SIDE STAND RETRIEVING SYSTEM FOR TWO WHEELERS

CONTENTS
 CONTENTS

CHAPTER NO TITLE

SYNOPSIS
LIST OF FIGURES
1 Introduction
2 Literature review
3 Description of equipments
3.1 Battery
3.2 Spring
3.3 Electron gun
3.4 Link
4 Design and drawing
4.1 Calculation for pneumatic cylinder
4.2 Drawing for three axis pneumatic modern trailer
5 Working principle
6 Merits & demerits
7 Applications
8 List of materials
9 Cost Estimation
10 Conclusion
BIBLIOGRAPHY
PHOTOGRAPHY
LIST OF FIGURES
 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure
Number Title

1 Battery
2 Overall diagram
SYNOPSIS
 SYNOPSIS

In modern developing world, automatic plays important role especially two-

wheeler i.e., (motorcycle and bikes) plays a major role .Even though they are helpful

there are some sad events like accidents due to careless of rider. Major accidents occur

due to forgetting of lifting side stand. To rectify this problem many advance measure

have taken, but they are useless, so as a by considering that it should be implemented

practically in all types bikes the new system “SPROCKET SIDE STAND RETRIEVE

SYSTEM” this system can be attached in all type of two-wheeler (mopeds, geared, non-

geared, hand geared bikes) and it is designed based on the working principal of bikes.
 CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION
 CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

In this project the chain and sprocket mechanism is used to operate the

stand. The main blocks used here are stand, spring arrangement, links, locking pin

and sprocket with electro gun. In all over world everywhere motorcycle are used.

The side stand plays major roll while the vehicle is in rest position. In modern

world the living status were developed and developing more equipped. The

automobile takes a great part in the development, since it plays one of a major key

in daily life. While automobile is concern two-wheeler i.e. (motorcycles and bike)

it plays very important role because it saves the time of traveler by reaching the

target place very faster .Motorcycles are generally provided with stand for

supporting the motorcycles when they are not in use. A motorcycle side stand is a

nearly universal method of allowing a motorcycle rider to park his vehicle

unattended easily. If this stand is in the park position while the motorcycle is

ridden through left turn a serious safety hazard exits. A new type side stand which

is automatically retracting side stand is invented to prevent such type of accidents.

 CHAPTER II

LITERATURE REVIEW
 CHAPTER II

LITERATURE REVIEW

In our project we are using secondary type battery. It is rechargeable type. A

battery is one or more electrochemical cells, which store chemical energy and make it

available as electric current. There are two types of batteries, primary (disposable) and

secondary (rechargeable), both of which convert chemical energy to electrical energy.

Primary batteries can only be used once because they use up their chemicals in an

irreversible reaction. Secondary batteries can be recharged because the chemical reactions

they use are reversible; they are recharged by running a charging current through the

battery, but in the opposite direction of the discharge current. Secondary, also called

rechargeable batteries can be charged and discharged many times before wearing out.

After wearing out some batteries can be recycled.

Batteries have gained popularity as they became portable and useful for many

purposes. The use of batteries has created many environmental concerns, such as toxic

metal pollution. A battery is a device that converts chemical energy directly to electrical

energy it consists of one or more voltaic cells. Each voltaic cell consists of two half cells

connected in series by a conductive electrolyte.

The automobile chassis is mounted on the axles not direct but through some form

of springs. This is done to isolate the vehicle body from the road shocks which may be in

the form of bounce, pitch, roll or sway.these tendencies give rise to an uncomfortable ride

and also cause additional stress in the automobile frame and body. All the parts which

perform the function of isolating the automobile from the road shocks are collectively.
 A Springing device must be a compromise between flexibility and stiffness. If it

is more rigid, it will not absorb road shocks efficiently and if it is more flexible it will

continue to vibrate even after the bump has passed so we must have sufficient damping of

the spring to prevent excessive flexing.

An electron or ion gun is a scientific instrument that generates either electrons or ions,

and forms them into a usable beam. The electron and ion guns built by Kimball Physics

are used in a wide variety of basic research and industrial applications: from microscopic

surface physics studies and semiconductor processing to large spacecraft testing. The

guns range in size from about a centimeter to over half a meter long. The energy of the

electrons produced also varies with the gun: from low-energy models with an energy

range of 5 eV - 1000 eV, to high-energy ones with an energy range of up to 100 keV.

Many different kinds of ions can be produced depending on the gun, including positive

ions of most gases, reactive ions, and alkali metal ions. Some guns are flood guns and

produce a wide-angled beam, while others are focusable and produce a small spot. The

figures below represent the overall structure of a typical, electron gun in three different

ways. The first figure, A, is a threedimensional drawing showing a cross-section of the

gun. B is a plot of the electrons’ paths in the gun due to the fields set up by different

potentials on the gun elements; this illustrates how electron optics is similar to light

optics. The third figure, C, is a schematic block diagram showing the power supplies

(represented as circles) that apply voltages to the parts of the gun to produce and control

the electron beam. GRID ANODE FOCUS DEFLECTION CATHODE A typical

mounted Electron Gun with electrostatic focusing and deflection (EFG-7, size 0.2 X),
shown with (A) a three-dimensional cross-section drawing of the electron gun, not

including the mounting section, (B) a plot of the paths the electrons will take in the gun

when a given set of voltages is applied to the gun elements, and (C) a block diagram with

the electrical connections of the power supplies and gun elements. A B C

PRELIMINARY ELECTRON BEAM ii ELECTRON GUNS ION GUNS EMITTERS

DETECTORS COMPONENTS INDEX / INFORMATION INDEX / INFORMATION

Toll Free: 1 888 KIM-PHYS (1 888 546-7497) e-mail: info@kimphys.com Tel. 1 603

878-1616 Fax: 1 603 878-3700 INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRON AND ION GUNS

cont. WHAT DO THE PARTS OF THE GUN DO? Triode The electron gun is a

descendent of the early vacuum tube, and some of the parts still use the same names

although they are different in structure. Electron guns function in ultra high vacuum

(UHV). As in the vacuum tubes, the cathode generates free electrons, the grid provides

control of the electrons, and the anode attracts the electrons. This three-part structure (the

triode) is the basis of many guns (see Figure A). The cathode is heated to very high

temperatures by the supply labeled Source, and electrons are given off from the surface of

the cathode. The path that the electrons take from the cathode through the gun can be

visualized from the field plot (Figure C). The energy that the electrons finally attain is

determined by the difference between the initial potential set by the Energy supply and

the final potential (ground) where they exit the gun. The various elements in the gun,

usually tubes or plates with an aperture (a hole), can act as lenses to control and focus the

beam, similar to the lenses in light optics. The grid provides the first control of the

electron beam, usually focusing it to a cross-over point. If the grid is sufficiently

negative, it can also cut-off (stop) the electron beam. In many guns, the anode is at
ground potential so the potential difference between the cathode and anode determines

the overall energy of the electron beam.

