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Μέθοδοι Ολοκλήρωσης
x α +1
∫ 0dx = c ∫1dx = x + c ∫ x dx =
α
+c
∫
1
dx = ln | x | +c
α +1
x
µε α ≠ −1
1
∫ e x dx = e x + c ∫ ηµxdx = −συνx + c ∫ συνxdx = ηµx + c ∫ dx = εφx + c
συν 2 x
1 αx
∫ dx = −σφx + c ∫ α dx = + c
x
ηµ 2 x lnα
Γενίκευση:
(f(x))α +1
∫ f ′ (x) ⋅ (f(x)) dx =
α
+c
α +1
µε α ≠ −1
f ′ (x) 1 1
∫ dx = ln | f(x) | + c ∫
α⋅x +β
dx = ⋅ ln | α ⋅ x + β | +c
α
f(x)
1 α⋅ x +β
∫ f ′ (x) ⋅ ef(x)dx = ef(x) + c ∫ e α ⋅ x + β dx = ⋅e +c
α
1
∫ f ′ (x) ⋅ ηµ(f(x))dx = −συν(f(x)) + c ∫ ηµ(α ⋅ x + β)dx = − ⋅ συν(α ⋅ x + β) + c
α
1
∫ f ′ (x) ⋅ συν(f(x))dx = ηµ(f(x)) + c ∫ συν(α ⋅ x + β)dx = ⋅ ηµ(α ⋅ x + β) + c
α
f ′ (x) 1 1
∫ dx = εφf(x) + c ∫ dx = εφ(α ⋅ x + β) + c
συν 2 f(x) 2
συν (α ⋅ x + β) α
f ′ (x) 1 1
∫ dx = −σφf(x) + c ∫ dx = − σφ(α ⋅ x + β) + c
ηµ 2 f(x) ηµ 2 (α ⋅ x + β) α
α f(x) kx + λ 1 α k⋅x + λ
∫ f ′ (x) ⋅ α f(x)
dx = +c ∫α dx = ⋅ +c
lnα k lnα
Παραδείγµατα:
x4
1. ∫ x dx = + c
3
4
(x 3 + x 2 + x + 1)8
2. ∫ (3 ⋅ x + 2 ⋅ x + 1) ⋅ (x + x + x + 1) dx =
2 3 2 7
+c
8
1 (3 ⋅ x + 1)8 (3 ⋅ x + 1)8
3. ∫ (3 ⋅ x + 1) dx = ⋅ 7
+c= +c
3 8 24
2⋅ x +1
4. ∫ 2
dx = ln | x 2 + x + 1 | +c = ln(x 2 + x + 1) + c
x + x +1
1 1
5. ∫ dx = − ⋅ ln | 1 − 2 ⋅ x | + c
1− 2 ⋅ x 2
ex
14. ∫ 2 x
dx = −σφ(e x ) + c
ηµ (e )
1 1
15. ∫ dx = ⋅ σφ(−3x + 1) + c
ηµ 2 (−3x + 1) 3
2 ηµx
16. ∫ συνx ⋅ 2 ηµx
dx = +c
ln2
3x +1 23x +1
17. ∫2 dx = +c
3 ⋅ ln2
18. ∫ | x - 1 | ⋅dx
Λύση:
x2
Αν x − 1 ≥ 0 ⇒ ∫ | x - 1 | ⋅dx = ∫ (x - 1) ⋅ dx = − x + c1
2
x2
Αν x − 1 < 0 ⇒ ∫ | x - 1 | ⋅dx = - ∫ (x - 1) ⋅ dx = − ( − x) + c 2
2
