SOAL PPU PEMDA BANTUL TAHUN 2019

PAKET 2

The following text is for questions 1 and 2.

National High School Cheerleading Championship

February 10 - 11, 2018

The National High School Cheerleading Championship (NHSCC) is

the most prestigious cheerleading championship in the country. The NHSCC is held at
the Dufan, Jakarta, and nationally televised on RCTI and SCTV to
over 100 million homes and 32 countries nationwide each year.
Teams must attend to participate in the Squad Credentialing Program in order to be
eligible to compete and receive a challenge at a 2017 Qualifying Tournament for
the 2018 NHSCC.
Click NHSCC.com for more information.

You can also Contact the representative office in your school for further information.

1. What is the writing purpose of the text above?

A. To ask readers to perform in the National High School Cheerleading Championship.
B. To invite the cheerleading teams to compete and receive a bid for the 2018 NHSCC.
C. To let students know about the National High School Cheerleading Championship.
D. To announce the National High School Cheerleading Championship.

2. The cheerleader's teams are supposed to take part in the Squad Credentialing Program
because...
A. they will be eligible to compete and receive a challenge for the 2018 NHSCC.
B. the Squad Credentialing Program is the most prestigious cheerleading championship.
C. they will compete and receive a challenge at every Qualifying Tournament.
D. they will win The National High School Cheerleading Championship 2018.

The following text is for questions 3 and 4.

INVITATION FOR
ELISE’S CLASSMATES
We’ve watched Elise grow throughout her academic career
The time has passed so quickly and now graduation is here
We’re proud to write you to
A Graduation Party
in her honor
Saturday, May 10th, 2018 at 2 pm
101 South Country Road
Patchogue, NY

Rob and Terri Gross

Regrets only Chatty by May 9th, 2018

3. The writer's intention to write the text is to...

A. let Elise’s classmates know about Elise’s graduation party
B. request the addressee to come to Elise’s graduation party
C. congratulate Elise on her graduation celebration
D. announce Elise's graduation to her classmates
4. What will the readers likely do after receiving the invitation?
A. Ensure Elise if they cannot come to the party.
B. Confirm to Elise if they can come to the party.
C. Confirm to Cathy if they cannot come to the party.
D. Confirm to Cathy if they can or cannot come to the party.

The following text is for questions 5 to7.

DO YOU HAVE PROBLEMS IN ACHIEVING HIGH TOEFL SCORE?
DO YOU WANT TO CONTINUE YOUR STUDY ABROAD?

JUST COME AND JOIN US AT

Real English Course (REC)
And enjoy our unique system of
Achieving the highest TOEFL score at a short period of time!!

TOEFL has become one of the requirements to study at many American,

European and most foreign universities using English as the official language.

Details of the course can be found Undergraduate and postgraduate

here or follow the twitter @REC- students are the prioritized.
training. Hurry up! Register now! seats are available only for only limited
See you there! students.
FREE REGISTRATION FEE FOR TEN FIRST !

5. The text is written to...

A. ask people to continue studying abroad
B. give information about a TOEFL program
C. inform a solution to get the high TOEFL score
D. persuade people to join the Real English Course

6. If someone joins the Real English Course (REC), he/she will be likely able to...
A. use English as the informal language
B. enjoy the common system to learn
C. achieve the highest TOEFL score
D. continue studying in our country

7. What is the good point of Real English Course (REC)?

A. It solves problems in achieving the high English score for the learners.
B. It gives a unique system for learners to get the highest TOEFL score.
C. It supports and donates the learners to continue studying abroad.
D. It gives free course registration fee for all the registrants.

The following text is for questions 8 and 9.

To: The committee of SSEPC 2018

We'd like to remind you about the coordination meeting to prepare the annual School
Student English Proficiency Competition (SSEPC ) 2018 which will be held next
month. The meeting will be held tomorrow, October 7th, 2018 at 02.00 pm. after
school. We need your brilliant ideas to increase the quality of the Students' English
Proficiency Competition.

YOS
English Club Chairman
8. What does the above message tell about?
A. The information about how to prepare the Students' English Proficiency Competition.
B. The invitation to the committee of SSEPC to take part in the English competition.
C. The reminder for the committee of SSEPC about the coordination meeting.
D. The announcement about the Students' English Proficiency Competition.

