Queue (hairstyle)

The queue or cue is a hairstyle worn by the Jurchen and Manchu people of
Queue
Manchuria, and later required to be worn by male subjects of Qing dynasty China.
Hair on top of the scalp is grown long and is often braided, while the front portion of
the head is shaved. Some early modern military organizations have also used similar
styles.

The requirement that Han Chinese and others under Manchu rule give up their
traditional hairstyles and wear the queue was met with resistance, although opinions
about the queue did change over time.

Contents
Jurchen queue
Manchu queue
Queue order
Resistance to the queue
Exemptions Chinese American man with queue
Foreign reaction in San Francisco's Chinatown

Other queues Chinese name

See also Traditional Chinese 辮子
References Simplified Chinese 辫子
Further reading
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin

Jurchen queue Hanyu Pinyin biànzi

Yue: Cantonese
Jurchen men, like their Manchu descendants, wore their hair in queues. In 1126, the
Jurchen ordered male Han within their conquered territories to adopt the Jurchen
Jyutping bin1 zi2
hairstyle by shaving the front of their heads and to adopt Jurchen dress, but the order Southern Min
was lifted.[1] Some Han rebels impersonated Jurchen by wearing their hair in the Hokkien POJ pīⁿ-á (辮仔)
Jurchen "pigtail" to strike fear within the Jurchen [2]
population. Alternative Chinese name
Traditional Chinese 頭鬃尾 or 毛
Manchu queue 尾仔
The queue was a specifically malehairstyle worn by the Manchu people from central Transcriptions
Manchuria and later imposed on the Han Chinese during the Qing dynasty.[3][4][5] Southern Min
The hair on the front of the head was shaved off above the temples every ten days
[6]
Hokkien mn̂ g-bué-á/mn̂ g-bé-á or
and the remainder of the hair was braided into a long braid.
POJ thâu-chang-bué/thâu-
The Manchu hairstyle was forcefully introduced to Han Chinese in the early 17th chang-bé
century during the Manchu conquest of China. Nurhaci of the Aisin Gioro clan Manchu name
declared the establishment of the Later Jin dynasty, later becoming the Qing dynasty Manchu script
of China, after Ming dynasty forces in Liaodong defected to his side. The Ming
general of Fushun, Li Yongfang, defected to Nurhaci after Nurhaci promised him
rewards, titles, and Nurhaci's own granddaughter in marriage. Other Han Chinese Romanization soncoho
generals in Liaodong proceeded to defect with their armies to Nurhaci and were
given women from the Aisin Gioro family in marriage. Once firmly in power,
Nurhaci commanded all men in the areas he conquered to adopt the Manchu
hairstyle.

The Manchu hairstyle signified Han submission to Qing rule, and also aided the
Manchu identification of those Han who refused to accept Qing dynasty domination.
Manchu queues
The hairstyle was compulsory for all males and the penalty for non-compliance was
execution for treason. In the early 1910s, after the fall of the Qing dynasty, the
Chinese no longer had to wear the Manchu queue. While some, such as Zhang Xun,
still did so as a tradition, most of them abandoned it after the last Emperor of China,
Puyi, cut his queue in 1922.[7]

Queue order
The Queue Order (simplified Chinese: 剃发令; traditional Chinese: 剃髮令; pinyin:
tìfàlìng),[8][9] or tonsure decree, was a series of laws violently imposed by the Qing
(Manchu) dynasty in the seventeenth century. It was also imposed on Taiwanese
aborigines in 1753,[10][11] and Koreans who settled in northeast China in the late
19th century,[12][13] though the Ryukyuan people, whose kingdom was a tributary of
China, requested and were granted an exemption from the mandate.

Traditionally, adult Han Chinese did not cut their hair for philosophical and cultural
reasons. According to theClassic of Filial Piety, Confucius said A European artist's conception of a
Manchu warrior in China –

“ We are given our body, skin and hair from our

parents; which we ought not to damage. This
idea is the quintessence of filial duty. (身體髮
surprisingly, holding the severed
head of an enemy by its queue. Later

”
historians have noted the queue
膚，受之父母，不敢毀傷，孝至始也。)[14] looking more like Cossack chupryna
as an inconsistency in the picture.
As a result of this ideology, both men and women wound their hair into a bun (a (From the cover of Martino Martini's
topknot) or other various hairstyles. Regni Sinensis a Tartari devastati
enarratio, 1661.)
In 1644, Beijing was sacked by a coalition of rebel forces led byLi Zicheng, a minor
Ming dynasty official turned leader of a peasant revolt. The Chongzhen Emperor
committed suicide when the city fell, marking the official end of the Ming dynasty.
The Han Chinese Ming general Wu Sangui and his army then defected to the Qing
and allowed them through Shanhai pass. They then seized control of Beijing,
overthrowing Li's short-lived Shun dynasty. They then forced Han Chinese to adopt
the queue as a sign of submission.[15]

