝐶𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝐷𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑖𝑛𝑔
𝑐
𝜀=
𝑐𝑐
29
𝑐𝑐 = 2√𝑘𝑚
𝑐𝑐 = 2𝑚𝜔𝑛 𝜔𝑛 = √𝑘⁄𝑚
𝑐1 ⋯ 0
[𝐶] = 𝐷𝑖𝑎𝑔{2𝑀𝑟 𝜀𝑟 𝜔𝑟 } = [ ⋮ ⋱ ⋮]
0 ⋯ 𝑐𝑛
Solve these equations using New Mark’s Method. (At different time histories’)
𝑛 = 1,2,3,4 … . . 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑒𝑠
30
Step 5: Calculation of Effective Earthquake Forces at Each Storey:
𝐹𝑠(𝑡) = [𝑘]{𝑥(𝑡) }
31
columns. Building is expected to sustain large permanent drifts, failure of partitions infill and
parapets and extensive damage to non-structural elements. At this level the building remains
in collapse level.
3.8 CAPACITY
It is defined as the expected ultimate strength (in flexure, shear and axilla loading) of the
structural components excluding the reduction factors commonly used in the design of
concrete members. The capacity generally refers to the strength at the yield point of the
element or structure’s capacity curve. For deformation controlled component’s, capacity
beyond the elastic limit generally includes the effect of strain hardening.
3.9 DEMAND
Demand is represented by an estimation of the displacement or deformation that the structure
is expected to undergo. This is in contrast to conventional, linear elastic analysis procedures
in which demand is represented by prescribed lateral forces applied to the structure.
32
3.9.1 Demand Spectrum
It is plot between average spectral acceleration versus time period. It represents the
earthquake ground motion in capacity spectrum method.
33
3.12 TYPES OF PUSHOVER ANALYSIS
Presently, there are two non-linear static analysis procedures available, one termed as the
Displacement Coefficient Method (DCM), documented FEMA-356 and other the Capacity
Spectrum Method (CSM) documented in ATC-40. Both methods depend on lateral load-
deformation variation obtained by non-linear static analysis under the gravity loading and
idealized lateral loading due to the seismic action. This analysis is called Pushover Analysis.
34
analysis algorithm the seas meet demand parameters are global displacement at roof or any
other reference point story dressed story forces component deformation and component
forces the analysis accounts for geometrical nonlinearity, material inelasticity and the
redistribution of internal forces.
2. Static analysis
3. Design
4. Pushover analysis
35
2. Defining properties and acceptance criteria for the pushover hinges the program includes
several built-in default hinge properties that are based on average values from ATC 40 for
concrete members and average values from FEMA 273 for steel members these built-in
properties can be useful for preliminary analysis but user defined properties are
recommended for final analysis.
3. Locate the pushover Hinges on the model by selecting one or more frame members and
assigning them one or more hinge properties and its locations.
4. Defining the pushover analysis load cases inner tabs more than one pushover load can be
run in the same analysis also a pushover load case can start from the file and conditions of
another pushover Loads that was previously run in the same analysis typically a gravity load
pushover is force control and lateral pushover displacement controlled.
5. Run the basic static analysis and if desired dynamic analysis then run the static nonlinear
pushover analysis.
3.13 SUMMARY
The degrees of freedom, damping application, modal analysis and different analysis
procedures such as time history and pushover are given. The theoretical terms are explained
with the method of approaching at a unique solution is shown. The next chapter deals with
the modelling of structures using FVD and load applications.
36
CHAPTER 4: MODELLING
4.1 GENERAL
The study in this thesis is based on linear and nonlinear analysis of RC structures with
different areas of building and variable cross section of column. This chapter presents a
summary of various parameters defining the computational models, the basic assumptions
and the RCC frames geometry considered for this study. Accurate modelling of the nonlinear
properties of various structural elements is very important in nonlinear analysis. In the
present study column are modelled with inelastic flexural deformations using nonlinear
Hinges or auto Hinges.
𝑬𝒄 = 𝟓𝟎𝟎𝟎√𝒇𝒄𝒌 Mpa
For the Steel rebar with stress and modulus of elasticity is taken as per IS 456-2000.