9. What will probably happen if the committee members do not support the new brilliant ideas?
A. The SSEPC 2018 will run much better.
B. The coordination meeting will stay stuck.
C. The SSEPC 2018 will run as well as before.
D. The committee will hesitate to hold the SSEPC 2018.

The following text is for questions 10 and 11.

20 September 2014

Dear Tasya,
You are invited to attend the meeting to plan our school anniversary programs. The meeting will
be held on Monday, 22 September 2018 in the Student Center.
One of the purposes of the meeting is to confer the programs for celebrating our school
anniversary and to decide who will be in charge of them. Along with students of Grades 8 and
9, we will also invite Mr. Jaelani, our vice principal to give some suggestions about the programs
related to the school vision to enliven the event.
We look forward to having the meeting with you and other students.

Sincerely,
Surya P.
Student Association President

10. What is the writer’s intention to send write the invitation above?
A. To require Tasya to come to the meeting.
B. To remind Tasya to discuss the programs.
C. To inform the programs of the school anniversary.
D. To ask Tasya to decide the school anniversary programs.

11. From the text, we know that the Student Association members need to invite their vice
principal because he is supposed to...
A. be in charge of the school anniversary celebration.
B. help Student Association to enliven the meeting discussion.
C. give his advice about programs related to the school vision.
D. convey the school vision in the school anniversary celebration.
The following text is for questions 12 and 13.

PAINTING CONTEST

To all students of SMP Bina Bangsa,

To commemorate our school green day, we will hold

the school painting contest on:
Day/date: Saturday, April 21st, 2018
Place: School hall
Time : 09:00 am – till drop

The objective of the contest is to strengthen the students' positive and sensitive sense towards
the school green environment. Those who are interested in joining this event, get yourselves
registered to the coordinator of the contest.

The followings are some specific requirements the contestants must follow:
1. The participants must prepare their own brushes, and paint, while the canvas and tables will
be provided by the committee.
2. The theme of painting must be about our school green and friendly environment.

Please do free registration no later than April 19th, 2018 at our committee office.

Committee Chairman
12.Andre
WhatBastian
must the painting contestants prepare from home?
A. Brushes
B. Canvas.
C. Theme.
D. Table.

13. The objective of the contest is to strengthen the students' positive and sensitive sense
towards the school green environment.
The underlined word is the closest meaning to...
A. importance
B. assessment
C. theme
D. aim

The following text is for questions 14 to 16.

One of the most important people in my life is my Daddy. His name is

Hari Tamama. He is about 50 years old now but he looks younger. His body
is like an athlete. He is tall, strong, and has proportional weight. His hair is
short and straight. His eyes are small and brown. His skin is soft and white.
He has a nice smile.
My Daddy has some talents. He is good at singing Jazz songs. He can play piano as
well as guitar. He can do some traditional dances. Besides, he can type on a computer very
fast.
My Daddy is very humorous. He often makes jokes. Because of this many people
are often made laugh happily. He is rich of funny stories. When attending a meeting, Daddy
always makes the meeting alive with his various funny jokes.
In addition, my Daddy is a good figure in my family. He takes care of his family
well. He often goes to bed late because of finishing his work. On the other hand, he always
gets up earlier than the other family members to prepare everything needed by his children.
14. What is the writer’s purpose to write the text?
A. To tell how to be a good father.
B. To tell her father’s daily activity.
C. To inform her father’s characters.
D. To show his pride about her father.

15. Many people always laugh happily at the writer’s father ... he is very humorous with his
various funny jokes.
A. so that
B. because
C. although
D. otherwise

16. Because of this many people are often made laugh happily. ( 3rd paragraph ).
The underlined word replaces the clause...
A. he often makes jokes
B. he is rich in funny stories
C. he often makes people laugh
D. he is a good figure

The following text is for questions 17 to19.

