AUTOMATIC ACCIDENT CONTROLLER

Authors:

T. MOHAN RAGU I. MOHAMMED IRFAN

Pre Final BE Mechanical Pre Final BE Mechanical
mohanragu0610@gmail.com irfan2390@gmail.com
Adhiyamaan College of Engg Adhiyamaan College of Engg

ABSTRACT:

In today’s scenario, the growth in the automotive sector is tremendous. As technology

improves on one side, there are a large number of accidents happening on the other side. So
it is essential that there is some kind of control over this unwanted growth in accidents. The
paper“Automatic accident control in automobiles” deals with controlling these accidents.

Here the principle involved is, a signal is transmitted from the front end of the vehicle and
when this signal is reflected by other objects, the control action (speed reduction) takes place.
This project consists of two sensors, a controller and one additional braking unit. The speed
sensor senses the speed of the vehicle and the sensor gives feedback signal to the controller.
If the speed of the vehicle increases beyond a certain limit, the control unit activates the
transmitter of the distance sensor. When the signal transmitted by the transmitter is blocked
by any obstructions within a specific range, the signal is reflected and received by the
receiver. By receiving this signal, the controller activates the distance sensor continuously
and also reduces the speed of the vehicle gradually by operating the additional braking
system which is used as an aid to the original braking system. The additional braking system
consists of hydraulic components which are controlled by the controller. The output of the
distance sensor which varies according to the distance between the object and the vehicle is
given as input to the controller. The controller activates the different solenoid valves
depending on the output of the distance sensor. The output port of the solenoid operated
direction control valve is given to the wheel cylinder by which the brake is gradually applied
and the speed is controlled.

Human power is the valuable asset for the growth of any country. Many youngsters are
attaining disability and sometimes lose their valuable lives, because of road accidents. By
implementing this system in all automobiles, lot of accidents will be controlled and human
lives will be saved.
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION

2. EXPERIMENTAL STEUP

3. CONVENTIONAL VS AUTOMATIC BRAKING SYSTEM

Working Principle of Braking
Difference between Conventional and Automatic Braking System
Components of Conventional braking system
Drum brake
Master cylinder
Brake linings
Brake oil DOT4
Components of Automatic braking system
Oil pump with tank
Solenoid valve
Flow control valve
Pressure relief valve
Other accessories

4. CONTROL SYSTEM
Simatic S7 200 Programmable Logic Controller
Interfacing with S7 200 PLC
Sensors and hydraulic valves interfacing

5. SENSING UNIT
Proximity Sensor
Ultrasonic Distance Sensor

6. ADVANTAGES OF THIS SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION

7. CONCLUSION
 INTRODUCTION
Now a days many accidents are occurring in the world, and so many human beings
are losing this lives due to this accidents. By implementing “Automatic accident
control in automobiles” system, the accidents ratings are reduced and also the
valuable human lives are saved.

This project consists of two sensors, a controller and one additional braking unit. The speed
sensor senses the speed of the vehicle (Inductive proximity sensor) and it gives speed
feedback signal to the controller (PLC). If the speed of the vehicle increases beyond a
certain limit, the control unit activates the transmitter of the distance sensor (Ultrasonic
distance sensor). When the signal transmitted by the transmitter is blocked by any
obstructions within a specific range, the signal is reflected and received by the receiver. By
receiving this signal, the controller activates the distance sensor continuously and also
reduces the speed of the vehicle gradually by operating the additional braking system, which
is used as an aid to the original braking system.

This additional braking system consists of hydraulic valves such as solenoid valves, shuttle
valves, flow control valve, pressure relief valve, and pump etc. And then the speed reduction
takes place by the additional braking system. The output of the distance sensor, which
varies according to the distance between the object and vehicle, is given as input to the
controller. The controller will take a control action.
EXPERIMENTAL SETUP
 CONVENTIONAL VS AUTOMATIC BRAKING SYSTEM
Working Principle of the Braking
When step on the brake pedal, you are actually pushing against a plunger in the master
cylinder which forces hydraulic oil (brake oil) through a series of tubes and hoses to the
braking unit at each wheel.