 CHAPTER III

DESCRIPTION OF EQUIPMENTS
 CHAPTER III

DESCRIPTION OF EQUIPMENTS

3.1.BATTERY

In our project we are using secondary type battery. It is rechargeable type. A

battery is one or more electrochemical cells, which store chemical energy and make it

available as electric current. There are two types of batteries, primary (disposable) and

secondary (rechargeable), both of which convert chemical energy to electrical energy.

Primary batteries can only be used once because they use up their chemicals in an

irreversible reaction. Secondary batteries can be recharged because the chemical reactions

they use are reversible; they are recharged by running a charging current through the

battery, but in the opposite direction of the discharge current. Secondary, also called

rechargeable batteries can be charged and discharged many times before wearing out.

After wearing out some batteries can be recycled.

Batteries have gained popularity as they became portable and useful for many

purposes. The use of batteries has created many environmental concerns, such as toxic

metal pollution. A battery is a device that converts chemical energy directly to electrical

energy it consists of one or more voltaic cells. Each voltaic cell consists of two half cells

connected in series by a conductive electrolyte.

 One half-cell is the positive electrode, and the other is the negative electrode. The

electrodes do not touch each other but are electrically connected by the electrolyte, which

can be either solid or liquid. A battery can be simply modeled as a perfect voltage source

which has its own resistance, the resulting voltage across the load depends on the ratio of

the battery's internal resistance to the resistance of the load.

When the battery is fresh, its internal resistance is low, so the voltage across the

load is almost equal to that of the battery's internal voltage source. As the battery runs

down and its internal resistance increases, the voltage drop across its internal resistance

increases, so the voltage at its terminals decreases, and the battery's ability to deliver

power to the load decreases.

3.2 spring

The automobile chassis is mounted on the axles not direct but through some form of
springs. This is done to isolate the vehicle body from the road shocks which may be in the form
of bounce, pitch, roll or sway.these tendencies give rise to an uncomfortable ride and also cause
additional stress in the automobile frame and body. All the parts which perform the function of
isolating the automobile from the road shocks are collectively.

A Springing device must be a compromise between flexibility and stiffness. If it is more

rigid, it will not absorb road shocks efficiently and if it is more flexible it will continue to vibrate
even after the bump has passed so we must have sufficient damping of the spring to prevent
excessive flexing.

RETURN SPRING:

A spring is a flexible elastic object used to store mechanical energy. Springs are usually
made out of hardened steel. Small springs can be wound from pre-hardened stock, while larger
ones. A spring is a mechanical device, which is typically used to store energy and subsequently
release it, to absorb shock, or to maintain a force between contacting surfaces. They are made of
an elastic material formed into the shape of a helix which returns to its natural length when
unloaded this is called return spring. springs are placed between the road wheels and the vehicle
body. When the wheel comes across a bump on the road, it rises and deflects the spring,
thereby storing energy therein. On releasing, due to the elasticity of the spring, material, it
rebounds thereby expending the stored energy.in this way the spring starts vibrating, with
amplitude decreasing gradually on internal friction of the spring material and friction of the
suspension joints till vibrations die down.

TYPES OF SPRING:

Though there are many types of the springs, yet the following, according to their shape, are
important from the subject point of view.

 Helical spring
 Conical and volute springs
 Torsion springs
  Laminated or leaf springs
 Disc or Belleville springs
 Special purpose springs

1. HELICAL SPRING:

The helical springs are made up of wire coiled in the form of helix and is primarily
intended for compressive or tensile loads. The cross-section of the wire from which the spring is
made may be circular, square or rectangular. The two forms of helical springs are compression
helical spring. And tension helical spring.

The helical springs to be closely coiled when the spring wire is coiled so close that the plane
containing each turn is nearly at right angles to the axis of the helix and the wire is subjected to
torsion. In a closely coiled helical spring, the helix angle is very small.it is usually less than
10°.the major stresses produced in helical springs are shear stresses due to twisting. The load
applied is parallel to or along the axis of the spring.

3.3 ELECTRON GUN

An electron or ion gun is a scientific instrument that generates either electrons or ions,

and forms them into a usable beam. The electron and ion guns built by Kimball Physics

are used in a wide variety of basic research and industrial applications: from microscopic

surface physics studies and semiconductor processing to large spacecraft testing. The

guns range in size from about a centimeter to over half a meter long. The energy of the

electrons produced also varies with the gun: from low-energy models with an energy

range of 5 eV - 1000 eV, to high-energy ones with an energy range of up to 100 keV.