Tornado is one of the natural disasters. Tornado is a violently rotating
column of air that is in contact with both the surface of the earth and a
cumulonimbus cloud. Tornadoes come in many shapes and sizes, but they are
usually in the form of a visible condensation funnel. It has a narrow end which
touches the earth and is often encircled by a debris cloud and dust. It occurs
when there is sufficient instability and wind shear presents in the lower
atmosphere.
Most tornadoes have wind speeds less than 180 km/h and are about 80 m
across. They travel several kilometers before they disappear. The most extreme
tornadoes have wind speeds of more than 480 km/h, stretch more 3 km across, and stay on the ground
for more than 100 km.
Tornadoes have been observed on every continent except Antarctica. However, tornadoes often
occur in the Tornado Alley region of the United States. They also sometimes occur in south-central and
eastern Asia, northern and east-central South America, Southern Africa, northwestern and southeast
Europe, western and southeastern Australia, and New Zealand. Tornadoes can be detected before or when
they occur using Pulse-Doppler radar.
There are several scales for rating the strength of tornadoes. The Fujita Scale rates tornadoes in
case of their damage levels. An F-0 tornado is the weakest category. It can damage trees, but not
substantial structures. Meanwhile, An F-5 tornado is the strongest category, it can rip buildings off their
foundations and can deform large skyscrapers. The similar TORRO scale ranges from a T-0 for extremely
weak tornadoes to T-11 for the most powerful tornadoes.

17. What does the writer want to highlight?

A. The several scales for the rating of a tornado.
B. One of natural disaster worldwide.
C. Tornado, one of the natural disasters.
D. The most extreme tornado.

18. What is the main idea of the third paragraph is...

A. a tornado has been observed on every continent and country including Antarctica
continent
B. a tornado occurs in several parts of continents and can be detected by Pulse-Doppler
radar
C. a tornado occurs in all parts of continents in the Alley region of the United States
D. a tornado can be detected before or after they occur using Pulse-Doppler radar
19. From the text, we know that Tornado happens when...
A. debris of cloud and dust encircle in the air
B. there is a visible condensation funnel in many shapes and small sizes
C. there is sufficient instability and wind shear presents in the lower atmosphere.
D. wind speeds less than 180 km/h about 80 m across and travels several kilometers before
they disappear

The following text is for questions 20 to 22.

Bregedel Tempe
150 g Tempe 1 tablespoon of flour
2 tablespoons of fried shallots 1 egg
3 kefir lime leaves 1 cup of vegetable oil for frying

Spice Paste
3 large chilies (removed seeds) ½ teaspoon of chopped galangal
3 small chilies 1 candlenut
2 red shallots ½ teaspoon of coriander seeds
2 cloves garlic ½ teaspoon of salt
¼ teaspoon of shrimp paste

1. Mash the Tempe with a fork or place it in a bowl of a food processor then blend it lightly
until it looks like coarse bread crumbs.
2. Grind the spices in a mortar and blend to a smooth paste.
3. Put the mashed Tempe in a bowl and mix with the spice paste, fried shallots, and lime leaves.
Stir them in the flour followed by the egg to make the dough adhered.
4. Shape the Tempe into fritters in size of a golf ball then flatten with a fork.
5. Heat the vegetable oil in a wok over a medium flame. When the oil is hot, drop the fritters
into the oil, five or six at a time.
6. Fry the fritters of bregedel Tempe until golden brown on both sides, drain them on a tissue
to absorb the oil down.
7. Serve them hot with chili.

20. What is the writer’s intention to write the text?

A. To explain how to make bregedel Tempe.
B. To describe what bregedel Tempe looks like.
C. To show the method to serve bregedel Tempe.
D. To inform readers what bregedel Tempe is made from.

21. What should you do to make the Tempe looks like coarse bread crumbs?
A. Grind Tempe in a mortar and blend it.
B. Blend Tempe heavily with a food processor.
C. Mix Tempe gently with a food processor.
D. Cut the Tempe into slices.

22. If you do not use a tissue to drain the bregedel Tempe, it will likely be...
A. crispy
B. moist
C. oily
D. dry
The following text is for questions 23 to 25.