Since hydraulic fluid (or any fluid for that matter) cannot be compressed, pushing fluid
through a pipe is just like pushing a steel bar through a pipe. Unlike a steel bar, however,
fluid can be directed through many twists and turns on its way to its destination, arriving with
the exact same motion and pressure that it started with. It is very important that the fluid is
pure liquid and that there is no air bubbles in it.

Air can compress which causes sponginess to the pedal and severely reduced braking
efficiency. If air is suspected, then the system must be bleed to remove the air. There are
"bleeder screws" at each wheel cylinder and caliper for this purpose.

Typical Automotive Braking System

There are different types of brakes are used in automobile industries. Mainly the brakes are
classified as,

 Drum Brake
 Disc Brake

In our project, we used Drum brake system, which is operated conventionally as well as
automatically. The controller controls the brake actuation automatically depends on the
vehicle speed sensed by the Proximity sensor and distance between two vehicles sensed by
the Ultrasonic distance sensor.

Difference between Conventional and Automatic Braking System

Conventional braking action:

The operation of the braking system depends on the integrity of the hydraulic system, the
master cylinder must be capable of generating several hundred pounds per square inch of
pressure and the rest of the system must maintain the pressure without leaking. The master
cylinder is filled with brake oil.

When push on the brake pedal, hydraulic pressure is generated in the master cylinder then
it is transmitted to the actuators through the wheel cylinders via the brake lines, thus
applying the brakes.

In the drum brake assembly, the drum rotates with the wheel and the fixed shoes moves out
to engage the drum when the brakes are applied.

Automatic braking action:

The hydraulic valves are used inside the automatic braking system. The valves are
controlled by a STEP S7200 PLC depending on the vehicle speed and distance between
one vehicle to other.
A Proximity sensor senses the vehicle speed and the signal will be given as the input to the
PLC. Whenever the vehicle speed increases beyond a certain limit, the controller activates
the transmitter of the Ultrasonic distance sensor.
When the distance sensor gives output, then the PLC activates the ultrasonic sensor
continuously. When any other object within a specified range obstructs the signal from
ultrasonic sensor, it activates the Electromagnetic Solenoid valves depending on the output
of the Ultrasonic sensor.

Block Diagram

The Oil from the pump is passed to the pressure port of the solenoid valves. Whenever the
controller activates the solenoid valve, the pressurized oil is flow through hydraulic lines and
actuates the brake automatically.
Components of Conventional Braking System
Most of the present automotive systems utilize front disk brakes and rear drum brakes, but 4
wheel disk systems are also fairly common. Our project shown the drum brake actuation
controlled by both conventionally and automatically in one wheel of the car. The following
components are mainly used inside the conventional type of drum brake.

1. Drum Brake
 Backing Plate
 Brake Shoes
 Brake Drum
 Wheel Cylinder
 Return Springs
 Automatic or Self-adjusting System
2. Master cylinder
3. Brake Linings
4. Brake Fluid

Components of Automotive Braking System

In this project, the brake actuation will be applied automatically during the accident
conditions. For this purpose, the following hydraulic components such as,

1. Oil pump with tank

2. Solenoid valve
3. Flow control valve
4. Shuttle valve
5. Pressure Relief valve
6. Hydraulic Hoses
are used. For running a wheel and transmitting the power some additional accessories such
as,
 1Ǿ Induction Motor
 Pulleys
 V-Belt
 Warning Lamp
 Steel Angles
  Bolts and Nuts are used.

Oil pump with tank

Mainly the pump has two ports such as Suction port and Delivered port. The pump is
sucking the oil from the tank and delivered it to the hydraulic system. In this project we used
a gear type oil pump.

The basic gear pump consists of two meshed gears, and two cover plates that enclose the
ends of the gears. Each gear is supported on a shaft, which is supported on bearings in the
end covers. The drive shaft is coupled to the motor shaft.

Pumping action
The Pumping action inside the pump is basically depends on the property of the fluid principle. i.e.
“The fluid is normally flow from the high pressure area to low pressure area”.

Oil Pump
As the meshed gears start rotating one tooth space after is evacuated, and in the resulting
spaces a vacuum is created. This vacuum pressure is less than the oil pressure inside the
tank.