Many different kinds of ions can be produced depending on the gun, including positive

ions of most gases, reactive ions, and alkali metal ions. Some guns are flood guns and
produce a wide-angled beam, while others are focusable and produce a small spot. The

figures below represent the overall structure of a typical, electron gun in three different

ways. The first figure, A, is a threedimensional drawing showing a cross-section of the

gun. B is a plot of the electrons’ paths in the gun due to the fields set up by different

potentials on the gun elements; this illustrates how electron optics is similar to light

optics. The third figure, C, is a schematic block diagram showing the power supplies

(represented as circles) that apply voltages to the parts of the gun to produce and control

the electron beam. GRID ANODE FOCUS DEFLECTION CATHODE A typical

mounted Electron Gun with electrostatic focusing and deflection (EFG-7, size 0.2 X),

shown with (A) a three-dimensional cross-section drawing of the electron gun, not

including the mounting section, (B) a plot of the paths the electrons will take in the gun

when a given set of voltages is applied to the gun elements, and (C) a block diagram with

the electrical connections of the power supplies and gun elements. A B C

PRELIMINARY ELECTRON BEAM ii ELECTRON GUNS ION GUNS EMITTERS

DETECTORS COMPONENTS INDEX / INFORMATION INDEX / INFORMATION

Toll Free: 1 888 KIM-PHYS (1 888 546-7497) e-mail: info@kimphys.com Tel. 1 603

878-1616 Fax: 1 603 878-3700 INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRON AND ION GUNS

cont. WHAT DO THE PARTS OF THE GUN DO? Triode The electron gun is a

descendent of the early vacuum tube, and some of the parts still use the same names

although they are different in structure. Electron guns function in ultra high vacuum

(UHV). As in the vacuum tubes, the cathode generates free electrons, the grid provides

control of the electrons, and the anode attracts the electrons. This three-part structure (the

triode) is the basis of many guns (see Figure A). The cathode is heated to very high
temperatures by the supply labeled Source, and electrons are given off from the surface of

the cathode. The path that the electrons take from the cathode through the gun can be

visualized from the field plot (Figure C). The energy that the electrons finally attain is

determined by the difference between the initial potential set by the Energy supply and

the final potential (ground) where they exit the gun. The various elements in the gun,

usually tubes or plates with an aperture (a hole), can act as lenses to control and focus the

beam, similar to the lenses in light optics. The grid provides the first control of the

electron beam, usually focusing it to a cross-over point. If the grid is sufficiently

negative, it can also cut-off (stop) the electron beam. In many guns, the anode is at

ground potential so the potential difference between the cathode and anode determines

the overall energy of the electron beam. Focus and Deflection In a focusable gun,

additional elements in the gun further control the size of the beam. In the gun illustrated

on the previous page, the focus consists of three elements which together form a

converging lens called an Einzel or single lens; the potential on the middle element is

controlled by the Focus power supply. Some guns have more complicated lens systems,

such as the zoom lens, for focusing and accelerating or decelerating the electrons. Many

guns have additional elements that move the beam on the target for deflection or

rastering. Instead of electrostatic lenses, some guns use magnetic coils that produce

electric fields to control the beam; however, the effects are similar. Ion Guns Ion guns

(also called Ion Sources in some cases) are quite similar in principle to the electron guns.

The general structure of the gun and the control elements are similar to that described

above. However, instead of a cathode, there is an ion source that generates the ions either

directly from an alkali metal, or indirectly by generating electrons which then ionize a
gas. With positive ions, the voltages applied to the gun elements are the opposite of those

for electrons, but the focusing and control of the beam work in the same way. HOW ARE

ELECTRONS GENERATED? Cathode The standard cathode used in Kimball Physics

electron guns is a refractory metal thermionic emitter. When a wire bent into a hairpin is

heated to very high temperatures, it will emit heat, light and electrons, similar to the

filament in a light bulb. In many cathodes, a disk attached to the bend of the wire is

heated by the wire, and the electrons are emitted from this disk. A power supply (labeled

Source in the block diagram) provides the current to the wire, which heats up because of

its resistance. When an electron near the surface of the disk has received enough thermal

energy, it can break free of the metal atoms surrounding it and move into the space near

the disk; this process is called thermionic emission. Emission and Beam Current Where

the electron goes once emitted depends on its energy and the electrical fields in the space

around the cathode. If the electron does not have enough energy or if the space around it

has too much negative charge (called space-charge limited), the electron will return to the

cathode. The electrons that leave the cathode can then be focused into the electron beam.

The emission current is all the electron current that leaves the cathode and goes to

ground. This emission current depends on both the cathode temperature and the electron

beam energy set by the Energy power supply. However, not all the electrons emitted from

the cathode will finally exit the gun; some may land on other elements in the gun column.

Thus the final beam current at the target may be less than the initial emission current.

Special Cathodes Instead of the standard refractory metal cathode, various other cathodes

are employed in some Kimball Physics electron guns for specific purposes. For example,

a barium oxide (BaO) low- light cathode may be used in applications where the bright
light emitted from the standard cathode is a problem, however, the BaO cathode requires

a better vacuum. Another coating material, thorium oxide (ThO2 ) has a lower work

function than uncoated refractory metals, which means that more electrons will be

emitted from the thorium. Because iridium is a chemically unreactive metal, a thorium

oxide-coated iridium cathode is more rugged and is needed in some environments. A

cathode that is quite different from the metal ones described above is the lanthanum

hexaboride (LaB6) cathode. It is formed from a single crystal of LaB6 cut into a cone

shape with a flattened point. This unique cathode generates a small beam of electrons that

can be focused to a very small spot (about 10 microns). A variety of cathodes, which are

available from Kimball Physics separate from the gun system, are described more fully in

the EMITTERS SECTION (the magentacolored section) of this catalog. Simple hairpin

filament cathode mounted on standard glass base (size 3 X) Coated refractory metal disc

cathode mounted on Kimball Physics ceramic base (size 3 X) Emitting tip Disc emitting

surface iii INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRON AND ION GUNS cont. HOW ARE IONS

GENERATED? There are three different basic processes by which ions are generated in

different Kimball Physics ion guns: electron impact gas ionization, microwave gas

ionization, and alkali metal solid surface ionization. Gas Ionization This type of ion

source has a filament which emits electrons when heated by the Source power supply. An

inert or a reactive gas, such as argon or oxygen, is introduced from an external tank via a

gas feedthrough into the region inside the ion gun near the filament. The electrons

emitted from the filament are accelerated into the gas region and collide with the neutral

gas molecules. If the impact is of sufficient energy, an electron will be removed from the

neutral gas molecule, resulting in a positive ion. Usually the ion will be singly charged.
Depending on the energies involved, the primary and the secondary (released) electrons

may go on to collide with other gas molecules and cause further ionization. The electrons

finally land on a positive structure called the ion cage. The number of ions produced by

electron impact ionization depends mainly on the number of electrons emitted, their

energy, the type of gas and the number of gas molecules present to be ionized. The

ionization potential of each gas species determines the minimum energy the bombarding

electrons must have to remove an outer electron. Within a normal range, the pressure of

the gas introduced into the gun is linearly related to the ion beam current produced.