Αφού η παράγουσα συνάρτηση στο σηµείο x=1 είναι συνεχής έχουµε:
x2 x2 x2
lim ( 2 − x + c1 ) = lim [−( 2 − x) + c1 ] ⇔ c1 = c 2 και άρα: ∫ | x - 1 | ⋅dx = | − x | +c1
− + 2
x →1 x →1
1. I = ∫ (x 2 + x + 1) ⋅ e3x +1dx
Λύση:
1 1 1
I= ⋅ ∫ (x 2 + x + 1) ⋅ (e3x +1 )′ dx = (x 2 + x + 1) ⋅ (e3x +1 ) − ⋅ ∫ (2x + 1) ⋅ (e3x +1 )dx =
3 3 3
1 2 1 1
= (x + x + 1) ⋅ (e3x +1 ) − ⋅ ⋅ ∫ (2x + 1) ⋅(e3x +1 )′dx =
3 3 3
1 2 1
= (x + x + 1) ⋅ (e3x +1 ) − ⋅ [ ∫ (2x + 1) ⋅(e3x +1 ) − ∫ 2 ⋅ e3x +1dx] =
3 9
1 2 1 2
= (x + x + 1) ⋅ (e3x +1 ) − ⋅ ∫ (2x + 1) ⋅(e3x +1 ) + ⋅ ∫ e3x +1dx =
3 9 9
1 2 1 2 3x +1
= (x + x + 1) ⋅ (e3x +1 ) − ⋅ ∫ (2x + 1) ⋅(e3x +1 ) + e +c
3 9 27
e3x +1
= ⋅ (9x 2 + 3x + 8) + c
27
2. I = ∫ (x 2 + x + 1) ⋅ ηµ(3x + 1)dx
Λύση:
1 1 1
I = − ⋅ ∫ (x 2 + x + 1) ⋅ (συν(3x + 1))′ dx = − (x 2 + x + 1) ⋅ συν(3x + 1) + ⋅ ∫ (2x + 1) ⋅ συν(3x + 1)dx =
3 3 3
1 1 1
= − (x 2 + x + 1) ⋅ (e 3x +1 ) + ⋅ ⋅ ∫ (2x + 1) ⋅(ηµ(3x + 1))′dx =
3 3 3
1 1
= − (x 2 + x + 1) ⋅ συν(3x + 1) + ⋅ [(2x + 1) ⋅ ηµ(3x + 1) − ∫ 2 ⋅ ηµ(3x + 1)dx] =
3 9
1 1 2
= − (x 2 + x + 1) ⋅ συν(3x + 1) + ⋅ (2x + 1) ⋅ ηµ(3x + 1) − ⋅ ∫ ηµ(3x + 1)dx =
3 9 9
1 1 2
= − (x 2 + x + 1) ⋅ συν(3x + 1) + ⋅ (2x + 1) ⋅ ηµ(3x + 1) + ⋅ συν(3x + 1) + c
3 9 27
3. I = ∫ (3x 2 + 2 x + 1) ⋅ ln(3x)dx
Λύση:
1
I = ∫ (x 3 + x 2 + x)′ ⋅ ln(3x)dx = (x 3 + x 2 + x) ⋅ ln(3x) − ∫ (x 3 + x 2 + x) ⋅ dx =
x
x3 x 2
= (x + x + x) ⋅ ln(3x) − ∫ (x + x + 1)dx = (x + x + x) ⋅ ln(3x) −
3 2 2 3 2
− −x+c
3 2
4. I = ∫ e 2x ⋅ ηµ(3x + 1)dx
Λύση:
1 1
I= ⋅ ∫ (e 2x )′ ⋅ ηµ(3x + 1)dx = ⋅ [e 2x ⋅ ηµ(3x + 1) - 3 ⋅ ∫ e 2x συν(3x + 1)dx ] =
2 2
1 3