A year later, after the Qing armies reached South China, on July 21, 1645, Dorgon
issued an edict ordering all Han men to shave their foreheads and braid the rest of Chinese circus performers soon after
their hair into a queue identical to those worn by the Manchus.[16] The Han Chinese the Manchu conquest, wearing
queues. (Drawing by Johan Nieuhof,
were given 10 days to comply or face death. Although Dorgon admitted that
1655–57)
followers of Confucianism might have grounds for objection, most Han officials
cited the Ming dynasty's traditional System of Rites and Music as their reason for
resistance. This led Dorgon to question their motives: "If officials say that people should not respect our Rites and Music, but rather
[15]
follow those of the Ming, what can be their true intentions?"
The slogan adopted by the Qing was "Cut the hair and keep the head, (or) keep the hair and cut
the head" (Chinese: 留髮不留頭，留頭不留髮; pinyin: liú fà bù liú tóu, liú tóu bù liú fà).[17]
People resisted the order and the Qing struck back with deadly force, massacring all who refused
to obey. Han rebels in Shandong tortured to death the Qing official who suggested the queue
order to Dorgon, and killed his relatives.[18]

The imposition of this order was not uniform; it took up to 10 years of martial enforcement for all
of China to be brought into compliance, and while it was the Qing who imposed the queue
hairstyle on the general population, they did not always personally execute those who did not
obey. It was Han Chinese defectorswho carried out massacres against people refusing to wear the
queue. Li Chengdong, a Han Chinese general who had served the Ming but defected to the
Qing,[19] ordered troops to carry out three separate massacres in the city of Jiading within a A soldier during the
month, resulting in tens of thousands of deaths. The third massacre left few survivors.[20] The Boxer Rebellion with
queue and conical Asian
three massacres at Jiading District are some of the most infamous, with estimated death tolls in
hat
the tens or even hundreds of thousands.[21] Jiangyin also held out against about 10,000 Qing
troops for 83 days. When the city wall was finally breached on October 9, 1645, the Qing army,
led by the Han Chinese Ming defectorLiu Liangzuo (劉良佐), who had been ordered to "fill the city with corpses before you sheathe
[22]
your swords," massacred the entire population, killing between 74,000 and 100,000 people.

Han Chinese soldiers in 1645 under Han General Hong Chengchou forced the queue on the people of Jiangnan while Han people
were initially paid silver to wear the queue inFuzhou when it was first implemented.[23][24]

The queue was the only aspect of Manchu culture that the Qing forced on the common Han population. The Qing required people
serving as officials to wear Manchu clothing but allowed other Han civilians to continue wearing Hanfu (Han clothing) but most Han
civilian men voluntarily adopted Manchu clothing[25][26] like Changshan on their own free will. Throughout the Qing dynasty Han
women continued to wear Han clothing.[27]

Since the Qing dynasty grouped Muslims by language, the Han Hui (currently known as Hui people) were classified as Han Chinese,
so they were required to wear the queue. Turkic Muslims, like the Uyghur and Salar people, were not required to wear the queue.[28]
During the Qing Salar men shaved their hair bald while when they went to journey in public they put on artificial queues.[29] Uyghur
men shaved their hair bald during the Qing.[30]

However, after Jahangir Khoja invaded Kashgar, Turkistani Muslim begs and officials in Xinjiang eagerly fought for the "privilege"
of wearing a queue to show their steadfast loyalty to the Empire.High-ranking begs were granted this right.[31]

The purpose of the Queue Order was to demonstrate loyalty to the Qing and, conversely, growing one's hair came to symbolize
revolutionary ideals, such as during theWhite Lotus Rebellion. The members of the Taiping Rebellion were called the Long hairs (長
毛) or Hair rebels (髮逆).[32]

Resistance to the queue

Han Chinese resistance to adopting the queue was widespread and bloody. The Chinese in the Liaodong Peninsula rebelled in 1622
and 1625 in response to the implementation of the mandatory hairstyle. The Manchus responded swiftly by killing the educated elite
[33]
and instituting a stricter separation between Han Chinese and Manchus.