Plasma The microwave ion source is similar to the electron impact ion source in that it

generates ions from a gas introduced into the gun. However, instead of electron

bombardment, it uses microwave power, which is transmitted from an external generator

to a helical antenna in the ionization chamber, to heat the gas and create a plasma, a

highlyenergized state in which the gas molecules are disassociated into ions and free

electrons. The plasma can be seen as a glowing gas in the chamber, similar to a

fluorescent light tube. After the ions are extracted by several apertures, they pass through

an ExB filter that consists of a region with an electrical field (E) perpendicular to a

magnetic field (B). This ExB filter separates the ions based on their mass; by varying the

electric field, ions of different masses can be selected as in a mass spectrometer. The

electrical field is adjusted so that only ions of the type desired (based on their mass) can

pass through, while other ions and molecules are deflected. Further lenses control the

energy, focus and deflection of the selected ions. Solid Ionization In other ion guns, ions

of alkali metals such as Cs+, Li+, or K+, are generated directly by solid surface

ionization. Instead of having a filament, this type of ion source has a cartridge containing
solid compounds of the alkali metal. When heated by the source voltage, these

compounds undergo a solid-solid chemical reaction that releases the alkali metal ions at

the surface. These positive ions are then accelerated and focused into a beam as in other

guns. Ion Beam The ions generated by the ion source are then formed into the ion beam.

A gun element called the extract aperture, which has a negative voltage relative to the ion

energy, accelerates and extracts the positive ions from the region of electron

bombardment; this is similar to the function of the anode in the electron gun triode. The

grid element, with its potential controlled by the Grid power supply, also helps extract

and focus the ions. Depending on the gun, additional elements may be present to

accelerate, decelerate, focus and deflect the beam. HOW IS THE ELECTRON OR ION

BEAM OBSERVED? Because an electron or ion beam is invisible, it must be observed

by its effects, by employing some type of detector. Two common types of detectors are

phosphor screens, which emit light when struck by the electrons/ions, and Faraday cups,

which collect the electrons/ions and allow current measurement. A variety of phosphor

screens and Faraday cups available from Kimball Physics are described in the

DETECTORS SECTION (purple section) of this catalog. Phosphor Screen A grounded

phosphor screen in the target position allows visual, real-time observation of the spot

produced by the beam. The phosphor screen emits light (photons) when bombarded by

high-energy particles, either electrons or ions; the light color, typically blue or green,

depends on the phosphor material. On the screen, the electron/ion beam usually appears

as a small, solid circle (the spot); if the beam has not been focused, the spot may be much

larger, or have fuzzy edges, or be made up of many dots (beamlets), or even (with an

LaB6 cathode) have an unusual cross shape. As the position, size and shape of the spot
can be easily observed, the screen is useful for alignment and setting the proper operating

parameters for the gun. Faraday Cup A Faraday cup can be used to detect and measure

the actual beam current emitted from the electron/ion gun. The Faraday cup consists of a

shielded cup with an aperture, which collects the electrons or ions, and an output wire,

which is connected to an ammeter. The Faraday cup can be completely separate from the

gun, or it can be part of an assembly mounted to the end of the electron/ion gun and

manipulated remotely. Some Faraday cup assemblies include a phosphor screen as well.

An array of small Faraday cups or a Faraday cup on mounted on a linear manipulator can

be used to measure the distribution of the beam current across the spot; this shows the

beam uniformity. Unmounted Faraday cup Maltese-cross shaped spot from an unfocused

LaB6 cathode seen on a phosphor screen inside the vacuum chamber iv ELECTRON

GUNS ION GUNS EMITTERS DETECTORS COMPONENTS INDEX /

INFORMATION INDEX / INFORMATION Toll Free: 1 888 KIM-PHYS (1 888 546-

7497) e-mail: info@kimphys.com Tel. 1 603 878-1616 Fax: 1 603 878-3700

INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRON AND ION GUNS cont. WHAT ARE THE

CHARACTERISTICS OF AN ELECTRON OR ION BEAM? Beam Energy One of the

most important characteristics of the beam is the kinetic energy of the electrons or ions.

The beam energy is determined by overall potential difference that accelerates the

electrons/ions as they travel from the cathode/ ion source to the final aperture of the gun.

This energy, measured in electron volts (eV or keV), is controlled by the Energy power

supply and can range from 5 eV to 100 keV depending on the gun. The energy spread is a

measure of the variation in energies (typically less than half an eV), as not all particles

will exit with exactly the same energy. Beam Current Beam current is the total
electron/ion current exiting the gun and can be measured by a Faraday cup at the end of

the gun (in mA, µA, or nA). As discussed above under electron generation, beam current

is not identical to emission current, which is the total current that leaves the cathode/ion

source and goes to ground, because in the process of traveling down the gun and being

focused some of the electrons/ions will land on various gun elements. Thus the final

beam current at the target may be less than the initial emission current. Spot Size The

spot size is the diameter (in cm, mm or µm) of the electron/ion beam at a given distance

from the gun (working distance). This may range from 10 µm to several hundred mm,

depending on the gun. The spot is measured either visually on a phosphor screen, or by a

Faraday cup array; as the edge of the circle may not be clear cut, the full-widthhalf-max

measurement (FWHM) is defined as the width that includes all beam current densities

greater than half the maximum density. In a flood gun, which does not have focusing

lenses, the size of the spot is mainly dependent on the working distance, on how far away

the target is from the end of the gun, although other operating parameters have some

effect as well. Beam divergence is the angular spread of the electron/ion beam from the

final aperture of the gun (in degrees º) and so affects the spot size. Beam Uniformity and