37
4.4 STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
The different structural elements considered are columns, beams and slabs with variable
sections are mentioned below. Also, the different shapes of building are considered while
keeping the total area unchanged.
Story Data:-
4.4.1 Loads
While applying the loads to the structure we consider only the external loads which are
actually acting on the members neglecting its self-weight because ETABS 2015
automatically takes the members self-weight.
Applied Loads:-
38
The Shell loads (on Slabs) acting in the Gravity direction are Dead=1.5kN/m 2 and
Live=4kN/m2. The Frame loads applied uniformly on the beams as Dead=5.25kN/m.
The Seismic loads EQ-x and EQ-y are given in Load patterns directly using Code
IS1893:2002. Also the Wind loads wind-x and wind-y are given using Code IS875:1987.
Load Patterns:-
Self-Weight
Name Type Auto Load
Multiplier
Dead Dead 1
Live Live 0
Functions:-
39
Period
Name Acceleration Damping Z Soil Type
Sec
IS RS 5.5 0.0816
IS RS 6 0.0816
IS RS 6.5 0.0816
IS RS 7 0.0816
IS RS 7.5 0.0816
IS RS 8 0.0816
IS RS 8.5 0.0816
IS RS 9 0.0816
IS RS 9.5 0.0816
IS RS 10 0.0816
This Function is selected from the program; Time History of ELCENTRO is taken with step
size of 0.02 seconds and 8 points per line. The table with values and time is shown in
APPENDIX-1 Table.
Load Cases:-
Table 4 : Load Cases - Summary
Name Type
Dead Linear Static
Live Linear Static
EQ-x Linear Static
EQ-y Linear Static
wind-x Linear Static
wind-y Linear Static
RS-x Response Spectrum
RS-Y Response Spectrum
Thx Nonlinear Modal History (FNA)
Thy Nonlinear Modal History (FNA)
Push-X Nonlinear Static
Push-Y Nonlinear Static
40
Figure 20 : SBSC Plan.
41
Figure 22 : SBSC 3D view.
42
Figure 24 : SBRC elevation.
43
Figure 26 : SBRC Isometric view.
44
Figure 28 : RBSC Elevation.
45
Figure 30 : RBSC 3D-view.
46
Figure 32 : RBRC Elevation XZ-plane.
47
Figure 34 : RBRC 3D-view.
Any one of these can be used in the structure, since it is easy to fit FVD with base plate is
selected here for modelling of structure here. The details of fluid viscous dampers & lock-up
devices clevis – base plate configuration are as shown below.
Figure 35 : Fluid viscous dampers & lock-up devices clevis – base plate configuration.
Courtesy: Taylor Devices.
48
NOTE:
Various strokes are available, from ±50 to ±900 mm. Force capacity may be reduced for
stroke longer than stroke listed in the table. Any stroke change from the standard stroke
version depicted changes the midstroke length by 5 mm per ±1 mm of stroke.
Bellows may be replaced with a steel sleeve as desired stroke lengths increase. Consult
Taylor devices for stroke over ±300 mm and/or for force capacities for stroke longer than
listed in table.
Fluid viscous dampers with different forces can be used for different types of buildings, since
structure modelled is of low height; smaller devices were used to start analysis. This tabular
data can be fed in program as shown below.
FVD is added to structure after defining in Link properties by adding a new Damper-
Exponential in Link Property Data.
ETABS MENU=> Define=> Link Properties=> Add new Link=> Link Property Data.
Since FVD 250 is linear it is used for direction U1 with fixed end properties. The Mass is
44kg and Weight is 250kN from the above table; to be mentioned in Total Mass and Weight.
49
Figure 36 : Adding a new damper property.
Then press OK to add and OK once more to close the tab. Now this damper can be added by
draw link option and selecting the FVD 250 damper property across the floor beams ends
diagonally; starting from top end to bottom end; Keeping the structure in elevation view for
more accuracy. This can be done in two ways 1) Adding dampers to the structure at Its
Middle of Exterior Frame(DEM), 2) Adding dampers at Exterior Corners(DEC). Based on
previous studies adding dampers to the exterior corner DEC gives much more effective
results, hence using DEC method of adding dampers.