By the property of the fluid principle, atmospheric pressure in the tank forces the oil into the
tooth space from the tank. This tooth space full of oil is carried around the periphery of the
gear until the teeth again mesh and the oil is forced out to the delivered section.
Solenoid valves
A solenoid valve is an electromechanical valve. This is a combination of electric and
hydraulic control method. A solenoid valve has two main parts: the solenoid and the valve.
The solenoid converts electrical energy into mechanical energy which, in turn, opens or
closes the valve mechanically.
In this project we are using 3/2 way NC type solenoid valve. The term “way” is used to
specify flow path through the valve, including reverse flow. A two-way directional control
valve consists of two ports or openings P and A which are connected or disconnected by the
moving spool.

In one extreme spool position, the flow from P moves to A and in the other extreme position
no flow is allowed from P to A and the flow stops.

Solenoid Valve

A solenoid valve use with liquid or gas controlled by running or stopping an electrical current
through a solenoid, which is a coil of wire, thus changing the state of the valve.

The spool open/close movement is actuated by the solenoids. The solenoid means a
number of coil turns. Giving a power supply to the coil, it will be exciting a magnetic field.
Depending on the magnetic field in the coil, the spool either open or close.
The operation of a solenoid valve is similar to that of a light switch. Typically the solenoid
valve controls the flow of air or oil, whereas a light switch typically controls the flow of
electricity.

A spring may be used to hold the valve opened or closed while the valve is not activated.

Flow control valve

Flow control valves control the flow rate of fluid in a circuit. They accomplish this by
incorporating a variable orifice into the circuit. By closing the flow control valve orifice
reduces the flow rate and opening the flow control valve orifice increases the flow rate.

In our project, we used a Needle type flow control valve. By adjusting the needle in the
valve, the flow rate of oil will be controlled.

By means of flow rate control, the brake actuation in the vehicle is controlled. The pressure
source comes from one solenoid valve to the flow control valve.

Flow control valve

Pressure relief valve
Pressure Relief Valves are generally used for controlling the discharge pressure (back
pressure) of pumps. No external controllers are required.

An internal spool is positioned to adjust the effective orifice size for proper bypass flow to
maintain a given pressure setting.

The pressure relief valves used to limit the maximum pressure in a hydraulic circuit by
providing an alternate path for fluid flow when the pressure reaches a preset value.
All pressure relief valves having two ports as Pressure port and Tank port. The pressure port
of the pressure relief valve is connected to the pump line and the tank port of the pressure
relief valve is connected to the tank line of the hydraulic system.

In the direct acting design, a ball or poppet is subjected to the pump pressure on one side
and force of the spring on the other side.

When the pressure in the system creates a force on the ball that is less than the spring
force, it remains on its seat and the pump flow will go to the system.

When the pressure is high enough to create a force greater than the spring force, the ball
will move off its seat and allow pump flow to go back to the tank through the relief.

Pressure Relief Valve

The pressure at which the relief valve opens can be adjusted by changing the amount of
spring compression, which changes the amount of force applied to the ball on the spring
side. This is accomplished with an adjustment screw or knob.This type of relief valve is
called direct-acting because the ball is directly exposed to pump pressure. The pressure
relief valve connected between the oil pump and tank.
 CONTROL SYSTEM
In our project, the control unit acts as an important role. The main purpose of the control unit
is activating a different solenoid valves depends on the input of the distance sensor. The
speed sensor gives the speed feedback to the controller. Depending on the speed of the
vehicle the controller activates the distance sensor.

We are using a controller as S7 200 Programmable Logic Controller (PLC).

Simatic S7 200 Programmable Logic Controller

The PLC is a digitally operating electronic apparatus which uses a programmable memory
for the internal storage of instructions for implementing specific functions such as logic,
sequencing, timing, counting, and arithmetic to control through digital or analog I/O modules,
various types of machines or processes.

A PLC is a user-friendly, microprocessor based specialized computer that carries out control
functions of many types and levels of complexity.

The programmable logic controller has eliminated much of the hard wiring associated with
conventional relay control circuits. It is small but relatively expensive when compared to
equivalent relay based process control systems.