Current Density Beam uniformity describes the beam current within the spot. The beam

current can be further characterized by measuring the beam current density, the beam

current per unit area at the target (typically in µA/cm2). The variation of beam current

density at different positions in the spot is called the beam current distribution. In most

guns, this distribution is similar to a normal curve (called the Gaussian curve); the spot is

brightest in the central area and fades off at the edges. A few guns have elements

designed to produce a flatter, more uniform distribution across the entire spot. HOW IS
THE BEAM TURNED ON AND OFF? In most guns, the electron or ion beam may be

turned off and on while the gun is running. The way this is accomplished depends on the

particular gun design; often several methods are available for a gun. Grid Cut Off The

grid, sometimes called G-1 or the Wehnelt, is the first electrostatic element in the gun that

the electrons/ions come to after being emitted from the cathode/ion source. The grid

provides the first control over the beam and usually can be used to shut off the beam. In

an electron gun, if the grid voltage is sufficiently negative with respect to the cathode, it

will suppress the emission of the electrons, first from the edge of the cathode and at

higher (more negative) voltages from the entire cathode surface. Similarly, in some ion

guns, a positive grid voltage can suppress the positive ions from the ion source. The

minimum voltage required to completely shut off the flow of electrons/ions to the target

is called the grid cut off. The grid voltage is controlled manually by a potentiometer knob

on the power supply; thus, in most guns, the beam can be turned off while the gun is

running by setting the grid to the cut off voltage. Beam Pulsing Pulsing, also called fast

beam pulsing, is stopping and starting the flow of electrons or ions in a fast cycle. This

pulsing is usually accomplished by rapidly switching the grid voltage to its cut off

potential to stop the beam. The gird voltage can be controlled by several different

methods (listed in order of speed): 1) Manual control with the dial potentiometer, 2)

Remote control with computer input into power supply terminals, 3) Dual grid power

supplies with a TTL signal input, and 4) Capacitive pulsing with a pulse junction box or

cable and an external pulse generator. The features of these four methods are compared in

the table on the next page. The simplest method of turning the beam off and on is just to

cycle the grid voltage by hand with the control knob on the front of the power supply.
Clearly, this would be slow and not reproducible. A more systematic method of

controlling the grid is by an input signal into the remote terminals on the rear panel of the

power supply. Remote control is a standard feature on all power supplies, so this method

does not require any system options. However, it may not provide sufficiently fast

pulsing. With the dual grid pulsing option, there are two grid power supplies built into the

main power supply. A pulsing TTL (transistor-transistorlogic) signal switches rapidly

between the two supplies, pulsing the beam on and off. For most guns, the dual supplies

are (1) the normal, variable control grid supply which is adjusted to allow the electron

flow and (2) a fixed grid supply which is fixed at the cut-off grid voltage at the factory.

For guns that usually have a positive grid, the dual supplies are (1) a variable positive

grid supply which allows the electron flow, and (2) a variable negative grid supply which

is adjusted to cut-off. Comparison of Emission Current and Beam Current EMISSION &

BEAM CURRENT vs SOURCE CURRENT SOURCE CURRENT (amps) 1.3 1.4 1.5

1.6 1.7 EMISSION & BEAM CURRENT (microamps) 0 100 200 300 400 500

EMISSION CURRENT BEAM CURRENT EFG-8 ELECTRON GUN EFG-8-4360 /

EGPS-8-383 06/29/98 4360n0graphs.jnb source sweep ENERGY = 1500 eV GRID = 0 V

WORKING DISTANCE = 0 mm CHAMBER PRESSURE = 1.0 x 10 -7 torr Grid

pulsing cable for capacitative pulsing v INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRON AND ION

GUNS cont. HOW IS THE BEAM TURNED ON AND OFF?(cont..) Beam Pulsing cont.

For the capacitive or fast pulsing option, many guns can be equipped with a capacitor-

containing device (either a separate pulse junction box or a cable with a box) that

receives signal from an external pulse generator. The grid power supply and pulse

generator outputs are superimposed to produce the voltage at the grid aperture, as shown
in the diagram below. The grid power supply is first set at the cut off voltage. As the grid

voltage is negative with respect to the cathode, positive voltage pulses are required to

pulse the gun on. The general pattern of the beam pulsing is a square wave with a

variable width (time off and time on) and a variable repetition rate. Capacitive pulsing

can provide the fastest rise/ fall time and shortest pulse length of the various methods.

However, the capacitor does not permit long pulses or DC operation. Not all guns are

designed to be pulsed. For example, a few electron guns have a positive grid, and some

ion guns have a negative grid, in order to extract more electrons or ions, and so these

guns do not have grid cut off. However, Kimball Physics can often customize a positive

grid system to allow pulsing. HOW IS THE BEAM TURNED ON AND OFF?(cont..)

Beam Blanking Beam blanking is accomplished by deflecting the electron beam to

interrupt the flow of electrons to the target while the gun is running. The electrons are

absorbed by plates on the side of the gun instead of going to the target. Thus, beam

blanking is different from standard pulsing in that the electron beam is not actually cut off

and the grid is not involved. Blanking can be controlled by a pulsing TTL (transistor--

transistorlogic) signal from an external TTL generator and is used to turn the beam at the

target on and off rapidly. The rise/ fall time with blanking is approximately 500 ns.

