(Assignment # 01 Semester Spring-2019)

Submission Date (Feburary27, 2018)

BY
MUHAMMAD MOBEEN YOUNAS
ROLL# 18550920-103
BS BBA-2 Section-B
MAM TEHMINA ZAINAB
Department OF MANAGEMENT AND SCIENCE

University of Gujrat

Applications of Psychology with special

reference to Pakistan
 Developmental Psychology:
Developmental psychology is the scientific study of how and why human beings change over the course
of their life. Originally concerned with infants and children, the field has expanded to include
adolescence, adult development, aging, and the entire lifespan. OR Developmental psychology is a
scientific approach which aims to explain growth, change and consistency though the lifespan.
Developmental psychology looks at how thinking, feeling, and behavior change throughout a person’s
life. This field examines change across three major dimensions: physical development, cognitive
development, and socio emotional development. Within these three dimensions are a broad range of
topics including motor skills, executive functions, moral understanding, language acquisition, social
change, personality, emotional development, and self-concept and identity formation. Developmental
psychology examines the influences of nature and nurture on the process of human development, and
processes of change in context and across time. Many researchers are interested in the interaction between
personal characteristics, the individual's behavior and environmental factors, including social context and
the built environment. Ongoing debates 11 include biological essentialism vs. neuroplasticity and stages
of development vs. dynamic systems of development. Developmental psychology involves a range of
fields, such as, educational psychology, child psychopathology, forensic developmental psychology, child
development, cognitive psychology, ecological psychology, and cultural psychology. Influential
developmental psychologists from the 20th century include Urie Bronfenbrenner, Erik Erikson, Sigmund
Freud, Jean Piaget, Barbara Rogoff, Esther Thelen, and Lev Vygotsky. Scope of Developmental
Psychology with reference to Pakistan:
In Pakistan a Developmental psychologists can work in a variety of settings, including academia,
government agencies, health care facilities and schools. Those working in colleges and universities tend
to focus primarily on research or teaching. Others working in applied settings, such as health care
facilities or clinics, help to assess, evaluate and treat people living with developmental disabilities.
Developmental psychologists may also work in assisted living homes for the elderly, hospitals, mental
health clinics and centers for the homeless.

References
Lefmann, T., & Combs-Orme, T. (2013). Early brain development for social work practice: Integrating
neuroscience with Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development. Journal of Human Behavior in the Social
Environment, 23(5), 640-647.

Murimi, M. W., Moyeda-Carabaza, A. F., Nguyen, B., Saha, S., Amin, R., & Njike, V. (2018). Factors that
contribute to effective nutrition education interventions in children: a systematic review. Nutrition reviews,
76(8), 553-580.

Human factors and ergonomics

Human factors and ergonomics (commonly referred to as human factors) is the application of
psychological and physiological principles to the (engineering and) design of products, processes, and
systems. The goal of human factors is to reduce human error, increase productivity, and enhance safety
and comfort with a specific focus on the interaction between the human and the thing of interest. The field
is a combination of numerous disciplines, such
as psychology, sociology, engineering, biomechanics, industrial design, physiology, anthropometry,
interaction design, visual design, user experience, and user interface design. In research, human factors
employs the scientific method to study human behavior so that the resultant data may be applied to the
four primary goals. In essence, it is the study of designing equipment, devices and processes that fit the
human body and its cognitive abilities. The two terms "human factors" and "ergonomics" are essentially
synonymous.
Ergonomics (or human factors) is the scientific discipline concerned with the understanding of
interactions among humans and other elements of a system, and the profession that applies theory,
principles, data and methods to design to optimize human well-being and overall system performance.
Human factors is employed to fulfill the goals of occupational health and safety and productivity. It is
relevant in the design of such things as safe furniture and easy-to-use interfaces to machines and
equipment.
Proper ergonomic design is necessary to prevent repetitive strain injuries and other musculoskeletal
disorders, which can develop over time and can lead to long-term disability.
Human factors and ergonomics is concerned with the "fit" between the user, equipment, and environment.
It accounts for the user's capabilities and limitations in seeking to ensure that tasks, functions,
information, and the environment suit that user.

Domains of specialization
Ergonomics comprise three main fields of research: physical, cognitive and Organizational ergonomics.
Physical ergonomics
Physical ergonomics is concerned with human anatomy, and some of the anthropometric, physiological
and bio mechanical characteristics as they relate to physical activity.[5] Physical ergonomic principles
have been widely used in the design of both consumer and industrial products. Physical ergonomics is
important in the medical field, particularly to those diagnosed with physiological ailments or disorders
such as arthritis (both chronic and temporary) or carpal tunnel syndrome. Pressure that is insignificant or
imperceptible to those unaffected by these disorders may be very painful, or render a device unusable, for
those who are. Many ergonomically designed products are also used or recommended to treat or prevent
such disorders, and to treat pressure-related chronic pain.
Cognitive ergonomics
Cognitive ergonomics is concerned with mental processes, such as perception, memory, reasoning, and
motor response, as they affect interactions among humans and other elements of a system.[5] (Relevant
topics include mental workload, decision-making, skilled performance, human reliability, work stress and
training as these may relate to human-system and Human-Computer Interaction design.)
Organizational ergonomics
Organizational ergonomics is concerned with the optimization of socio-technical systems, including their
organizational structures, policies, and processes.(Relevant topics include communication, crew resource
management, work design, work systems, design of working times, teamwork, participatory design,
community ergonomics, cooperative work, new work programs, virtual organizations, telework, and
quality management.)
References

history of neuropsychology?. Cortex, 47(2), 146-147. OLLA, J. O. (2012). ERGONOMICS; AN

IMPORTANT TOOL FOR ORGANISATIONAL SUCCESS. Lulu. com.

Jeffress, C. N. (2000). BEACON Biodynamics and Ergonomics Symposium. University of Connecticut,

Farmington, Conn.