In 1645, the enforcement of the queue order was taken a step further by the ruling Manchus when it was decreed that any man who
did not adopt the Manchu hairstyle within ten days would be executed. The intellectual Lu Xun summed up the Chinese reaction to
the implementation of the mandatory Manchu hairstyle by stating, "In fact, the Chinese people in those days revolted not because the
country was on the verge of ruin, but because theyhad to wear queues." In 1683Zheng Keshuang surrendered and wore a queue.[33]
The queue became a symbol of the Qing dynasty and a custom except among Buddhist monastics.[34][35][36] Some revolutionists,
supporters of the Hundred Days' Reform or students who studied abroad cut their braids. The Xinhai Revolution in 1911 led to a
complete change in hairstyle almost overnight. The queue became unpopular as it became associated with a fallen government; this is
depicted in Lu Xun's short story Storm in a Teacup in which Chinese citizens in Hong Kong collectively changed to short
haircuts.[37]

Exemptions
Neither Taoist priests nor Buddhist monks were required to wear the queue by the Qing; they continued to wear their traditional
hairstyles, completely shaved heads for Buddhist monks, and long hair in the traditional Chinese topknot for Taoist priests.[38][39][40]

Foreign reaction
The Manchus' willingness to impose the queue and their dress style on the men of
China and their success in suppressing the resistance was viewed as an example to
emulate by some foreign observers. H. E. M. James, a British administrator in India,
wrote in 1887 that the British rulers ought to act in a similarly decisive way when
imposing their will in India. In his view, the British administrators should have
outlawed the suttee much earlier than they actually did (1829), and in James' own
day they should have acted as severely against Indian journalists expressing
opposition to the British rule.[41]

Barbershop in the Qing Dynasty

Other queues
The queue is also a Native American hairstyle, as described in the bookHouse
Made of Dawn by N. Scott Momaday.
British soldiers and sailors during the 18th century wore their hair in a style known
as the queue. While not always braided, the hair was similarly pulled back very
tight into a single tail, wrapped around a piece of leather and tied down with a
ribbon. The hair was also often greased and powdered in a fashion similar to
powdered wigs, or tarred in the case of sailors. It was said that the soldiers' hair
was pulled back so tightly that they had difficulty closing their eyes afterwards. The
use of white hair powder in the British Army was discontinued in 1796 and queues
were ordered to be cut off four years later.[42] They continued to be worn in the
Royal Navy for a while longer, where they were known as "pigtails". Officers wore
pigtails until 1805 and other ranks continued to wear them until about 1820. [43]

In the 18th century, European soldiers styledtheir traditionally long hair into a
queue called the "soldier's queue" S ( oldatenzopf), which was previously only
Curley Bear with queued
allowed for noble officers. That hairstyle first became mandatory in thePrussian
Army and those of several other states within theHoly Roman Empire under hair.
Frederick William I of Prussia. An artificial or "patent" queue was issued to recruits
whose hair was too short to plait. The style was abolished in the
Prussian army in 1807.[44]

See also
Braid
Cheongsam
Chupryna
Foot binding
Hanfu
Pigtail Painting of the Battle of Leuthen with
Pigtail Ordinance the Prussian soldiers wearing the
Rattail (haircut) soldier's queue
Sikha
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Works cited

Faure, David (2007), Emperor and Ancestor: State and Lineage in South China , Stanford University Press,
ISBN 978-0-8047-5318-0.
Rhoads, Edward J. M. (2011).Manchus and Han: Ethnic Relations and Political Power in Late Qing and Early
Republican China, 1861–1928. University of Washington Press. ISBN 0-295-80412-2. Retrieved 10 March 2014.
Sinor, Denis, ed. (1990). The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia, V
olume 1 (illustrated, reprint ed.). Cambridge
University Press. ISBN 0-521-24304-1. Retrieved 10 March 2014.
张博泉(Zhang Boquan) (1984).《金史简编》. 辽宁人民出版社.
Also mentioned in "Dragonwings", by Laurence Y
ep, Chapter 4

Further reading
Dennerline, Jerry (2002),"The Shun-chih Reign", in Peterson, Willard J.,Cambridge History of China, Vol. 9, Part 1:
The Ch'ing Dynasty to 1800, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 73–119,ISBN 0-521-24334-3
Struve, Lynn (1988), "The Southern Ming", in Frederic W. Mote; Denis Twitchett; John King Fairbank (eds.),
Cambridge History of China, Volume 7, The Ming Dynasty, 1368–1644, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,
pp. 641–725, ISBN 0-521-24332-7.
Wakeman, Frederic (1985), The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-
Century China, Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press,ISBN 0-520-04804-0. In two
volumes.
Voices from the Ming-Qing Cataclysm: Chinain Tigers' Jaws – By Struve, Lynn A. Publisher：Yale University Press,
1998 (ISBN 0-300-07553-7, ISBN 978-0-300-07553-3) (312 pages)

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