= ⋅ e 2x ⋅ ηµ(3x + 1) - ⋅ ∫ (e 2x )′ ⋅ συν(3x + 1)dx =
2 4
1 3
= ⋅ e 2x ⋅ ηµ(3x + 1) - ⋅ [e 2x ⋅ συν(3x + 1) + 3∫ e 2x ⋅ ηµ(3x + 1)dx] ⇒
2 4
1 3 9
⇒ I + c1 = ⋅ e 2x ⋅ ηµ(3x + 1) - ⋅ e 2x ⋅ συν(3x + 1) − ⋅ I + c 2 ⇒
2 4 4
13 1 3
⇒ I = ⋅ e 2x ⋅ ηµ(3x + 1) - ⋅ e 2x ⋅ συν(3x + 1) + c 2 − c1 ⇒
4 2 4
4 1 3 2 3
⇒ I = ⋅ ( ⋅ e 2x ⋅ ηµ(3x + 1) - ⋅ e 2x ⋅ συν(3x + 1)) + c = e 2x ⋅ ( ⋅ ηµ(3x + 1) - ⋅ συν(3x + 1)) + c
13 2 4 13 13
5. I = ∫ x ⋅ e x ⋅ ηµxdx
Λύση:
Πρώτα υπολογίζουµε το
1 x 1
∫ e x ηµxdx = ... = (e ηµx − e x συνx) + c ⇒ (e x ηµx − e x συνx)′ = e x ⋅ ηµx . Έτσι έχουµε:
2 2
1
I = ∫ x ⋅ ⋅ (e x ⋅ ηµx - e x συνx) ′dx =
2
1 1 1 1
= ⋅ x ⋅ (e x ⋅ ηµx - e x συνx) − ⋅ ∫ (e x ⋅ ηµx - e x ⋅ συνx)dx = ⋅ x ⋅ (e x ⋅ ηµx - e x συνx) + ⋅ e x ⋅ συνx + c
2 2 2 2
Σχόλιο: Στον τύπο ολοκλήρωσης κατά παράγοντες ∫ f ′ (x) ⋅ g(x)dx = f(x) ⋅ g(x) − ∫ f(x) ⋅ g′ (x)dx η
6. I = ∫ x ⋅ x + 1dx
3 3
2 2
f ′ (x) = x + 1 ⇒ f(x) = ∫ x + 1dx = ... = ⋅ (x + 1) 2 . Έτσι Ι = ∫ x ⋅ [ ⋅ (x + 1) 2 ]′ dx = ... =
3 3
3 5
2 4
= ⋅ x ⋅ (x + 1) 2 − ⋅ (x + 1) 2 + c
3 5
x ⋅ ex
7. I=∫ dx
(1 + x) 2
Λύση:
x ⋅ ex 1 x ⋅ ex 1 x ⋅ ex
I=∫ 2
dx = ∫ x ⋅ e (−
x
)′dx = − +∫ x
⋅ (x ⋅ e )′dx = ... = − + ex + c
(1 + x) x + 1 x + 1 x + 1 x + 1
x ⋅ dx
8. I=∫
συν 2 x
Λύση:
I = ∫ x ⋅ (εφx)′dx = ... = x ⋅ εφx + ln | συνx | +c
9. I = ∫ ηµ(lnx)dx
Λύση:
1
I = ∫ [ηµ(lnx)] ⋅ (x)′dx =... = x ⋅ [ηµ(lnx) - συν(lnx)] − I ⇒ I = ⋅ x ⋅ [ηµ(lnx) - συν(lnx)] + c
2
11. Ι = ∫ ln 2 (x + 1 + x 2 ) ⋅ dx
Λύση:
x5 + x 4 − 8
1. I=∫ dx
x3 − 4 ⋅ x
Λύση:
x5 + x 4 − 8 4x 2 + 16x − 8 4x 2 + 16x − 8 A B Γ
= x2 + x + 4 + , = + + ⇒ ...