50
Figure 37 : SBSC with FVD at Exterior Corners Isometric View.
51
Figure 39 : SBRC with FVD at Exterior Corners Isometric View.
52
Figure 41 : RBSC with FVD at Exterior Corners Elevation YZ-plane.
53
Figure 43 : RBRC with FVD at Exterior Corners Isometric View.
Inelastic behavior is obtained through integration of the plastic strain and plastic curvature
which occurs within a user-defined hinge length, typically on the order of member depth
54
(FEMA-356). To capture plasticity distributed along member length, a series of hinges may
be modeled. Multiple hinges may also coincide at the same location.
Plasticity may be associated with force-displacement behaviors (axial and shear) or moment-
rotation (torsion and bending). Hinges may be assigned (uncoupled) to any of the six DOF.
Post-yield behavior is described by the general backbone relationship shown to the right. The
modeling of strength loss is discouraged, to mitigate load redistribution (which may lead to
progressive collapse) and to ensure numerical convergence.
CSI Software automatically limits negative slope to 10% of elastic stiffness, though overwrite
options are available. For informational purposes, additional limit states (IO, LS, CP) may be
specified which are reported in analysis, but do not affect results. Unloading from the point of
plastic deformation follows the slope of initial stiffness.
Both P-M2-M3 hinges and fiber hinges are available to capture coupled axial and biaxial-
bending behavior. The P-M2-M3 hinge is best suited for nonlinear static pushover, whereas
the fiber hinge is best for hysteretic dynamics.
Note: It is important that frame and wall objects be designed, e.g. reinforcement should be
defined for concrete frames and walls, prior to running a nonlinear analysis utilizing hinges.
Three kinds of hinge properties are available in ETABS:
55
4.6.3 User-Defined Hinge Properties.
User-defined hinge properties can be based on auto properties or they can be fully user
defined.
The main reason for the differentiation between defined properties (in this context, defined
means both auto and user-defined) and generated properties is that typically the hinge
properties are section dependent. Thus, it is necessary to define a different set of hinge
properties for each frame or wall section type in the model. This could potentially mean that
you would need to define a very large number of hinge properties. To simplify this process,
the concept of generated properties is used in ETABS. When generated properties are used,
the program combines its built-in criteria with the defined section properties for each object
to generate the final hinge properties. The net effect of this is that you do significantly less
work defining the hinge properties because you do not need to define every hinge.
The user assigns auto hinge properties and user-defined hinge properties to a frame or wall
object. The program then automatically creates a new generated hinge property for every
assigned hinge.
1. Click the Define menu > Section Properties > Frame/Wall Nonlinear
Hinge command to access the Define Frame/Wall Hinge Properties form.
56
hinge properties in this display list. Check the Show Hinge Details check box
to display additional information about the hinges in the list (see Show Hinge
Details check box write-up below).
Add New Property button. Click this button and the Default for Added
Hinges form will display. Use that form to specify the type of default hinge
definitions to be used as the basis of adding a new hinge definition. After
selecting Steel, Concrete or User Defined, the Hinge Property Data form will
display. Use that form to complete the definition of a new hinge property.
1. Highlight a hinge property name in the Defined Hinge Props list box.
Note that generated properties cannot be copied.
2. Click the Add Copy of Property button to display the Hinge Property
Data form pre-loaded with the definition options of the selected hinge
property.
3. Use that form to add a new definition based on the selected definition.
Property button will be grayed out and inactive. A hinge property cannot be deleted until it
has been removed from all objects. Remove a hinge by selecting the object(s) and deleting
the assignment.
57
3.
Show Hinge Details check box. When this check box is checked, the Defined
Hinge Props area expands to a spreadsheet type area that has the following
columns:
o Type. The type of hinge (e.g., Axial P, Shear V, Moment M and so on)
is displayed in this column.
Note: Make changes to any of these items by first highlighting the row of data to be
changed. Then click the Modify/Show Property button to display the Hinge Property
Data form and make the necessary adjustments. Note that generated properties cannot be
modified.