Michael Jackson was born on August 29, 1958, in Gary, Indiana. He

was one of nine children. His mother, Katherine Jackson, was a homemaker
and a devout Jehovah's Witness. His father, Joseph Jackson, had been a
guitarist.
At the age of 13, Jackson launched a solo career in addition to his work
with the Jackson 5, making the charts in 1971 with "Got to Be There," from
the album of the same name. He released the best-selling album in history, 'Thriller,' in 1982. Known
as the "King of Pop," Michael Joseph Jackson was a best-selling American singer, songwriter, and
dancer. On a 1983, television special honoring Motown, Jackson performed his No. 1 hit "Billie
Jean" and debuted his soon-to-be-famous dance move, the Moonwalk.
In August 1994, Jackson married Lisa Marie Presley but the union proved to be short-lived.
They divorced in 1996. Later, still in the same year, Jackson married a nurse, Debbie Rowe. They
got two children through artificial insemination: Son Michael Joseph "Prince" Jackson and daughter
Paris, Michael Katherine Jackson. However, Rowe and Jackson divorced in 1999, and Michael
received full custody of their two children.
Being set to appear at the O2 Arena in London, England (beginning July 8, 2009), Jackson
saw all of the tickets to his "This Is It" tour sold out in only four hours. Sadly, Michael Jackson
would never get to experience the anticipated success of his comeback tour, as he died in June of
that year. He died of a drug overdose.

23. What does the text emphasize?

A. The explanation of a singer, Michael Jackson.
B. The short biography of a singer, Michael Jackson.
C. The description of an American singer, Michael Jackson.
D. The history of an American singer, songwriter, and dancer.

24. What is the main idea of the third paragraph?

A. Jackson married Debbie Rowe but then divorced.
B. Michael refused full custody of their two children.
C. Jackson married Lisa Marie Presley but then divorced.
D. Michael Jackson married and divorced twice along with his life.

25. After reading the text, we know that...

A. Michael Jackson had nine siblings in his family
B. Michael Jackson launched his single career at the age of 13
C. Michael Jackson was found dead because of his popularity
D. Michael Jackson got two children from his first marriage

The text is for questions number 26 to 28

A lion had been watching three buffaloes feeding in an open field. He had tried to attack them
several times. However, they had kept being three together, and helped each other to drive him
off. The lion had a little hope to eat them. He was not strong enough to fight with the three
strong buffaloes with their sharp horns and hoofs. The lion kept staying in the field; he waited
for the chance to attack them for days.

One day, the Buffaloes had a fight. The lion watched them from a distance. Then, he found
them separated at the corners of the field. One buffalo was standing near a tree. The others were
on the side of the river. The lion was very happy. It was the time for him to catch one of them.
Then, he attacked and ate them one by one easily.

26. What is the most suitable title of the above story?

A. Good buffaloes and a wicked lion.
B. Three buffaloes and their friends.
C. A strong lion and smart buffaloes.
D. A lion and three buffaloes.
27. What was the lion’s main problem?
A. The strong buffaloes caught the lion easily.
B. The lion was not strong enough to fight three buffaloes.
C. The strong buffaloes gave up to the lion and their friends.
D. The lion had a little hope of eating the tree buffaloes.

28. What did the lion do after catching the buffalo?

A. He ate them easily one by one.
B. He helped them to stay together.
C. He let them go away.
D. He went away.

The text is for questions number 29 and 30

Dear Tommy

CONGRATULATIONS! I know you must be proud and happy to attain the rank of
Eagle Scout. May the high goals and ideals which led to this special honor
continue to inspire you in the years ahead.

Aunty Susan

29. What is the writer’s intention to send the card?

A. To praise Tommy for his success.
B. To inspire Tommy to reach his goal.
C. To share his happiness with Tommy.
D. To support Tommy to get the Eagle Scout.

30. “ I know you must be proud and happy to attain the rank of Eagle Scout”
hat does the word “you” in the sentence above refer to?
A. The writer.
B. Aunt Susan.
C. Tommy’s nephew.
D. The writer’s nephew.

The text is for questions number 31 to 33

.
 Last holiday I went to Sari Ringgung beach in Pesawaran, Lampung. I went there with my
family. We went there by car. We left for the beach at 08.00 a.m. It took us two hours to get
there.
Arriving at the beach, I and my brothers and sisters did a lot of activities. The first activity
was swimming. After swimming, we played sand. We made a fort, houses, and hills of sand.
After being contented to play on the beach, we took a bath. After that, we ate some roasted corn
and drank some coconut water. After a short break, we continued to view seascape on boats.
After enjoying all the plays, we prepared to return home. Before going home, we enjoyed
some meatball on the side of the road. The meatball was so tasty that I ate two bowls of it. After
that, we continued the journey and got home safely at 7 p.m.
It was a tiring day, but we were very happy to get a lot of fun together there.