x3 − 4 ⋅ x x 3 − 4x x ⋅ (x − 2) ⋅ (x + 2) x x − 2 χ + 2
... ⇒ Α = 2 , Β = 5 , Γ = -3
Έτσι:
x5 + x4 − 8 1 1 1
I=∫ 3
dx = ∫ (x 2 + x + 4)dx + 2 ⋅ ∫ dx + 5 ⋅ ∫ dx − 3 ⋅ ∫ dx =
x − 4⋅ x x x−2 x+2
x3 x 2
= + + 4x + 2 ⋅ ln | x | +5 ⋅ ln | x − 2 | −3 ⋅ ln | x + 2 | + c
3 2
x
2. I=∫ ⋅ dx
(x - 1) 4 ⋅ (x + 1)
Λύση:
x A Β Γ ∆ Ε 1 -1 1 1 -1
= + + + + ⇔ Α = , Β = , Γ = , ∆ = , Ε =
(x - 1) 4 ⋅ (x + 1) x − 1 (x − 1) 2 (x − 1)3 (x − 1) 4 x + 1 16 8 4 2 16
x 1 x −1 1 1 1
I=∫ ⋅ dx = ... = ⋅ ln | |+ − − +c
(x - 1) 4 ⋅ (x + 1) 16 x + 1 8 ⋅ (x − 1) 8 ⋅ (x − 1) 2 6 ⋅ (x − 1) 3
x 3 − 2x
3. I=∫ ⋅ dx
(x 2 + 1) 2
Λύση:
x 3 − 2x Αx + Β Γx + ∆
= + ⇒ ... ⇒ Γ = 1 , ∆ = 0 , Β = 0 , Α = −3
(x 2 + 1) 2 (x 2 + 1) 2 x 2 + 1
x 3 − 2x 3 1
I=∫ 2 2
⋅ dx = ... = 2
+ ⋅ ln(x 2 + 1) + c
(x + 1) 2 ⋅ (x + 1) 2
1. I = ∫ x 2 ⋅ x 3 + 5 ⋅ dx
Λύση:
x 3 +5 = t 2 2 2 2
I = ∫ x ⋅ x + 5 ⋅ dx
2 3
= ∫t⋅ t ⋅ dt = ⋅ ∫ t 2 ⋅ dt = ⋅ t 3 + c = ⋅ ( x 3 + 5 ) 3 + c
3 3 9 9
( 2 ⋅ lnx + 3 ) 3
2. I=∫ ⋅ dx
x
Λύση:
( 2 ⋅ lnx + 3 ) 3 2 ⋅ lnx + 3 = t 1 1 1
I=∫ ⋅ dx = ⋅ ∫ t 3 ⋅ dt = ⋅ t 4 + c = ⋅ ( 2 ⋅ lnx + 3) 4 + c
x 2 8 8
x
3. I=∫ ⋅ dx
x +1 − 3 x +1
Λύση:
6
x x +1 = t (t 6 − 1) ⋅ 6 ⋅ t 5
I=∫ ⋅ dx = ∫ ⋅ dt = ∫ (t 8 + t 7 + t 6 + t 5 + t 4 + t 3 ) ⋅ dt = ...
x +1 − 3 x +1 3
t −t 2
dx
4. I=∫
x + x +1 +1
Λύση:
dx 2 ⋅ t ⋅ dt t 2 +1 = t + z 1 1 1 1
I= ∫ =∫ = ∫ ( ⋅ z − + − 2 )dz = ...
x + x +1 +1 t + t2 +1 +1 2 2 2z 2z
dx
5. I=∫
x ⋅ 6 + x - x2
Λύση:
x+2
Επειδή 6 + x − x 2 = (3 − x)(x + 2) θέτουµε: (3 − x)(x + 2) = (3 - x) 2 ⋅ u 2 ⇒ u 2 =
3− x
3u 2 − 2 10 ⋅ u ⋅ du
και x = ⇒ dx = . Ακόµη
2 2 2
u +1 (u + 1)
2 3u 2 − 2 (3u 2 − 2) 2 5u
6+ x-x = 6+ − = 2 Έτσι:
2 2 2
u +1 (u + 1) u +1
dx 2
I=∫ = ∫ 2
⋅ du = ανάλυση κλάσµατο ς σε άθροισµα απλών κλασµάτω ν ...