4.
Show Generated Props check box. By default, hinge properties that the
program automatically generates at each hinge location are not listed in
the Defined Hinge Prop area of the Define Frame/Wall Hinge
Properties form. Check the Show Generated Props check box, and ETABS
will display those properties in the {Defined, all} Hinge Props area along with
any Auto hinge properties that have been assigned to the model.
58
Convert Auto to User Prop button. This button appears on the form when an
Auto hinge property has been assigned to a frame or wall object(s) in the
model and the Show Generated Props check box is checked. When this button
is clicked, the program converts the Auto property hinge to a user-defined
hinge property. After an Auto hinge property, has been converted to a user-
defined property, the resulting hinge property definition can be modified by
clicking on it and then clicking the Modify/Show Property button to display
the Hinge Property Data form.
59
4.7 SUMMARY
The modelling, load and conditions are applied to the structure before analysis. Providing the
design data to the modelling of structural elements, FVD and hinges details. The next chapter
deals with the analysis of these structures generated here. The results obtained have been
shown in tabulated forms.
60
CHAPTER 5: ANALYSIS & DISCUSSION OF RESULTS
5.1 GENERAL
The analysis carried out on the 4 different types of models with and without dampers are
shown. The results obtained from the analysis are taken into consideration based on the aim
of the research. After getting the results these are compared to draw the conclusion from it. In
the chapter 4 the Time history analysis and Pushover analysis are carried out, from that the
effectiveness of the results on these models are given.
A description is as follows:
1. Linear cases always start from zero, therefore the corresponding time function must
also start from zero.
2. Nonlinear cases may either start from zero or may continue from a previous case.
When starting from zero, the time function is simply defined to start with a zero
value. When analysis continues from a previous case, it is assumed that the time
function also continues relative to its starting value. A long record may be broken into
multiple sequential analyses which use a single function with arrival times. This
prevents the need to create multiple modified functions.
61
5.3.2 Fast Nonlinear Analysis (FNA)
Fast Nonlinear Analysis (FNA) is a modal analysis method useful for the static or dynamic
evaluation of linear or nonlinear structural systems. Because of its computationally efficient
formulation, FNA is well-suited for time-history analysis and often recommended over
direct-integration applications. During dynamic-nonlinear FNA application, analytical
models should:
Be primarily linear-elastic.
Have a limited number of predefined nonlinear members.
Lump nonlinear behaviour within link objects.
Fast Nonlinear Analysis (FNA) may be implemented within ETABS2015 using the process
outlined as follows:
2. Mass. Define the mass source through Define > Mass Source. Mass must be present
within joint locations to enable formulation.
3. Modal load case. Modify the existing modal load case to use Ritz Vectors, which
capture response more effectively when compared with the same number of Eigen
Vectors, by selecting Define > Load Cases > Modal > Modify/Show Load Case >
Ritz.
4. On the same form, under Loads Applied, select a Load Type and orientation which is
suitable for the given model and investigation. For example, Accel and UX would be
suitable for the lateral analysis of a 2D portal frame. Maximum Cycles and
Participation Ratios may remain on default settings.
62
During analysis, data from the modal load case will then coordinate with the time-
history load case.
5. Time function. Define the time function through Define > Functions > Time History.
The existing ramp and uniform functions may be modified, or a function may be
added from the various types available, including from the file of a time-history
record.
6. Time-history load case. Add a new load case for the time-history analysis by
selecting Define > Load Cases > Add New Load Case.
Select Load Case Type > Time History, Analysis Type > Nonlinear, Time-
History Type > Modal.
Under Loads Applied, select Load Type > Accel, Load Name > U1, then
select the time function previously defined. If conversion from gravity units to
distance units is necessary, enter the appropriate scale factor.
Enter a quantity of time steps which coordinates the time-step size with the
duration of loading.
7. Analysis. Run analysis with both the modal and time-history load cases.
Graphically display member forces per time step by selecting Display > Show
Forces/Stresses > Frames/Cables/Tendons. Next, specify the time-history load
case, the time step, and the response quantity to review. Use the arrows at the
bottom of the window to scroll through the range of dynamic response.