Capacitative Fast Beam Pulsing Diagram The grid power supply and pulse generator

outputs superimpose to produce the voltage at the grid aperture. This grid voltage then

controls the beam current, pulsing it on and off. At time (a) the grid power supply is set to

the cut off voltage, and at time (b) the pulse generator is started. SUMMARY OF BEAM

PULSING METHODS 1) MANUAL CONTROL Features: Rise /fall ~ 0.5 s Pulse

lenghts ~ 0.5s to DC possible Available on all guns that cut off Operator needs to control
grid potentiometer Drawbacks: Slow and irregular Not available on electron guns with

positive grid or guns without cut off 2) REMOTE CONTROL Features: Rise /fall ~ 1 ms

Pulse lenghts ~ 1ms to DC possible Available on all guns that cut off 0 to 10 V control

signal required (e.g. D/A converter, DAQ board with analog input) Drawbacks: Not

available on electron guns with positive grid or guns without cut off May not be

sufficiently fast 3) DUAL GRID POWER SUPPLIES Features: Rise /fall ~ 500 ns Pulse

lenghts ~ 1 µs to DC possible Controlled by any TTL generator (computer or stand alone)

Optional, built into main Power Supply, request at time of order Drawbacks: May not be

sufficiently fast 4) CAPACITATIVE PULSING Features: Rise /fall ~ 10 ns Pulse lenghts

~ 20 ns to 100 µs Controlled by a external pulse generator with positive voltage at least

equal to grid cut off value Removable pulse junction box or special cable (depends on

gun) Can be added to existing system Drawbacks: Long pulses not achievable Requires

pulse generator with desired rise /fall Not available on electron guns with positive grid or

guns without cut off EMG-12 Electron Gun with Beam Blanker installed Beam Blanker

region Beam Pulsing cont. vi ELECTRON GUNS ION GUNS EMITTERS

DETECTORS COMPONENTS INDEX / INFORMATION INDEX / INFORMATION

Toll Free: 1 888 KIM-PHYS (1 888 546-7497) e-mail: info@kimphys.com Tel. 1 603

878-1616 Fax: 1 603 878-3700 INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRON AND ION GUNS

cont. HOW IS THE BEAM MOVED ON THE TARGET? Mechanical Alignment

Mechanical alignment is available with many gun mounting systems to aid in aiming the

electron or ion beam at the target. A rotating flange or a device consisting of two rotating

angled disks (a Port Aligner) can be used to mechanically change the position of the gun.

Port Aligners are available from several manufacturers. Deflection Many Kimball
Physics electron and ion guns have an electrostatic deflection system as an option. In the

gun column following the focusing lenses, two pairs of plates (X+,X- and Y+, Y-) are

arranged around the path of the beam. Voltages are applied to these plates by manually-

controlled X and Y power supplies, and the resulting electrical field bends the path of the

beam. This deflection is used to move the beam around in the plane of the target to

position the beam. In a few guns, magnetic coils are optionally available to similarly

deflect the beam for alignment. Rastering Rastering, which is related to deflection, is a

continuous movement of the electron or ion beam over the target plane in order to

uniformly cover an area over time. This rastering is similar to what occurs with a TV or

CRT screen. Two synchronized, cyclically-varying voltages are applied to the X and Y

deflection plates in the gun. This causes the beam to move in a synchronized pattern:

sweeping back and forth (X direction) while simultaneously moving down more slowly

(Y direction), then returning to the start position without sweeping back and forth

(retrace). Visually, it appears that the beam covers a large square area, instead of a single

small spot. Rastering is occasionally done in an unsynchronized mode. Beam Rocking

Magnetic beam rocking, which is used in a few high-energy guns, is very similar to

rastering. Instead of electrostatic deflection plates, currents in electromagnetic coils

around the gun move the electron beam in an unsynchronized pattern over the target area.

The effect is the same as rastering, to provide a more uniform coverage of a larger area.

HOW ARE THE POWER SUPPLIES CONTROLLED? The power supply unit, which is

part of the electron or ion gun system, is a complete unit containing electronic circuitry,

meters and controls, that takes power input from the outside line and converts it to

voltages and currents required to run the electron or ion gun. Individual power supplies
within the power supply unit provide the voltage to particular gun elements. The output

of a power supply is monitored by either an analog meter (one with a dial and pointer) or

with a digital voltage meter (DVM). Manual and Remote Control These individual

supplies can be controlled either manually by the potentiometers on the front of the

power supply unit, or remotely by a signal into the remote controls on the rear of the

power supply. The manual dial potentiometer controls a 0 to 10 V signal that directly

controls the output of the individual power supply proportionally. By use of the remote

control terminals , the supplies may be either voltage programmed or resistance

programmed. The voltage signal can be obtained from any source, such as a computer

with a digital to analog converter, or an analog supply. Resistance programming involves

connecting a resistor to the remote terminals. Feedback Control (ECC) In addition to the

usual manual or remote control, the source power supply can be controlled in a feedback-

regulated mode, labeled ECC for Emission Current Control. In electron guns, this

feedback circuitry regulates the source power supply, which heats the filament, so that a

constant emission current is maintained from the cathode. Similarly, in alkali metal ion

guns, the ECC regulates the heating of the ion cartridge and so maintains a constant ion

emission current. In gas ion guns, the ECC feedback circuitry controls the electrons used

for ionization, but this does not completely regulate the emission of ions from the ion

source, as the ionization is also dependent on the gas pressure and other factors. Kimball

Physics Ion Gun Power Supply, shown with Ion Gun This system includes the following

supplies: Ion Energy, Source with ECC feedback control, Electron Energy, Extract, Grid,

Focus, X Deflection, and Y Deflection (Manual controls are on the front panel and

remote control terminals on the rear panel) vii INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRON AND
ION GUNS cont. HOW IS THE GUN CONNECTED TO THE VACUUM SYSTEM?

Mounted Guns Most Kimball Physics electron and ion guns are designed in a mounted

configuration, the gun being housed in a tube with a flange for connecting the vacuum

system. The mounting system uses a standard type of vacuum flange (called a CFF or

ConFlat flange) that has a knife edge on the sealing surface and comes in standard sizes

according to its approximate diameter; for example, a 1a CF flange has about a 1.33 inch

or 34 mm diameter, a 2¾ CF flange about 2.75 inch or 70 mm, and a 6 CF about 6 inches

or 152 mm. The mounted gun also includes cable connectors for the power supply and

vacuum feedthroughs, which are insulated connections for the electrical wires and other

tubes needed to connect the gun to the power supply cable and other external parts, such

as a gas tank. A Kimball Physics Flange Multiplexer, which is used as the mounting

system on many electron/ion guns, has a one (2¾ CF) flange surface to connect to a

vacuum port and five smaller (1aCF) flanges for various feedthroughs and cable

connectors. Unmounted Guns Some of the simpler guns are also available in an

unmounted configuration, which allows the customer to design the housing, mounting

system and vacuum connections. Vacuum Fittings A more complete discussion of the

design of vacuum components and descriptions of the many vacuum parts available from