x ⋅ 6 + x - x2 3u − 2
x − x 2 + 3x + 2
6. I=∫ dx
x + x 2 + 3x + 2
Λύση:
2 2 − u2 − u 2 2 − u2 + u
x - x + 3x + 2 = ... και x + x + 3x + 2 = ...
u2 − 1 u2 −1
x − x 2 + 3x + 2 − 2⋅ u2 − 4⋅ u
I=∫ dx = ∫ du = ανάλυση κλάσµατος ...
x + x 2 + 3x + 2 (u − 2) ⋅ (u − 1) ⋅ (u + 1) 3
e 2x + 4 ⋅ e x
7. I = ∫ 2x ⋅ dx
e − ex − 2
Λύση:
e 2x + 4 ⋅ e x u 2 + 4u
du u+4
I= ∫ 2x x
⋅ dx = ∫ 2
=∫ ⋅ ⋅ du = ανάλυση κλάσµατος ...
e −e −2 u −u−2 u (u + 1)(u − 2)
e 2⋅ x − 1
8. Ι = ∫ 2⋅ x ⋅ dx
e +3
Λύση:
du
Θέτουµε e 2⋅ x = u ⇒ dx = . Έτσι το ολοκλήρωµα γίνεται:
2⋅u
e 2⋅ x − 1 1 u −1 1 A B
Ι = ∫ 2⋅ x ⋅ dx = ⋅ ∫ ⋅ du = ⋅ ∫ ( + ) ⋅ du = ...
e +3 2 u ⋅ (u + 3) 2 u u+3
t2 − β
αντικατάσταση αx + β = t ⇒ x =
α
x ⋅ dx
9. Ι=∫
x + 2 + x +1
x + x -1
10. I=∫ ⋅ dx
x +1
V) ΟΛΟΚΛΗΡΩΣΗ ΤΡΙΓΩΝΟΜΕΤΡΙΚΩΝ ΣΥΝΑΡΤΗΣΕΩΝ:
1. Ολοκληρώµατα της µορφής ∫ f( ηµx , συνx ) ⋅ dx , f = ρητή συνάρτηση των ηµx , συνx
x
Εκφράζουµε τις τριγωνοµετρικές συναρτήσεις, συναρτήσει της εφ µε τους τύπους:
2
x x
2 ⋅ εφ 1 − εφ 2
ηµx = 2 , συνx = 2 και θέτουµε εφ x = u ⇒ 1
dx = du ⇒
2x 2x 2 2x
1 + εφ 1 + εφ 2 ⋅ συν
2 2 2
x
εφ 2 + 1 2
⇒ 2 dx = du ⇒ dx = 2 ⋅ du
2 u +1
Αν η f είναι περιττή ως προς ηµx τότε θέτουµε: συνx=u , αν είναι περιττή ως προς συνx,
θέτουµε ηµx=u, ενώ αν είναι άρτια ως προς ηµx και συνx τότε θέτουµε εφx=u
Παραδείγµατα:
1 + ηµx x x
I=∫ ⋅ dx = ... = εφ + ln(εφ 2 + 1) + c
1 + συνx 2 2
dx x
I=∫ = ... = ln | εφ | + c
ηµx 2
περιττή ηµx = u 2 1
4
I = ∫ συν x ⋅ dx
5
= ∫ συν x ⋅ συνx ⋅ dx = ... = ηµx − ηµ 3 x + ⋅ ηµ 5 x + c
3 5
dx 1
I=∫ = ... = − +c
4 ⋅ ηµx + 3 ⋅ συνx + 5 x
εφ + 2
2
2. Ολοκληρώµατα της µορφής ∫ ηµ m x ⋅ συν n xdx , m, n ∈ Z*
Αν m , n είναι φυσικοί αριθµοί και ένας τουλάχιστον περιττός, π.χ m=2κ+1 τότε
δουλεύουµε ως εξής:
ολοκληρωµάτων
Αν m , n είναι φυσικοί αριθµοί άρτιοι τότε χρησιµοποιούµε τους τύπους
1 − συν2α 1 + συν2α ηµ2α
(αποτετραγωνισµού ): ηµ 2 α = , συν 2 α = , ηµα ⋅ συνα =
2 2 2
Π.χ.