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5.3.3 Response spectrum
A response-spectrum curve may be plotted for a selected joint through Display > Show
Response-Spectrum Curves. On the Axes tab, select the plot parameters, such as Period vs.
PSA. Specify direction, damping, and any other pertinent options. Select Display, then the
curve will generate for each damping level specified.
Spectral displacement, 𝑆𝑑 Maximum absolute displacement obtained from the time history.
Spectral velocity, 𝑆𝑣 Maximum absolute velocity obtained from the time history.
Spectral acceleration, 𝑆𝑎 Maximum absolute acceleration obtained from the time history.
𝑆𝑝𝑣 = 𝜔𝑆𝑑
𝑆𝑝𝑎 = 𝜔2 𝑆𝑑
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Define properties for pushover hinges using Define > Section Properties > Hinge
Properties. Hinges may be defined manually or by using one of several default
specifications which are available.
Assign the pushover hinges to selected frame objects using Assign > Frame > Hinges.
Select Define > Load Patterns to define load patterns which will contain the loads
applied during pushover analysis.
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5.5 RESULTS
66
Figure 49 : RBSC RS curves.
67
Figure 52 : SBRC with FVD RS curves.
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5.5.2 Responses when loaded in different directions
Table 7 : Maximum PSA at Zero Damping
Max.
Load Case/Direction
Values
THX/X THX/Y THY/X THY/Y
Building
Period PSA Period PSA Period PSA Period PSA
Modal
(sec) (mm/sec )2
(sec) (mm/sec ) 2
(sec) (mm/sec ) 2
(sec) (mm/sec2)
SBSC no
0.278 1710 0.389 0.000066 0.389 0.000066 0.278 1710
Damp
SBRC no
1.329 2605 0.777 0 0.412 0.000004 1.38 2276
Damp
RBSC no
0.161 5417 0.769 0.000018 0.833 0.000012 0.161 3520
Damp
RBRC no
1.703 1838 0.769 0.000006 0.769 0.000004 1.25 2563
Damp
SBSC
0.278 21759 0.769 0 0.714 0 0.278 21759
With FVD
SBRC
0.161 41674 0.777 0 0.777 0 0.161 39347
With FVD
RBSC
0.278 23603 0.714 0 0.769 0 0.278 18861
With FVD
RBRC
0.16 41081 0.764 0 0.769 0 0.16 105797
With FVD
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Table 8 : Base Reactions of SBSC
Load FX FY FZ MX MY MZ
Case/Combo kN kN kN kN-m kN-m kN-m
Dead 0 0 98204.96 1767689 -1767689 0
Live 0 0 51840 933120 -933120 0
EQ-x -2898.82 0 0 0 -68067.88 52178.79
EQ-y 0 -2898.82 0 68067.880 0 -52178.79
Wind-x 1 -8446.15 0 0 -6.359E-07 -138832 152030.69
Wind-x 2 8446.15 0 0 6.359E-07 138832.19 -152031
Wind-y 1 0 -8446.15 0 138832.19 6.356E-07 -152031
Wind-y 2 0 8446.15 0 -138832 -6.356E-07 152030.69
TH-x Max 2898.84 0.0000355 0 0.0000203 42700.4629 35328.21
TH-x Min -1962.67 -0.0000332 0 -0.0000186 -36063.48 -52179.18
TH-y Max 0.0002 2898.84 0 36063.48 0.0003 52179.18
TH-y Min -0.0001 -1962.67 0 -42700.46 -0.0003 -35328.21
PushX Max 18376.71 0 0 0.00000166 300254.17 0
PushX Min 0 0 0 0 0 -330781
PushY Max 0 13151.21 0 0 0 236721.91
PushY Min 0 0 0 -214876 -0.0000033 0