In all cases the flexibility, reliability and ease of troubleshooting of the PLC provides
significant advantages over others.
Sensors and hydraulic valve interfacing with PLC

S S
I I PROXIMITY
INPUT PUSH G G SENSOR
BUTTON O
N I N
U
A N A
PROXIMTY T
SENSOR L P L DISTANCE
C P C SENSOR
U U
O O
T T
N
D
CPU N
D
DISTANCE
I M M I
SOLENOID
SENSOR VALVE 1
T O O T
I D D I
O U U O
N L N SOLENOID
L VALVE 2
I E I
E
N N
G G

Interfacing Diagram

When the device either inputs or outputs ( Sensors, Actuators) interfaced with other device,
the signal conditioning unit is important. The signal conditioning unit gives a correct output
signal for the next stage device. The signal conditioning unit required both input and output.

It can be perform either amplification, attenuation, conversion such as voltage to current

covertor, current to voltage convertor, voltage to frequency convertor, etc. and linearisation.

The solenoid valve operating voltage is 6V Dc. But, the controller gives a output voltage as
24V Dc. In this condition, the signal conditioning take a 24VDc and gives a 6VDc to the
solenoid valves.
 SENSING UNIT

The sensing unit is an eye of our system. The Sensor is a device, which senses the
physical variables such as pressure, temperature, speed of the motor, weight, force, etc…
The sensors are may be classified as two types,
 Digital type sensor
 Analog type sensor (Transducer)

We are using one digital type sensor as Proximity sensor for vehicle speed measurement
and one analog type sensor as Ultrasonic Distance sensor for measuring the distance
between the two vehicles. Analog type sensors are called a Transducers.

Both sensors are controlled by a SIMATIC S7 200 PLC. Then the PLC controlling the
hydraulic valves depending on the sensors output.

Proximity Sensor
The inductive Proximity sensor is used to measure the speed of the wheel.Inductive
proximity sensors are used for sensing ferrous metals at close proximity. These inductive
proximity sensors are available in a wide variety of barrel diameters, lengths and
configurations.

The proximity sensor gives a pulse output. This digital signal is fed into the PLC. The PLC
will take a control action.

The Proximity sensor basically classified as two types,

 NPN type
 PNP type

In our project, we used a PNP type proximity sensor. It means, the load is connected
between the output and the ground terminal.
 Fig 5.1 PNP Type Proximity Sensor

Similarly in the NPN type Proximity sensor, the load is connected between the output
terminal and +ve terminal. Normally the proximity sensor having a three terminal as +ve
terminal, gnd terminal, and output terminal. This terminals are identified by the colour coding
of the wirings.
In our proximity sensor,
+ve terminal - Brown
gnd terminal - Blue
output terminal - Black

Overview of Proximity sensor

 ADVANTAGES OF THIS SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION
This is an additional braking system of the conventional braking system. This system will be
operated at a critical situation to avoid the accidents and thus to save human lives.

This automatic braking system activated based on the speed of the vehicle. In our project,
the speed increases beyond a certain limit (city speed), the additional brake will be applied
and one warning lamp is glow for the driver alertness.

This system won’t activated when a speed below a certain level (city speed 45Km/H) to
discourage use in city driving. Some of the advantages by implementing this system as
follows,

 Its usefulness for long drives across sparsely populated roads. This usually
results in better fuel efficiency.

 Some drivers use it to avoid unconsciously violating speed limits. A driver who
otherwise tends to unconsciously increase speed over the course of a highway
journey may avoid a speeding ticket. Such drivers should note, however, that a
cruise control may go over its setting on a downhill which is steep enough to
accelerate with an idling engine.

 This system will prevent the accidents between two vehicles and also prevent the
accidents between one vehicle and tree or wall, etc.
THE OVERVIEW OF THE SYSTEM

Model of the system

BY IMPLEMENTING THIS SYSTEM
 CONCLUSION
Human power is the valuable asset for the growth of any country. Many youngsters are
attaining disability and sometimes lose their valuable lives, because of road accidents.

By implementing this system “Automatic Accident Control In Automobiles” in all automobiles,

lot of accidents can be controlled and human lives will be saved.