ηµ 2 6x 1 − συν6x
∫ συν 3x ⋅ ηµ 3xdx = ∫ (συν 3x ⋅ ηµ 3x) ⋅ ηµ 3xdx = ∫
2 4 2 2 2
⋅ 2
dx =
4 2
1 1 1 − συν12x
= ⋅ ∫ (ηµ 2 6x − ηµ 2 6x ⋅ συν6x)dx = ⋅ ∫ ( − ηµ 2 6x ⋅ συν6x)dx =
8 8 2
1 dx συν12x 1 1 x 1 1
= ⋅ [∫ − ∫ dx − ⋅ ∫ ηµ 2 6x ⋅ d(ηµ6x)] = ⋅ [ − ⋅ ηµ12x − ⋅ ηµ 3 6x] + c
8 2 2 6 8 2 24 18
Αν m , n είναι αρνητικοί και συγχρόνως άρτιοι ή περιττοί και οι δύο τότε εργαζόµαστε
όπως στο επόµενο παράδειγµα:
1
u = εφx , du = dx
1 1 1 + εφ 2 x 1 συν 2 x
∫ ηµ - 2 x ⋅ συν - 4 xdx = ∫ 2
⋅ 4
dx = ∫ 2
⋅ (1 + εφ 2 x) ⋅ dx =
ηµ x συν x εφ x συν 2 x
1+ u2 1 1 1 u3
= ∫ ⋅ (1 + u ) ⋅ du = ∫ ( 2 + 1)(1 + u ) ⋅ du = ∫ ( 2 + 2 +u ) ⋅ du = − + 2u +
2 2
+c= 2
u2 u u u 3
1 εφ 3 x
=− + 2 ⋅ εφx + +c
εφx 3
Παραδείγµατα:
2 1 7
ηµ 3 x
συνx = t (1 − συν 2 x) ⋅ ηµx 3
I=∫ dx = ∫ dx = ∫ (1 − t 2 ) ⋅ t 3 ⋅ dt = −3t 3 + ⋅ t 3 + c = ...
3 2 3 2 7
συν x συν x
ηµ 2 x εφx = t 1 ηµ 2 x
1 1
I=∫ dx = ∫ ηµ 2 -4
x ⋅ συν x ⋅ ⋅ dx = ∫ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ dx =
συν 6 x συν 2 x συν 2 x συν 2 x συν 2 x
= ∫ t 2 ⋅ (1 + t 2 ) ⋅ dt = ...
διότι :
1 - συν 2 x 2
2 1 − συν x 1
εφx = t ⇒ t = ⇒t = 2
⇒ 2
= t2 +1
συνx συν x συν x
1
dt = dx
συν 2 x
1 1 dx
J = ∫ συν -1xdx = ∫ dx = ∫ dx = ∫ =
συνx π x π x π
ηµ(x + ) 2 ⋅ ηµ( + ) ⋅ συν( + )
2 2 4 2 4
x π
1 συν( + ) 1 2 1 x π x π
= ⋅∫ 2 4 ⋅ dx = ⋅ ∫ ⋅ dεφ( + ) = ln | εφ( + ) | + c
2 x π x π 2 x π 2 4 2 4
ηµ( + ) συν 2 ( + ) εφ( + )
2 4 2 4 2 4
1 1
Q = ∫ εφ 4 xdx = ∫ εφ 2 x ⋅ εφ 2 x ⋅ dx = ∫ εφ 2 x ⋅ ( − 1) ⋅ dx = − ∫ εφ 2
xdx + ∫ εφ 2
x ⋅ ⋅ dx =
συν 2 x συν 2 x
εφ 3 x 1 εφ 3 x 1
= ∫ εφ x ⋅(εφx)′ ⋅ dx − ∫ εφ xdx =
2 2
− ∫( − 1)dx = − ∫ dx − ∫1 ⋅ dx =
3 συν 2 x 3 συν 2 x
εφ 3 x
= − εφx + x + c
3
ή µε άλλο τρόπο :
1
εφx = t , dx = dt
1+ t 2 1 t4
Q = ∫ εφ xdx4
= ∫t 4
⋅ dt = ∫ dt = ...