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Table 10 : Base Reactions of RBSC
Load FX FY FZ MX MY MZ
Case/Combo kN kN kN kN-m kN-m kN-m
Dead 0 0 99444.98 1193340 -2685015 0
Live 0 0 51840 622080 -1399680 0
EQ-X -3057.82 0 0 0 -71798.47 36693.84
EQ-y 0 -2819.35 0 66199.29 0 -76122.65
Wind-x 1 -5630.76 0 0 0 -92554.79 67569.19
Wind-x 2 5630.76 0 0 0 92554.79 -67569.19
Wind-y 1 0 -12669.22 0 208248.29 9.451E-07 -342069
Wind-y 2 0 12669.22 0 -208248 -9.451E-07 342069.07
THX Max 3057.81 0.0002 0 0.0002 45191.78 23772.17
THX Min -1981.01 -0.0001 0 -0.0002 -37544.81 -36693.79
THY Max 0.0001 2819.31 0 35849.14 0.0001 76121.61
THY Min -0.0001 -1958.42 0 -42274.75 -0.0001 -52877.38
PushX Max 21446.56 0 0 0.00000223 350376.40 0
PushX Min 0 0 0 0 0 -257359
PushY Max 0 17885.86 0 0 0 482918.40
PushY Min 0 0 0 -292205 -0.0000014 0
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Table 12 : Base Reactions of SBSC with FVD
Load FX FY FZ MX MY MZ
Case/Combo kN kN kN kN-m kN-m kN-m
Dead -0.0000036 -0.0000036 104889.63 1888013 -1888013 0
Live -0.00000314 -0.0000031 49227.86 886101.5 -886102 0
EQ-X 666.51 0 0 0 -4415.29 -11997.27
EQ-y 0 666.51 0 4415.29 0 11997.27
Wind-x 1 675.03 0 0 0 1716.6 -12150.667
Wind-x 2 -675.03 0 0 0 -1716.6 12150.67
Wind-y 1 0 675.03 0 -1716.6 0 12150.67
Wind-y 2 0 -675.03 0 1716.6 0 -12150.67
THX Max 666.50 0 0 0.0000029 20451.47 20953.95
THX Min -1164.10 0 0 -0.0000035 -24122.75 -11997.14
THY Max 0 666.5076 0 24122.75 0.0000014 11997.14
THY Min 0 -1164.11 0 -20451.47 -0.0000016 -20953.95
PushX Max 0 0 0.1 2.86 0 6892.41
PushX Min -382.93 -0.0103 -0.09 -0.76 -1483.52 0
PushY Max 3.11 0 2765.73 26578.63 1.53 0
PushY Min -0.25 -3099.58 -0.15 0 -49822.47 -55914.16
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Table 14 : Base Reactions of RBSC with FVD
Load FX FY FZ MX MY MZ
Case/Combo kN kN kN kN-m kN-m kN-m
Dead -0.000003555 -0.000003852 106127.1985 1273526 -2865434 -0.0001
Live -0.000003031 -0.000003288 49228.1629 590737.9545 -1329160 -0.0001
EQ-X 666.1333 0 0 0 48165.4507 -7993.6002
EQ-y 0 697.757 0 40160.2319 0 18839.439
Wind-x 1 439.6246 0 0 0 35310.0811 -5275.4952
Wind-x 2 -439.6246 0 0 0 -35310.0811 5275.4952
Wind-y 1 0 1068.6387 0 51324.7701 -5.614E-07 28853.2461
Wind-y 2 0 -1068.6387 0 -51324.7701 5.613E-07 -28853.2461
THX Max 666.13 0 0 0 50149.0651 14736.9854
THX Min -1228.0821 0 0 0 -119383 -7993.5605
THY Max 0 697.7616 0 33579.4853 0.00001181 18839.5619
THY Min 0 -1109.8058 0 -41096.1076 -0.00001009 -29964.7556
PushX Max 0 0 13.9102 195.272 0 4646.2934
PushX Min -387.3156 -0.1136 -0.0959 -0.3686 -37235.437 0
PushY Max 54.3913 0 543.587 0 10.0461 0
PushY Min -0.0158 -1798.692 -0.4508 -107080 -14680.8833 -48221.0492
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5.5.4 Modal Participating Mass Ratios
In the sense of translation: Participating Modal Mass Ratio (MPMR) is oscillating mass
participation; and Effective Modal Mass is an effective amount of a type of oscillation.