Kimball Physics that can be used in building a vacuum system are given in the

COMPONENTS SECTION (the green section) of this catalog. WHAT HAZARDS ARE

INVOLVED WITH ELECTRON AND ION GUNS? Safety from possible hazards due to

High Voltage or X-ray radiation must be a consideration in setting up and operating the

entire system. The purchaser's safety officer should inspect the installation and shielding

of the electron/ion gun prior to operation. High Voltage Proper High Voltage precautions
and grounding techniques must be observed. In no event should the power supply be

energized unless the electron/ion gun is bolted into a properly evacuated high vacuum

chamber. Proper vacuums are better than 1 x 10-5 torr for refractory metal cathodes/ion

sources, or better than 1 x 10-7 torr for LaB6 and BaO cathodes. To energize the system

without proper vacuum would cause the gun to be damaged by arc-overs, that expose the

operator to a severe electric shock hazard. In no event should the safety interlocks on the

high voltage cable, or in the power supply, be disconnected or bypassed. Due to possible

high voltage hazards, Kimball Physics does not recommend that users construct their own

power supply. X-Ray Radiation For a higher-powered electron gun (over 10 keV), X-ray

radiation hazards are a concern. Since high-energy electrons striking targets or any other

surface on the interior of the vacuum chamber may generate x-ray radiation, x-ray

radiation shielding is recommended when using the electron/ion gun. This x-ray shielding

is part of the host vacuum system. Therefore, the purchaser must observe proper radiation

shielding procedures to protect personnel and/or property when designing the host

vacuum system into which the gun is to be inserted. When observing the target area of a

higher-powered electron gun (over 10 keV), it is necessary to cover standard glass

viewports with leaded glass; failure to do so could increase the risk of exposure to x-rays.

Unleaded viewports are transparent to x-rays, so direct viewing of the cathode or target

area through normal glass viewports is a radiation health hazard. HOW ARE THE GUNS

TESTED? Every new electron or ion gun and power supply built at Kimball Physics is

individually tested by being run in our vacuum laboratory, and data on various gun

parameters are collected. This ensures that each gun functions properly, is well aligned,

and meets its specifications. Graphs are provided to the customer showing the results of
this testing to aid in determining the operating conditions for the particular gun. Guns

returned for rebuild or repair undergo similar, but less extensive, testing. (The only

exceptions to this testing procedure are a few simple, firing unit models sold in large

batches.) Data The data collected depends on the gun model and the needs of the

customer. The following graphs are generally included: the V-I Characteristic (Source

Current vs Source Voltage), which shows the performance of the particular cathode/ion

source; Emission and Beam Current vs Source Current, which shows the overall gun

performance, how much beam can be produced, and is used to set the source when

running the gun; Emission Current vs Grid Voltage and Beam Current vs Grid Voltage at

various Energies, which together show how the grid can be used to improve or to cut off

the beam. Depending on the gun, graphs showing focusing parameters, spot size, beam

current density, or other properties may also be provided. Additional custom-designed

testing procedures can be performed as required by the customer. Some representative

graphs are shown in this catalog under the various gun models; data for electron guns are

in the blue section, and for ion guns in the red section.

3.4 LINK

A mechanical linkage is an assembly of bodies connected to manage forces and

movement. The movement of a body, or link, is studied using geometry so the link is
considered to be rigid.[1] The connections between links are modeled as providing ideal
movement, pure rotation or sliding for example, and are called joints. A linkage modeled as a
network of rigid links and ideal joints is called a kinematic chain.

Linkages may be constructed from open chains, closed chains, or a combination of open and
closed chains. Each link in a chain is connected by a joint to one or more other links. Thus, a
kinematic chain can be modeled as a graph in which the links are paths and the joints are
vertices, which is called a linkage graph.
The deployable mirror linkage is constructed from a series of rhombus or scissor linkages.

An extended scissor lift

The movement of an ideal joint is generally associated with a subgroup of the group of
Euclidean displacements. The number of parameters in the subgroup is called the degrees
of freedom (DOF) of the joint. Mechanical linkages are usually designed to transform a given
input force and movement into a desired output force and movement. The ratio of the output
force to the input force is known as themechanical advantage of the linkage, while the ratio
of the input speed to the output speed is known as the speed ratio. The speed ratio and
mechanical advantage are defined so they yield the same number in an ideal linkage.

Perhaps the simplest linkage is the lever, which is a link that pivots around
a fulcrum attached to ground, or a fixed point. As a force rotates the lever, points far from the
fulcrum have a greater velocity than points near the fulcrum. Because power into the lever
equals the power out, a small force applied at a point far from the fulcrum (with greater
velocity) equals a larger force applied at a point near the fulcrum (with less velocity). The
amount the force is amplified is called mechanical advantage. This is the law of the lever.

Two levers connected by a rod so that a force applied to one is transmitted to the second is
known as a four-bar linkage. The levers are called cranks, and the fulcrums are called pivots.
The connecting rod is also called the coupler. The fourth bar in this assembly is the ground,
or frame, on which the cranks are mounted.

Linkages are important components of machines and tools. Examples range from the four-
bar linkage used to amplify force in a bolt cutteror to provide independent suspension in an
automobile, to complex linkage systems in robotic arms and walking machines. The internal
combustion engine uses a slider-crank four-bar linkage formed from its piston, connecting
rod, and crankshaft to transform power from expanding burning gases into rotary power.
Relatively simple linkages are often used to perform complicated tasks.

Interesting examples of linkages include the windshield wiper, the bicycle suspension,
and hydraulic actuators for heavy equipment. In these examples the components in the
linkage move in parallel planes and are called "planar linkages." A linkage with at least one
link that moves in three-dimensional space is called a "spatial linkage." The skeletons of
robotic systems are examples of spatial linkages. The geometric design of these systems
relies on modern computer aided design software.