1+ t2 1+ t 2
VΙ) ΑΝΑΓΩΓΙΚΟΙ ΤΥΠΟΙ:
Λύση :
Λύση :
Λύση :
υπολογίσετε το I 3 = ∫ εφ xdx
3
Λύση :
I ν = ∫ εφ ν xdx = ∫ εφ ν - 2 x ⋅ εφ 2 x ⋅ dx = ∫ εφ ν - 2 x ⋅ [1 + εφ 2 x - 1] ⋅ dx =
εφ ν -1x
= ∫ εφ ν - 2 x ⋅ (1 + εφ 2 x) ⋅ dx − ∫ εφ ν - 2 xdx = ∫ εφ ν - 2 x ⋅ (εφx)′ ⋅ dx − ∫ εφ ν - 2 xdx = ... = − Ιν−2
ν −1
εφ 2 x εφ 2 x εφ 2 x ηµx εφ 2 x 1 εφ 2 x
I3 = − Ι1 = − ∫ εφxdx = −∫ dx = +∫ ⋅ d(συνx) = + ln | συνx | + c
2 2 2 συνx 2 συνx 2
2 ⋅ dω x
dx 2
I=∫ =∫ συν ω
2 ω
x2 ⋅ x2 + 4 4 ⋅ εφ 2 ω ⋅
συνω 2
1 συνω 1
= ⋅ ∫ 2 ⋅ dω = ⋅ ∫ ηµ - 2 ω ⋅ d(ηµω) =
4 ηµ ω 4 2
x = 2 ⋅ εφω ⇒ x 2 + 4 = και
1 1 συνω
=− ⋅ +c
4 ηµω 2
dx = ⋅ dω
συν 2 ω
4 - x2
2. I=∫ ⋅ dx
x
4 - x2 2 ⋅ συνω
I= ∫ ⋅ dx = ∫ .2 ⋅ συνω ⋅ dω =
x 2 ⋅ ηµω
2
συν 2 ω 1 − ηµ 2 ω x
= 2⋅ ∫ ⋅dω = 2 ⋅ ∫ ⋅ dω =
ηµω ηµω
1 ω
= 2⋅ ∫ dω − 2 ⋅ ∫ ηµω ⋅ dω =
ηµω
1
= 2⋅ ∫ ⋅ dω + 2 ⋅ συνω =
ω ω
2 ⋅ ηµ ⋅ συν x = 2 ⋅ ηµω ⇒ 4 − x 2 = 2 ⋅ συνω και
2 2
ω dx = 2 ⋅ συνω ⋅ dω
συν
2
= 2⋅ ∫ ⋅ dω + 2 ⋅ συνω = ακόµη
ω 2ω
2 ⋅ ηµ ⋅ συν
2 2 x x2 4 − x2
1 ηµω = ⇒ συνω = 1 - 2 =
= 2⋅ ∫ ⋅ dω + 2 ⋅ συνω = 2 2 2
ω 2ω
2 ⋅ εφ ⋅ συν
2 2 ω 1 − συνω 2 − 4 − x 2
ω εφ = =
d(εφ ) 2 ηµω x
2 ω
= 2⋅ ∫ + 2 ⋅ συνω = 2 ⋅ ln | εφ | +2 ⋅ συνω + c =
ω 2
εφ
2
2 - 4 - x2
= 2 ⋅ ln | | + 4 − x2 + c
x