Compare
Oscillating mass participation (MPMR) was used to assess the level of importance of a
fluctuating form and the form of such oscillations.
Effective volume (EMM) or Percentage effective volume % (EMM) is used to calculate the
loads exerted on the seismic structural system multiple degrees of freedom (MDOF) on the
basis of calculation of load effects major earthquake to have a degree of freedom system
(SDOF) have the same mass and oscillation cycle.
Mathematically, we can easily realize that MPMR and % (EMM) is determined different
amounts (Σm.Φ 2 ) is called the mass of fluctuating form.
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In special cases, the flat problem, so (Σm.Φ 2 ) = 1; Meanwhile MPMR =% (EMM)
In the space problem, the volume of oscillator types including volume fluctuation in X, Y and
Z axis torsion oscillator; the sum of the means = 1; and the value of each is less than 1; so, the
problem is in each respective space have MPMR <% (EMM).
*Here are the results from Time History Analysis of MPMR showing first 10 modes of each
modal.
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Table 18 : RBSC - MPMR values
Sum Sum Sum
Mode Period UX UY UZ
UX UY UZ
sec
1 1.444 0 0.7992 0 0 0.7992 0
2 1.331 0.8048 0 0 0.8048 0.7992 0
3 1.256 0 0 0 0.8048 0.7992 0
4 0.462 0 0.0997 0 0.8048 0.8989 0
5 0.429 0.0975 0 0 0.9023 0.8989 0
6 0.405 0 0 0 0.9023 0.8989 0
7 0.258 0 0.0395 0 0.9023 0.9384 0
8 0.242 0.0385 0 0 0.9408 0.9384 0
9 0.228 0 0 0 0.9408 0.9384 0
10 0.169 0 0.0224 0 0.9408 0.9608 0
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Table 21 : SBRC FVD - MPMR values
Sum Sum Sum
Mode Period UX UY UZ
UX UY UZ
sec
1 0.777 0 0.7034 0 0 0.7034 0
2 0.775 0.7032 0 0 0.7032 0.7034 0
3 0.486 0 0 0 0.7032 0.7034 0
4 0.162 0 0.1782 0 0.7032 0.8816 0
5 0.162 0.1783 0 0 0.8815 0.8816 0
6 0.093 0 0 0 0.8815 0.8816 0
7 0.063 0 0.062 0 0.8815 0.9436 0
8 0.063 0.062 0 0 0.9435 0.9436 0
9 0.035 0 0 0 0.9435 0.9436 0
10 0.034 0 0.0287 0 0.9435 0.9723 0
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5.5.5 Modal Periods and Frequencies
One analysis technique for calculating the linear response of structures to dynamic loading is
a modal analysis. In modal analysis, we decompose the response of the structure into several
vibration modes. A mode is defined by its frequency and shape. Structural engineers call the
mode with the shortest frequency (the longest period) the fundamental mode.
During dynamic loading, i.e. earthquake, wind or blast loading, not all modes are excited in
the same manner. The extent to which dynamic loading excites a specific vibration modes
depends on the spatial distribution and the frequency content of the load.
Hence the Eigen values, frequencies and periods for 10 modes of each Modal are shown
below.
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Table 26 : RBSC modal periods and frequencies
Circular
Mode Period Frequency Frequency Eigenvalue
sec cyc/sec rad/sec rad²/sec²
1 1.444 0.693 4.3526 18.945
2 1.331 0.751 4.7207 22.2853
3 1.256 0.796 5.0029 25.0293
4 0.462 2.165 13.6004 184.9703
5 0.429 2.33 14.6424 214.3991
6 0.405 2.471 15.5261 241.0592
7 0.258 3.881 24.3858 594.6671
8 0.242 4.125 25.9171 671.6972
9 0.228 4.378 27.507 756.6329
10 0.169 5.91 37.1316 1378.7585
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Table 29 : SBRC FVD modal periods and frequencies
Circular
Mode Period Frequency Frequency Eigenvalue
sec cyc/sec rad/sec rad²/sec²
1 0.777 1.286 8.0824 65.3246
2 0.775 1.291 8.1092 65.7597
3 0.486 2.058 12.9318 167.2302
4 0.162 6.154 38.6675 1495.1749
5 0.162 6.18 38.8274 1507.5659
6 0.093 10.793 67.8114 4598.3909
7 0.063 15.841 99.5326 9906.7451
8 0.063 15.912 99.9759 9995.1851
9 0.035 28.478 178.9336 32017.2211
10 0.034 29.299 184.0923 33889.9633
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5.5.6 Story Maximum and Average Lateral Displacements
ETABS provides a simple table in the summary output with "Story Maximum and Average
Lateral Displacements". This provides indication of maximum to average ratio to check
torsional irregularity. The Maximum Displacements due to Push-X in X-direction are:
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less periodic values leading to surpass the maximum PSA values within the un-cracked time
period (T1), as studied in table 7.