The 4-bar linkage is an adapted mechanical linkage used on bicycles. With a normal full-
suspension bike the back wheel moves in a very tight arc shape. This means that more
power is lost when going uphill. [clarification needed] With a bike fitted with a 4-bar linkage, the wheel
moves in such a large arc that it is moving almost vertically. This way the power loss is
reduced by up to 30%.
 CHAPTER IV

DESIGN AND DRAWING

 CHAPTER IV

DESIGN AND DRAWING

4.1 Battery

4.2 spring

4.3 Link

4.4 Electron gun

 CHAPTER V

WORKING PRINCIPLE

When two wheeler is started , Engine pinion transmits power to the rear wheel by
the chain drive. The inciter assembly which is kept at the center of the chain drive
gets rotates as the sprocket gets engage with chain drive. So when the sprocket
rotates the lifting lever mounted with axle rotates .Hence the lifting lever is
engaged the pushing lever pushes the side stand by clamping it with the “C”
shaped clamp stand holder and hence the spring tensed in the side stand get
compressed quickly as a esult side stand get retrieves.
 CHAPTER V

WORKING PRINCIPLE

The stand is fixed in the plate with the help of spring arrangement.In the

chain drive arrangement an extra sprocket is mounted and that sprocket is used to

retrieve the stand. Links and the locking pin is connected to the stand and the

sprocket. When the vehicle is on automatically the stand goes up with help of links.

All the components are mounted on a frame for demonstration of this project.
 CHAPTER VI

MERITS & DEMERITS

 CHAPTER VI

MERITS & DEMERITS

MERITS

 Life Saving Device

 Easy installation

 Low cost

 No power consumption

 Easy maintenance
CHAPTER VII

APPLICATIONS
 CHAPTER VII

APPLICATIONS

1. All motor cycles

 CHAPTER VIII

LIST OF MATERIALS
 CHAPTER VIII

LIST OF MATERIALS

FACTORS DETERMINING THE CHOICE OF MATERIALS

The various factors which determine the choice of material are discussed below.

1. PROPERTIES

The material selected must posses the necessary properties for the proposed

application. The various requirements to be satisfied

Can be weight, surface finish, rigidity, ability to withstand environmental attack

from chemicals, service life, reliability etc.

The following four types of principle properties of materials decisively affect their

selection

 Physical

 Mechanical

 From manufacturing point of view

 Chemical

The various physical properties concerned are melting point, thermal Conductivity,

specific heat, coefficient of thermal expansion, specific gravity, electrical conductivity,

magnetic purposes etc.

The various Mechanical properties Concerned are strength in tensile,

 Compressive shear, bending, torsion and buckling load, fatigue resistance, impact

resistance, elastic limit, endurance limit, and modulus of elasticity, hardness, wear

resistance and sliding properties.

The various properties concerned from the manufacturing point of view are,

 Cast ability

 Weld ability

 Surface properties

 Shrinkage

 Deep drawing etc.

2. MANUFACTURING CASE

Sometimes the demand for lowest possible manufacturing cost or surface qualities

obtainable by the application of suitable coating substances may demand the use of

special materials.

3. QUALITY REQUIRED

This generally affects the manufacturing process and ultimately the material. For

example, it would never be desirable to go casting of a less number of components which

can be fabricated much more economically by welding or hand forging the steel.

4. AVAILABILITY OF MATERIAL

Some materials may be scarce or in short supply, it then becomes obligatory for

the designer to use some other material which though may not be a perfect substitute for
the material designed. The delivery of materials and the delivery date of product should

also be kept in mind.

5. SPACE CONSIDERATION

Sometimes high strength materials have to be selected because the forces

involved are high and space limitations are there.

6. COST

As in any other problem, in selection of material the cost of material plays an

important part and should not be ignored.

Some times factors like scrap utilization, appearance, and non-maintenance of the

designed part are involved in the selection of proper materials.

 CHAPTER IX

COST ESTIMATION
 CHAPTER IX

COST ESTIMATION

1. MATERIAL COST

2. LABOUR COST

Lathe, drilling, welding, drilling, power hacksaw, gas cutting cost

3. OVERGHEAD CHARGES

The overhead charges are arrived by” manufacturing cost”

Manufacturing Cost = Material Cost + Labor Cost

Overhead Charges = 20%of the manufacturing cost

4. TOTAL COST

Total cost = Material Cost +Labor Cost +Overhead Charges

Total cost for this project =

CHAPTER X

CONCLUSION
 CHAPTER X

CONCLUSION

Sprocket- side stand retrieve system” will definitely good retrieve system.

Since the setup is compact it does not affect the performance of the vehicle. Because of

the power is obtained from chain drive. Definitely this system could be used in all type of

two-wheelers (Tvs-XL, all front, back, hand geared) for retrieving the side stand, it will

be the major system to control accidents due side stand problem and protect the careless

rider. This system can be implemented in all types of bikes by changing small variation in

size and cost of this system also very low and so it will not affect the economic level also.

While compare to other system this SPROCKET SIDE STAND RETRIEVE SYSTEM

will be the life saver.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

[1] Analysis on braking ability of automobile equipped with eddy current retarder.HE Ren, HE

Jian-qing(School of Automobile and Traffic Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang,Jiangsu

212013, China).

[2] Modelling and analysis of Two wheeler connecting rod.International journal of Modern

Engineering Research (IJMER) Vol.2, Issue.5, Sep-Oct. 2012 pp-3371 cting rod, Dr. K.Tirupathi

Reddy2. Syed Ataf Hussain.

[3] Shigley, J.E. and C.R. Mischke, 2001. “Mechanical Engineering Design”, McGraw-Hill, New

York, 776. Webster, W.D., R.Coffell and D. Alfaro, 1983.

[4] Meriam, J.L. and L.G.Kraige., 1998. Engineering Mechanics, 5 th Edition, New York, john

willey, 712. [5] Kolchin, A., V. Demidov, 1984. “design of Automotive Engines,” MIR

publication.
PHOTOGRAPHY