31. What is the writer’s intention to write the text?

A. To share his/her happy moment in Sari Ringgung Beach.
B. To suggest people to keep being happy in any situation.
C. To entertain the readers with his/her experience.
D. To describe his/her journey to the beach.

32. What did the writer and his brothers and sisters do after having a short break?
A. They enjoyed some roasted corn.
B. They took boats to view seascape.
C. They ate two bowls of meatballs.
D. They prepared to get home.

33. ” … but we were very happy to get a lot of fun together there.”
What does the word “there” in the text sentence above refer to?
A. At Sari Ringgung beach.
B. On the side of the road.
C. At the meatball stall.
D. At the seascape.

The text is for questions number 34 to 37

A long time ago, in China, there lived a little boy named Hung
Yung. He was the youngest child in the family and had many elder
brothers and sisters.
One day, their father brought home a big basket of pears.
He put the basket on the table and told his children that they could
take one pear for each. All the children except Hung Yung came
to the table and began to choose. Hung Yung stood back away
from his brothers and sisters.
When their father saw this, he was surprised and asked: "Hung
Yung, why don't you choose yourself a big pear?" The little boy answered, “Let my brothers
and sisters have the biggest pears because they are bigger than me, I will take the smallest
one.”
His father was very surprised to his reply because he was just three years old. He knew
that one day, his son would grow up to be a great man.

34. What is the writer’s purpose to write the text?

A. To inform the reader about the unfortunate boy.
B. To retell the experience of a little boy named Hung Yung.
C. To amuse the reader with a story of a little boy named Hung Yung.
D. To persuade the reader with a story of a little boy named Hung Yung.
35. What will likely happen to the youngest child when he grow up?
A. Becoming a generous person.
B. Understanding what he needs.
C. Growing to be a greedy boy.
D. Learning to be a good boy.

36. “He put the basket on the table and told his children?”
The word “he” in the sentence above refers to…
A. Hung Juan’s brother
B. Hung Juan’s uncle
C. Hung Juan’s friend
D. Hung Juan’s father.

37. What can you learn from the text above?

A. Giving in doesn't mean losing something.
B. Being a happy person for ourselves is good.
C. Changing to be a better person is our responsibility.
D. Being a generous person will lead someone to be a clever man.

The text is for number 38- 40

38. The label above is written in order to ….

A. persuade readers to buy the product
B. give detailed information about the product
C. describe the steps to produce the product
D. know the description of the product

39. The product above is best consumed ….

A. after December, the first two thousand and ten
B. before December, the first two thousand and ten
C. within December, the first two thousand and ten
D. on December, the first two thousand and ten

40. What is something useful do you find after reading the text?
A. Knowing the steps to produce the product.
 B. Knowing that the package contains more than 500 g of cereals.
C. Knowing that the product is not suitable for the any allergy sufferers.
D. Knowing the nutrition information of the product.

The text is for questions number 41 to 43

Angel Falls is a beautiful waterfall. It lies in
Venezuela’s national park, Canaima, Venezuela, the third
largest national park in the world. It is the highest
uninterrupted waterfalls in the world. Its height reaches up to
979 m and a plunge of 807 m. Angel Falls is approximately
15 times taller than Niagara Falls. The waterfall drops over the
edge of the Auyán-tepui mountain in the Canaima National
Park, a UNESCO World Heritage site in the Gran Sabana
region of Bolívar State. The waterfall is approximately 150 meters wide.
In very warm and dry weather, the waterfall sometimes evaporates into a mist before it
reaches the bottom. During the rainy season, the waterfall sometimes splits into two.
Visiting Angels Falls is not easy. To get there a tourist must take a plane to Puerto Ordaz
or Cuidad Bolivar. Then he/she should get to the Canaima Camp where they can take a jungle
river tour with an indigenous host. This tour will take him/her to the Angels Falls foothills. It is
also possible to take a helicopter tour. Some people choose to skydive off Angel Falls.

41. After reading the text, we know that the writer wants to emphasize ….
A. The Angel Falls, the third largest National park
B. The Angle Falls, the only Water Falls in the world.
C. The Angel Falls, the highest uninterrupted waterfalls in the world
D. The Angle Falls, the world of scaring indigenous host.