It can be observed that symmetrical buildings like SBSC and RBSC has low periodic values
with or without FVD, whereas SBRC and RBRC show long periodic values for maximum
PSA with no damping, which is sensitive. These structures show 87.8% decrease in periodic
values when used with FVD for SBRC and 90% for RBRC.
From the comparison values in figure 55, it can be clearly found that due to introduction of
FVD in the structures the base shears have been diminish by 77% for SBSC, 54.9% for
SBRC, 78.21% for RBSC and 93.95% for RBRC in TH-X/ X-direction. Similarly, the base
shears have been reduced by 77% for SBSC, 63.87% for SBRC, 75.27% for RBSC and
28.5% for RBRC in TH-Y/ Y-direction.
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From the correlation values in figure 56, it can be precisely found that due to installation of
FVD in the structures the base shears have been miniaturized by 97% for SBSC, 96% for
SBRC, 98.19% for RBSC and 99.4% for RBRC in PUSH-X/ X-direction. Correspondingly
the base shears have been reduced by 76.4% for SBSC, 83.4% for SBRC and 89.94% for
RBSC in PUSH-Y/ Y-direction.
Therefore, obtained values are within limits. Below figures are curves Max. Displacements
vs. Story levels for Push X and Push Y.
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LEGEND
From the interrelation curves in figure 57, it is found that due to insertion of FVD in the
structures the displacements have been reduced by 92.17% for SBSC, 91.88% for SBRC,
94.25% for RBSC and 88.26% for RBRC.
From the comparison curves in figure 58, it can be clearly predicated that due to inoculation
of FVD in the structures the displacements have been reduced by 18.4% for SBSC and
51.36% for RBSC. Whereas SBRC and RBRC doesn’t show any variation in this direction
but overall structural displacements are within limiting values.
84
LEGEND
85
5.7 SUMMARY
The procedure of analysis using Etabs 2015 software obtains certain results from the analysis.
The eight structures are analysed and comparative results were developed using time history
and pushover analysis. It is found that Eigen values increases by 60-70% when FVD is
applied to the same structure. The displacements have been reduced by 92.17% for SBSC,
91.88% for SBRC, 94.25% for RBSC and 88.26% for RBRC. Using these results in next
chapter this study is concluded.
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CHAPTER 6: CONCLUSION & RECOMMENDATION
6.1 CONCLUSIONS
Based on the results and discussion given in chapter 5 the following conclusions are drawn.
The following conclusions are limited to the context and comparative characteristics
of FVD.
Applied to other situations, these conclusions may yield incorrect solutions.
These conclusions are relevant to the process of dwelling evolution in progressive
development projects.
Increasing the story levels or made any changes to properties may fetch different
conclusions.
Position of FVD also matters a lot when arriving at a particular solution.
Using different cross section of members will change the results obtained from this
study.
87
6.3 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH
This thesis is limited to use of FVD250 to the structures in exterior corners. The following
are few recommendations for further study:
Same structures can be modified with FVD500 and can be used in exterior middle
position.
Irregular buildings, unsymmetrical buildings and Tall structures can be an extension
to this work.
Its use in Steel structures can bring much effective solutions.
The structural systems like K-shape and M-shape can be used along with FVD.
88
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APPENDIX – 1
Table 34 : Time History Function - Data
Email: shaikqamar1003@gmail.com
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