42. What will happen to the waterfalls when the weather is very warm and dry?
A. It will evaporates into a mist before it reaches the bottom.
B. The base of the waterfall will be 150 meters wide.
C. It will split into two waterfalls
D. The currents will increase

43. What will probably the readers do after reading the text above?
A. They will admire its beauty.
B. They will visit the Angel Falls.
C. They will take a jungle tour river.
D. They will travel around the waterfalls.

The text is for questions number 44 to 46

How to Save a Wet Cellphone

1. Take the phone out of the water as soon as possible
2. After removing the phone from water, quickly gather some paper towels or soft
cloths to lay the phone on while you remove the battery
3. Remove all other accessories such as memory cards and protective covers
4. Dry your phone with a soft cloth or towel
5. Place the phone in a bowl of uncooked rice overnight. The rice can absorb some
remaining moisture from the phone
6. Plug into its charger. If it still does not work, take your cellphone to an authorized
dealer.

44. We use the soft cloth or a towel to rub the wet cell phone in order to….
A. clean it
 B. keep it
C. move it
D. dry it.

45. What should we do after we lay the phone on paper towels or soft cloth?
A. Plug it into its charger.
B. Rub it with a cloth or paper.
C. Remove all other accessories and protective card.
D. Place the phone in a bowl on uncooked rice overnight.

46. “…quickly gather some paper towels or soft cloths to…”.

The underlined word has the closest meaning to….
A. rough
B. thick
C. gentle
D. downy

The text is for questions number 47 to 49

Gardenia plants are popular for the strong,

sweet scent of their flowers. Gardenia is the
national flowers in Pakistan. In Japan and China,
the flower is called Kuchinashi (Japanese) and Zhi
Zi (Chinese).
Gardenia plants are evergreen shrubs. Their
small trees can grow 1-5 meters tall. The leaves
are 5-50 centimeters long and 3-35 centimeters
broad, dark green and glossy with a leathery
texture. The flowers colors are white and pale
yellow, with 5-12 centimeters diameter. They
usually bloom in mid-spring to mid-summer.
Many species have a strong aroma.

To cultivate gardenia as a house plant is not easy. This species can be difficult to grow because it
is originated warm humid tropical plant. It demands high humidity and bright (not direct) light to
thrive. It flourishes in acidic soil with good drainage and thrives on 20º-23ºC during the day and
15º-16ºC in the evening. Potting soils developed specifically for gardenia are available. It grows
no larger than 18 inches in height and width when grown indoors but 6 feet of a height outdoors.

47. After reading the text, we know that the writer wants to highlight about ….

A. gardenia plants
B. a knowledge of a plant
C. a popular garden
D. a flower garden

48. The species of gardenia can be difficult to grow as a house plant because….
A. the flowers grow in small groups
B. most of its species have strong aromas
C. it is originated warm humid tropical plant
D. it usually blooms in mid-spring to mid-summer

49. Who will be interested in reading the text?

A. The Scientist.
B. The dentist.
C. The experts.
D. The botanist.

The text is for questions number 50

 To: Putra Bangsa JHS's speech club.

CONGRATULATION

For winning the debate!

Your hard work, research, and preparation have paid off.
Well done to the team and coach!.
Committee of Debate Competition

50. Your hard work, research, and preparation paid off.

The expression “have paid off “ in the sentence above means….

A. Competed
B. Completed
C. Compared
D. Compensated
 PEDOMAN PENILAIAN

PPU PEMDA PAKET 2 2018-2019

A. JUMLAH DAN BENTUK SOAL

Teknik Penilaian: Tertulis
Jumlah soal: 50 butir
Bentuk soal: Pilihan ganda

B. KUNCI JAWABAN
NO KUNCI NO KUNCI NO KUNCI NO KUNCI NO KUNCI

1 D 11 C 21 B 31 A 41 C

2 A 12 A 22 C 32 B 42 A

3 B 13 D 23 B 33 A 43 B

4 C 14 D 24 D 34 C 44 D

5 D 15 B 25 B 35 A 45 C

6 C 16 A 26 D 36 D 46 D

7 B 17 C 27 B 37 A 47 A

8 C 18 B 28 A 38 B 48 C

9 C 19 C 29 A 39 B 49 D

10 A 20 A 30 D 40 D 50 B

C. RUBRIK PENILAIAN
Jumlah soal: 50 butir
Setiap jawaban benar diberi skor 1
Jumlah skor total: 50

NILAI: Jumlah skor benar x 2